UNIVERSAL  PRONOUNCING 

GAZETTEER: 


CONTAINING 


TOPOQEAPHICAL,  STATISTICAL  AND  OTHER  INFORMATION,  OF  ALL  THE   MORE 

IMPORTANT   PLACES    IN   THE    KNOWN   WORLD,    FROM   THE 

MOST   RECENT   AND   AUTHENTIC    SOURCES. 


BY    THOMAS    BALDWIN, 


0/  thiU 

ASSISTED    BY   SEVERAL    OTHER    GENTLEMEN. 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED 


AN"  APPENDIX, 

r  of 

L_jKaT 


CONTAINING  MORE  THAN  TEN  THOUSAND  ADDITIONAL  NAMES,  CHIEFLY  OF  THE  SMALL  TOWNS  AND 
VILLAGES  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  OF  MEXICO., 


A   SUPPLEMENT, 


GIVING  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  NEAR  TWO  THOUSAND  NAMES,  BESIDES  THOSE  PRONOUNCED 

01  THE  ORIGINAL  WORK:    FORMING  IN  ITSELF  A  COMPLETE  VOCABULARY 

OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  PRONUNCIATION. 


ft  Jieto  IStrttton,  OTarefuUg  Iftebteetr, 


POPULATION  INSERTED  ACCORDING  TO  THE  CENSUS  OF  1850, 

AND  ENRICHED  WITH 

MANY  NEW  AND  EXTENSIVE  ARTICLES  ON  CALIFORNIA,  OREGON,  MINNESOTA, 
NEW  MEXICO,  UTAH^  AUSTRALIA,  FRANCE,  Etc 


PHILADELPHIA: 

LIPPINCOTT,   GRAMBO  &  CO. 

1854. 


G/oZ 
/8S4. 


t^jHered  ^according  to -Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1852  by 

V  ':  :  ..:Th\>&*as  Baldwin, 

in  the  clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the 
Extern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


B.  M.  DUSENBERY,  STEREOTYPER. 

C.  SHERMAN,  PRINTER. 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION. 


The  general  interest  felt  in  our  new  states  and  territories, 
towards  which  emigration  is  flowing  from  all  points  of  the  com- 
pass, and  especially  towards  California,  has  induced  the  authors 
to  give  much  fuller  articles  on  that  state,  Oregon,  Utah,  New 
Mexico,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Texas,  than  comports 
with  the  general  plan  of  the  work.  Here  the  emigrant,  the 
man  of  business,  or  the  tourist,  may,  without  searching  many 
volumes,  find  a  synopsis  of  the  prominent  points  of  interest  in 
regard  to  them;  such  as  their  surface,  soil,  climate,  productions, 
rivers,  lakes,  minerals,  &c,  compiled  from  the  most  recent  and 
best  authorities  known. 

In  regard  to  regions  so  imperfectly  known,  they  cannot  hope 
to  have  made  no  misstatements;  but  they  have  used  laborious 
and  careful  research  to  make  them  as  few  as  possible.  The 
articles  on  the  United  States,  on  New  York  city,  on  France,  on 
Australia,  and  on  some  other  cities  and  countries,  have  been 
much  enlarged,  and  the  information  concerning  them  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  latest  data  accessible  in  this  country.  In  all  the 
states  and  counties,  and  in  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  towns  of 
the  United  States,  the  populations  have  been  given  according  to 
the  census  of  1850. 

The  populations  in  Europe  and  the  British  possessions  have 
been  given  according  to  the  censuses  taken  at  various  periods 
between  1845  and  1851.  But  little  of  the  latter  census,  how- 
ever, has  reached  this  country  in  an  available  form. 

SI90348 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  EIGHTH  EDITION. 


The  extraordinary  and  increasing  favour  with  which  the  Universal 
Pronouncing  Gazetteer  has  been  received,  has  induced  the  authors  to 
prepare,  at  great  labour  and  expense,  a  new  edition,  intended  to 
supply  what  has  been  felt  by  all,  as  a  serious  defect  in  the  former 
editions  of  the  work ;  namely,  its  want  of  fulness  with  respect  to  the 
number  of  names.  When  the  first  edition  of  the  Gazetteer  was  pre- 
pared, it  was  absolutely  impossible  for  the  authors  to  obtain  any 
reliable  information  respecting  a  multitude  of  foreign  names,  of  which, 
therefore,  if  they  gave  any  pronunciation  at  all,  they  must  give  one 
based  on  the  most  vague  and  uncertain  conjecture.  They  were 
reduced  to  the  alternative  of  choosing  between  the  defect  of  incom- 
pleteness and  that  of  inaccuracy.  Theje  was  of  course  116  room  for 
hesitation.  They  believed  that  to  ascertain  and  fix  the  pronunciation 
of  a  few  hundred  difficult  names  would  be  a  greater  service  to  the 
cause  of  education,  than  to  give  the  pronunciation  of  ten  times  the 
number  at  random,  or  upon  mere  conjecture.  They  were  sensible, 
moreover,  that  without  accuracy  they  could  not  hope  to  inspire  that 
confidence  which  is  so  essential  to  the  permanent  reputation  and 
success  of  a  work  of  this  kind. 

In  the  seven  years  which  have  elapsed  since  the  first  publication  of 
the  work,  many  new  sources  of  information  have  been  opened,  not 
to  mention  the  assistance  which  greater  experience,  and  the  habit  of 
investigating  everything  which  could  throw  any  light  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  geographical  orthoepy,  must  necessarily  confer.  Availing 
themselves  of  these  new  facilities,  the  authors  have  at  length  under- 

v 


vi  ADVERTISEMENT    TO    THE    EIGHTH    EDITION. 

taken  to  remedy,  as  far  as  possible,  the  unavoidable  deflciences  occur- 
ring in  the  former  editions  of  the  Gazetteer. 

A  Supplement  has  been  added,  giving  the  pronunciation  of  from 
1500  to  2000  additional  names.  For  the  convenience  of  reference, 
all  the  difficult  names  contained  in  the  Gazetteer,  and  those  now 
added  for  the  first,  are  given  together  in  the  Supplement,  each  in  its 
alphabetical  place.  Hence,  as  a  mere  pronouncing  vocabulary,  the 
Supplement  will  be  found  to  be  complete  in  itself. 

It  should  be  observed  that  the  Appendix  has  been  added  chiefly 
for  the  purpose  of  giving  the  small  towns,  &c,  of  the  United  States. 
The  pronunciation  of  the  names,  in  this  portion  of  the  work,  has 
rarely  been  given,  partly  because  the  larger  number  of  them  can 
readily  be  pronounced  by  any  one  who  knows  how  to  read,  and 
partly  on  account  of  the  insuperable  difficulties  inherent  in  the  task 
itself.  (See  Preface  to  the  Supplement,  p.  649-50.)  It  has  been  the 
aim  of  the  authors  to  concentrate,  in  the  Appendix,  a  large  amount  of 
information,  into  the  smallest  possible  compass.  By  the  employment 
of  small-sized  type  and  a  few  additional  abbreviations,  they  have 
generally  been  able  to  condense  the  notice  of  the  smaller  places  into 
a  single  line,  so  that,  without  greatly  increasing  the  size  of  the  work, 
there  has  been  a  most  important  and  extensive  addition  to  its  matter. 


JgggF*  If  the  inquirer  seeks  the  pronunciation  of  any  difficult  name,  let 
him  look  for  it  in  the  Supplement,  where  it  will  be  found  if  it  occurs  in 
the  book  at  all.  If  he  is  desirous  of  obtaining  any  other  information  re- 
specting the  town,  river,  &c,  and  should  not  find  a  brief  notice  in  the 
Supplement,  he  must  refer  to  the  body  of  the  work — unless  the  name 
has  an  asterisk  prefixed,  in  which  case  he  will  find  it  in  the  Appendix. 

J$gf°*  The  attention  of  teachers  is  particularly  invited  to  the  Table  at 
the  end  of  the  Introduction,  exhibiting  the  diversity  which  prevails  in 
the  mode  of  writing  geographical  names ; — also  to  the  List  of  geographi- 
cal names  most  frequently  mispronounced,  at  the  end  of  the  Supplement. 


PREFACE. 


In  offering  to  the  public  a  book  like  the  present,  which,  as 
respects  some  of  its  more  important  characteristics,  is  quite 
new,  the  authors  feel  themselves  called  upon  to  explain  briefly 
the  object  and  nature  of  the  work,  as  well  as  the  motives 
which  induced  them  to  undertake  it. 

They  had  themselves  often  felt  the  want  of  a  geographical 
dictionary,  to  which  they  might  refer  for  the  pronunciation  of 
the  names,  as  well  as  for  the  description,  of  places.  They 
were  also  convinced  by  the  concurrent  testimony  of  a  number 
of  teachers  of  the  highest  respectability  and  of  great  experi- 
ence, that  the  want  of  such  a  work  was  extensively  felt ;  the 
absence  of  any  standard  of  geographical  pronunciation,  ren- 
dering it  extremely  difficult  to  determine  the  proper  mode  of 
pronouncing  many  names  which  are  found  in  the  elementary 
works  used  in  our  schools.  On  inquiring  more  particularly 
among  persons  of  different  classes  and  occupations,  they  were 
led  to  the  belief  that  a  pronouncing  gazetteer,  if  properly 
executed,  would  be  generally  acceptable  to  the  community. 

To  fix  upon  the  most  eligible  system  of  pronunciation,  was 
a  point  of  the  highest  importance,  but  it  did  not  appear  to  be 
one  of  extraordinary  difficulty.  They  determined,  in  accord- 
ance with  what  they  believed  to  be  the  prevailing  sense  of  the 
more  intelligent,  and  the  prevailing  practice  of  the  better 
educated,  to  give  the  pronunciation  of  all  geographical  names, 
as  nearly  as  possible,  as  they  are  pronounced  by  the  well 
educated  people  of  the  respective  countries  to  which  they 


Vlll  PREFACE. 

belong,  with  the  exception  of  those  well  known  foreign  names 
which  appear  to  have  acquired  a  fixed  English  pronunciation, 
as  Paris,  Naples,  &c.  In  these  cases,  it  has  been  their  aim  to 
give  the  English  pronunciation  according  to  the  usage  of  the 
best  speakers:  at  the  same  time  the  pronunciation  of  the 
people  of  the  country  has  been  added,  for  the  satisfaction  of 
those  who  might  feel  any  curiosity  on  the  subject.  Thus  they 
have  given  Par'-is,  as  the  proper  mode  for  an  Englishman  or 
an  American  to  pronounce  this  name,  at  the  same  time  adding 
the  name  as  spoken  by  the  French,  which  might  be  written 
Par-ree :  and  so  with  respect  to  most  other  well  known  names 
in  foreign  countries. 

It  is  admitted  that  cases  not  unfrequently  occur,  in  which  it 
is  impossible  to  convey,  with  any  great  degree  of  precision, 
the  native  pronunciation  of  other  countries  by  means  of  Eng- 
lish letters ;  but  something  is  undoubtedly  gained  by  such  an 
approximation  to  the  true  sound,  as  would  enable  one  more 
readily  to  understand,  and  to  be  understood  by,  those  who  are 
familiar  with  the  names  of  places  as  spoken  by  the  inhabitants 
themselves. 

Some  have  indeed  maintained  the  propriety  of  pronouncing 
foreign  names  as  they  are  written,  giving  to  every  letter  its 
proper  English  sound.  But  this  system  appears  to  be  attended 
with  greater  difficulties  than  any  other,  since  different  persons 
would  differ  with  regard  to  the  proper  English  sound  of  many 
letters  or  combinations  of  letters.  Thus  the  river  Seine  might 
be  pronounced  seen  or  sane  ; — we  have  heard  those,  we  think, 
unacquainted  with  French,  more  frequently  call  it  seen,  and  it 
is  doubtful  whether,  even  among  the  better  educated,*  there  is 
one  in  fifty  who  could  say  without  some  reflection,  to  which 
pronunciation  the  scale  of  analogy  would  incline,  A  few 
probably  would  call  it  sine,  and  others  might  pronounce  the 
final  e 

This  one  instance  out  of  a  multitude  may  perhaps  serve  to 


PREFACE.  IX 

show  the  endless  diversity  and  confusion  into  which  such  a 
system,  or  rather  want  of  system,  must  of  necessity  lead. 
But  this  is  not  all ;  there  are  innumerable  cases  wherein  it  is 
very  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  pronounce  the  names  of 
other  countries  according  to  the  English  sound  of  the  letters, 

e.g.,    CZERNIGOW,  CSONGRAD,  SzEGEDIN,  LjUSNE,  &C,  while 

there  is  no  difficulty  whatever,  in  pronouncing  them  according 
to  the  native  sound.  Many  instances  also  occur,  in  which  the 
English  manner  of  pronouncing  names,  though  not  difficult,  is 
far  less  euphonious  than  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
to  which  such  names  belong.  Minho  (meen'-yo,)  a  river,  and 
Batalha  (ba-tar'-ya,)  a  town  of  Portugal,  and  Bacchiglione 
(bak-keel-yo -na,)  a  river  of  Italy,  may  serve  as  examples. 

As  a  further  confirmation  of  the  propriety  of  the  system 
which  we  have  adopted,  it  may  be  remarked  that  it  agrees  (as 
will  be  seen  from  the  first  part  of  the  Introduction,)  with  the 
mode  of  pronunciation  generally  employed  by  all  our  most 
distinguished  poets. 

Nothing  in  their  mental  culture  is  perhaps  so  important  to 
be  taught  early  to  children,  as  a  habit  of  correct  pronuncia- 
tion. It  need  not  occupy  any  additional  time,  since  a  faulty 
pronunciation  is  no  more  easily  learned  in  the  first  instance, 
than  a  correct  one,  but  when  once  acquired  it  can  be  changed 
only  with  the  greatest  difficulty.  Erroneous  habits, — as  those 
engaged  in  the  business  of  education  well  know — are  far  more 
difficult  to  eradicate  than  erroneous  opinions.  In  order,  how- 
ever, to  teach  pupils  to  pronounce  correctly,  a  system  of 
pronunciation  is  indispensable. 

Most  persons  who  have  reflected  at  all  upon  the  subject, 
will  doubtless  admit,  that  it  is  highly  desirable  that  there 
should  be  some  fixed  mode  of  pronouncing  geographic  names, 
as  well  as  ordinary  English  words,  in  which  all  should  at 
least  generally  agree.  If  this  be  conceded,  and  the  scholar 
be  required  to  conform  to  a  system  at  all,  it  appears  clear, 


PREFACE. 


that  that  system  should  be  preferred,  which,  without  placing 
any  serious  difficulty  in  the  way  of  the  learner,  approaches 
most  nearly  to  the  usage  of  those,  who,  whether  natives  or 
travellers,  seem  entitled,  by  their  superior  knowledge  of  places, 
to  determine  the  proper  manner  of  speaking  their  names.  It 
may  be  remarked  that  the  recently  increased  facilities  of  com- 
munication, and  consequent  increase  of  intercourse  between 
different  parts  of  the  world,  render  an  acquaintance  with  the 
native  geographical  names  of  other  countries,  at  the  present 
time,  additionally  important. 

Particular  pains  have  been  taken  in  the  present  work,  with 
the  European,  and  the  better  known  of  the  Asiatic  languages, 
not  only  to  give  the  accent  correctly,  but  also  to  notice  all 
important  peculiarities  of  pronunciation.  In  performing  this, 
it  has  been  our  anxious  aim  to  consult,  in  every  instance,  the 
very  best  authorities  in  each  of  the  different  languages.  We 
flatter  ourselves  that  in  this  aim  we  have  been  singularly  suc- 
cessful ;  and  esteem  ourselves  most  fortunate  in  being  able  to 
cite  in  our  list  of  authorities,  the  names  of  so  many  gentlemen 
of  distinguished  reputation  in  their  respective  departments. 

In  our  Introduction  we  have  thought  it  proper  to  state 
the  general  principles  of  pronunciation  of  each  of  the  more 
important  European  languages,  as  well  as  to  explain  the  mode 
of  writing  and  pronouncing  the  geographical  names  of  Asia, 
Africa,  &c.  With  respect  to  the  four  great  languages  of  conti- 
nental Europe,  viz  :  the  French,  German,  Italian,  and  Spanish, 
it  seemed  requisite  to  treat  the  subject  somewhat  more  fully, 
both  on  account  of  their  intrinsic  importance,  and  because  it 
has  been  found  convenient  to  employ  them  as  standards  of 
comparison,  to  which  other  languages  less  known  might  be 
referred. 

It  may  be  proper  to  state,  that  in  the  present  work  the 
adjective,  and  the  appellation  of  the  inhabitants,  derived  from 


PREFACE.  XI 

the  names  of  countries,  cities,  &c,  have  been  added,  whenever 
these  appeared  to  be  sanctioned  by  common  usage,  or  by  the 
authority  of  some  writer  of  established  reputation.  Thus  from 
Denmark  are  derived  the  adjective  Danish,  and  the  noun 
Bane  designating  the  inhabitant  of  the  country ; — from  Swe- 
den, Swedish  and  Swede  ;  &c.  In  most  instances  the  adjective 
and  inhabitant  are  expressed  by  the  same  word,  as  Algerine, 
Neapolitan,  &c.  These  have  never  been  given,  that  we  are 
aware  of,  in  any  former  gazetteer,  and  it  is  hoped  they  will 
form  no  unimportant  addition  to  the  value  of  the  present  work, 
at  least  as  a  school  book.  While  we  have  dictionaries  of  almost 
every  description,  and  adapted  to  every  stage  of  intellectual 
development,  to  which  the  pupil  may  refer  for  the  definition, 
correct  spelling,  and  pronunciation,  of  ordinary  English  words, 
it  is  somewhat  remarkable,  that  there  has  hitherto  been  no 
work  of  any  authority  which  one  might  consult  respecting  the 
proper  mode  of  spelling  and  pronouncing  this  numerous  class 
of  words,  the  use  of  which,  with  the  progress  of  geographical 
knowledge,  is  daily  becoming  more  extensive. 

It  may  be  further  stated,  that  the  ancient  Greek  or  Roman 
names  of  places  on  the  old  continent,  and  occasionally  their 
signification,  have  been  carefully  given  from  the  best  authori- 
ties. This  we  trust  will  be  found  useful  and  interesting,  not 
only  to  the  classical  scholar,  but  likewise  to  the  ordinary 
reader,  more  especially  as  in  many  instances  it  points  out  the 
derivation  of  the  present  name,  and  at  the  same  time,  perhaps, 
associates  it  with  some  important  historical  or  topographical 
fact,  as  in  the  case  of  Tripoli,  Trapani,  Maestricht, 
[Jtrecht,  &c.  We  have  also  given  the  signification  of  modern 
foreign  names,  or  those  of  foreign  origin,  whenever  it  seemed 
that  this  would  teach  or  impress  any  useful  fact,  as  Porto 
Bello,  i.  e.,"  beautiful  port ;"  Bombay,  i.  e.,  "good  harbour;" 
Innspruck,  (originally  Innsbriicke)  i.  e.y  the  "  Bridge  of  the 
[nn,"  &c. 


Xll  PREFACE. 


Independently  of  the  advantage,  whatever  it  may  be, 
resulting  from  this  work,  considered  merely  as  a  system  of 
orthoepy,  another  may  be  mentioned,  which,  it  is  hoped,  will 
be  found  not  an  unimportant  one,  viz :  Such  a  pronouncing 
gazetteer  would  dispel  the  perplexity  and  error  into  which 
the  learner  is  constantly  liable  to  fall,  in  consequence  of  the 
diversity  which  prevails  in  the  mode  of  spelling  many 
foreign,  especially  oriental,  names.  There  is  a  town  of 
some  note  in  Upper  Egypt,  which  is  usually  spelled  in  our 
gazetteers  after  the  French  manner,  Aboutige,  while  on  some 
of  our  maps  it  is  written  Abootish,  which  is  the  English 
mode  of  expressing  the  same  sound.  Abootizh,  however, 
would  represent  it  more  exactly.  Is  it  probable  that  any 
mere  English  scholar,  however  well  educated,  would  know, 
unless  he  were  expressly  taught,  that  by  these  two  words 
was  indicated  one  and  the  same  place  ?  or  that  Tchernigoff, 
and  Czernigow,  are  but  different  spellings  of  the  same  name, 
and  represent,  in  fact,  the  same  sound  ?  We  find  the  capital 
of  Afghanistan  frequently  spelled  in  three  different  ways, 
usually  Cabul,  according  to  the  German,  Italian,  and  Portu- 
guese, more  seldom  Cabool,  after  the  English,  and  Caboul, 
after  the  French  mode.  Oorfa,  an  important  town  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  is  often  written  in  works  of  the  highest 
character,  Urfa,  and  Ourfa,  the  first  being  the  English,  the 
second  the  Italian  or  German,  and  the  last  the  French  mode 
Innumerable  instances  of  a  similar  kind  might  be  adduced. 

As  might  be  expected,  this  diversity  in  spelling  geo- 
graphical names  frequently  leads  to  important  errors.  In 
some  of  our  gazetteers  we  find  the  same  name  introduced 
twice,  the  authors  naturally  supposing  the  different  spellings 
to  represent  the  names  of  different  places.  We  may  cite  a 
single  instance,  which  occurs  in  one  of  our  most  popular 
geographical  dictionaries.  Schirvan  (more  properly  Schir- 
wan,)  the  German,  and  Shirvan,  the  English  spelling  of  the 


PREFACE.  Xul 

name  of  a  Persian  province,  are  given  under  different  heads, 
as  designating  two  distinct  territories.  It  happens,  also — 
probably  in  consequence  of  a  discrepancy  in  the  works  from 
which  the  compilation  was  made — that  the  boundaries,  as 
well  as  the  latitude  and  longitude,  are  laid  down  differently, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  that  any  one  should  know,  without 
referring  to  some  other  work,  that  Schirvan  and  Shirvan,  are 
properly  one  and  the  same  name. 

It  will  be  seen,  from  the  fifteenth  section  of  our  Introduc- 
tion, that  the  plan  which  we  have  pursued,  precludes  the 
possibility  of  any  mistakes  of  this  kind,  at  the  same  time  that 
it  furnishes  an  easy  clue  to  the  labyrinth  of  perplexity,  into 
which  the  various  modes  of  writing  the  same  geographical 
names,  must,  of  necessity,  lead  the  inexperienced  reader. 

With  regard  to  the  descriptive,  statistical  and  historical 
portions  of  this  gazetteer,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  we  have 
endeavoured  to  consult,  on  every  subject,  the  best  authorities 
with  which  we  are  acquainted.  We  have  aimed  to  make,  as 
far  as  practicable,  Balbi's  celebrated  Abrege  de  Geographie 
(last  edition — 1842,)  a  production  of  unequalled  merit,  the 
basis  of  our  work.  We  have,  also,  drawn  largely  from  the 
geographical  department  of  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  which,  at 
least,  so  far  as  regards  the  correctness  of  the  information  it 
conveys,  is  unquestionably  the  best  work  on  geography  in 
the  English  language.  McCulloch's  New  Geographical  Dic- 
\ionary,  Malte  Brum's  Geography,  and  the  Edinburgh  Gaz- 
etteer, have  likewise  been  extensively  consulted. 

In  a  work  so  limited  as  the  present,  when  so  much  must 
be  omitted,  and  so  little,  comparatively  speaking,  could  be 
inserted,  it  has  been  a  point  of  the  highest  importance  to 
make  a  judicious  selection  of  matter.  Without  claiming  to 
have  made  such  a  selection,  we  may,  as  an  act  of  justice  to 
ourselves,  affirm,  that  it  has  been  our  sincere  endeavour,  to 


XIV  PREFACE. 

comprise  the  greatest  possible  amount  of  useful  information 
in  a  small  compass;  and  should  it  appear  that  some  impor- 
tant subjects  are  omitted,  while  to  others  of  less  consequence, 
a  place  has  been  given  in  our  dictionary,  we  doubt  not  that 
the  candid  reader  will  bear  in  mind,  that  there  must  always 
be  some  difference  of  judgment  in  matters  of  this  kind,  and 
that  even  among  the  most  intelligent  and  enlightened,  per- 
haps no  two  individuals  can  be  found,  who  will  assign  to  a 
number  of  different  subjects,  the  same  relative  importance. 

It  will  be  seen  that  a  smaller  proportion  of  names  belonging 
to  our  own  country,  is  inserted  in  this  work,  than  is  usual  in 
gazetteers  published  in  the  United  States.  We  admit  that, 
generally  speaking,  it  is  more  important  to  possess  information 
about  places  in  our  own  country,  than  those  in  distant  parts 
of  the  globe,  but  as  in  this  instance  the  great  object  has  been 
to  give  the  pronunciation  of  geographical  names,  it  seemed 
proper,  in  a  book  of  so  limited  a  compass,  to  prefer  the 
difficult  names  of  foreign  countries,  to  those  of  our  own 
which  might  be  readily  pronounced  without  the  aid  of  a 
dictionary. 


AUTHORITIES. 


To  the  following  gentlemen  we  are  chiefly  indebted  for  our 
information  respecting  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of 
places  in  foreign  countries,  as  well  as  for  the  general  princi- 
ples of  pronunciation  of  the  different  foreign  languages  noticed 
in  our  Introduction.  Justice,  however,  requires  us  to  state 
distinctly,  that  these  gentlemen  are  in  nowise  responsible  for 
any  errors  that  may  occur  in  our  gazetteer ;  it  being  impossi- 
ble in  a  work  like  the  present  (in  which  the  names  of  each 
country  are  scattered  through  the  entire  volume),  to  avail  our- 
selves of  the  benefit  which  might  result  from  their  revision. 

George  R.  Gliddon,  Esq.,  ) 

Formerly  United  States  consul  for  Cairo.  $  ARABIA  AND  EGYPT- 

Dr.  A.  Bournonville,  )  ^^„  ■ 

DENMARK. 


\ 


Graduate  of  the  University  of  Copenhagen. 

M.  Felix  Drouin,  ) 

Formerly  professor  of  rhetoric  in  the  University  of  £  FRANCE. 
France.  \ 

Prof.  C.  MlNNIGERODE, 

Professor  of  ancient  languages  in  William  and 
Mary  College,  Va. 

J.  C.  Oehlschlager, 

Professor  of  modern  languages  in  Philadelphia. 

G.  A.  Perdicaris,  Esq., 

Formerly  United  States  consul  at  Athens. 

C.  S.  Buxton,  Esq.,  ) 

Many  years  an  officer  in  the  British  service  in  India.  )  ' 

L.  S.  De  BlBORY.  HUNGARY. 

John  McIntyre,  Esq.  Ireland. 

PlERO  MARONCELLI,  -j 

Profpssor  of  Italian  in  New  York. 

G.  C.  L.  Abate  Minichini, 

Professor  01  modern  languages  in  Philadelphia.      J 

2* 


GERMANY. 


> GREECE. 


XVI  AUTHORITIES. 


PERSIA. 


AND    THE    ISL- 


PORTUGAL. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


John  C.  Delprat,  Esq. 

John  C.  Zimmerman,   Esq.,  £  Netherlands. 

Consul  of  the  Netherlands  at  New  York. 

A.  B.  Engstrom,  Esq.,  Norway. 

Josiaii  Harlan,  Esq., 
Nearly  twenty  years  a  resident  of  that  country. 

Henry  Kalussowski, 

Formerly  professor  in  St.  Paul's  College,  Long  I.      \  P0LAND  AND  RUSSIA« 

Horatio  Hale,  Esq.,  1  Polynesia 

"hilologist  to  the  U.  States  Exploring  Expedition.     I  "' 

W.  S.  W.  Ruschenberger,  M.  D.         f     ££   IN   THE  EASTER" 

Of  the  United  States  Navy.  J 

Chevalier  J.  C.  De  Figaniere  e  Morao, 

Minister  Resident  of  Portugal. 

The  late  Marmaduke  Bur  rough,  M.  D. 
Dr.  William  Colesberry, 

Many  years  a  resident  in  different  parts  of  that 

continent.  J 

Felix  Merino,  Esq.,  ) 

Formerly  professor  of  Spanish  in  the  University  of  r  SPAIN. 
Pennsylvania.  } 

Richard  Seldener,  Esq., 

Consul  of  Sweden  at  Philadelphia. 

William  B.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  /  turkey  and  the  barbary 

Formerly  acting  consul  at  Algiers  and  lately  drago-    £  STATES 

man  or  oriental  interpreter  at  Constantinople.       ) 

For  the  pronunciation  of  names  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  various 
colonies  of  the  British  empire,  as  well  as  of  the  anglicized  forms  of 
well-known  foreign  names,  and  for  other  important  information  of  a 
more  general  character,  we  cannot  forbear  to  express  our  great  obli- 
gations to 

William  A.  Dobbyn,  Esq., 

Formerly  an  officer  in  the  British  service 

The  Rev.  William  P.  Hinds. 
William  Peter,  Esq., 

Her  Britannic  Majesty's  consul  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

We  should  do  injustice  to  our  feelings,  did  we  not  express  oui 
warmest  thanks  to  John  K.  Townsend,  Esq.,  for  his  valuable  inform 
ation  respecting  the  names  of  Oregon  and  of  the  Indian  tribes  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  other  subjects  noticed  in  the  Appendix. 


SWEDEN. 


INTRODUCTION 


It  is  proposed,  in  this  portion  of  our  work,  to  set  forth  more  fully 
some  of  the  arguments  alluded  to  in  the  preface,  by  which  the  propriety 
of  our  system  of  pronunciation  is  supported,  as  well  as  to  explain  the 
particular  method  in  which  this  system  has  been  carried  out,  in  the 
dictionary  before  us. 

I.  It  has  already  been  intimated,  that  not  only  the  present  practice 
of  the  best  speakers,  but  the  usage  of  our  more  distinguished  poets,  is 
clearly  in  favour  of  the  system  which  we  have  chosen.  If  any  might 
be  allowed  to  pronounce  foreign  names  without  regard  to  the  peculiar 
sounds  of  the  letters,  or  to  the  accents,  which  prevail  in  other  coun- 
tries, this  privilege  might  surely  be  claimed  by  the  poets,  who,  in  the 
use  even  of  English  words,  are  considered  to  enjoy  a  special  license. 
It  is  very  evident,  however, — as  every  one  who  will  take  the  trouble 
to  examine  the  works  of  the  better  class  of  them,  must  admit — that,  as 
a  body,  they  have  neither  claimed  nor  used  this  privilege.  On  the 
contrary,  our  more  distinguished  poets  have  usually  exhibited  a  classi- 
cal— we  might  almost  say  a  punctilious — accuracy,  in  the  employment 
of  foreign  names,  whether  of  places  or  persons.  To  illustrate  by  exam- 
ples,—Granada,*  and  GENOA,f  are  pronounced  by  all  the  great  poet* 

*"In  Lithuania  had  he  served  and  Russe; 
No  Christian  man  so  oft  of  his  degree. 
At  Algezi'ras,  in  Granada,  he 
Had  joined  the  siege ; " — Chaucer. 

"The  Moorish  king  rides  up  and  down 

Through  Granada's  royal  town  " 

"  And  Granada  must  be  won 

And  thyself  with  her  undone." — Byron. 

"  Granada  caught  it  in  her  Moorish  hall, 
Galicia  bade  her  children  fight  or  fall." — Scott. 

u  There  was  crying  in  Granada  when  the  sun  was  going  down,"— — 
"  Farewell,  farewell,  Granada,  thou  city  without  peer." — Lockhart 

t "  Signior  Baptista  may  remember  me 
Near  twenty  years  ago,  in  Gknoa,  where 
We  were  lodgers  at  the  Pegasus." — Shakspeare. 

2*  m 


20  ;  INTRODUCTION. 

who  use" 'these  name's,  trofri  Chaucer  and  Shakspeare  down  to  the 
present ' tim (ywitti1  fhe  native  ^  accentuation ;  that  is,  Granada  has  the 
accent  on  t^erp6nuUi|na(  land  'Gfroa  on  the  antepenultima,  though  the 
generality  of  English — or  at  least  of  American — speakers,  who  have 
not  heard  these  names  pronounced,  but  merely  follow. analogy,  or  their 
own  notions  of  propriety,  reverse  the  accentuation,  making  Granada 
rhyme  with  Canada,  and  Genoa  with  boa. 

No  poet,  perhaps,  employs  foreign  names  so  frequently  as  Byron, 
and  yet — though  he  often  writes  very  carelessly — it  would  be  difficult, 
in  all  the  poetry  he  has  written,  to  point  out  half  a  dozen  instances 
where  he  has  not  conformed  to  the  foreign  accentuation,  excepting 
always,  those  few  well  known  names  which  have  acquired  an  estab 
lished  English  pronunciation,  and  in  these  cases  he  appears  invariably 
to  adopt  the  pronunciation  of  the  best  English  speakers.  The  same 
may  be  said  of  Scott  ;  though  he  writes  with  great  freedom,  he 
rarely,  if  ever,  violates  the  strictest  rules  of  geographical  pronuncia- 
tion. In  the  poetry  of  Rogers,  Southey,  Moore,  Campbell,  and 
Montgomery,  we  have  met  with  scarcely  a  solitary  example  of 
departure  from  the  native  accentuation  of  names,  which  does  not 
properly  come  within  the  exception  above  stated.  Wordsworth 
takes  the  liberty  of  changing  the  accent  in  a  single  instance — 
Chamouny — but  acknowledges  the  authority  of  the  law  by  apolo- 
gizing in  a  note  for  its  violation,  (see  Descriptive  Sketches  of  a  Tour 
among  the  Alps.)  What  has  already  been  said  respecting  the  usage 
of  the  poets,  refers  principally  to  accentuation,  which,  for  the  most  part, 
can  be  readily  determined  by  the  metre  of  the  poetry.  Their  manner 
of  pronouncing  the  letters  of  a  foreign  name,  is  far  less  easily  ascer- 
tained, since  it  can  only  be  known  when  the  name  ends  a  line  in 
rhyme,  and  even  then  it  is  often  extremely  uncertain,  as  they  appear 
to  consider  themselves  entitled,  in  such  cases,  to  much  greater  license 
than  in  the  accentuation  of  words.  Thus  we  often  see  associated  in 
rhyme,  words   which   correspond   but  very  imperfectly  in   sound,  as 

"Were  Genoa's  galleys  riding  in  the  port, "—  Byron. 

''How  quick  they  carved  their  victims  and  how  well, 
Let  Saxony,  let  injured  Genoa  tell." — Moore. 

"That  noble  haven,  where,  when  Genoa  reigned, 
A  hundred  galleys  sheltered " — Rogers. 

"  My  native  Genoa,  if  with  tearless  eye 
Prone  in  the  dust  thy  beauteous  form  I  see," — Montgomery 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

enemy  and  lie,  mourn  and  burn,  &c.  Nevertheless,  by  comparing  a 
number  of  examples,  and  especially  by  observing  the  usage  of  those 
poets  who  are  most  remarkable  for  the  correctness  of  their  rhymes,  we 
shall  frequently  be  enabled  to  ascertain  the  true  pronunciation  of  a 
word  or  name. 

Now  it  will  be  found  that  the  system  which  we  have  adopted,  is 
supported  by  the  practice  of  the  poets  in  this  respect  also.  In  other 
words  it  will  be  found,  that  while  foreign  names  that  are  in  familiar 
use  in  our  own  language,  have  an  English  pronunciation,  those  not  very 
well  known  are  generally  pronounced  with  the  native  sound  of  the 
letters,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  passages : 

■  Not  now  to  while  an  hour  away, 
Gone  to  the  falls  in  Valombre'," — 

"  'T  is  Jacqueline  f  't  is  Jacqueline," 

Her  little  brother  laughing  cried, 
**  I  know  her  by  her  kirtle  green, 

She  comes  along  the  mountain  side." 

"  De  Courcy,  lord  of  Argentiere  i 

Thy  thirst  for  vengeance  sought  the  snare." — Rogers 

.    "  Winding  between  Alpine  trees ; 
Spiry  and  dark  around  their  house  of  prayer, 
Below  the  icy  bed  of  bright  Argentiere" — Wordsworth. 

.        .    "  Sure  there  never  was  hero  so  civil — he 
Saw  us  safe  home  to  our  door  in  Rue  Rivoli." — Moore, 

1*  And  though  to-morrow's  tempest  lower, 
'Tis  calmer  than  thy  heart,  young  Giaour." 

*'  This  circumstance  may  serve  to  give  a 'notion 
Of  the  high  talents  of  this  new  Vauban,* 
But  the  town  ditch  below  was  deep  as  ocean, 
The  rampart  higher  than  you  'd  wish  to  hang." — Byron 

*•  For  many  an  age  remembered  long 
Shall  live  the  towers  of  Hougomont,* 

And  fields  of  Waterloo."— Scott. 

ft  would  be  easy  to  cite  a  multitude  of  such  examples :  but  these 
will  perhaps  be  sufficient  to  illustrate  our  position. 

*In  these  names  the  letter  n  is  similar  in  sound  to  ?ig.  The  I  at  the  end  of 
Hougomont  is  silent.  The  rhymes,  however,  are  not  quite  perfect;  the  o  in  the 
last  syllable  of  Hougomont  should  be  sounded  like  o  in  wsonH.  The  latter  syllabic 
of  Vauban  sounds  like  bong. — Vauban  was  a  noted  French  military  engineer,  who 
flourished  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV. 


22  INTRODUCTION. 

On  the  other  hand  we  shall  find  the  poets  pronounce  foreign  names 
of  some  celebrity,  such  as  Nile,  Paris,  Lyons,  Cadiz,  Poitiers  or 
Poictiers,  &c,  with  the  English  sound  of  the  letters,  as  may  be  seen 
from  these  and  similar  examples : 

"  Deep  in  those  solitary  woods 
Where  oft  the  genii  of  the  floods, 
Dance  round  the  cradle  of  their  Nile 
And  hail  the  new-born  Giant's  smile." — Moore. 

*  Oh  never  talk  again  to  me 

Of  northern  climes  and  British  ladies  ; 
It  has  not  been  your  lot  to  see 
Like  me,  the  lovely  girl  of  Cadiz." — Byron. 

"  And  Courtenay's  pride  and  Percy's  fame — 
Blazed  broader  yet  in  after  years 

At  Cressy  red  and  fell  Poitiers." — Scott. 

"  So  the  shaft 

Of  victory  mounts  high  and  blood  is  quaffed 

In  fields  that  rival  Cressy  and  Poictiers — 

Pride  to  be  washed  away  by*  bitter  tears." — Wordsworth. 

II.  Instead  of  saying  that  the  poets  conform  to  the  native  accentuatioi 
of  proper  names,  except  in  cases  when  these  are  well  known,  we 
might,  perhaps,  with  more  propriety  say,  that  they  merely  follow  the  prac- 
tice of  the  best  speakers,  of  which  their  own  may  generally  be  regarded 
as  the  written  representation.  With  this  view  of  the  subject,  we  have 
occasionally  cited  in  the  body  of  our  work,  passages  from  the  poets  in 
support  of  the  pronunciation  there  given.  These  citations,  for  the 
most  part,  are  not  intended  to  be  decisive  of  any  doubtful  question, 
but  rather  to  illustrate  and  confirm  what  is  believed,  on  other  grounds, 
to  be  the  correct  pronunciation.  The  supreme  tribunal  to  which  we 
would  on  all  occasions  appeal,  is  the  authority  of  the  best  speakers*  in 
England  and  this  country.  To  the  former  we  generally  give  the 
preference  when  the  question  relates  to  names  belonging  to  the  old 
continent — to  the  latter  when  it  relates  to  those  of  America.  But 
since  it  is  impossible  to  produce  oral  evidence  in  a  book,  we  have 
availed  ourselves  of  the  authority  of  the  poets,  as  the  only  one  at  our 

*By  this  phrase,  we  do  not  mean  those  who,  from  their  superior  knowledge 
and  judgment  on  general  subjects,  may  be  presumed  to  be  qualified  to  decide 
questions  of  orthoepy.  In  order  to  deserve  a  place  among  the  best  speakers,  it  is 
not  enough  that  one  should  have  what  is  commonly  termed  a  good  education  and 
good  sense,  he  must  have  paid  particular  attention  to  the  subject  of  pronunciation, 
unless  he  has  been  surrounded  during  the  whole  period  of  his  education  with  none 
but  correct  speakers,  which  is  seldom  or  never  the  case,  at  least  in  this  country 


INTRODUCTION. 


23 


command,  to  prove  or  illustrate  what  we  have,  in  all  cases,  studiously- 
endeavoured  to  learn  by  actual  hearing,  from  those  who  are  considered 
best  qualified  to  determine  questions  of  orthoepy. 

III.  It  may  be  further  observed,  that  all  those  works  (so  far  as  we 
are  acquainted)  which  attempt  to  give  the  pronunciation  of  geographi- 
cal names,  show  at  least  a  tendency  towards  the  system  that  we  have 
adopted.  The  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  which  gives  the  accentuation  of  a 
considerable  number  of  proper  names,  appears  always  to  follow  the 
native  mode.  In  the  list  of  geographical  names  appended  to  Worces- 
ter's "Comprehensive  Pronouncing  and  Explanatory  Dictionary — 
Boston,  1841"  —  which  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  creditable  and  suc- 
cessful attempts  towards  supplying  the  deficiency  in  this  important 
department  of  orthoepy  that  has  ever  been  made — the  native  pronuncia- 
tion of  names  not  extensively  and  familiarly  known,  is  almost  invaria- 
bly given.  Stewart's  "  Compendium  of  Modern  Geography — seventh 
edition — Edinburgh,  1843,"  gives  the  pronunciation  of  the  principal 
geographical  names  on  the  globe,  and  though  the  work  contains  many 
errors,*  it  is  evident  that  it  aims  generally  to  conform  to  the  native 
accentuation  of  the  names  of  other  countries,  and  frequently  to  the 
native  sound  of  the  letters.  Several  other  works,  of  less  importance, 
exhibit  the  same  general  tendency. 

IV.  There  is  one  difficulty  in  carrying  out  the  system  of  geographi- 
cal pronunciation  adopted  by  us,  which  it  may  be  proper  to  notice  here, 
viz :  that  of  drawing  the  line  between  foreign  names  which  are,  and 
those  which  are  not,  well  known.  With  respect  to  the  more  obvious 
in  each  division  there  cannot  be  the  slightest  hesitation ;  but  the  two 
classes  meet  and  pass  into  each  other  by  imperceptible  gradations,  so 
that  sometimes  the  question  whether  they  should  be  pronounced  ac- 
cording to  the  foreign,  or  the  English  mode,  can  only  be  settled  by  arbi- 
trary decision.  In  these  doubtful  instances,  we  have  spared  no  pains 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  prevailing  practice  of  the  best  speakers,  as 
well  as  the  usage  of  the  poets:  when  these  have  been  found  unsatis- 
factory, nothing  has  remained  for  us  but  to  decide  according  to  the  best 
of  our  ability.  We  have,  in  these  cases,  usually  given  both  the  pro- 
nunciations, placing  that  first,  which,  in  our  judgment,  is  to  be  pre- 
ferred. 

*  This  remark  is  intended  to  apply  to  the  pronunciation  only.  In  other  respects, 
this  "  Compendium"  appears  to  be  an  accurate  and  highly  valuable  little  work 


24  INTRODUCTION. 

V.  It  should  be  observed,  that  though  we  have  endeavoured  to  gir& 
the  native  pronunciation  of  the  names  of  other  countries,  with  minute 
accuracy,  yet,  in  accordance  with  the  advice  of  a  number  of  our  most 
intelligent  and  judicious  friends,  ice  have  been  careful  to  avoid  as 
much  as  possible,  on  all  occasions,  the  use  of  sounds  which  cannot 
readily  be  uttered  by  the  mere  English  scholar — more  especially  in 
the  pronunciation  of  those  geographical  names  which  are  commonly 
taught  in  schools. 

VL  In  those  cases  where  it  is  impossible  to  express  the  sounds  of 
other  languages  by  means  of  English  letters,  we  have  endeavoured  to 
employ  a  mode  of  indicating  those  sounds,  which,  if  it  does  not  afford 
any  effectual  assistance  to  the  mere  English  scholar,  may  at  least  be 
in  no  danger  of  embarrassing  or  leading  him  astray.  Thus  we  have 
represented  the  sound  of  the  German  ch  by  k,  distinguished  by  being 
a  small  capital.  Perhaps  a  strongly  aspirated  h — which  might  be  in- 
dicated by  hh — would  convey  a  nearer  idea  of  the  German  sound,  but 
it  seemed  less  eligible  than  the  other  mode,  both  because  persons  might 
differ  in  the  pronunciation  of  it,  or,  perhaps,  be  at  a  loss  to  pronounce 
it  at  all,  and  because  the  established  mode  of  anglicizing  the  German 
ch,  seems  to  be  to  change  its  sound  to  that  of  h,  as  in  the  instances, 
Blumenbach,  Metternich,  &c.  The  Scotch  and  Dutch  sounds  of  ch , 
so  similar  to  the  German,  when  anglicized  assume  invariably,  if  we 
mistake  not,  the  sound  of  k.  The  ordinary  mode  of  pronouncing  the 
Greek  X  tends  to  the  same  result.  We  have  not,  however,  represented 
the  sound  of  the  German  g  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  ch,  though  it  has  precisely  the  same  sound,  because  it  is  not 
customary  to  anglicize  it  by  k,  except  in  a  few  instances.  Were  the 
pronunciation  of  such  a  word  as  berg,  represented  by  berK,  it  would 
have  the  effect  to  lead  the  English  scholar  to  pronounce  it  differently 
from  the  ordinary  mode,  while  he  would  be  in  no  respect  nearer  the 
German  than  those  who  pronounce  the  word  according  to  the  English 
sound  of  the  letters.  Another  consideration  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed 
to  have  some  weight,  viz.,  that  though  the  more  approved  mode  of 
German  pronunciation  requires  that  g,  when  it  does  not  begin  a  word, 
should  be  pronounced  like  ch,  yet  in  some  parts  of  Germany  it  is  pro- 
nounced in  every  case  like  g  hard  in  English.  In  a  similar  manner, 
and  for  similar  reasons,  we  have  usually  represented  the  German  w  by 
a  w  distinguished  as  a  capital,  and  not  by  a  v,  though  this  is  nearer 
the  sound  of  the  German  letter. 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

VII.  With  regard  to  French  names,  however,  a  different  plan  has 
been  pursued,  both  because  it  is  less  easy,  so  to  speak,  to  anglicize 
the  French  letters,  and  because,  from  the  circumstance  of  this  being  far 
more  studied  than  any  other  foreign  language,  it  is  much  more  usual 
to  adopt  all  the  peculiar  sounds  of  the  letters,  in  pronouncing  French 
words  or  names.  Even  here,  however,  it  will  be  found  that  very  few, 
if  any,  of  those  geographical  names  which  are  taugiit  in  our  common 
schools,  will  require  the  use  of  sounds  that  cannot  readily  be  pro- 
nounced by  the  mere  English  scholar. 

VIIL  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  the  geographical  names  con- 
tained in  the  present  work,  we  have  adhered,  in  the  main,  to  the 
method  of  Walker,  not  only  from  a  desire  to  avoid  all  unnecessary 
innovation  upon  a  system  which  has  been  so  generally  received,  but 
also,  because  we  regard  it,  on  the  whole,  as  superior  to  any  other  sys- 
tem which  has  hitherto  been  given  to  the  public*  As,  however,  a 
multitude  of  instances  occur,  wherein  the  ordinary  spelling  of  geo- 
graphical names  indicates  very  nearly  the  proper  manner  of  pronouncing 
them,  it  has  been  thought  unnecessary,  in  these  cases,  to  give  a  differ- 
ent spelling  in  order  to  show  the  exact  pronunciation.  At  the  same 
time,  that  no  part  of  the  work  might  be  incomplete,  it  has  been  requi- 
site to  assign  to  some  of  the  letters,  sounds,  which  Walker  has  not 
attributed  to  them.  Thus,  in  giving  the  pronunciation  of  such  names  as 
Boston,  Pennsylvania,  &c,  we  have  not  re-written  them,  as  Walker 
would  have  done  —  pen-sil-va/-ne-a,  bos'-tun,  or  bos-t'n,  but  merely 
given  Bos'-ton,  Penn-syl-va'-ni-a  ;  the  point  under  the  vowels  in  the 
final  syllable  of  each  name,  denoting  that  these  have  an  obscure  sound 
like  short  w,  or  like  e  in  the  word  battery ;  while  the  two  points  under 
the  i  in  the  latter  name  indicate  that  this  is  to  be  sounded  like  e.  In 
like  manner  Berks  is  written  Berks — the  e  in  this  name  approxi- 
mating the  sound  of  short  u.  This  mode  of  marking  the  pronunciation, 
is  recommended  by  other  considerations  than  that  of  brevity.     As  some 

•It  may  not  be  improper  to  observe,  that  with  respect  to  actual  pronunciation 
we  have  differed  from  Walker  in  a  number  of  particulars.  Thus,  we  pronounce 
Asia,  a'-she-a,  according  to  the  practice  of  the  best  English  speakers,  though 
Walker  gives  a'-zhe-a  as  the  true  pronunciation.  (See  Principles  of  Pronunciation, 
453.)  In  a  few  instances  we  have  departed  from  his  practice  in  the  accentuation 
of  classical  names,  e.  g.,  we  have,  with  the  sanction  of  the  highest  authorities  of 
the  present  day,  given  the  name  of  the  ancient  capital  of  Egypt  with  the  accent 
on  the  penultima,  thus — Alexandria — though  Walker  accentuates  the  antcpe- 
nultima,  as  we  do,  in  pronouncing  the  modern  Alexandria.  (See  Alexandria, 
in  the  body  of  this  work.) 


26  INTBODUCTIOI*. 

of  our  most  celebrated  orthoepists  make  a  decided  distinction  between 
the  sounds  of  e  and  u  in  a  syllable  ending  with  r,*  it  might  be  deemed 
improper  to  represent  the  pronunciation  of  Berks  by  burks.  On  the 
other  hand,  were  we  to  follow  the  method  of  Walker  in  similar  cases, 
\nd  pronounce  it  berks,  we  should  be  still  wider  from  the  mark.  The 
mode  adopted  by  us  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  found  sufficiently  definite,  at 
the  same  time  that  it  obviates  both  of  the  difficulties  just  mentioned. 

IX.  With  a  view  to  simplify  as  much  as  possible,  we  have  rejected 
Walker's  second  and  third  sounds  of  o  (the  former  being  equivalent  to  oo, 
the  latter  to  au),  and  his  third  sound  of  u  (corresponding  with  oo  in  good, 
a  sound  which  we  have  represented  by  oof).  From  the  same  motive 
we  have  dispensed  with  the  figured  vowels,  whenever  their  use  has  not 
appeared  to  bo  necessary  in  order  to  avoid  ambiguity.  Thus  we  write 
simply  Til'-sit,  and  not — Tilsit,  tll'-slt, — as  Walker  would  have  done. 
All  marks  or  figures  which  are  not  needed,  in  order  to  indicate  the 
exact  pronunciation,  must  tend  rather  to  embarrass  than  to  aid  the 
learner. 

X.  In  the  pronunciation  of  names  belonging  to  England,  or  to  those 
countries  where  the  English  language  is  spoken,  a  ending  a  syllable 
with  the  accent,  should  always  have  its  first  sound  ;  in  an  accented  syl- 
lable before  a  single  r  it  usually  takes  the  second,  and  before  rr,  or  any 
other  consonant,  the  fourth  sound.  Accordingly,  in  giving  such  names  as 
Pennsylvania,  Sa'rum,  Far'mington,  Car'roll,  Manchester,  it  has 
been  deemed  unnecessary  to  mark  the  a  in  the  accented  syllables,  as 
scarcely  any  one  in  the  least  acquainted  with  the  principles  of  English 
pronunciation,  could  mistake  its  true  sound.  In  all  cases  which  depart 
from  these  simple  and  general  rules,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  mark 
the  sound,  as  Dal'ton,  Mal'wah,  Par'is,  &c. 

XL  The  Latin  names  of  foreign  countries  are  nearly  always  to  bt, 
pronounced  with  the  English  sounds  of  the  letters.  Thus,  in  Bavaria, 
Bulgaria,  Lusa'tia,  and  Transylva'nia,  the  accented  a  should  have 
its  first  sound. 


*  Walker  says  that  "Derby  is  pronounced  nearly  as  if  written  Durby" — 
and  that  "fir,  a  tree,  is  perfectly  similar  [in  sound]  to  the  first  syllable  in  fer- 
ment, though  often  corruptly  pronounced  like  fur,  a  skin."  (See  Principles  of 
Pronunciation,  100  and  109.) 

t  We  have,  however,  retained  his  third  sound  of  a,  (though  precisely  similar  to 
au),  in  order  to  indicate  the  broad  sound  of  the  c  in  such  names  as  Daltdn, 
Caldkr,  &c.,  without  writing  the  pronunciation  separately. 


INTRODUCTION.  27 

Obs.  In  Prussia,  and  Russia,  however,  the  u  instead  of  being1  pro- 
nounced short,  as  it  would  unquestionably  have  been  done  in  ancient 
Latin  names  of  this  kind,  is  usually  sounded  like  oo,  assuming  in  these 
instances  the  character  of  the  German  or  Russian  u.  In  like  manner 
the  first  syllable  of  Bulgaria  is  to  be  pronounced  bool  and  not  bul. 

XIL  In  the  anglicized  forms  of  foreign  names,  and  in  most  well 
known  names  of  foreign  countries,  the  same  rules  of  pronunciation, 
generally  speaking,  obtain,  as  in  genuine  English  words,  e.  g.,  Spain, 
Italy,  Naples,  &c 

Obs.  1.  At  the  same  time,  we  may  observe  a  general  tendency  to 
adopt  those  sounds  of  the  English  vowels,  which  approach  most  nearly 
to  the  foreign  sounds :  thus  the  -a  in  the  first  syllable  of  Aoriatic, 
and  Paris,  has  its  fourth  sound,  which  is  much  nearer  to  the  French 
a«d  Italian  a,  than  its  iirst  sound,  though  this  would  probably  be  given 
to  these  names  by  the  mere*  English  scholar,  who  should  be  guided  by 
analogy  solely.  In  like  manner  the  i  in  Milan  is  made  short,  so  as 
nearly  to  correspond  to  the  Italian  i,  which  is  like  our  e. 

Obs.  2.  In  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  names  that  have  become 
thoroughly  anglicized,  it  is  interesting  to  observe  the  tendency  of  our 
language,  to  throw  the  accent  as  far  as  possible  from  the  termination. 
Thus  Paris  is  pronounced  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  though 
the  French  appear  to  place  it  on  the  last,  and  the  Germans,  who  have 
not  the  same  aversion  to  the  ultimate  accent,  that  we  have,  lay  the  stress 
of  voice  distinctly  on  the  final  syllable,  thus  Par-is'.  Hanover, which 
might  be  pronounced  with  the  native  accentuation  (Hano'ver,)  without 
the  slightest  offence  to  the  genius  of  our  tongue,*  has  become  irrecover- 
ably Hanover.  Thus,  also,  we  pronounce  Andalusia,  (in  Spanish 
Andalucia,)  Ar'agon  (in  Spanish  Aragon'),  &o.  So  in  our  own  coun- 
try,the  old  Niaga'ra  has  become  unalterably  fixed  as  Niagara;  and 
Huron',  though  still  sometimes  heard,  is  fast  giving  place  to  Hu'ron. 

XIII.  It  may  be  observed  that  with  respect  to  foreign  names,  not 
only  in  the  French,  Italian,  and  other  languages  that  are  written  in  the 
Roman  letters,  but  also  in  Germanf  and  Greek,  (the  characters  of  which 
may  be  readily  converted  into  corresponding  Roman  letters),  it  is 
generally  customary  in  English  to  retain  the  literal  spelling,  e.  g., 
Anspach,  (German  ^trt^pacfy),  Konigsberg,  (German  ^oni^^Bcr^j 
Chios,  (Greek  Xtos,)  &c,  excepting  a  very  few  well  known  names,  as 
Lyons,  (French  Lyon),  Naples,  (Italian  JS'apoli,)  Munich,  (German 
S8£u!tcf)CIt),  Dantzic,  (German  &an;$t$,)  Leipsic,  (German  fieip- 
$t(0; — we  often  find,  however,  the  last  two  names  spelled  literally 
Danzig  and  Leipzig, 

*  We  have  a  multitude  of  words  similar  in  accent,  as  promoter,  devotion,  &c. 
t  It  is,  perhaps,  scarcely  necessary  to  remark,  that  Roman  letters  are  not  unfre 
quently  employed  in  writing  and  printing  German. 

3 


28  INTRODUCTION* 

XIV.  On  the  other  hand,  names  in  languages  of  which  tne  charac- 
ters cannot  he  readily  converted  into  .Roman  letters,  or  which  are  bo* 
little  known  as  written  languages,  are  usually  spelled  according  to 
their  sound  in  some  well  known  European  tongue.  Thus  the  name  of 
one  of  the  cities  of  Persia  is  written  in  English,  Shooster  or  Skusler, 
in  German  Schuster,  and  in  French  Chouster,  precisely  the  same  sound 
being  expressed  by  these  different  spellings. 

We  find  in  English  works  of  the  highest  character,  these  various 
modes  of  writing  oriental  and  other  names,  employed  indiscriminately. 
Thus  in  McCulloch's  Geographical  Dictionary,  under  the  article  Snu~ 
ster,  we  find  within  the  space  of  eight  lines  Khuzisian,  (Khoozistan), 
Karoon  and  Dezj>houlf  (Dezfool)  ;  the  first  name  being,  as  regards 
the  sound  of  the  vowels,  German  or  Italian,  the  second  English,  and 
the  third  French.  On  the  map  of  Persia,  published  by  the  Society  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  names  written  according  to  these 
three  different  modes,  occur  promiscuously  in  almost  every  part. 
Even  the  same  name  is  frequently  spelled  differently  in  different  parts 
of  the  same  work.  Thus  on  the  map  just  mentioned  Oorfa  is  written 
"  Or/a  or  Ourfa,"  while  on  another  of  the  same  set  it  is  spelled  Urfa. 
In  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  we  find  Boossa  and  Boussa,  Soodan  and 
Sudan,  Toorkistan  and  Turkistan,  &c.  McCulloch  gives  Shumla 
(Shoomla)  under  its  proper  head,  but  mentioning  the  town  in  another 
place  writes  it  Schumla:  in  the  same  article,  Africa,  he  has  both 
Soodan  and  Soudan,  each  occurring  several  times :  under  Mogadore 
he  gives  Shwera  (more  properly  Sioeera)  as  the  Moorish  name  of  tins 
town ;  afterwards,  in  enumerating  the  principal  fortified  and  garrison 
towns  of  Morocco,  he  gives  Suira  (pronounced  Sweera},  without  so 
much  as  mentioning  the  name  of  Mogadore.  As  neither  Schumla 
nor  Suira  are  to  be  found  in  his  gazetteer,  under  their  respective  heads, 
it  is  scarcely  possible  that  any  one  unacquainted  with  the  different 
modes  of  writing  these  names,  should  know  what  places  arc  meant  by 
them,  or  in  what  part  of  his  work  to  look  for  information  respecting 
them. 

XV.  In  order  to  avoid  the  perplexity  and  confusion  resulting  from 
tiie  diversity  which  prevails  in  the  mode  of  writing  oriental  names  and 
others  of  the  same  class,  we  have  made  it  a  point  always  to  spell  them 
afler  the  English  manner,  except  in  a  few  instances  where  a  different 
spelling  appears  to  have  become  thoroughly  established  by  usage. 
Accordingly  we  have  given  Oorfa,  Soodan,  Toorkistan,  &c,  as 


INTRODUCTION.  *» 

the  preferable  mode  of  writing  such  names ;  at  the  same  time,  under 
the  heads  of  Ourfa  and  Urfa,  Soudan  and  Sudan,  and  Turkistan, 
the  reader  will  find  a  reference  to  the  names  as  spelled  in  the  English 
manner,  to  which  he  must  look  for  a  description  of  those  places.  By 
adopting  this  plan,  it  is  believed  that  the  correct  pronunciation  of 
oriental  name3  will  be  taught  in  the  simplest  and  easiest  manner ;  the 
perplexity  and  error  into  which  the  prevailing  inconsistent  mode  of 
writing  such  names,  has  sometimes  led  even  well-informed  geogra- 
phers,* will  be  avoided ;  and  the  apparent  contradictions  which  are  so 
often  met  with  in  our  most  popular  geographical  works,  will  be  ac- 
counted for  and  reconciled. 


*  The  reader  may  be  referred  to  the  case  of  Sckirvan  and  Shirvan,  already  men- 
tioned in  the  Preface.  There  can  be  little  doubt,  that  the  practice  which  prevails 
among  the  English,  of  writing  oriental  names  after  the  manner  of  other  European 
nations,  has  sometimes  led  geographers  of  the  highest  character  into  error.  Thus 
Manlckeo,  the  name  of  a  tribe  of  Tartars,  inhabiting  the  north  part  of  the  Chinese 
■empire,  is  written  by  some  ofthe  most  respectable  authorities,  Manchow.  It  is  pro- 
bable, that  in  the  first  place  some  English  writer  or  writers,  spelled  it  Mantchou 
after  the  French  manner,  and  that  others  supposing  it  to  be  English,  and  wishing 
to  adopt  a  mode  of  spelling  less  equivocal,  wrote  it  Manchow.  It  may  be,  how- 
ever, that  the  latter  indicates  the  true  pronunciation,  and  that  the  name  was 
originally  written  correctly  Mantchou,  the  ou  having  its  genuine  English  sound ; 
and  that  some  English  writer,  naturally  supposing  it  to  be  French,  (for  many,  if 
not  most  of  the  English,  appear  to  prefer  the  French  mode  of  spelling  such  names, 
to  their  own,)  without  investigating  the  subject,  converted  the  name,  as  they 
thought,  into  English,  by  writing  it  Mantchoo.  As  Mantchooria  (the  country  of  the 
Mantchoos)  is  rarely  visited  by  Europeans,  this  question  may  long  remain  unde- 
cided. At  present,  Mantchoo  appears  to  have  become  almost  universal.  In  one 
of  the  earlier  numbers  of  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  (article  China,)  we  find  it  written 
Manchow,  but  in  other  parts  of  the  work  Mandshoo,  which  does  not  differ  mate- 
rially ha  sound  from  Mantchoo.  Had  the  English  uniformly  adopted  the  practice 
of  writing  oriental  names  according  to  the  sounds  of  their  own  language,  it  is  pro- 
bable that  Cabul  would  never  have  lost  its  native  sound  (Ka'-b'l),  so  far  as  to  be 
generally  pronounced  by  the  English  and  French,  Cabool  or  Caboul,  (see  Cabool, 
in  the  body  of  this  work.)  It  is  true  that  it  was  formerly  written  correctly  in  Eng- 
lish works  Cabul  or  Caubul;  but  the  practice  of  spelling  oriental  names  according 
to  the  German  or  Italian  mode,  is  so  common  among  English  writers,  that  analogy 
would  naturally  lead  us  to  adopt  or  confirm  that  pronunciation  of  Cabul,  which 
appears  to  be  now  so  thoroughly  established.  Had  it  been  the  uniform  practice 
of  English  travellers  and  geographers  to  write  such  names  as  Surmul,  Dezful,  (01 
Dezphoul),  according  to  the  sounds  of  their  own  tongue,  viz.,  Soormool  and  JJezfool, 
no  English  reader  would  have  thoughtof  pronouncing  the  u  in  Cabul  like  oo.  The 
erroneous  pronunciation  of  a  single  name  may,  perhaps,  justly  be  regarded  as  of 
little  moment,  but  the  embarrassment  and  error  into  which  the  prevailing  practice 
of  English  writers  on  geography,  is  continually  liable  to  lead  both  the  ignorant  and 
the  learned,  appear  to  us  to  involve  considerations  of  the  highest  importance  to 
the  interests  of  geographical  science.  From  a  sincere  wish  to  add  as  much  as 
possible  to  the  utility  ofthe  present  work,  we  have  had  recourse  to  the  system  of 
writing  oriental  names,  which  has  already  been  explained.  It  may  be  remarked 
that  though  this  system  is  frequently  at  variance  with  common  usage,  it  is  sane 
tioned  by  the  example  of  the  most  distinguished  French  geographers,  as  well  as 
ef  several  English  writers  of  the  highest  character. 


30  INTRODUCTION 

XVI.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  this  class  of  geographical 
names,  to  represent  the  accent  correctly,  is  the  principal  difficulty  to  bs 
encountered.  Those  acquainted  with  French,  are  aware  that  this  lai> 
guage  has  no  accent  in  the  sense  in  which  we  employ  the  term.  Th» 
same  may  be  said  of  the  Hungarian,  and  perhaps  also  of  the  Arabic, 
Turkish,  and  Persian.  At  all  events,,  those  best  acquainted  with  thes® 
languages,,  are  not  unfrequently  at  a  loss,  when  they  wish  to  represent 
accurately  in  English,  the  accentuation  of  Arabic,  Turkish,  and  Per- 
sian words.  Nevertheless  it  will  be  found,  that  here,  as  in  the  French 
and  Hungarian,  there  is  something  analogous  to  our  accent,  which  will 
generally  serve  to  guide  us  in  marking  in  Engiishrthe  accentuation  of 
names  in  these  languages.  The  different  syllables  of  oriental  names, 
however,  like  those  of  French  words,  are  not  unfrequently  pronounced 
with  a  stress  of  voice  so  nearly  equal,  that  it  has  been  deemed  proper 
in  a  number  of  instances,  to  use  the  secondary  aceents  in  order  to  indi- 
cate more  precisely  the  true  pronunciation.  (See  Remarks  on  the 
French  accent,  Section  XIX.) 

Obs.  1.  It  may  not  be  improper  here  to  remind  the  reader,  that  th& 
accents  which  we  often  see  upon  oriental  names,  are  by  no-  means  to  be 
understood  as  always  indicating  the  manner  in  which  an  Englishman 
should  accentuate  these  names  in  pronunciation,  as  they  are  often 
employed  to  denote  some  particular  sound  in  the  vowels  over  which 
they  are  placed.  Thus  some  authors  place  an  accent  upon  a,  whea 
they  wish  merely  to  signify  that  this  letter  has  the  clear  full  sound  of  a 
in  far.  In  the  same  manner  an  accent  is  placed  upon  u,  in  order  tc*- 
show  that  it  has  the  Italian  or  German  sound,  or  in  other  words,,  is  to  be 
pronounced  like  oo. 

Obs.  2.  The  sound  of  a  in  several  of  the  oriental  languages  is  often 
very  broad,  approaching  nearly  to  that  of  au,  in  English.  Hence  we 
often  see  Afghaun  instead  of  Afghan,  Cauvery  instead  of  Cavery, 
sultaun  instead  of  sultan,  &c.  In  writing  Nepaul  and  Bhopaul, 
the  improper  diphthong  au  appears  to  be  almost  universally  employed 
by  the  English.  The  French  indicate  the  same  sound,  by  using  a  with 
a  circumflex,  e.  g.,  Nepal,  Bhopal,  &e.  This  method  is,  perhaps, 
preferable  to  ours,  the  sound  of  a.  being  intermediate  between  that  in 
the  English  word  far  and  that  in  falL 

Obs.  3.  The  Arabic  article  al  or  el,  is  often  changed  in  pronuncia- 
tion, so  as  to  correspond  with  the  initial  consonant  of  the  word  to  which 
it  is  prefixed,  thus,  El-Rasheed  (Rashid),  El-Sham,  (the  Arabic  name 
of  Syria),  and  El-Sioot,  are  pronounced  and  should  be  written  in  Eng- 
lish, Er-Rasheed,  Esh-Sham,  Es-Sioot.  The  vowel  sound  of  the 
article  also  varies  considerably,  sometimes  approaching  that  of  o&, 
thus  the  "  Country  of  Dates,"  is  usually  pronounced  Beled'661  Jer-eed '., 
So  Es-Sioot  (or  Sioot,  without  the  article,)  is  sometimes  written  As 
syout  and  OsiooU 


INTRODUCTION.  31 

Obs.  4.  Gh  in  the  Arabic  and  some  other  oriental  tongues,  is  not 
merely  a  hard  g,  as  in  the  Italian,  nor  an  aspirate  like  the  German  ch, 
as  in  the  Irish  language,  but  a  harsh  guttural,  bearing  the  same  rela- 
tion to  the  German  ch  that  g  bears  to  k.  As  it  has  no  equivalent  in 
any  European  language,  we  have  not  attempted  to  distinguish  it  in 
pronunciation,  having  represented  it  merely  by  a  hard  g. 

Kh  is  equivalent  to  ch  in  German,  and  accordingly  has  been  repre- 
sented by  k,  distinguished  as  a  small  capital. 


GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  OF  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE 
MORE  IMPORTANT  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 

It  may  perhaps  be  proper  to  remark  that  this  brief  exposition  of  the 
peculiar  sounds  of  the  different  European  languages,  has  been  prepared 
solely  with  reference  to  the  work  before  us.  The  object  has  been  two- 
fold :  first,  to  enable  the  reader  more  fully  to  understand  the  system 
of  geographical  pronunciation  adopted  in  this  gazetteer :  secondly,  to 
furnish  some  general  hints  for  the  proper  pronunciation  of  those 
European  names  which  are  not  found  in  the  present  work.  Some 
explanation  of  the  kind  has  been  deemed  indispensable ;  and  imperfect 
as  this  may  be,  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  found  to  answer,  in  a  great 
measure,  the  particular  object  proposed. 

BOHEMIAN. 
[See  Observation  at  the  end  of  Section  XXV.] 

DANISH. 
XVII. 

1.  A  is  pronounced  generally  as  in  the  English  word  far,  though  it 
frequently  approaches  the  sound  of  a  in  fat. 

2.  E  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable  usually  has  a  sound  like  that 
of  i  in  pin ;  in  other  cases  it  is  sometimes  like  e  in  met,  and  sometimes 
like  e  in  battery. 

3.  I  is  like  ee,  or  like  i  in  pin. 

4.  O  "    "     the  English  o. 

5.  U«    "    oo. 

6.  Y  is  equivalent  to  the  French  u  or  li. 

3* 


32  INTRODUCTION. 

7.  Aa  sounds  like  o. 

8.  Ae      "        "    a  in  fate. 

9.  Ie       "        "    ee  in  English. 

10.  Oe  or  6  is  the  same  as  in  German. 

11.  The  consonants  b,  c,  /,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  f,  t,  x,  z,  are  like  the 
English. 

12.  D,  between  two  vowels,  or  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  in  which  it 
follows  a  vowel,  sounds  like  th  in  this  ;  in  other  situations  it  is  usually 
the  same  as  in  English. 

13.  G  is  always  hard;  at  the  end  of  a  word  it  is  sounded  very 
slightly  so  as  to  resemble  h ;  e.  g.  Aalborg  is  pronounced  nearly 
ol'-bor'h. 

14.  J  is  like  the  English  y  (consonant). 

15.  R  is  similar  to  the  German. 

16.  V  is  usually  like  the  English,  but  it  sometimes  appears  to  have 
a  vowel  sound  ;  thus,  havn  is  pronounced  almost  Jioun. 

17.  W  has  a  sound  similar  to  the  German. 

DUTCH. 
XVIII. 

1.  The  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  and  u,  are  similar  to  the  French. 

2.  Y  is  like  long  i  in  English,  as  in  nigh. 

Obs.  Ij  is  sometimes  made  use  of  instead  of  y :  thus,  Overyssei.  ia 
<iot  unfrequently  written  Overijssel. 

3.  Ae  is  equivalent  to  aa. 

4.  Ie  sounds  like  ee  in  English. 

5.  Oe     "        "    oo. 

6.  Oo     "        "    o  long. 

7.  Ui  or  uy  is  similar  to  oi  in  English,  or  eu  in  German. 

8.  The  consonants  6,  c,/,  7i,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  r,  s,  t,  v,  x,  z,  are  simi- 
lar to  the  English. 

9.  D,  at  the  end  of  a  word,  is  like  t ;  in  other  cases  it  is  the  same 
as  in  English. 

10.  G  resembles  in  sound  a  strongly  aspirated  h,  or  the  German  ch 

11.  J  is  equivalent  to  the  English  y  (consonant). 

12.  W  is  like  *"ie  German. 


INTRODUCTION.  33 

13.  Ch  is  similar  to  the  German  ch.  (14.)  Sch,  however,  has  not, 
as  in  German,  the  sound  of  the  English  sh,  but  the  pure  sound  of  s, 
followed  by  the  guttural  ch,  resembling  sk  in  English. 

Obs.  The  Flemish  is  so  closely  allied  to  the  Dutch,  that  it  may  be 
regarded  as  essentially  the  same  language. 

FRENCH. 
XIX. 

1.  A,  in  French,  is  generally  considered  to  have  two  sounds ;  the 
first  long,  as  in  the  English  word  far,  e.  g.  in  pas ;  the  second  short, 
almost  like  a  in  fat,  e.  g.  in  bal.  A,  circumflexed  (&),  however,  has 
a  sound  broader  than  the  a  in  pas,  being  intermediate  between  that  in 
far  and  that  in  fall.  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  French  names 
containing  an  ft,  we  have  used  the  same  letter,  as  we  have  no  equiva- 
lent in  English. 

Obs.  The  French  a   would  frequently  seem  to  be   intermediate 
between  its  second  English  sound  and  that  of  short  u.*     However  this* 
may  be,  the  French  writers  often  employ  a  in  spelling  oriental  names, 
when  the  English  make  use  of  u,  e.  g.  in  Cutch  (Fr.  Catch)  ;  Fur 
ruckabad  (Fr.  Farrakkbkd) ;  Muskat  (Fr.  Mascate). 

2.  E  has  three  sounds :  (1.)  close,  like  a  in  fate,  e.  g.  in  ite ;  (2.) 
open,  nearly  as  in  met,  but  more  prolonged,  e.  g.  in  proces  and  tete;f 
(3.)  obscure,  as  in  battery,  e.  g.  in  retour,  devrait.\ 

3.  J  has  two  sounds ;  the  first  nearly  as  in  the  English  word  fig, 
e.  g.  in  il,  ami  ;  the  second  like  ie  in  field  or  ee,  e.  g.  in  gite. 

4.  O  has  three  sounds :  (1.)  nearly  as  in  robe,  e.  g.  in  trone ;  (2.) 
as  in  rob,  e.  g.  in  parole ;  (3.)  as  in  lord,  e.  g.  in  corps. 

Obs.  O  circumflexed,  in  French,  has  a  deeper  and  fuller  sound  than 
o  long  in  English  :  in  giving  the  pronunciation  of  Frencli  names  con- 
taining this  letter,  we  have  used  the  same,  as  no  English  vowel  or 

*  The  late  Mr.  Du  Ponceau,  who,  though  a  native  Frenchman,  was  an  accom- 
plished and  thorough  English  scholar,  in  giving  in  English  the  French  pronun- 
ciation Paris,  wrote  it  pur-ree.  He  remarked,  however,  that  it  might  be  written 
par-ree. 

t  In  pronouncing  this  sound,  the  mouth  must  be  freely  opened,  whence  the 
name. 

\  The  e  in  these  and  similar  cases  is  often  scarcely  sounded  at  all,  and  appears 
to  pass  imperceptibly  into  e  mute :  retour  and  devrait  may  be  pronounced  r'toor 
and  d'vray. 


34  INTRODUCTION. 

vowels  could  accurately  indicate  its  sound,  e.  g.  Puy  pe  Dome,  pwe 
d'd6?ne. 

5.  The  sound  of  the  French  u  has  no  equivalent  in  English.  It  may 
be  said  to  be  intermediate  between  ee  and  oo ;  but  it  can  be  learned 
from  an  oral  instructor  only.  In  the  present  work  it  is  represented  by 
the  German  u  (or  we). 

Obs.  17,  before  n,  nasal,  has  its  second  English  sound  nearly,  un 
being  pronounced  almost  img. 

6.  Y  is  similar  to  the  French  i. 

7.  Ai  is  like  e  or  e  open. 

8.  Au "    "    6. 

9.  Ei  "     "    e. 

10.  Eu  is  similar  to  the  English  u  in  tub,  but  the  sound  is  mere  pro- 
longed, nearly  resembling  u  in  fur. 

Obs.  Eu  in  the  different  parts  of  the  verb  avoir,  "  to  have,"  always 
has  the  sound  of  simple  u. 

11.  Ie  is  like  ee  In  English,  or  i. 

12.  Oi  usually  sounds  like  wa,  e.  g.  moi  is  pronounced  mwh  or  mzvoh. 

Obs.  Oi  was  formerly  used  in  the  termination  of  the  French  verbs, 
e.g.  avois,  avoit,  avoient ;  also,  in  the  final  syllable  of  a  number  of 
adjectives,  as  Polonois,  "  Polish,"  and  Lyonnois,  "  belonging  to 
Lyons."  The  oi  in  these  words, — which  are  now  usually  written 
avais,  avait,  avaient,  Polonais,  Lyonnais, — sounds  like  ai  (or  e). 

13.  Ou  sounds  like  oo  in  English. 

14.  B,  c,*  d,  f,  h,  p,  t,  v,  and  z,  are  the  same  as  in  English. 

15.  G,  before  a,  o,  and  w,  is  hard,  as  in  the  English  word  gap ; 
before  e,  i,  and  y,  it  is  soft,  having  the  sound  of  zh,  or  of  s  in  plea- 
sure. Gu  sounds  like  g  hard ;  thus,  gue',  guide,  are  pronounced  g&f 
gheed. 

16.  H  is  never  pronounced  in  French  so  forcibly  as  in  English.  Some 
orthoepists  say  that  h  has  no  sound  in  French.t 

17.  J  sounds  like  soft  g  in  French,  or  zh  in  English. 

18.  L  has  usually  the  same  sound  as  in  English ;  but  when  it  ends  a 
word,  being  preceded  by  i,  or  when  11  follows  i,  in  any  situation,  it 
usually  has  what  is  called  its  liquid  sound.     This  may  be  said  to 

*  C,  with  a  cedilla  (g>,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  sounds  like  s;  thus,  go,  go,  gw,  are 
pronounced  sa,  so,  su. 
t  See  Bolmar's  Fables— Remark  on  the  letter  h,  page  4.  , 


INTRODUCTION.  35 

answer  nearly  to  the  sound  of  Hi  in  million,  the  sound  of  I  in  such  cases 
being  blended  with  that  of  y  (consonant)  ;  e.  g.  papillon  is  pronounced 
pa'-peer-y6N/;  Chantilly,  shlis'-teer-ye',  &c.  It  should,  however,  be 
observed  that,  according-  to  the  present  practice  of  the  more  polite 
French  speakers,  the  sound  of  I  is  scarcely  beard  at  all  in  such  words, 
so  that  their  pronunciation  might  rather  be  indicated  thus — pav-peN- 
)-6n';  shaNv-tev-ye'. 

19.  M  and  N,  when  followed  by  a  vowel,  or  when  double,  have  the 
same  sound  as  in  English ;  but  when  at  the  end  of  a  word  (not  imme- 
diately followed  by  another  word  beginning  with  a  vowel),  or  when 
followed  by  another  consonant  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  they  have  what 
is  termed  the  nasal  sound,  which  resembles  that  of  ng,  as  in  long, 
pang,  &c.,  but  is  somewhat  softer  ;*  thus,  m  and  n  are  nasal  in  such 
words  as  comparer,  contexte,  but  have  their  natural  sound  in  such  as 
commune,  connu.  Melun,  before  a  consonant,  or  standing  by  itself, 
would  be  pronounced  almost  mHung  ;  but  if  followed  immediately  by  a 
vowel,  as  in  the  sentence,  Melun  a  six  mille  habitans,  "  Melun  has 
six  thousand  inhabitants,"  the  final  n  is  sounded  distinctly  like  nn  :  the 
pronoun  sien,  when  not  followed  immediately  by  a  vowel,  is  pronounced 
nearly  se-nng';  but  when  it  takes  the  feminine  termination,  the  n 
being  doubled,  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English,  so  that  sienne  is  pro- 
nounced se-enn'. 

20.  M  or  n,  nasal,  when  preceded  by  e,  usually  causes  this  vowel  to 
assume  the  broad  sound  of  a:  thus,  dents,  sens,  are  pronounced  like  the 
French  words  dans  and  sans,  almost  as  if  written  in  English,  dong  and 
song. 

21.  In,  im,  ain,  aim,  ein,  oin,  and  en  preceded  immediately  by  i, 
when  nasal,  have  a  sound  nearly  resembling  that  of  ang  in  the  English 
word  pang.  In  such  cases  in,  im,  ain,  aim,  ein,  and  en,  are  pro- 
nounced alike,  faig ;  the  o  in  oin  has  the  sound  of  our  w,  so  that  loin 
and  soin  are  pronounced  almost  living,  swing. 

22.  In  om  and  on,  nasal,  the  o  is  long,  as  in  won't. 

Obs.  The  French  nasal  sound  is  represented  in  the  present  work  by 
n  or  m  distinguished  as  a  small  capital,  e.g.  Chaumont,  sho'-mON'; 
Quimper,  kaM'-paRe'. 

23.  Q  or  qu,  in  French,  always  sounds  like  k ;  e.  g.  quel  is  pro- 
nounced kel ;  qui,  kee,  &c. 

*  In  uttering  this  sound,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  press  the  back  part  of  the 
tongue  against  the  palate,  as  is  done  in  pronouncing  the  English  ng. 


36  INTRODUCTION. 

Obs.  Q,  in  French  words,  (except  when  terminal,  as  in  coq  and 
cinq,)  is  always  followed  by  u,  though  it  is  sometimes  employed  with- 
out this  letter,  in  writing  certain  foreign  names.  Thus  Balbi  and 
several  other  authors,  both  French  and  English,  write  Qene  for  Keneh  ; 
Qoum  for  Koom,  &c.  In  such  cases,  q  is  used  to  denote  a  sound  like 
that  of  k,  but  somewhat  more  guttural. 

24.  R  is  like  the  English,  but  is  trilled  more  strongly,  especially 
when  it  precedes  another  consonant,  or  stands  at  the  end  of  a  word,  as 
in  veRtu,  puniR :  in  similar  cases  the  English  r  is  but  very  slightly 
sounded.     This  sound  is  indicated  by  a  small  capital  r. 

25.  S,  when  single  and  between  two  vowels,  sounds  like  z ;  in  other 
cases,  it  is  the  same  as  in  English. 

26.  X  generally  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English,  but  is  sometimes 
sounded  like  s ;  e.  g.  in  six,  pronounced  seece,  and  Bruxelles  (Brussels), 
pronounced  bruv-sell';  and  occasionally  like  z,  as  in  dixieme,  d£-z£-ame'. 

27.  Ch  is  like  sh  in  English  :th  is  like  t. 

28.  Gn  (the  same  as  in  Italian),  has  a  sound  which  blends  that  of  n 
and  y  (consonant),  or  in  other  words  is  equivalent  to  the  sound  of  ni  in 
minion.     Thus,  AviGNon  is  pronounced  a'-veenv-y6N/. 

Obs.  This  sound  is  represented  in  Spanish  by  fi,  and  bears  the  same 
relation  to  n  that  the  liquid  I  (l)  does  to  the  ordinary  I.  In  Hungarian 
it  is  expressed  by  ny,  and  in  Portuguese  by  nh. 

When  it  occurs  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  we  have  represented  it  by 
n  and  y,  as  in  the  example  above  given ;  but  when  it  stands  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  as  it  cannot  then  be  expressed  by  any  letter  or  combination 
of  letters  in  English,  it  has  been  indicated  by  the  Spanish  n  :  accord- 
ingly the  French  pronunciation  of  such  names  as  Cologne  and  Bou- 
logne, are  thus  given — koMofi',  booMorV. 

SILENT  LETTERS. 

29.  The  vowel  e  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when  not  marked  with  an 
accent,  is  invariably  mute,  e.  g.  in  parle,  contente*  &c. 

30.  The  French  consonants,  when  occurring  at  the  end  of  a  word 
are  generally  not  pronounced,  unless  they  are  immediately  followed 
by  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel ;  e.  g.  in  content,  Bordeaux,  and 
dents.  If,  however,  they  are  followed  by  a  mute  e,  or  any  other  vowel, 
they  must  always  be  articulated,  e.g.  in  contente,  dente,  &c. 

*  The  particles  le,  we,  and  the  pronouns  je,  me,  le,  &c„  are  perhaps,  strictly 
speaking,  exceptions:  but.  though  the  e  in  these  words  is  not  always  absolutely  mute, 
it  is  very  often  so  ;  thus,  the  sentence  vous  me  trouverez  le  meme,  is  pronounced 
room  troov  rel  mame,  the  vowel  in  me  and  ne  being  entirely  suppressed,  and  the 
consonants  attached  to  the  preceding  words. 


INTRODUCTION.  37 

Obs.  1.  The  letters  c,  /,  I,  and  r,  are,  when  final,  very  often  pro- 
nounced ;  e.  g.  in  avec,  neuf,  il,  and  punir. 

Obs.  2.  The  French  articulate  the  final  consonants  in  almost  all 
foreign  and  classical  names ;  e.  g.  in  Amsterdam  (w  not  nasal)  Venus, 
&c. 

REMARKS  ON  THE  FRENCH  ACCENT. 

It  may  be  observed  that  the  French  language  has  no  accent  in  the 
sense  in  which  we  employ  this  term.  The  marks  called  accents,  that 
are  placed  over  the  different  vowels,  serve  only  to  indicate  some  par- 
ticular sound  of  these  letters,  and  not  that  peculiar  impulse  of  the 
voice,  which  characterizes  an  accented  syllable  in  the  English  and  most 
other  European  tongues.  Thus,  the  accent  over  the  e  in  parti  serves 
to  show  that  this  vowel  has  its  first  French  sound,  and  at  the  same  time 
distinguishes  it  from  parle,  another  form  of  the  same  verb,  in  which  the 
c  is  mute.  The  circumflex  imparts  to  the  vowels  over  which  it  is 
placed,  a  longer  and  deeper  sound  than  ordinary ;  e.  g.  in  hkte,  tempete, 
g\te,  and  apotre. 

It  is  commonly  said,  that  the  French  pronounce  all  the  syllables  of  a 
word  with  an  equal  stress  of  voice,  but  that  they  seem  to  an  English 
ear  to  accentuate  the  last,  because,  in  our  language,  the  universal  ten- 
dency is  to  throw  the  accent  towards  the  beginning  of  the  word.  (See 
XII.  Obs.  2.)  Others,  on  the  contrary,  maintain  that  in  pronouncing 
words  of  a  number  of  syllables,  the  voice  of  a  native  French  speaker 
almost  invariably  rises  and  dwells  on  the  last,  and  that  this  peculiar 
terminal  intonation  is  very  analogous,  and  nearly  equivalent,  to  our 
accent.  This  last  opinion  appears  to  us  to  be  not  without  a  real  foun- 
dation. But,  however  the  question  may  be  settled,  the  fact  that  the 
English,  who  have  learned  the  pronunciation  of  names  from  hearing 
them  spoken  by  the  French  themselves,  almost  invariably  throw  the 
accent  on  the  final  syllable,  furnishes,  in  our  judgment,  sufficient 
ground  for  establishing  a  general  rule  on  this  subject.  Accordingly, 
in  the  present  work,  we  have,  with  very  few  exceptions,  placed  the 
principal  accent  on  the  last  syllable  of  French  geographical  names ; 
at  the  same  time,  it  has  been  thought  proper  to  mark  the  others  with 
secondary  accents,  in  order  to  prevent  them  from  being  pronounced  too 
slightly  or  indistinctly,  as  is  usually  the  case  with  unaccented  syllables 
in  English.  The  pronunciation  of  Orleans,  for  example,  has  been 
thus  given — 0Rx-lax-aN'. 

Obs.  Particular  care,  however,  should  be  taken  not  to  break  such 

c 


38  INTRODUCTION. 

names  into  as  many  isolated  sounds  as  there  are  different  syllables , 
but,  while  pronouncing-  these  syllables  with  a  stress  of  voice  nearly 
equal,  to  let  each  glide  smoothly  into  that  which  follows  it.  It  may 
be  observed,  that  the  French,  in  uttering  short  sentences,  usually  make 
the  different  words  run  into  each  other,  as  if  they  were  parts  of  the 

same  word. 

* 

GERMAN. 
XX. 

1.  A,  in  German,  usually  sounds  as  in  the  English  word  far,  though 
sometimes  approximating  the  a  in  fat. 

2.  E,  when  long,  sounds  like  a  in  fate ;  when  short,  like  e  in  met: 
frequently,  however,  it  has  an  obscure  sound,  like  e  in  battery. 

3.  I,  long,  sounds  like  i  in  marine  (or  ee  in  English)  ;  i,  short,  like 
t  in  pit. 

4.  O,  long,  is  like  that  in  no;  o,  short,  like  that  in  on. 

5.  17,  long,  is  like  oo  in  cuckoo ;  u,  short,  like  oo  in  good. 

6.  Y  sounds  like  the  German  i. 

7.  Ae,  or  a,  is  similar  to  the  German  e,  or  to  the  English  a  in  fate. 

8.  Oe,  or  6,  nearly  resembles  the  eu  in  French,  but  has  no  parallel 
sound  in  English ;  the  sound  in  our  language  nearest  to  it  is  that  of  e 
in  her,  or  u  in  /wr;the  German  poets  often  rhyme  it  with  e  (a  or  e). 

9.  Ue,  or  ii,  is  like  the  French  u. 

10.  Au  is  equivalent  to  the  English  ou  in  our. 

11.  Au  and  eu  resemble  in  sound  the  English  oi,  as  in  oil. 

12.  Ei  and  ey  have  the  sound  of  i  in  mine,  as  pronounced  by  the 
Americans  (the  English  draw  the  corners  of  the  mouth  farther  back). 

13.  At  is  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  somewhat  broader. 

Obs.  It  may  be  observed,  that  ai  and  au,  in  German,  as  well  as  in 
several  other  languages,  are  proper  diphthongs,  the  vowels  preserving 
their  distinct  and  proper  sound ;  thus,  ai  is  equivalent  to  a'-e,  and  au 
to  a'-oo,  in  English. 

14.  Ui  sounds  like  oo-e. 

15.  Ie  is  equivalent  to  ee  in  English. 

16.  The  consonants/,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  t,  and  op,  are  pronounced  as  in 
English. 

17.  B  and  d,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  have  the  same  sound  as  in 
English;  at  the  end  of  a  word,  b  is  pronounced  like  js,  and  d  like  t. 


INTRODUCTION.  39 

18.  C,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  sounds  like  it;  before  e,  i,  and  y,  like  ts. 

19.  Ch  has  a  sound  unknown  in  our  language,  and  which,  conse* 
quently,  can  be  learned  from  an  oral  instructer  only.  It  somewhat 
resembles  that  of  our  h,  with  a  strong  aspiration ;  after  a,  o,  and  u,  it 
is  guttural ;  tor  example,  in  the  word  ach*  When  it  follows  e,  i,  a,  6,  ii, 
aw,  or  eu,  it  seems  to  be  sounded  more  in  the  palate,  as  in  ich*  We 
have  represented  this  sound  in  the  present  work  by  k,  distinguished  as 
a  small  capital. 

Obs.  Ch,  before  s,  radical,  (i.  e.  forming  a  part  of  the  root  of  the 
word,)  has  the  sound  of  k ;  e.  g.  Ochs  is  pronounced  oks ;  Sachsen, 
sak'-sen,  &c. 

20.  G,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  sounds  as  in  the  English  word 
get.  In  other  situations,  it  should  be  pronounced  like  the  German  ch. 
In  some  German  dialects,  however,  it  is  sounded,  in  all  cases,  nearly 
like  g  hard,  in  English. 

21.  H  is  pronounced  only  when  it  begins  a  word. 

Obs.  1.  When  g  and  h  occur  in  the  middle  of  a  compound  word, 
they  have  the  same  sound  as  when  they  are  initial,  provided  they  begin 
any  part  which  is  a  complete  word  in  itself;  thus,  in  the  participle 
gegeben  (given),  the  latter  g  has  the  same  sound  as  the  former,  because 
it  begins  the  verb  geben  (to  give),  from  which  that  participle  is  derived. 
It  is  sounded  in  like  manner  in  aufgeben  (to  give  up),  and  vergeben, 
(to  forgive),  &c.  H,  in  similar  instances,  is  pronounced ;  e.  g.  in 
gehabt,  aufhalten,  &c. 

Obs.  2.  G  and  h,  occurring  after  a  vowel,  lengthen  its  sound ;  e.  g. 
in  Tag,  ZaJil,  Floh,  &c. 

22.  J"  has  the  sound  of  the  English  y  (consonant). 

23.  Q  is  only  used  before  u,  and  sounds  as  in  the  English  word  quit. 

24.  R  is  pronounced  like  rr  in  the  English  word  terror,  but  some- 
what more  strongly.     (See  XIX,  24.) 

Obs.  Care  should  be  taken  to  pronounce  the  r,  in  German,  distinctly 
and  forcibly.  In  such  words  as  berg  and  iverth,  the  learner  should  be 
particularly  on  his  guard  against  allowing  the  e  to  become  like  short 
m,  as  in  similar  words  in  English.  The  e,  in  such  cases,  should  have 
the  same  sound  as  in  our  word  merit,  so  that  berg  should  be  pronounced 
almost  as  if  written  bairg  (not  burg) ;  werth,  as  Wairt  (not  Wurt),  but 
somewhat  shorter. 


*  Those  who  have  no  opportunity  of  acquiring  this  sound  from  a  German, 
might,  perhaps,  learn  it  from  a  Scotchman,  as  the  Scotch  ch  is  essentially  the 
same  with  the  German,  though  pronounced  somewhat  more  strongly. 

4 


40  INTRODUCTION. 

25.  S,  at  the  beginning"  of  a  word,  or  between  two  vowels,  is  like 
z  ;  in  other  cases  it  is  sharp,  as  in  this.     Ss  is  always  sharp. 

26.  Sch  sounds  like  the  English  sh;  sz  like  ss. 

27.  Th  is  pronounced  like  t. 

28.  V sounds  like/  in  English,  except  when  between  two  vowels; 
it  is  then  usually  pronounced  like  our  v. 

29.  W  resembles  our  v,  but  in  pronouncing  it,  the  upper  teeth  should 
not  be  allowed  to  touch  the  lower  lip,  as  is  done  in  uttering  the  Eng- 
lish v.    This  sound  is  indicated  by  a  capital  w. 

30.  Z  and  tz  sound  like  ts. 

GREEK  (MODERN). 
XXI. 

1.  A  a  (alpha)     is  like  a  in  far. 

2.  E  c   (epsilon)       "    a  in  fate. 

3.  H  rj  (eta)  "     ee  in  English. 

4.  I  i  (iota)  "    e  in  me,  or  i  in  pin. 

5.  O  o  (omicron)      "    o  in  English. 

6.  T  v  (upsilon)  is  nearly  like  the  French'  u  (or  u). 

7.  o  w  (omega)  is  like  o  in  English,  there  being  no  difference 
between  this  and  omicron  in  prose ;  in  poetry  «  is  longer. 

8.  At  is  like  a  in  fate. 

9.  Et  and  ot  sound  like  ee  in  English. 

10.  Ov  is  like  our  oo. 

11.  B  S  (beta)     is  like  v  in  English. 

1 2.  r  y  (gamma)  "    g,  hard,  as  in  get. 

13.  A  8  (delta)  "    thin  this. 

14.  z  £  (zeta)  "    the  English  *. 

15.  ©  9  (theta)  "     th  in  thin. 

16.  K  x  (kappa)  «•     &. 

17.  A  -K  (lambda)  "     Z. 

18.  M  fi  (mu)  "    m. 

19.  N  v  (nu)  "    n. 

20.  g  £  (xi)  «    x. 


INTRODUCTION. 


41 


21.  n  rt  (pi)  is  usually  like  the  English  p\  but  after  ju.  (m),  it  is 
like  b  ;  e.  g.  tfiTtopo^  is  pronounced  em'-bo-ros. 

22.  P  p  (rho)  is  similar  to  the  German  r. 

23.  2  a  5    (sigma)  is  like  the  English  s. 

24.  T  t  (tau)  is  usually  like  the  English  t ;  after  v  (n),  however, 
it  is  sounded  like  d  ;  e.  g.  ivt6$  is  pronounced  en-dos'. 

25.  T  v  (consonant)  when  before  a  vowel,  or  the  liquids  I,  m,  n,  r, 
is  like  our  v ;  e.  g.  ovEp'Jto  is  pronounced  au-a-rw'-o,  avhos,  hi-los',  aupiov, 
hi'-re-on :  in  other  cases  it  is  like/;  e.  g.  AwxaSla  (Leucadia)  is  pro- 
nounced lef-ka-Tne'-L 

26.  <f»  $  (phi)  is  equivalent  to  our/. 

27.  X  *  (chi)  is  similar  to  ch  in  German. 

28.  •*•  4  (psi)  is  like  ps  in  English. 

Obs.  Recently  it  has  become  the  practice  to  give  to  all,  or  nearly 
all,  the  islands,  towns,  &c.,  of  modern  Greece,  their  ancient  names, 
and  it  is  probable  that,  at  no  distant  period,  such  modern  corruptions  as 
Theaki  for  Ithaca,  Scio  for  Chios,  may  be  regarded  as  obsolete.  But, 
as  the  modern  names  are  employed  in  nearly  all  our  books  on  geogra- 
phy, and  in  the  writings  of  the  English  travellers  and  poets,  it  has  been 
thought  proper  in  a  work  like  the  present,  which  is  intended  for  popu- 
lar use,  to  assign  to  them  their  accustomed  place. 

HUNGARIAN. 
XXII. 

1.  A,  unaccented,  is  like  o  in  not ;  with  an  accent  (a),  it  has  the 
•sound  of  a  in  far,  and  is  always  long;  thus,  Aba  Uj-var,  the  name  of  a 
town,  is  pronounced  6b-6/i  oo-e  vMr. 

2.  E,  unaccented,  is  like  e  in  met;  with  an  accent  (e),*  it  has  a 
sound  intermediate  between  e  in  met  and  i  in  pit,  but  more  prolonged. 

3.  I,  and  y  when  a  vowel,  are  similar  to  e  in  me,  or  i  in  Jig. 

4.  O,  without  an  accent,  is  the  same  as  in  English;  when  accented 
(6),*  it  has  a  longer  and  deeper  sound. 

5.  U,  without  an  accent  is  like  oo  in  English,  with  the  accent  (u,)* 
its  sound  is  fuller  and  deeper. 

*  The  peculiarity  of  these  sounds  cannot  be  indicated  by  English  letters ;  in 
giving  the  pronunciation  of  Hungarian  names,  we  have  merely  distinguished  them 
as  being  long. 


42  INTRODUCTION. 

6.  Oe  or  6,  and  u,  are  the  same  as  in  German. 

7.  The  consonants  b,  d,f,  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  t,  v,  z,  are  like  the  English. 

8.  C  is  not  used  without  being  joined  with  some  other  consonant 
cs  is  sounded  like  ch  in  English ;  cz  like  ts. 

9.  G,  except  when  followed  by,;  or  y,  is  always  hard,  as  in  the  Eng 
lish  word  get.     Gh  sounds  like  a  simple  g. 

10.  J  is  usually  like  e  in  English  ;  uj  is  pronounced  oo-e.  Dj  ana 
gj  are  equivalent  to  dy  and  gy,  and  tj  to  ty.  (See  16,  17,  and  20,  of 
this  Section.) 

11.  R  is  like  the  German ;  in  other  words,  is  to  be  trilled  more 
strongly  than  the  English. 

12.  &  is  like  the  English  sh. 

13.  Sz  is  like  s  sharp,  or  ss. 

14.  Ts  is  equivalent  to  cs,  or  ch  in  English. 

15.  Tz  is  like  cz,  or  ts  in  English. 

16.  Y,  in  Hungarian,  is  nearly  always  a  consonant.  When  it  fol- 
lows d,  gt  I,  n,  and  t,  it  seems  to  be  blended  with  these  letters,  so  as  to 
form  but  one  consonant  sound. 

17.  Dy  and  gy  are  alike.     Magyar  is  pronounced  mod-yon. 

18.  Ly  is  like  l  in  Spanish,  or  Hi  in  the  English  word  million. 
Vasarhely  is  pronounced  in  three  syllables — vaa-shaaR-heT. 

19.  Ny  is  like  the  Spanish  n,  or  ni  in  minion.  Martony  is  pro- 
nounced in  two  syllables — maaR-toii. 

20.  Ty  approximates  the  sound  of  our  ch,  bearing  the  same  relation 
to  I,  that  dy  does  to  d. 

21.  Zs  sounds  like  the  French  j,  or  zh  in  English. 

Obs.  The  Hungarian  language  cannot  be  said  to  have  any  accent, 
in  the  sense  in  which  we  employ  this  term :  the  syllables  of  words, 
however,  are  distinguished  from  each  other  by  quantity  As  quantity 
in  Latin  and  Greek  is  converted  into  accent  by  the  usage  of  English 
pronunciation,  so,  in  giving  Hungarian  names  which  are  ordinarily 
used  in  geographical  works,  we  have  placed  the  accent  according  to 
the  quantity ;  e.  g.  Csongrad,  chon-graad';  but  when  the  name  is  not 
in  common  use,  but  is  merely  given  in  a  parenthesis,  the  quantity  only 
of  the  vowel  has  been  indicated,  as  this  mode  of  marking  the  pronun- 
ciation is  more  strictly  accurate;  e.g.  Hungary  (Hung.  Magyai 
Orszag,  mod-yoR  0R-saag). 


INTRODUCTION. 


43 


ITALIAN. 
XXIII. 

1.  A,  in  Italian,  is  like  the  English  a  in  far ;  though  its  sound  varies 
iomewhat  in  different  situations.* 

2.  E  has  two  sounds:  (1.)  close,  as  a  in  fate;  (2.)  open,  like  e  in 
met. 

3.  I  is  like  e  in  me,  or  i  in  fig. 

4.  O  has  two  sounds;  (1.)  close,  as  in  note;  (2.)  open,  similar  to  o 
in  no?,  but  rather  broader. 

5.  U  is  like  oo  in  English. 

6.  Ai  and  an,  in  Italian,  are  proper  diphthongs.  (See  XX.,  13, 
Obs.)  Accordingly,  Cairo  is  to  be  pronounced  ki'-ro,  and  Ausa,  ou'-sa, 
&c. 

7.  The  consonants  b,  d,  f  I,  m,  n,  p,  q,  s,  t,  and  v,  are  similar  to  the 
English. 

Obs.  K,  w,  x,  and  y,  are  not  used  by  the  Italians,  except  in  spelling 
foreign  names. 

8.  C  and  cc,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  are  sounded  like  k ;  before  e,  i,  and 
y,  like  ch  or  tsh. 

Obs.  Cc  should  be  pronounced  more  strongly  than  a  single  c.  This 
remark  will  apply  to  all  double  letters,  in  Italian,  as  well  as  in  most 
other  languages. 

9.  As  c,  when  immediately  before  a,  o,  or  u,  is  never  pronounced 
like  eh,  in  order  to  express  this  sound  in  such  cases,  the  vowel  i  is 
inserted ;  thus,  cia,  do,  ciu,  are  pronounced  chh,  cho,  choe.  (See 
table  at  the  end  of  this  Section.) 

10.  Ch  is  employed  to  express  the  sound  of  k  before  e  and  i. 

11.  G,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  hard,  as  in  the  English  word  get; 
before  e,  i,  and  y,  it  sounds  like  the  English  j ;  gia,  gio,  giu,  are  pro- 
nounced ji,  jo,  joo.     (See  table  at  the  end  of  this  Section.) 

*  Of  all  the  European  tongues,  the  Italian  has,  probably,  been  brought  to  the 

greatest  degree  of  perfection.  There  are,  however,  a  number  of  niceties  in  this 
mguage,  which,  however  interesting  to  a  thorough  linguist,  cannot  properly  be 
noticed  in  a  work  like  the  present.  The  difficulty  of  giving  a  brief,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  a  satisfactory  exposition  of  the  principles  of  Italian  pronunciation,  is 
increased  by  the  existence  of  different  dialects  in  different  parts  of  Italy.  It  has 
been  deemed  sufficient,  in  this  synopsis,  merely  to  explain  those  principles  of  pro- 
nunciation which  appear  to  be  recognized  by  the  Italians  generally. 

4#  * 


44  INTRODUCTION. 

12.  Gh  is  used  to  express  the  sound  of  hard  g,  before  e,  and  i. 

13.  Gli  has  the  sound  of  the  liquid  I  (I),  or  of  Hi  in  million;  thus, 
Boglio  is  pronounced  bole'-yo. 

14.  Gn  has  the  same  sound  as  in  French ;  or,  in  other  words,  is  like 
the  Spanish  n ;  e.g.  Bologna  is  pronounced  bo-lone'-yL 

15.  H  is  never  sounded  in  Italian. 

16.  J,  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  is  like  the  English  y  (conso 
nant) ;  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  equivalent  to  ii  (Italian). 

17.  R  resembles  the  French,  but  is  trilled  somewhat  more  strongly 
(See  XIX.,  24). 

18.  Sc,  before  e,  and  i,  is  like  the  English  sh ;  e.  g.  Scio  is  pro 
nounced  Shee'-o. 

19.  Z  commonly  has  the  sound  of  dz  in  English  ;  zz  is  pronounced 
like  ts. 

The  following  table  will,  perhaps,  enable  the  reader  more  readily  to 

understand  the  mode  in  which  c  and  cA,  g  and  gh  are  employed  by 
the  Italians. 

ca  is  pronounced  ka  ga  is  pronounced  ga 

che           "            ka  ghe           "           ga 

chi            "           ke  ghi           "           ghe 

co             "            ko  go             "           go 

cu             "           koo  gu             "           goo 

gia  "  ja 

ge  "  ja 

gi  "  je 

gio  "  jo 

ciu            "            choo                     giu  «  "  joo 

Obs.  It  may  be  observed,  that,  m  consequence  of  the  position  of 
Italy,  and  its  former  extensive  and  intimate  commercial  relations  with 
the  Levant,  a  great  number  of  the  geographical  names  of  Greece, 
Syria,  and  Egypt,  as  well  as  many  of  those  along  the  southern  shore 
of  the  Mediterranean,  are  written  in  the  Italian  mode,  and  should  be 
pronounced  according  to  the  principles  of  this  language ;  e.  g.  Corfu, 
Tripolizza,  Scio,  Jaffa,  Cairo,  &c. 

NORWEGIAN. 

XXIV. 

As  a  written  language,  the  Norwegian  may  be  said  to  be  identical 
with  the  Danish,  since  not  only  the  grammar,  but,  with  verv  few  excep 


cia 

« 

cha 

ce 

« 

cha 

ci 

« 

che 

cio 

<( 

cho 

INTRODUCTION.  45 

tions,  the  words  of  both,  are  precisely  the  same.  In  pronunciation, 
however,  the  Norwegians  differ  widely  from  the  Danes,  while  these 
again  differ  considerably  among  themselves.  Under  Section  XVII.,  we 
have  given  the  elements  of  Danish  pronunciation,  as  the  language  ia 
spoken  by  the  educated  classes  in  Copenhagen.  The  principal  points 
of  difference  between  this  and  the  Norwegian,  appear  to  be  the  follow- 
ing :  (1.)  d,  in  the  latter  tongue,  always  has  its  proper  sound,  while  in 
Danish  it  is  often  pronounced  like  the  English  th ;  (2.)  g,  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  in  Norwegian,  is  to  be  sounded  distinctly  as  g  hard  in  Eng- 
lish ;  (3.)  o,  ending  a  syllable,  is  pronounced  like  our  oo  ;  (4.)  e,  at  the 
end  of  a  word,  always  retains  its  distinct  sound  ;  thus,  Odense  would 
be  pronounced  oo'-den-scA,  and  not  o'-den-se^,  as  in  Danish. 

POLISH. 
XXV. 

1.  A  sounds  as  a  in  the  English  word  far. 

2.  E,  without  an  accent,  like  e  in  met ;  with  an  accent  (e),  like  a 
in  fate. 

3.  I  as  in  marine. 

4.  O,  unaccented,  as  in  note ;  with  an  accent,  like  oo,  as  in  good, 
or  66. 

5.  U  is  like  oo  in  moon. 

6.  Y  resembles  e  in  me,  but  is  more  guttural,  being  similar  to  i  in 
pin. 

7.  The  consonants  b,  d,  f  g  (always  hard),  h,  k,  I,  m,  n,  p,  s 
(always  sharp),  t,  and  %,  are  essentially  the  same  as  in  English. 

8.  C  is  like  the  German  c,  or  ts  in  English ;  cz  is  equivalent  to  our 
ch  ;  ch  is  like  the  German  ch. 

9.  J  is  like  the  German,  being  equivalent  to  y  (consonant). 

10.  R  is  like  the  German. 

11.  W  is  similar  to  the  German,  resembling  our  v. 

12.  N,  with  an  accent  over  it  (n7),  sounds  like  the  Spanish  n. 

13.  S,  marked  in  a  similar  manner  (s7)  has  a  sound  blending  that  of 
s  and  y  (consonant).  S'c'  has  a  sound  which  cannot  be  given  in  Eng- 
lish ,  its  nearest  approximation  in  our  language  is  sts. 

14.  Sz  is  equivalent  to  sh  in  English. 

15.  Z,  with  a  point  over  it,  is  like  the  French  j,  orzh  in  English. 


46  INTRODUCTION. 

16.  Z,  with  an  accent  (z'),  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  above,  but  haa 
no  equivalent  in  our  language. 

Obs.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  in  Slavonian,  Bohemian,  and  Illyrian, 
correspond,  with  very  slight  exceptions,  to  those  of  the  Polish  language. 

PORTUGUESE. 
XXVI. 

1.  The  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  w,  and  y,  and  the  diphthongs  ai,  ay,  au,  eif 
and  ey,  are  essentially  the  same  as  in  Spanish. 

2.  A  0  is  pronounced  almost  oung. 

3.  The  consonants  b,  d,  f,  I,  m,  n,  p,  s,  t,  v,  and  z,  are  similar  to  the 
English. 

4.  C  is  the  same  as  in  French,  differing  from  the  English  only  by 
sometimes  having  the  cedilla. 

5.  Ch  is  the  same  as  in  French ;  or,  in  other  words,  is  like  our  sh. 
6    G  and  j  are  the  same  as  in  French.     (See  XIX,  15  and  17.) 

7.  H,  in  Portuguese,  is  always  silent.  When,  however,  it  follows 
I  or  7i,  it  renders  these  letters  liquid;  thus,  filho  (son),  is  pronounced 
feel'-yo ;  senhora  (lady),  sane-yo'-ra,  &c. 

8.  M,  frequently,  and  n,  sometimes,  has  a  nasal  sound.  Sam,  like 
SAO,   is   pronounced  almost  soung ;  alem  or  alen  sounds  like  a-leng'. 

9.  Qu  is  pronounced  as  in  French,  the  u  in  this  case  not  being 
sounded. 

10.  R  is  like  the  French.     (See  XIX,  24.) 

11.  X  is  sounded  like  ch  in  Portuguese,  or  sh  in  English. 

RUSSIAN. 

As  the  Russians  neither  employ  Roman  characters,  nor  those  which 
can  be  readily  converted  into  corresponding  Roman  letters,  we  have, 
in  writing  the  geographical  names  of  Russia,  followed  the  mode 
adopted  with  respect  to  oriental  names.     (See  XIV  and  XV.) 

SPANISH. 

XXVII. 

1.  The  Spanish  a  sounds  as  in  the  English  word  far  ;  e  like  a  male, 
t  like  e  in  mete ;  o  as  in  English  ;  u  like  oo ;  and  y  like  Spanish  i. 

2.  At  and  ay  are  like  long  i  in  English.  Au  sounds  like  ou  in  our. 
(See  XX,  13,  Obs.)    Ei  and  ey  are  pronounced  a7-e. 


INTRODUCTION.  47 

3.  The  consonants  /,  I  (single),  m,  n,  p,  s,  t,  and  v,  are  pronounced 
nearly  as  in  English. 

4.  B,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  sounds  as  in  English  ;  but  when  it 
occurs  between  two  vowels,  its  sound  resembles  that  of  v,  with  this  dif- 
ference—v  is  pronounced  with  the  upper  teeth  placed  against  the  under 
lip,  while  the  sound  of  the  Spanish  b  is  formed  by  bringing  the  lips 
loosely  or  feebly  into  contact.  This  sound  seems  to  be  between  that 
of  v  and  the  English  w. 

5.  C,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  pronounced  as  in  English ;  before  e  and  i, 
it  has  the  sound  of  th  in  the  word  thin.  In  the  Catalan  dialect  it  is  the 
same  as  in  English. 

6.  Ch  has  the  same  sound  as  in  English,  except  in  the  dialect  of 
Catalonia,  where  it  is  pronounced  like  k. 

7.  D,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  sounded  nearly  as  in  English, 
but  is  pronounced  with  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  teeth, 
while  in  pronouncing  the  English  d,  the  tongue  is  made  to  touch  the 
roof  of  the  mouth.  At  the  end  of  a  syllable,  or  between  two  vowels,  d, 
in  Spanish,  sounds  like  the  English  th  in  this,  but  is  somewhat  softer. 
This  sound  is  usually  represented,  in  the  present  work,  by  a  small 
capital  d. 

8.  G,  before  a,  o,  and  u,  is  hard,  as  in  English. 

9.  G,  before  e  and  i,  and  j  before  every  vowel,  are  pronounced  like 
a  strong  guttural  h,  similar  to  the  German  ch  in  ach.  This  sound  is 
indicated  by  h  distinguished  as  a  small  capital. 

10.  Gua  and  guo  sound  somewhat  like  gwk,  givo,  but  the  g  is  so 
soft  that  it  is  scarcely  perceived ;  so  that  in  these  cases  the  sound  of  gu 
seems  to  approximate  very  nearly  to  that  of  the  English  w.  Gu,  before 
e  and  i,  is  usually  sounded  like  g  hard  ;  thus,  Guiana  is  pronounced  ghe- 
an'-a.  When,  however,  the  u  is  marked  with  a  diasresis ;  thus,  gui ; 
these  two  letters  have  the  same  sound  as  when  before  a  or  o,  and  con- 
sequently gui  is  pronounced  gwe  or  tee.  (See  table  at  the  end  of  this 
Section.) 

11.  H,  in  Spanish,  is  never  pronounced,  except  in  words  beginning 
with  hue,  and  then  very  slightly. 

12.  LI  (now  sometimes  written  T),  has  a  sound  which  combines  that 
of  I  and  y  (consonant),  and  is  similar  to  the  liquid  I  in  French ;  e.  g. 
villa  or  viia  is  pronounced  veel'-yi ;  Llerena,  lya-ra'-na. 

13.  N,  in  a  similar  manner,  unites  the  sounds  of  n  and  y,  and  is  like 
gn  in  French  ;  thus  peha  is  pronounced  pane'-ya. 

14.  Q,  in  Spanish,  is  always  followed  by  u.     Qu,  before  a  and  o,  is 


48 


INTRODUCTION. 


sounded  as  in  English ;  or,  in  other  words,  is  equivalent  to  kw  ;  before 
e  and  i,  it  is  pronounced  like  k,  unless  the  u  be  marked  with  a  diaeresis, 
in  which  case  it  is  like  kw.     (See  table  at  the  end  of  this  Section.) 

15.  R  is  similar  to  the  French,  but  is  trilled  more  strongly.  (See 
XIX.,  24.) 

16.  T  is  to  be  pronounced  by  putting  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against 
the  upper  teeth. 

17.  Xis  usually  sounded  like  the  Spanish,;,  which  letter,  according 
to  the  present  mode  of  spelling,  has  been  generally  substituted  for  it ; 
thus,  instead  of  the  old  spelling,  Ximenes,  Xucar,  &c.,  we  now  see 
Jimenes,  Jucar,  &c.  X,  before  a  consonant,  or  before  a  vowel 
marked  with  this  sign  a  ,  is  sounded  as  in  English  :  Example — Exte- 
rior, Exkminar. 

18.  Z  is  to  be  pronounced  like  ih  in  thin. 

The  following  table  will,  perhaps,  serve  to  show  more  clearly  the 
manner  in  which  c,  g,  j,  q,  x,  and  z,  are  used  in  Spanish. 


ca  —  is  pronounced      ka 

cua  or  qua  is 

pronounced    qua 

—  que 

ka 

cue  or  que 

"             qua 

—  qui 

"              ke 

cui  or  qui 

"              que 

CO  — 

"             ko 

cuo  or  quo 

■              quo 

cu  — 

"             koo 

ga    is  pronounced  ga 

gua  is  pronounced  gwa  or  wa 

gue           " 

g* 

gue          " 

gwa  or  wa 

gui            " 

ghe 

gui          " 

gwe  or  we 

go 

go 

guo          " 

gwo  or  wo 

gu 

goo 

ja  or  xa  —  is 

i  pronounced  Ha 

za  —  is 

pronounced  tha 

je,  xe,  or  ge 

"            Ha 

ze  or  ce 

"           tha 

ji,  xi,  or  gi 

"            He 

zi  or  ci 

"           the 

jo  or  xo  — 

"                 HO 

zo  — 

"           tho 

ju  or  xu 

"                 HOO 

zu  — 

"           thoo 

Obs.  The  Spanish  language,  as  spoken  in  Mexico,  differs,  in  some 
points,  materially  from  the  true  Spanish.  Thus,  z  and  c,  before  e  and  i, 
instead  of  having  the  sound  of  th,  are  generally  pronounced  like  s. 
Among  the  uneducated  classes,  11  is  universally  sounded  like  y ;  thus, 
villa  is  pronounced  vee'-ya.  It  will  be  perceived  that  this  is  similar  to 
the  fashionable  pronunciation  of  the  liquid  I  in  French.  In  most  coun- 
tries of  South  America,  the  Spanish  tongue  is  spoken  in  greater  purity, 
though  the  above-mentioned  corruptions  prevail,  in  some  parts,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent. 


INTRODUCTION.  49 

SWEDISH. 
XXVIII. 

1.  The  vowels  a,  e,  i,  a,  and  6,  are  similar  to  the  German. 

2.  a  sounds  like  the  English  o. 

3.  O,  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  is  like  our  oo  ;  in  other  cases,  like  o  in 
not. 

4.  U  appears  to  blend  the  sounds  of  short  e  and  of  oo,  being  some- 
what similar  to  e'-oo.  It  has  been  represented,  in  the  present  work,  by 
oo  ;  this  sound  being  the  nearest  to  it  of  any  in  our  language. 

5.  Y  is  the  same  as  in  Danish ;  or,  in  other  words,  is  similar  to  the 
French  u. 

6.  The  Swedish  consonants  are  for  the  most  part  pronounced  like 
the  English,  with  the  exception  of  j:  and  g  before  e,  t,  a,  6,  and  ti} 
which  are  equivalent  to  y  consonant,  and  of  z,  which  sounds  like  ts. 

1.  Kj  sounds  like  the  English  ch;  thus,  Kjoping  (written,  also, 
simply  Koping)  is  pronounced  chop'-ing. 


The  following  Table  is  intended  to  exhibit  the  striking  discrepancy  .n  the  mode  of  writing  the  same  geographic*! 
tomes,  which  occurs  in  the  works  of  respectable  aulhors.     (See  Preface,  page  xii.,  and  Introduction,  page  28.) 

Small  capitals  are  used  to  denote  the  mode  of  spelling  which  occurs  in  the  Gazetteer,  and  which  the  authors  consi- 
dered to  be  the  preferable  orthography. 

An  asterisk  denotes  that  the  pronunciation  of  the  spelling  to  which  it  is  appended  is  differed  from  that  of  the  others. 
But  when  a  name  occurs  with  two  or  more  different  spellings,  not  marked  by  an  asterisk,  it  is  to  be  understood  that 
the  pronunciation  of  all  these  is  essentially  the  same. 

If  the  reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  oo  in  English,  ou  in  French,  and  u  in  Italian  and  German,  have  the  same  sound  ; 
that  t  in  all  the  languages  of  continental  Europe  is  similar  to  u  in  English  ;  that  j,  in  two-thirds  of  the  European  lan- 
guages, is  like  our  y  ;  that  ch  in  French,  and  sch  in  German,  is  equivalent  to  our  sk,  and  thatj  (and  g  before  e  and  i)  in 
I'renrh  is  like  our  zh — or  z  in  azure — and  nearly  like  the  German  sch;  a  clue  will  be  furnished  to  n.any  of  the  per- 
tJexities  with  which  geographical  spelling  and  pronunciation  so  much  abound.  Some  other  difficulties  are  explained 
in  the  Table  by  reference  to  the  Introduction:  e.g.  Habana,  Havana;  Xingu,  Chingu. 

(App.)  placed  after  a  nam?,  indicates  that  it  is  to  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 


Abookeer,  Aboukir. 

Abooshehr,  Abuschehr,  Abouchehr.  Writ- 
ten also  Bushire  (boo-sheer'). 

Abootizh,   Abootish,    Abutisch,    Aboutij, 
Aboutige,  Abutige. 

Acheen,  Atcheen. 

Achmouneyn,  Oshmooneyn- 

Aichstadt,  Eichstadt. 

Akhmym,  Achmim,  Ekmim. 

Alen  tejo,  Alem-Tejo. 

Amarapoura,  Ummerapoora. 

Amasera,  Amasreh. 

Amoo,  Amu,  Amou. 

Amoor,  Amour,  Amur. 

Amretsir,  Amretseer,  Umritseer. 

Anadeer,  Anadir. 

Anatolia.    See  Natolia. 

Andujar,  Anduxar. 

Angora,  #Engoor,  *Enguri. 

Anzooan,  Anzouan,  *Anjouan. 

Arkeeko,  Arkiko. 

Argoon,  Argoun,  Argun. 

Asswan,  Assouan,  Assuan. 

Atcheen,  Acheen. 

Atfe,  Atfih. 

Axoom,  Axum,  Axoum. 

Ayasoolook,  Ayasalouk,  Ayasaluk. 

Azof,  Azoph,  Azov. 

Badakhshan,  Budukhshan. 

Bairout.    See  Beyroot. 

#Balfurosh,  Balfroogh.  Balfrouch. 

Baschkirs,  Bashkeers,  (a  race  of  Tartars, 
dwelling  south  of  the  r.  Irtish  in  Siberia.) 

Bassora,  Bussora,  Basrah,  (XIX.  1  Obs.) 

Bedouin,  Bedoween,  Beduin. 

Beyroot,  Bairout,  Beirout,  Berut. 

Bkrezof,  Berezow,  Berezov. 

Bermudas,  *Bermoothes.  [the  Euphrates.) 

Bir,  Beer,  (a  small  town  of  Asia  Minor,  on 

Birma,  Burma. 

Bornoo,  Bornou. 
t       Brahmapootra,  *Burrampooter. 

Budukhshan,  Badakhshan,  (XIX.  1  Obs.) 

Burma,  Birma. 

*=Burrampooter,  Brahmapootra. 

Bursa,  Boursa,  Boorsa,  ^Brusa. 

Bushiie.    See  Abooshehr. 

Cabool,  Cabtil,  Caubul,  Caboul. 

Cachoeira,  Caxoeira. 

Cairo,  *Kahira,  *Qahera. 

Camanche,  Comanche,  (App.) 

Cambodia,  Cambodja,  *Camboge. 

Campeachy,  Campecbe. 

Candahar,  Kandahar.J 


\  The  cases  in  which  C  is  interchanged  with  K  are 
very  numerous,  especially  in  German.  Russian,  and  Asia- 
tic names. 


Canton,  *Quangtong.      [mire,  Kashmir©. 
Cashmere,  Cachemir,  Kashmeer,  Kachc- 
Catalonia,  *Cataluiia. 
Catmandoo,  Khatmandu,  Katmandou. 
Caxoeira,  Cachoeira. 
Caubul.    See  Cabool. 
Celle,  Zelle,  (XX.  18  and  30.) 
Charkow,  Kharkow,  Kharkof  Knaikov 
Chat-el-Arab,  Shatt-el-Arab. 
Cheboygan,  Sheboygan. 
Chienne,  Cheyenne,  Shienne,  (App.) 
Chingu,  Xingu,  (XXVI.  11.) 
Coahuila,  Cohahuila,  (App.) 
Comanche,  Camanche,  (App.) 
Cordova,  Cordoba,  (XXVII.  4.) 
CoRunna,  *Coruiia. 
Courland,  Koorland,  Kurland. 
Dantzic,  Danzig. 

Darfoor,  Darfur,  Darfour,  Dar  Foor. 
Dezfool,  Dezphoul,  Dezfoul,  Dezful. 
Djidda  or  Djeeda.    See  Jidda. 
#Douro,  *Duero. 

Dovrefield,  Daavrefjeld,  Dofrafield. 
Drohobicz.  Drohovitsch. 
Drontheim,  Trondhiem,  Trondjem. 
Dunkirk,  Dunkerque. 
Ebora,  Evora,  (XXVII.  4.) 
Edinburgh,  Edinborough. 
Eichstadt,  Aichstadt. 
*Elatma,  Yelatma,  Ielatma. 
Ekaterinburg,  Iekaterinbourg. 
Elisabetgkad,  Yelisavetgrad. 
Erzroom,  Erzeroum,  Erzrum,  Ardzroom, 

Arzerum,  Arzeroum. 
Ferro,  *Hierro.     . 
Fiesole,  *Fesole. 
Fiji,  Feejee. 

Fontarabia,  *Fuenterabia. 
Gelders,  Guelders. 
Gheezeh,  Gizeh,  *Jizeh. 
Ghent,  Gent,  *Gand. 
Gloucester,  Gloster. 
Gooldsha,  Guldscha,  Gouldja,  *Kuldsha. 
Gottingen,  Goettingen,  (XX.  8.) 
Guelders,  Gelders. 
Haarlem,  Haerlem,  Harlem. 
Havana,  Habana,  (XXVII.  4.) 
Hawaii,  Owhyhee.  [dostan 

Hindostan,  Hindustan,  Hindoostan,  #I«» 
Hindoo,  Hindu. 
Himalaya,  *Himmaleh. 
Iaroslav,  Jaroslaw,  Yaroslaf. 
Indostan.    See  Hindostan. 
Innspruck,  Innsbruck. 
Iekootsk,  Irkouisk.  Iikutsk. 
*lskenderoon,  Scanderoon. 
IvigA,  Ibiza,  (XXVII.  4,5.) 
Jakutsk  or  Iakoutsk.    See  Yakoutsk. 


TABLE   OF    DIFFERENT    SPELLINGS. 


Jalisco,  Xalisco,  (App.) 

Janina,  Yaiiina,  Joaninna. 

Jaroslaw.    See  Yaroslaf. 

Jeddo,  Yeddo. 

Jesso,  Iesso,  Yesso,  Yeso. 

Jeypoor,  Jyepoor,  Jypoor. 

Jidda,  Djidda,  Djeeda. 

Jitomir,  Zitomir,  Ziiitomeer. 

Joodpoor,  Joudnoor. 

Jorullo,  Xorul.  o.  [Russia.) 

Jug,  Yoog,  r.  (a  branch  of  the  Dwina,  in 

Kahira.    See  Cairo. 

Kalooga,  Kalouga,  Kaluga. 

Kamtchatka,  Kamtschatha.   (See  Note,  p. 

80S.) 
Kharkof,  Kharkow,  Charkow,  Kharkov. 
Khartoom,  Khartum,  Khartoum. 
Rhiva,  Kheeva. 
Kief,  Kievv,  Kieff,  Kiev. 
Kirmanshah,  Kirmanshaw. 
*Kistna,  Krishna. 
Klagknfurth,  Clagenfurth. 
Koahoma,  Coahoma. 
Koor,  Kur,  Kour. 
Koorland,  Kurland,  Courland. 
Koordistan,  Kurdistan.  Curdistan. 
Koorsk,  Koursk,  Kursk. 
Koorile,  Kurile,  Kourile. 
Kuldsha,    See  Gooldsha, 
Kutaiyeh,  Kootaiah,  Koutaieh. 
La  Baca,  La  Vacca,  (App.) 
Lancerota,  Lanzarota,  (XXVII.  5,  18.) 
Leipsic,  Leipzig. 
Leyden,  Leiden. 
Libadia,  Livadia. 
Lisle,  Lille. 
Lintz,  Linz. 

Livadia,  Libadia,  (XXI.  11.) 
Lucerne,  *Luzern. 
Maas,  Maese,  =*Meuse. 
Maastricht,  Maestricht. 
Maelaren,  Malaren. 
Majorca,  *Mallorca. 
Manchooria,  Mantchooria,  Mandshuria. 
Maranham,  Maranhao. 
Maravi,  Maravee. 
Mardeen,  Merdm. 
Marmora,  Marmara. 
Marosch,  Maros,  (XXII.  12.) 
Matareeyeh,  Malaria.  Mataryeh. 
*Mathura.  Muttra,  (XlX.  1  Obs.) 
Mekinez,  Mequinez,  Meknas. 
Mergui,  Merghi. 
Meshed,  Meshid,  *Mushed. 
Mexico,  Megico,  Mejico,  (XXVII.  9  &  17.) 
Minho,  Mino. 

Moorzook,  Mourzouk,  Murzuk. 
Natolia,  *Anatolia,  *Anadoli,  ^Anatoli. 
Nezheen,  Nejin,  Neschin. 
Nizhnee,  Nijni,  Nischnei. 
Olivenza,  Olivenca. 
Oorfa,  Urfa,  Ourfa. 

Ooroomeea,  Unimiya,  *Ourmiah,  Urmia. 
Ooostioog,  Ustiug,  Oustioug. 
Otaheite,  Tahiti. 
Owhyhee,  Hawaii. 
Oshmooneyn,  Achmouneyn. 
Ouachita,  Washita. 
Ouisconsin,  Wisconsin. 


Oural,  Ural. 

Ourghendj,   Oorghendj,   Urghendj,  #Li 

gbenz,  Urgantz.    See  Khiva,  Gazetteer. 
Petic,  Pitic. 
Rhine,  Rhein,  Rhyn. 
Roomelia,  Roumelia,  Rumeha. 
Room  Elee,  Rum  Hi,  Roum  111. 
Saree,  Sari. 

Scanderoon,  #Iskenderoon 
Schoa,  Shoa,  Xoa. 
*Schonen,  Skaone.  (XXVIII.  2.) 
Shoa,  Schoa,  Xoa  (XXVI.  11),  #Shwa. 
Sioot,  Siout,  ^Osioot,  #Esioot. 
Sivas,  Seevas. 

#Sleswick,  Slesvig,  *Schleswig. 
Siwah,  Seewah. 
Soodan,  Soudan,  Sudan. 
Soormool,    Sourmoul,  Surmul,   (a   small 

town  of  Persia.) 
Sooltaneeyeh,  Sultanieh,  Soultania. 
Soorabaya,  Surabaya,  Sourabaya. 
Suez,  Sooez,  Soueys. 
Suabia,  Swabia. 
Tahiti,  Olaheite. 
Tabrekz,  Tabriz,  *Tauris. 
Tabareeyeh,  Tabarieh. 
Tarsoos,  Tarsous,  Tarsus. 
Tchernigof,  Czernigow,  Tchernigoff 
Tibet,  Thibet. 
#Timbuctoo,    Tombuctoo,    Tombooctoo, 

Tombouctou,  =*Tenbocto. 
Toola,  Toula,  Tula. 
Toorkistan,  Turkistan. 
Tonkin,  Tonquin. 
Torzhok,  Torschok,  Torjok. 
Troudjem  or  Trondhiem,  Drontheim. 
Truxillo,  Trujillo. 
Torneo,  TorneS,    (XXVIII.  2.) 
Tver,  Twer.  / 

Ural,  Oural. 
Urfa.     See  Oorfa. 
Urmiah.    See  Ooroomeea. 
Usbeck,  Oozbek,  Ouzbek. 
Viborg,  Wiborg. 
Vitebsk,  Vitepsk,  Witebsk. 
Volga,  Wolga. 
Voronezh,    Voronege,    Voronej,    Woro 

neseh,  *Voronetz,  Woronetz. 
Washita,  Ouachitta. 
Wisconsin,  Wiskonsan,  Ouisconsin. 
Wurtemberg,  Wirtemberg. 
Xalapa,  Jalapa. 
Xalisco,  Jalisco,  (App.) 
Xeres,  .Teres. 

Xingu,  Chingu,  (XXVI.  11.) 
Xoa.    See  Shoa. 

Yakootsk,  Iakoutsk,  Jakutsk,  Yakutsk. 
Yanina.     See  Janina. 
Yarkund,  Yarkand,  (XIX.  1  Obs.) 
Yaroslaf,  Iaroslav,  Jaroslaw. 
Yeddo,  Jeddo. 
Yesso,  Jesso. 
Zahara,  Sahara. 
Zaragoza,  ^Saragossa. 
Zebu,  Cebu,  (XXVII.  5  and  18.) 
Zelle,  Celle.  (XX.  18  and  3.) 
Zhitomeer,   Jitomir,   Schitomir,   Zytoajur, 

*Zitomirz. 
Zuyder  Zee,     Zuider  Zee. 


EXPLANATION 


ABBREVIATIONS,  SIGNS,  ETC.,  EMPLOYED  IN  THIS  WORK 


Adj 

adjective. 

Mass. 

Massachusetts. 

Ala. 

Alabama. 

M.  B. 

Malte-Brun. 

Anc. 

anciently. 

Md. 

Maryland. 

Arab 

Arabic. 

Me. 

Maine. 

Ark. 

Arkansas. 

Mich. 

Michigan. 

B. 

Balbi. 

Miss. 

Mississippi. 

cap. 

capital. 

Mo. 

Missouri. 

CO. 

county. 

Mt. 

Mount  or  mountain, 

Conn. 

Connecticut. 

N. 

north. 

Dan. 

Danish. 

N.C. 

North  Carolina. 

Del. 

Delaware. 

N.  H. 

New  Hampshire. 

dep. 

department. 

N.J. 

New  Jersey. 

E. 

east. 

N.  Y. 

New  York. 

E.G. 

Edinburgh  Gazetteer. 

Norw. 

Norwegian. 

Flem. 

Flemish. 

Pa. 

Pennsylvania. 

Fr. 

French. 

P.  C. 

Penny  Cyclopaedia. 

ft. 

feet. 

Pop. 

population. 

Ga. 

Georgia. 

Port. 

Portuguese. 

Ger. 

German. 

prov. 

province. 

gov. 

government  or  province. 

pron. 

pronunciation. 

Gr. 

Greek. 

r. 

river. 

Hung, 

,  Hungarian. 

R.  I. 

Rhode  Island. 

i. 

island. 

Russ. 

Russian. 

inhab. 

inhabitant. 

S.  C. 

South  Carolina. 

111. 

Illinois. 

Sp. 

Spanish. 

Ind. 

Indiana. 

sq.  m. 

square  miles. 

Int. 

Introduction. 

Sw. 

Swedish. 

Ky. 

Kentucky. 

t. 

town. 

La. 

Louisiana. 

Term. 

Tennessee. 

L. 

Lake. 

Turk. 

Turkish. 

Lat. 

Latitude. 

U.S. 

United  States. 

Lon. 

Longitude. 

Va. 

Virginia. 

m. 

mile  or  miles. 

Vt. 

Vermont. 

M. 

McCulloch. 

W. 

west. 

1.  The  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  marked  with  a  point  underneath  (a  or  a,  EOT 
e,  &c.)  have  an  obscure  sound,  similar  to  short  u,  thus,  Merton  should 
be  pronounced  almost  mur'-tun  or  mur'-t'n.     (See  Introduction,  VIII.) 

2.  i  with  two  points  underneath  sounds  like  e. 

(50) 


EXPLANATION,  ETC.  Ol 

3.  6  has  a  sound  similar  to  the  French  eu  or  nearly  like  that  of  e  in 
her.     It  may  be  anglicized  by  e.     (See  Introduction,  XX.,  8.) 

4.  tl  is  like  the  French  u,  being  intermediate  between  ee  and  oo, 
(XIX.,  5.) 

5.  A  letter  when  it  has  a  line  underneath,  or  when  italicised,  is 
silent;  e.  g.  in  Walker,  Greene,  6b-6^.* 

6.  tD,  small  capital,  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  name,  indicates  that  its 
eound  is  similar  to  th  in  this. 

7.  to  and  k,  small  capitals,  indicate  the  sound  of  the  German  ch  or 
one  similar  to  it.     (VI.  and  XX.,  19.) 

8.  tH,  small  capital,  has  a  sound  nearly  similar  to  the  preceding-,  hut 
more  resembling  a  strongly  aspirated  h. 

9.  I  (I  liquid)  is  to  be  pronounced  like  Hi  in  million :  it  blends  the 
sounds  of  I  and  y  consonant.     (XXVII.,  12.) 

10.  m  and  n,  small  capitals,  are  nasal,  being  similar  in  sound  to  ng. 
(XIX.,  19.) 

11.  r,  small  capital,  has  the  sound  of  rr  in  terror.    (XIX.,  24.) 

12.  u,  small  capital,  indicates  the  sound  of  the  French  eu.  It  is  pro- 
nounced nearly  as  u  in  tub  or  in  fur. 

13.  tw,  capital,  has  a  sound  similar  to  our  v. 

14.  Y  and  ey,  at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  sylable,  sound  likee  in  me. 

15.  Ai  and  ay  are  considered  to  be  equivalent  to  a  in  fate. 

16.  Au  and  aw  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

17.  ee  indicates  a  sound  similar  to  i  in  pit  or  in  spirit. 

18.  Ow,  when  the  o  is  not  marked  long  (6w),  is  to  be  pronounced 
like  ou  in  hour. 

19.  Gh  is  sometimes  employed  in  pronunciation  for  g  hard. 

20.  g  is  to  be  pronounced  more  softly  than  simple  g.  (XVII.,  13, 
and  XXVIL,  10.) 

21.  s  sounds  like  z. 

O"  The  sounds  of  the  figured  vowels  are  explained  at  the  top  of  the  page, 
in  the  body  of  the  work. 

OBSERVATIONS. 

1.  Every  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  occurring  in  the  pronunciation 
of  a  word  or  name,  is  to  be  pronounced  with  its  proper  English  sound  ;  e.g., 
ou  is  to  be  sounded  as  in  our,  sour,  &c,  and  not  like  oo,  as  in  ttur,  and 
some  other  words  of  French  origin  :  g  must  be  hard,  as  in  get,  give,  &c. ; 
ch,  as  in  chill,  choose,  unless  the  h  be  marked  as  silent,  in~which  case  ch 
has  the  sound  of  k. 

2.  In  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  European  names,  care  should  be  taken 
not  to  allow  a  to  fall  into  the  third  or  broad  sound  of  this  vowel— an  error 
to  which  American  and  English  speakers  are  very  prone — it  would  be  much 
less  a  fault,  generally  speaking,  to  pronounce  it  like  a  in  fat.  It  should, 
however,  be  observed,  that  a  preceding  the  nasal  n  in  French,,  is  usually 
broad,  almost  like  o  in  not.     (See  Int.  XIX.,  19,  20,  and  21.) 

A,  in  some  names,  appears  to  have  a  sound  intermediate  between  a  and  a. 

•  The  h,  in  this  and  similar  instances,  is  employed  in  order  to  enable  the  learner 
more  readily  to  pronounce  the  vowel  short,  as  in  not:  were  it  omitted,  thus,  ob-o, 
the  inexperienced  pupil  might  be  in  danger  of  pronouncing  th&  o  long,  as  in  no, 
or  indistinctly,  as  we  often  hear  it  in  piano. 

t  It  is  intended  that  the  mere  English  scholar  shall  pronounce  these  letters  with 
their  proper  English  sound     (See  Introduction.  VI.) 

D 


52  EXPLANATION,  ETC. 

Thus  the  a  in  the  penultimate  syllable  of  Alabama,  is  somewhat  longei 
than  in  fat,  though  not  so  broad  as  in  far.  It  may  be  remarked  that  some 
orthoepists  assign  such  a  sound  to  a  in  certain  English  words,  e.g.  in  fast. 

3.  When  e  and  o  end  a  syllable  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  word,  they  are 
always  to  be  pronounced  distinctly  with  their  first  sound  (as  in  me  or  no.) 

4.  E  is  rarely  figured  when  occurring  in  a  syllable  with  the  primary 
accent  (IX.) ;  in  other  cases  e,  and  also  the  other  vowels,  are  frequently 
thus  marked,  in  order  to  guard  against  their  being  pronounced  indistinctly. 

5.  O  marked  long  (6),  though  often  employed  in  English  names,  in  order 
to  show  merely  that  this  letter  has  its  first  sound,  when  it  occurs  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  foreign  words  or  names,  always  indicates  that  the  sound  of  the 
vowel  is  to  be  prolonged.  In  like  manner,  6  indicates  that  this  letter  has  a 
sound  like  o,  in  not,  to  be  pronounced  distinctly  but  very  short. 

6.  The  sound  of  u  before  a  vowel,  in  Spanish  words,  is  usually  repre- 
sented by  w.  Thus  nuevo  is  pronounced  nwa'-vo,  which  is  nearly  equiva- 
lent to  noo-a'-vo.  In  Italian,  the  u  before  a  vowel  appears  to  be  sounded 
more  distinctly  :  accordingly,  we  have  indicated  the  pronunction  of  nuovo, 
duomo,  by  noo-o'-vo,  doo-o'-mo.  In  these  cases,  however,  noo-o  and  doo-o  are 
to  be  pronounced  almost  in  one  syllable. 

7.  When  two  or  more  geographical  names,  with  the  same  spelling,  occur 
in  succession,  and  the  pronunciation  of  the  first  only  is  given,  it  is  intended 
that  all  shall  be  pronounced  alike. 

9.  The  pronunciation  of  a  name  is  distinguished  from  the  name  itself,  by 
its  not  beginning  with  a  capital.  In  examples  like  the  following,  Bres'-lau 
or  bres'-lou,  the  latter  spelling  has  reference  to  pronunciation  only,  while  the 
former  gives  the  true  mode  of  writing  the  name  and  the  pronunciation  at 
the  same  time.  Had  we  written  Breslau,  bres'-lau  or  bres'-lou,  the  same 
end  would  have  been  attained,  but  at  the  expense  of  brevity. 

9.  The  number  of  syllables  in  a  word  or  name  is  indicated  by  the  hy- 
phens ;  e.g.  Smythb  not  being  divided  by  a  hyphen,  is  to  be  pronounced  in  one 
syllable;  pane'-ya  in  two:  the  e,  in  such  syllables  as  pane,  is  silent,  being  only 
used  to  render  the  preceding  a  long,  as  in  fate.  In  some  few  cases,  how- 
ever, where  a  name  of  two  or  more  syllables  is  necessarily  familiar  to  all, 
we  have  not  divided  it  by  hyphens,  nor  indicated  the  pronunciation  in  any 
way ;  e.  g.,  Henry,  William,  &c.  In  Latin  names,  the  accent  only  has 
been  marked. 

10.  When  the  right  or  left  bank  of  a  river  is  spoken  of,  the  reader  is  sup- 
posed to  be  looking  down  the  stream,  or,  in  other  words,  going  with  the 
current. 

11.  It  may  be  remarked,  respecting  the  adjective  and  appellation  of  the 
inhabitants,  derived  from  the  names  of  places  (see  Preface,  pages  vi.  and  vii.), 
that,  if  the  latter  has  man  for  its  termination,  in  the  singular,  the  plural  is 
often  expressed  by  the  adjective ;  e.  g.,  singular,  Frenchman  ;  plural,  the 
French  :  singular,  Scotchman  ;  plural,  the  Scotch,  &c.  We  sometimes 
hear  also  "  the  Spanish,"  instead  of  "  the  Spaniards  ;"  but  such  expres- 
sions are  not  to  be  approved. 

1 2.  When  no  date  is  given,  the  population  of  places  in  this  country  has 
reference  to  the  census  of  1850;  the  population  of  Great  Britain  to  the 
census  of  1841,  and  that  of  France  to  the  census  of  1836. 

13.  When,  immediately  after  a  geographical  name,  there  occur  one  or 
more  names  beginning  with  a  capital,  enclosed  in  a  parenthesis,  these  are 
to  be  understood  as  different  modes  of  writing  the  first,  but  if  the  word 
enclosed  begins  with  a  small  letter,  it  is  merely  the  pronunciation  of  the 
first  name. 


UNIVEKSAL 

PRONOUNCING    GAZETTEER 


Fate,  far,  fall,  tat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in 
good ;  ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Aa,  aa,  the  name  of  several  small  rivers  of  Europe,  in  France,  the 
Netherlands,  Switzerland,  and  Germany. 

Aachen.     See  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Aalborg,  ol'-boug,  a  t.  of  Denmark  ;  cap.  of  a  bishopric  of  the  same 
name,  in  Jutland,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  extensive  arm  of  the  sea  called 
Lymfiord.  Lat.  57°  2'  N.,  Lon.  9°  57'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  about 
9,000.     (B.) 

Aar  or  Aare,  Mr,  a  r.  in  the  N.  part  of  Switzerland,  which  rises 
near  the  E.  extremity  of  the  canton  of  Berne,  and,  traversing- the  lakes 
of  Brienz  and  Than,  passes  through  the  cantons  of  Soleure  and  Aargau, 
and  falls  into  the  Rhine,  28  m.  E.  of  Bale.  Length,  about  170  m.  It 
becomes  navigable  at  its  egress  from  the  lake  of  Thun. 

Aargau,  MR'-gou,  (Fr.  Argovie,  aRx-gox-ve^;  Lat.  ArgoMa),  a  can- 
ton in  the  N.  part  of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  the  Rhine.  Area,  505 
sq.  m.     Pop.,  in  1836,  182,755.     (M.) 

Aarhuus,  oR^-hooce,  a  seaport  t.  of  Denmark,  in  Jutland ;  cap.  of  a 
bishopric  of  the  same  name,  on  the  E.  coast.  Lat.  56°  9'  35"  N.,  Lon. 
10°  14'  E.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Abakansk,  a-ba-kanskf,  a  t.  of  Siberia,  on  the  Abikan/,  an  affluent  of 
the  Yenisei,  in  the  prov.  of  Kolyvan,  remarkable  for  the  ancient  tombs 
discovered  in  its  vicinity,  whidh  contain  ornaments  of  silver  and  gold, 
and  on  which  are  to  be  seen  statues  of  men  from  seven  to  nine  feet 
high,  with  carved  work  of  an  extraordinary  character.  It  appears  that 
this  country,  at  present  so  imperfectly  civilized,  was  once  inhabited  by 
a  people  acquainted  with  writing  and  other  arts.  (B.)  Lat.  about  54° 
N.,  Lon.  91°  15'  E. 

Abancay,  ab-an-kif,  a  t.  of  Peru,  60  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Cuzco.  Lat 
13c  40'  S.,  Lon.  about  73°  W.     Pop.  about  5,00).     (B.) 

Abano,  a-ba'-no,  a  t.  of  Italy,  near  Padua,  noted  for  its  hot  sul- 
phurous baths.     Permanent  pop.  2,600.     (B.) 

5*  53 


54  ABA— ABO 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t ;  06,  as  in  good ; 

Abascia  or  Abassia,  ab-asb/-e-a,  a  country  of  Russia,  E.  of,  and  bor- 
dering on,  the  Black  Sea.  Adj.  and  inhab.,  Abascian  or  Abassian,  ab- 
ash'-e-an. 

Abbeville,  abx-vill',  a  fortified  manufacturing  town  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Somme,  on  the  r.  Somme,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Amiens.  Lat.  50° 
7  N.,  Lon.  1°  50'  E.     Pop.  13,842.     (M.) 

Ab'-be-ville\  a  dist.  of  South  Carolina,  on  the  Savannah.  Pop. 
32,318.    Seat  of  justice,  Abbeville. 

Ab'-er-brothn-ock,  or  Ar/-broath,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, 48  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Lat.  56°  34' N.,  Lon.  2°  32'  W. 
Pop.  7,218. 

Abx-er-deejV,  a  city  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  consisting  of 
two  parts ;  or,  more  properly,  forming  two  distinct  towns. 

Old  Aberdeen,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Don,  was  a  place  of  some 
importance  in  the  12th  century.  It  has  a  university  called  King's 
College,  founded  by  James  IV.,  in  1494. 

New  Aberdeen,  the  cap.  of  Aberdeenshire,  stands  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Dee  (which  forms  its  harbour),  91  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  It 
has  a  university  named  Marischal  College,  in  honour  of  Earl  Marischal, 
who  founded  it,  in  1593  or  1594.  Lat.  57°  9'  N.,  Lon.  2°  6'  W.  En- 
tire population  of  the  burgh,  including  both  towns,  63,288. 

Abv-er-deen'-shire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the 
sea.     Pop.  192,387. 

Abergavenny,  ab'-er-ga-ne,  a  small  t.  in  England,  in  Monmouth- 
shire, 11  m.  W.  from  Monmouth. 

Ab'-er-ist^with  (with)  or  Aberystwith,  a  seaport  t.  of  Wales,  Car- 
diganshire.    Lat.  52°  24'  N.,  Lon.  4°  5'  W.     Pop.  4,975. 

Ab^-ing-don,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Berkshire,  on  the  Thames,  56  m. 
W.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  5,585. 

Abo,  a'-bo,  (Sw.  abo,  6^-boo),  formerly  the  cap.  of  Finland,  situated 
on  a  promontory,  between  the  gulfs  of  Bothnia  and  Finland.  Pop., 
formerly,  12,500.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  60°  27'  N.,  Lon.  22°  17'  E.  It  was 
almost  utterly  destroyed  by  the  dreadful  conflagration  of  1825,  but  is 
now  slowly  rising  from  its  ruins.     (B.) 

Abomey,  abx-o-m&/,  a  populous  t.  of  Africa,  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of 
Dahomey.     Lat.  about  7°  30'  N.,  Lon.  1°  45'  E.     Pop.  24,000.     (B.) 

Ab-oo-keer'  (Aboukir),  a  t.  of  Egypt,  with  a  castle,  13  m.  N.  E.  of 
Alexandria.     Lat.  31°  20'  N.,  Lon.  30°  7  E. 

Abooshehr,  a-boo-shaihV,  (Abuschehr  or  Aboushehr,  also  written 
Bushire,  boo-sheer/;  and  Bender  or  Bunder  Boshavir,  bo-sha-veer',)  a 
seaport  t.  of  Persia,  on  a  peninsula  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  10  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Shiraz.  Lat.  28°  57'  N.,  Lon.  50°  52'  E.  Pop.  formerly  estimated 
as  high  as  12,000,  and  even  15,000,  but  now  reduced  by  pestilence 
war,  and  other  causes,  to  1,500.     (B.) 

Ab-oo-tizh'  or  Abootjsh  (written  usually  Aboutij  or  Abutige),  3  t 
in  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Nile,  celebrated  for  its  excellent 
opium.     Lat.  27°  5'  N.,  Lon.  31°  20'  E. 


ABR— ACR  55 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Abrantes,  a-bran^-tes,  a  t.  of  Portuguese  Estremadura,  74  m.  N.  E. 
of  Lisbon.     Pop.  5,01)0.     (B.) 

Abrolhos,  a-brole'-yoce  dangerous  sand-banks  and  rocks  on  tho 
coast  of  Brazil,  in  about  18°  S.  Lat.,  30°  20'  W.  Lon. 

Abrud  Ba  nya,  6b' -rood'  baan^yo/t\  a  small  t.  of  Transylvania, 
remarkable  for  its  gold  mines.     Lat.  46°  28'  N.,  Lon.  22°  10'  E. 

Abruzzo,  a-broot'-so,  an  extensive  territory  forming  the  N.  E.  portion 
of  the  Neapolitan  dominions.  It  is  divided  into  Abruzzo  Ultra  (ooF-tra) 
and  Abruzzo  Citra  (chee^-tra),  or,  farther  and  nearer  Abruzzo. 

Abuschehr.     See  Abooshehr. 

Abutige.     See  Abootizh. 

Ab-vs-sin^-x-a,  a  kingdom  of  Africa,  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Red 
Sea,  N.  by  Sennaar,  W.  and  S.  by  Sennaar,  Kordofan,  and  barbarous 
regions ;  about  770  m.  long,  and  550  broad.  The  ranges  of  mountains, 
with  which  it  is  everywhere  intersected,  preserve  the  air  cool,  and 
afford  a  sufficient  supply  of  water.  In  consequence  of  this  physical 
structure,  Abyssinia  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  is  exempted,  in  a  great 
measure,  from  that  sand  which  dooms  so  large  a  portion  of  Africa  to 
sterility.  The  chief  alimentary  plants  are,  millet,  barley,  wheat,  maize, 
and  teff.*  All  travellers  concur  in  praising  the  fine  wheaten  bread  of 
Abyssinia ;  but  it  is  eaten  only  by  people  of  rank.  Teff  grows  on  every 
soil,  and  affords  the  bread  which  is  in  universal  use. 

This  once  powerful  kingdom,  which  during  so  many  ages  preserved 
its  independence  against  the  efforts  of  paganism  and  the  sword  of  Ma- 
homet, is  now  a  prey  to  anarchy,  and  completely  dismembered.  Among 
the  various  kingdoms  into  which  it  has  been  divided,  the  following  are 
the  principal :  The  kingdom  of  Amhara,  of  Tigre,  and  of  Shoa  or 
Shwa.  These  will  be  spoken  of  in  their  respective  places. — The 
Abyssinians  profess  Christianity,  but  their  religion  is  filled  with  Judai- 
cal  observances. — Adj.  and  inhab.,  Ab-ys-sin'-i-an. 

Acapulco,  ac-a-pooV-co,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  on  the  coast  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Its  port  is  the  finest  in  Mexico,  and  has  few  equals  in  tho 
world.     Lat.  16°  50'  N.,  Lon.  99°  49'  W.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Ac'-co-mack\  a  county  of  Virginia,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Chesapeak* 
Bay.     Pop.  17,890.     Seat  of  justice,  Accomack  c.  h. 

Acheen.     See  Atcheen. 

Achmim.     See  Akhmym. 

ACHMOUNEYN.   See  OSHMOONEYN. 

Acqui.     See  Aqui. 

Acra,  aMcra,  or  Ac'-cra,  a  kingdom  on  the  gold  coast  of  Africa, 
about  26  m.  in  length,  and  from  12  to  20  in  breadth. — Also  the  chief  t.  of 
the  above  kingdom.  Lat.  5°  30'  N.,  Lon.  0°  15'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at 
12,000.     (B.) 

Acre,  a'-k'r  or  a'k'r,  (Turk,  and  Arab.  Ak'ka,)  an  ancient  city  and 
seaport  of  Palestine,  in  a  pashalic  of  its  own  name,  on  a  bay  of  the 

*"The  teff  or  tafo  is  a  grain  smaller  than  mustard  seed,  and  well  tasted 
Blumenbach  thinks  that  it  is  the  same  with  the  Poa  Abyssinica."    (M.  B.) 


56  ADA— ADI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Mediterranean,  in  a  situation  rendered  unhealthy  by  the  neighbouring 
marshes.  It  is  small,  but  very  populous  and  well  fortified.  This 
city  has  been  celebrated  from  remote  antiquity.  Strabo  calls  it  Akk 
(Axy).  Another  appellation  is,  St.  Jean  D'Acre,  which  it  probably 
acquired  from  the  knights  of  St.  John,  so  distinguished  for  their  valour 
against  the  Mahometans.  It  is  23  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Jerusalem.  Lat. 
32°  54'  N.,  Lon.  35°  6'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  near  20,000.     (B.) 

A-dair/,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r. 
Pop.  9,898.     Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Adair,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Mo.,  near  border  of  Iowra.    P.  2,342. 

Adalia,  a-da/-le-a,  or  Satalia,  a  seaport  and  commercial  t.  of  Asiatic 
Turkev,  on  the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  36°  53'  N.,  Lon.  30°  45'  E.  Pop. 
variously  estimated  from  8,000  to  30,000.     (B.) 

Ad'- amf,  a  co.  in  the  most  westerly  part  of  111.,  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  26,508.     Co.  t.  Quincy. 

Adams,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Maumee  r.  Pop. 
5,797-     Co.  t.  Decatur. 

Adams,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  on  the  Mississippi  r.  Pop. 
18,622.    Co.  t.  Natchez. 

Adams,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  18,883. 
Co.  t.  West  Union.  ^ 

Adams,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Pa.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Susquehanna  r. 
and  bordering  on  Md.     Pop.  25,981.     Co.  t.  Gettysburg. 

Adana,  a/-da-na,  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey  in  Caramania,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name.  Lat.  36°  59'  N.,  Lon.  35°  6'  E.  Pop.  estimated  by 
M.  Kinneir  at  near  30,000;  but  during  the  heat  of  summer  it  is  almost 
deserted.     (B.) 

Adda,  ad'-da,  a  river  of  Italy,  which  runs  through  the  Valtellina  intc 
Lake  Como,  and  joins  the  Po  near  Cremona. 

Ad'-di.-son,  a  co.  of  Vermont,  bordering  on  Lake  Champlain.  Pop. 
26,549.  "  Co.  t.  Middlebury. 

Adel,  a-del',  a  territory  of  Africa,  immediately  S.  E.  of  Abyssinia. 
Zeila  is  the  chief  town. 

Aden,  a'-den  or  a/-den,  a  seaport  t.  of  Arabia,  on  a  gulf  at  the  N. 
extremity  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  The  pop. 
of  this  place,  said  to  have  been  30,000  in  the  17th  century,  had  become 
reduced  a  few  years  since  to  about  800  (M.),  when  it  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  British,  and  made  a  commercial  depot,  and  a  station 
for  the  steamers  running  from  Suez  to  Bombay.  It  is  now  represented 
as  being  in  a  very  flourishing  state,  the  pop.  being  estimated  at  between 
10,000  and  20,000.     Lat.  12°  45'  N.,  Lon.  about  45°  E. 

Adige,  ad'-e-je,  *  (It.  pron.  a'-de-ja ;  Ger.  Etsch  ;  Anc.  Atb/esis ;)  a  r. 
of  N.  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons,  on  the  borders  of 
Tyrol,  and  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  near  the  mouths  of  the  Po.  It 
is  a  rapid  stream,  and  navigated  with  difficulty. 


Like  him  \va)'\vorn 


And  lost,  who  by  the  foaming  Adige, 
Descending  from  the  Tyrol 


Rogers's  Italy,  Part  first,  VIII. 


ADI— .ET  57 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Adirbeitzan.     See  Azerbaijan. 

AD'-j.-RON'-fcACK,  a  name  recently  given  to  a  cluster  of  mountains  in 
N.  If.,  S.  W.  of  L.  Champlain.  The  highest  summit,  Mt.  Marcy,  has 
an  elevation  of  about  5,460  feet  above  the  sea. 

Adlerberg,  a^-dler-beRG  or  arl^-beRG,  one  of  the  largest  mountains  of 
Suabia,  properly  a  branch  of  the  Tyrolese  Alps,  which  separates  Suabia 
from  the  Tyrol. 

Ad'-mj.-ral-ty,  a  large  island  on  the  W.  coast  of  North  America. 
Lat.  58°  N.',  Lon.  about  134°  W.     About  180  m.  in  circuit. 

Adour,  acP-ooR^,  a  r.  in  the  S.  W.  of  France,  which  rises  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  runs  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  near  Bayonne. 

Adowah,  a/-do-wah  or  a'-do-va,  the  cap.  of  Tigre,  in  Abyssinia,  and 
the  place  of  the  greatest  trade  in  all  that  country.  (B.)  Pop.  8,000. 
Lat.  14°  12'  N.,  Lon.  39°  5'  E. 

Adramiti,  ad-ra-mee'-te,  (Anc.  Adramytftium),  a  t.  of  Natolia,  near 
the  E.  extremity  of  a  gulf  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  39°  34'  N.,  Lon. 
26°  50'  E. 

Adria,  a'-dre-a  (Anc.  Had'ria  or  At/ria),  a  t.  of  Italy,  30  m.  S.  S.  YV. 
of  Venice.  It  was  an  important  commercial  city,  and  a  station  for  the 
Roman  fleet  under  the  emperors,  but  is  now  greatly  reduced,  and,  in 
consequence  of  the  sea  having  receded,  is  situated  about  20  m.  inland. 
Lat.  45°  3'  N.,  Lon.  12°  4'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Adrianople,  adN-dre-an-of-p'l,  (Anc.  Adrianop^olis,  i.  e.  the  "  city  of 
Adrian  ;"  Turk.  Ed^ren-eh'),  the  second  city  of  European  Turkey  on  the 
Maritza,  in  a  rich  plain,  135  m.  N.  W.  of  Constantinople.  It  was  the 
seat  of  the  Turkish  dominion  in  Europe  from  the  year  1366  to  1453, 
when  the  residence  of  the  Sultans  was  transferred  to  Constantinople. 
Adiianople  is  the  residence  of  a  grand  mollah  and  of  a  Greek  arch- 
bishop. It  contains  some  interesting  Roman  antiquities  and  several 
remarkable  Moslem  buildings,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
mosque  of  Selim  II.,  regarded  as  the  most  magnificent  edifice  of  the 
kind  that  has  ever  been  erected.  Its  dome  is  said  to  be  even  higher 
than  that  of  St.  Sophia's,  at  Constantinople.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at 
100,000.     Lat.  41°  41'  N.,  Lon.  26°  40'  E. 

Adx-ri.-atMc  Sea,  or  Gulf  of  Venice,  (Anc.  Mare  Adriat'icum,  or 
Mare  Su^perum,)  a  great  arm  of  the  Mediterranean,  extending  in  a  N. 
W.  direction  between  the  coasts  of  Italy  on  the  W.,  left,  and  Albania 
and  Illyria  on  the  right.  It  lies  between  39°  40'  and  45°  50'  N.  Lat., 
and  12°  10'  and  19°  40'  E.  Lon.  Length  about  500  m. ;  greatest 
breadth  130  m.  The  Adriatic  derives  its  name  from  the  once  important 
seaport  t.  of  Adria. 

^E-ge^-an  Sea  is  that  portion  of  the  Mediterranean  which  lies  between 
Asia  Minor  and  Greece. 

tEroe,  a'-ro-e,  a  Danish  island  S.  of  Funen,  about  14  m.  long,  with 
an  area  of  32  sq.  m.,  and  above  7000  inhab.     (P.  C.) 
,    tEt^-na  or  Et'na,  a  celebrated  volcanic  mountain  of  Sicily,  situated 
near  the  S.  E.  coast.     Height  10,873  feet.     Lat.  37°  37'  N.,  Lon.  15° 
5'E. 


58  «  AFG— AGR 

Fate,  f ar,  fS.ll,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Afghanistan,  af-ganv-is-t<W,  called  also  the  Kingdom  of  Cauool,  a 
kingdom  of  S.  Asia,  between  28°  and  36°  N.Lat,  and  59°  and  72°  E.Lon. 
Bounded  on  the  N.  by  Toorkistan,  E.  by  the  kingdom  of  Lahore,  S.  by 
Beloochistan,  and  W.  by  Persia.  Its  actual  limits,  however,  are,  very 
uncertain.  The  area  is  estimated  by  Balbi  at  near  150,000  sq.  m. ; 
the  pop.  at  4,200,000.  A  large  portion  of  the  country  is  mountainous, 
or  consists  of  high  table  land.  In  character  the  Afghans  resemble  the 
Arabs ;  they  are  hospitable,  brave,  rapacious,  and  revengeful.  Maho- 
metanism  is  the  prevailing  religion.  Cabool  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Afghan,  af-ghan/,  or  Af-ghaun'. 

Afium-Kara-hissar.     See  Kara-hissar. 

Afragola,  af-ra-goMa,  a  t.  of  Naples,  5  m.  N.  E.  of  the  capital, 
remarkable  for  its  manufacture  of  hats.    Pop.  estimated  at  13,000.  (B.) 

Af^-ri-ca,  one  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of  the  globe;  bounded  on 
the  VV.  by  the  Atlantic,  N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  the  Red  Sea 
and  Indian  Ocean,  while  its  S.  touches  the  great  Southern  Ocean.  Its 
most  northern  point,  Ras  el  Kroon,  or  "  Cape  Horn,"  is  in  about 
37°  2r  N.  Lat. ;  its  most  southern,  Cape  Agulhas  (a-gool/-yas),  or  Cape 
Needles,  is  about  34°  50'  S.  Lat.  The  distance  between  these  two 
points  is  nearly  5,000  m.  Cape  Guardafui,  in  Lon.  51°  22'  E.,  is  the 
most  eastern  point  of  Africa;  and  Cape  Verde,  in  Lon.  17°  32'  W.,  the 
most  western.  The  distance  between  these  capes  is  above  4,500  m.  It 
contains  an  area  of  about  11,650,000  sq.  m.  (Hassel.)  On  the  whole, 
Africa  seems  to  be  less  liberally  supplied  with  moisture  than  either  of 
the  other  great  divisions  of  the  globe.  But  while  in  some  parts  it  has 
immense  tracts  of  burning  desert,  in  others  it  is  marshy  and  flooded 
with  water.  In  those  regions  which  are  exempt  from  these  extremes, 
animal  and  vegetable  life  appear  in  remarkable  variety  and  luxuriance. 
Of  the  central  portion  of  this  continent,  little  or  nothing  is  known. 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Af'-ric-an. 

Agde,  agd  (Anc.  Agatha),  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault,  28 
m.  S.  W.  of  Montpellier.     Lat.  43°  19'  N.,  Lon.  3°  28'  E.     Pop.  7,200. 

Agen,  ax-zhaV*  (Anc.  Agin^num),  a  t.  of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep. 
of  Lot  and  Garonne,  on  the  river  Garonne,  75  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux. 
Lat.  44°  12'  N.,  Lon.  0°  37'  E.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Aggershuus,  ag/-gers-hoos\  a  dist.  in  the  S.  part  of  Norway.  Chris- 
tiana is  the  capital. 

Agnone,  an-yo'-na,  a  t.  of  Naples,  celebrated  for  its  copper  manufac 
tures,  which  are  considered  the  best  in  the  kingdom.  Lat.  41°  44'  N., 
Lon.  14°  20'  E.    Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Agosta,  a-gos'ta,  or  Augus^-ta,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Sicily,  on  tho 
E.  coast,  12  m.  N.  of  Syracuse.  Lat.  37°  14'  N.,  Lon.  15°  24'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10,000.     (B.) 

Agra,  af-gra,  an  extensive  prov.  of  Hindostan,  bounded  on  the  N.  by 

*  This  is  a  rare  exception  in  which  en,  not  preceded  bv  i,  has  the  sound  of  the 
French  in.     (See  Int.  XIX,  20  and  21.) 


AGR— AIX  50 

oil,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  province  of  Delhi,  S.  by  Malwah,  E.  by  Oude  and  Allahabad,  and 
VV.  by  Ajmeer,  being  about  250  m.  in  length  and  180  in  breadth.  It 
lies  between  25°  35'  and  28°  18'  N.  Lat. 

Agra,  called  also  Ak-bar-a-bad',  the  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  and 
formerly  the  imperial  seat  of  the  Mogul  government.  Three  miles 
from  this  city  is  a  superb  mausoleum,  probably  the  finest  in  the  world, 
built  by  Shah  Jehan,  as  the  cemetery  of  his  favourite  wife.  It  is  kept  in 
excellent  order  by  the  British  government,  together  with  its  beautiful 
garden  of  trees  and  flowering  shrubs.  The  town  itself  is  in  a  ruinous 
state.     Lat.  27°  12'  N.,  Lon.  78°  5'  E. 

Agram,  6g^-rdmN,  an  important  t.  of  Croatia,  on  the  r.  Save.  It  is  the 
residence  of  the  ban  or  viceroy  of  Croatia,  and  has  an  academy,  which 
may  be  regarded  as  a  sort  of  university.  Lat.  45°  50'  N.,  Lon.  16°  E. 
Pop.,  including  that  of  its  environs,  17,000.     (B.) 

Ahanta,  a-han'ta,  a  kingdom  on  the  Gold  Coast  of  Africa,  extending 
from  Ancobra  to  the  Chama ;  bounded  on  the  W.  by  Apollonia,  and  on 
the  E.  by  the  Fantee  territories.  It  is  the  richest,  and  in  every  respect, 
the  most  improved  district  on  this  coast.  (E.  G.)  It  is  now,  like  the 
whole  of  the  Gold  Coast,  subject  to  the  kingdom  of  Ashantee. 

Ahmedabad,  ax-med-a-bad/,  an  ancient  city  and  fortress  of  Hindostan, 
in  the  prov.  of  Guzerat.'  Lat.  about  23°  N.,  Lon.  72°  40'  E.  Estimated 
pop.  100,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ah'-med-nug'-gur,  a  strongly  fortified  city  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov. 
of  Aurungabad.  Lat.  19°  5'  N.,  Lon.  74°  50'  E.  Pop.  about  20,000, 
exclusive  of  the  garrison.     (M.) 

Ajaccio,  a-yach^-cho,  or  Ajazzo,  a-yat'-so,  the  chief  t.  of  Corsica, 
remarkable  for  having  been  the  birth  place  of  Napoleon.  Lat  41°  55 
N.,  Lon.  8°  44'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Aichstadt.     See  Eichstadt. 

Ajan,  a-jW  or  a-zhan',  the  name  of  the  E.  coast  of  Africa  from  Cape 
Guardafui  to  Magadoxa. 

Ain,  &n,  a  small  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  which  flows  into  the 
Rhone. 

Ain,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  Savoy  and  Swit- 
zerland.    Pop.  346,188.     (B.)     Capital,  Bourg. 

Aintab,  ine-tab',  a  flourishing  and  well  built  t.  of  Syria,  60  m.  N. 
of  Aleppo.     Pop.  about  20,000.     (B.) 

Aisne,  ane,  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  France,  which  flows  into  the  Oise. 

Aisne,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  river. 
Pop.  527,095.     (B.)     Capital,  Laon. 

Aix,  aix,  (Anc.  A^quse  Sex'tise,  named  from  C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  a 
Roman  proconsul,  by  whom  it  was  founded,  123  B.  C.,)  a  handsome 
archiepiscopal  city  of  France,  formerly  cap.  of  Provence,  now  in  the  dep. 
of  the  mouths  of  the  Rhone,  17  m.  N.  of  Marseilles.  It  has  an  acade- 
mie  universitaire,  a  public  library  of  80,000  volumes,  and  other  literary 
institutions.  The  name  of  Aix  is  a  corruption  of  the  Latin  Aqua, 
vvhich  was  given  to  the  place  on  account  of  its  warm  medicinal  springs. 
Lat  43°  32'  N.,  Lon.  5°  27'  E.     Pop.  23,000.     (B.) 


60  AIX— ALA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  good; 

Aix,  a  small  t.  of  Savoy,  celebrated  for  its  warm  baths,  12  m.  N.  of 
Chambery.     Lat.  45°  40'  N.,  Lon.  5°  48'  E.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

Aix  la  Chapelle,  aix  lasha-pelF,  (the  Aachen,  aa'-Ken,  of  the  Ger- 
mans, and  Aquisgranum  of  the  ancient  Romans,)  a  t.  of  the  Prussian 
states,  in  the  grand  duchy  of  the  Lower  Rhine.  It  was  the  second 
cap.  of  the  empire  of  Charlemagne,  and  its  name  is  derived  from  his 
having  built  a  chapel  there,  which  was  frequently  resorted  to  for  his 
own  devotions.  Its  baths,  seven  in  number,  are  much  celebrated.  It 
now  belongs  to  Prussia.  Distant  25  m.  N.  E.  of  Liege.  Lat.  50°  47' 
N.,  Lon.  6°  5'  E.     Pop.  37,000.     (B.) 

Akerman,  a/-ker-man\  a  t.  and  fortress  of  European  Russia,  on  the 
Black  Sea,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Dniester,  important  on  account  of  its 
port,  its  commerce,  and  extensive  salt  works.  Lat.  46°  12'  N.,  Lon. 
30°  23'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  13,000.     (P.  C.) 

Akhissau,  akN-his-sar',  (i.  e.  "  white  castle,")  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Thyati'ra.  Lat.  38°  50'  N.,  Lon.  27^55  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  5,000.     (M.) 

Akhmym  or  Ekhmim,  aKN-meem',  (Anc.  Chem^mis  and  Panop^olis,)  a 
t.  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Nile.  Lat.  26°  40'  N.,  Lon. 
31°  50'  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (B.) 

Akshehr,  ak'-shaihV,  (i.  e.  "  white  city,")  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  situated  on  the  eastern  base  of  the  moun- 
tain Akshehr,  from  which  the  waters  descend  so  as  to  form  a  rivulet 
in  almost  every  street.  From  this  town  are  exported  to  Smyrna,  fine 
carpets,  wool,  wax,  gum  tragacanth,  and  galls.  Lat.  about  38°  20'  N., 
Lon.  31°  40'  E.  Kinneir  estimates  the  number  of  houses  at  15,000.  (B.) 

ALx-A-BAM'-A,*oneof  the  U.  S.,  between  30°  10'  and  35°  N.  Lat.,  and 
85°  and  88°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by 
Georgia,  S.  by  Florida,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Mississippi; 
and  divided  into  52  counties,  t  Length  from  N.  to  S.  about  330  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  W.  about  300  m.  Area  estimated  at  above 
51,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  771,671,  of  whom  426,507  are  whites,  2,272  free 
coloured  persons,  and  342,892  slaves.  Alabama  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  in  1819.  Montgomery  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Alabama,  a  r.  in  Ala.  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Coosa  and  Talla- 
poosa, and,  flowing  S.  S.  W.,  unites  with  the  Tombigbee,  to  form  the 
Mobile  r. 

Al-ach^-u-a,  a  co.  in  the  N.  eastern  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.     Pop.  2,524.     Co.  t.  Newnansville. 

Aland,  aMand,  (Sw.  aland,  oMand,)  an  island  of  the  Baltic,  belong, 
ing  to  Russia,  situated  near  the  point  of  meeting  of  the  Gulfs  of  Both* 


*  See  Observation  2,  pages  51  and  52. 
•f- Autauga,  Baldwin,  Barbour,  Benton,  Bibb,  Blount,  Butler,  Chambers,  Chero- 
kee, Choctaw,  Clair  St.,  Clarke,  Coffee,  Conecuh,  Coosa,  Covington,  Dale,  Dallag, 
De  Kalb,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Greene,  Hancock,  Henry,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Lau- 
derdale, Lawrence,  Limestone,  Lowndes,  Macon,  Madison,  Marengo,  Marion, 
Marshall,  Mobile,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Perry,  Pickens,  Pike,  Ran- 
dolph, Russell,  Shelby,  Sumter,  Talladega,  Tallapoosa,  Tuscaloosa,  Walker, 
Washington,  Wilcox. 


ALA— ALB  61 

ou,  as  in  xmr  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

nia  and  Finland,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  60°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and  the 
20th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  35  m.  long  and  23  m.  broad,  and  con- 
tains about  9,000  inhabitants.     (M.) 

Alais,  aM  i',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  It  is  about  40  m. 
N.  of  Montpelher.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.)     Lat  44°  8'  N„  Lon.  4°  5'  E. 

Alashkhr,  aMa-shaihV,  (Anc,  Philadelphia:  See  Alexandria — 
note,)  an  important  trading  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  one  of  the  principal 
roads  to  Smyrna,  from  which  it  is  distant  85  in.  E.  Lat  38°  25'  N., 
Lon.  about  28°  40'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  15,000  to  18,000.    (M.) 

Alba,  al'-ba,  a  t.  of  Italy  in  Piedmont,  on  the  Tanaro  r.,  32  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Turin.     Pop.  7,000.     (M.) 

Albacete,  al-bi-thaMA,  a  t  of  Spain,  in  Mnrcia,  remarkable  as  giving 
name  to  a  canal  in  its  vicinity.  Lat  about  39°  N.,  Lon.  1°  55'  W. 
Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Alba  Julia.     See  Karlsburg. 

Al-ba'-ni-a,*  (pronounced  al-ba-nee^a  by  the  modern  Greeks;  Turk. 
Arnaoodlik  or  Arnaootleek,)  a  prov.  of  European  Turkey,  extending 
along  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic  and  Ionian  Sea.  The  limits  of  this 
country  are  not  well  denned;  it  appears,  however,  to  extend  from  about 
39°  to  43°  N.  Lat.  A  chain  of  mountains  near  the  21st  degree  of  E. 
Lon.  may  be  considered  to  form  its  eastern  boundary.  It  is  130  m.  in 
length,  and  from  70  to  90  in  breadth. — Adj.  and  inhab.,  Al-ba^-nj-an 
and  Alvbane£e'.     (Turk.  Arnaoot,aR'-na-ootf.) 

Albano,  al-ba'-no,  a  t  of  Italy,  in  Campagna  di  Roma,  resorted  to 
on  pleasure  excursions  by  the  inhabitants  of  Rome  in  spring  and  har- 
vest    It  is  14  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Rome.     Pop.  4,200.     (M.) 

Alban's  (St.),  aul'-banz,  a  small  t  of  Hertfordshire,  England,  20  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  London.  It  derives  its  name  from  a  magnificent  monas- 
tery founded  by  Offa,  in  the  eighth  century,  in  honour  of  St.  Alban, 
reputed  the  first  British  martyr.  He  is  said  to  have  suffered  in  the 
time  of  Diocletian,  and  to  be  entombed  within  the  church. 

Albany,  aul/-ba-ne,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the 
Hudson  r.     Entire  population  93,279. 

Albany,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  and  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  160  m.  N.  of  the  city  of  N.  York,  is, 
in  point  of  population,  trade,  and  wealth,  the  second  city  in  the  state. 
It  is  finely  situated  for  commerce,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on 
the  Hudson,  and  communicates  by  canals  with  L.  Erie,  L.  Ontario,  and 
L.  Champlain.  It  is  also  connected  by  railroads  with  Utica,  Rochester, 
and  Buffalo,  and  with  the  principal  towns  of  Massachusetts.  Steamboats 
are  constantly  passing  between  Albany  and  New  York.  The  first 
settlement  of  this  city  was  made  about  the  year  1612.  Lat.  42°  39' 
N.,  Lon.  73°  44'  49"  W.     Pop.  50,763. 

Albany,  a  r.  of  North  America,  which  falls  into  James's  Bay,  near 
52°  N.  Lat,  and  83°  W.  Lon.     This  river  has  communication  with  a 

•  See  Int.  XI. 

f  This  is  on  tlie  supposition  that  Brooklyn  is  a  suburb  of  New  York. 

c 


62  ALB— ALE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n5t  \  66r  as  in  goad, 

vast  chain  of  small  lakes  lying  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  to  the  south  end 
of  L.  Winnipeg.  There  is  a  fort  of  the  same  name  on  the  river  near 
its  mouth. 

Aln-be-  marle',  a  co.  of  Virginia,  near  the  centre  of  the  state.  Pop. 
25,800,    Co.  t.  Charlottesville. 

Albemarle  Sound,  on  the  coast  of  N.  Carolina,  in  the  N.  E.  pari 
of  the  state  ;  about  60  m.  long,  and  from  4  to  15  wide. 

Albuquerque,  al-boo-keR^-ka,  a  t.  of  Estremadura,  Spain.  Lat. 
39°  12'  N.,  Lon.  6°  48'  W.     Pop.  5,500.     (M.) 

Al'-by  or  Albi  (Fr.  pronunciation,  &r-be',)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of 
France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Tarn,  on  the  r.  Tarn ;  is  44  m.  N.  E.  of 
Toulouse.     Lat.  43°  55'  N.,  Lon.  2°  10'  E.     Pop.  11,800.     (R) 

Alcala  de  Henares,  al-ca-W-da-en-a^-res,  a  t.  of  New  Castile, 
Spain,  15  m.  E.  of  Madrid,  remarkable  for  its  university,  founded  in 
1499,  by  Cardinal  Ximenes,  which  was  formerly,  after  Salamanca,  the 
seminary  of  the  greatest  repute  throughout  Spain.  This  town  was  the 
birth-place  of  Cervantes.  Lat.  40°  27'  N.,  Lon.  3°  25'  W.  Pop. 
5,000.    (B.) 

Alcala  la  Real,  al-ca-laMa-ra-aV,  a  t.  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  30  m, 
S.  W.  of  Jaen.     Lat.  37°  33'  N„  Lon.  4°  14'  W.     Pop.  4,374.     (M.) 

Alcamo,  a^-ca-mo,  a  t,  of  Sicily,  25  in.  S.  W.  of  Palermo.  Pop. 
about  12,000.     (B.) 

Alcaiiiz,  al-can-yeetW,  a  t.  of  Arragon,  Spain,  on  the  river  Guada- 
lupe.    Lat.  41°  10'  N.,  Lon.  0°  IP  W.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Alcantara,  al-can/-ta-ra,  a  t.  of  Estremadura,  Spain,  remarkable  for 
a  bridge  over  the  Tagus,  erected  in  the  time  of  the  emperor  Trajan. 
Lat.  39°  40'  N.,  Lon.  6°  43'  W.     Pop.  3,000.     (R) 

Alckmaer.     See  Alkmaar. 

Al-co'-na  (Negwegon),  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering 
on  L.  Huron. 

Alcoy,  al-co'-e,  a  t.  of  Valencia,  Spain,  with  flourishing  manufac- 
tures, 20  m.  N.  of  Alicante.     Pop.  estimated  at  18,000.     (B.) 

Alderney,  auF-der-ne,  an  island  in  the  English  channel,  belonging 
to  Great  Britain,  about  10  m.  in  circuit,  and  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Guernsey. 
Pop.  1,030. 

Alem-Tejo,  a-Ieng-ta^-zho,  or  Alentejo,  (i.  e.  "  beyond  the  Tagus,") 
the  largest  of  the  provinces  of  Portugal ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Estre- 
madura and  Beira,  on  the  E.  by  the  Spanish  frontier,  on  the  S.  by 
Algarve,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  It  is  about  150  m.  in  length, 
and  nearly  the  same  in  breadth. 

Alencjon,  al-en'-son,*  (Fr.  pronunciation,  aMaNv-s'W,)  a  manufacturing 
t.  of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Orne  ;  110  m.  S.  VV.  of  Paris.  Lat. 
48°  25'  N.,  Lon.  0°  5'  E.     Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

*  This  name,  so  celebrated  in  the  history  of  England  and  of  France,  appears  to 
have  become  thoroughly  anglicized.  Shakspeare  and  Southey  always  accentuate 
t  on  the  penultima,  as  here  given. 


ALE— ALE  63 

tfis,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

A"l-ep/-po,  (Arab.  HaMeb  or  HaMep ;  Anc.  Bercefa ;  —  not  the 
Heraea  mentioned  in  the  New  Testament :  this  was  in  Macedonia — 
its  modern  name  is  Kara  Veria,  ka/-ra  ver-ee^-a.)  A  city  of  Syria,  and 
cap.  of  a  pashalic  of  the  same  name.  It  was  a  few  years  since  the 
third  city  -of  the  Ottoman  empire,  yielding  onlyto  Constantinople  and 
Cairo;  but  more  than  one-half  of  it  was  laid  in  ruins  by  the  earthquake 
of  1822.  Previously  to  this  dreadful  catastrophe,  its  commerce  had 
raised  it  to  the  first  rank  among  Asiatic  cities,  and  procured  foT  it  the 
name  of  the  modern  Palmyra.  Its  population,  together  with  that  of 
its  immediate  environs,  before  1822,  is  estimated  by  Balbi  to  have  been 
near  200,000.  Lat.  36°  IF  N.,  Lon.  37°  10'  E.— Adj.  and  inhab. 
Aleppine,  al-ep-peen'.     (Arab.  HaMeb-ee.) 

Alessandria,  al-es-san^dre-a,  a  t.  and,  formerly,  important  fortress 
ttf  the  Sardinian  states;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name  on  the 
Tanaro,  in  Upper  Italy,  48  m.  S.  W.  of  Milan.  Lat.  44°  55'  N.,  Lon. 
8°  36  E.    Pop.  36,000.    (M.) 

Aleutian  (a-lu'-she-an),  or  Aleu^tan  Islands,  an  insular  chain  in 
the  North  Pacific,  stretching  from  the  peninsula  of  Kamtchatka,  in 
Asia,  to  Cape  Alaska,  in  N.  America,  belonging  to  the  Russian  govern- 
ment of  Irkootsk.  They  are  about  forty  in  number,  and  contain  among 
them  several  volcanoes.  In  1795  a  volcanic  island  rose  from  the  sea, 
which  in  1807  was  found  to  be  enlarged  to  about  20  m.  in  circuit,  and 
the  lava  was  then  flowing  down  its  sides.  Aleutian  is  derived  from 
the  Russian  word  aleut  (or  aleoot),  signifying  a  "  bold  rock."     (P.  C.) 

Al-ex-an-dret^-ta  (called  by  the  Turks  Is-ken-der-oon'  or  Scan- 
dcr-oonO,  a  seaport  of  Syria,  on  the  Gulf  of  Scanderoon,  30  m.  N.  of 
Antioch.  Its  road  is  the  only  one  in  Syria  which  affords  good  anchor- 
age. The  air  of  the  place  is  very  insalubrious,  so  that  it  is  never 
exempt  from  pestilential  fevers.     Lat.  36°  36'  N.,  Lon.  36°  10'  E. 

Al-ex-an'-drt-a,  a  co.  in  the  N.  %  part  of  Virginia.  Pop. 
10,003. 

Alexandria,  a  city  and  port  of  entry;  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  the 
Potomac,  7  m.  S.  of  Washington.  It  has  a  commodious  harbour,  suf- 
ficiently deep  for  the  largest  ships.  Lat.  38°  49  N.,  Lon.  77°  4'  VV. 
Pop.  8,752. 

Alexandria,  (Anc.  Alexandria  ;*  called  Is-kan-der-ee'-yeh  by  the 
Arabs  and  Turks,)  a  large  and  celebrated  city ;  the  ancient  capital  of 
Egypt ;  founded  by  Alexander  the  Great,  in  the  year  332  B.  C.  It  is 
situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  Egyptian  coast,  on  the  borders  of 
the  desert,  upon  a  neck  of  land  between  the  Mediterranean  and  L. 
Mareotis,  It  was  once  the  centre  of  science  as  well  as  of  commerce. 
Its  library,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philaderphus,  surpassed  all  others  of 
which  antiquity  could  boast.     Even  after  its  subjection  to  the  Roman 


*  The  accent  should  be  placed  upon  the  penultima  of  Alexandria  whenever 
the  ancient  city  is  referred  to.  This  accentuation  is  supported  not  only  by  the 
best  authorities  of  the  present  day,  but  by  the  ancient  Greek  spelling.  AXs^avSpeta 
(Alexandria).  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  ancient  name  of  Philadelphia,  which 
was  written  by  theGieeks  &i\*5t\<t>eia  (Philadelpheia). 


64  ALG— ALG 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  do,  as  in  goad; 

empire,  Alexandria  scarcely  lost  any  of  its  splendour.  It  was  consi- 
dered second  only  to  Rome,  and  still  engrossed,  as  it  bad  done  before, 
the  trade  of  India :  goods  being  brought  up  the  Red  Sea,  landed  at 
Berenice,  and  carried  across  to  the  Nile,  were  conveyed  down  the  river 
and  through  a  canal  to  the  city.  After  it  was  reduced  by  Omar,  in 
640,  and  subjected  to  the  Saracen  yoke,  the  caliphs  transferred  the 
seat  of  government  to  Cairo,  and  Alexandria  was  no  longer  the  capital 
even  of  Egypt.  The  discovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  turning 
the  commerce  of  India  into  a  different  channel,  completed  its  downfall. 
Lat.  31°  13'  N.,  Lon.  29°  55'  E.  Pop.  above  25,000.  (B.>— Adj.  and 
inhab.  Alexan/brian.     (Arab.   Skan-der-a/-nee.) 

Algarve,  al-gar^-va,  or  Al-gar'-bi-a,  once  an  independent  kingdom, 
now  the  most  southern  province  of  Portugal;  bounded  on  the  W.  and  S. 
by  the  Atlantic,  E.  by  Andalusia,  N.  by  Alem-Tejo.  Length.  85  m.  '9 
greatest  breadth,  about  30  m. 

Algeria.    See  Algiers. 

Alg-ez-i/-ras  or  Algeciras,  (Sp.  pron.  al-Ha-thee^ras,)  a  town  of 
Andalusia,  Spain,  on  the  Gulf  of  Gibraltar.  Lat.  36°  &  N.,  Lon.  5°  26" 
W.     Pop.  about  9,900.     (P.  C.) 

Algiers,  al-jeerz',or  Al-ge'-rj.-a  (Arab.  AkFez-air,)  a  territory  of 
northern  Africa,  forming  one  of  the  principal  of  the  Barbary  States, 
between  34°  and  37°  T  N.  Lat,  and  8°  40'  E.  and  2°  W.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  Tunis,  SI  by  the  Atlas, 
which  separates  it  from  the  Beled-ool-Jereed,  or  Country  of  Dates,  and 
on  the  W.  by  Morocco,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  desert  of 
Angrab.  It  comprehends  the  greater  part  of  the  Numidia  and  Mauri- 
tania Tingitana  of  the  ancients.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  the  cele- 
brated corsair,  Barbarossa,  took  possession  of  Algiers,  and  became  its 
ruler.  The  utmost  efforts  of  the  emperor,  Charles  V.,  proved  abortive 
against  the  power  thus  founded  ;  and  Algiers,  under  enterprising  chiefs, 
became  a  great  naval  state,  which  continued  for  three  centuries  the 
terror  of  Christendom.  More  recently,  however,  from  a  want  of  intel- 
ligence in  the  rulers,  and  from  not  sharing  in  the  rapid  improvements 
of  the  European  states,  she  had  lost  much  of  her  relative  importance 
and  power;  and  finally,  in  the  year  1830,  was  conquered  by  the  French 
army,  under  Marshal  Bourmont,  and  subjected  to  the  dominion  of 
France. — Adj.  and  inhab. Algerine,  al-jer-een*. 

Algiers,  a  celebrated  city,  and  cap.  of  the  country  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  upon  the  declivity 
of  a  hill,  on  which  the  houses  rise  gradually  in  the  form  of  an  amphi- 
theatre, and  terminate  nearly  in  a  point  at  the  summit.  It  is  not 
above  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circuit.  The  largest  street  is  said  to  be 
1200  paces  long,  and  not  more  than  12  feet  wide.  The  population, 
previous  to  the  French  conquest,  had  been  variously  estimated,  from 
80,000  to  200,000,  and  even  300,001) ;  but  it  is  probable  that  even  the 
first  estimate  was  much  beyond  the  truth.  According  to  a  census 
taken  by  the  French  in  1833,  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants,  exclu- 
sive of  the  garrison,  amounted  only  to  23,753.  (R)  Lat.  38°  49'  N- 
Lon.  3°  25'  E. 


ALH— ALL  65 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Alhama,  al-ha/-ma,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Gra- 
nada, celebrated  for  its  baths.     Pop.  6,300.     (B.) 

Alicante,  al-e-can'-ta,  or  Alv-i.-cant',  a  seaport  and  commercial  t. 
of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  with  a  strong  citadel.  It  is  78  m.  S.  of  Valen- 
cia     Lat.  38°  20'  N.,  Lon.  0°  28'  W.     Pop.  25,000.     (B.) 

Alicata,  a-le-ka/-ta,  a  fortified  t.  on  the  S.  coast  of  Sicily,  20  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  Girgenti.  Lat.  37°  5'  N.,  Lon.  13°  55'  E.  Pop.  13,465.  (M.) 

Alkmaar,  alk-mar',  a  well-built  and  strongly  fortified  t.  of  Holland, 
20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Amsterdam.  Lat.  52°  38'  N.,  Lon.  4°  45'  E.  Pop. 
about  9,000.     (B.) 

Allahabad,  alMa-ha-badf,  (i.  e.  "  city  of  God,")  an  ancient  city  of 
Hindostan  ;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  At  the  distance  of  about 
two  miles  from  the  town,  is  situated,  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Ganges  and  Jumna,  the  celebrated  fortress  of  Allahabad,  founded  by 
the  emperor  Akbar,  in  the  year  1583,  one  of  the  most  esteemed  places 
of  Hindoo  worship  and  ablution.  Every  summer  multitudes  of  pilgrims 
resort  thither  from  all  parts  of  India,  and,  encamping  on  the  sands  be- 
tween the  two  rivers,  perform  their  purifications  and  other  ceremonies 
for  nearly  two  months.  This  fortress  stands  in  Lat.  25°  27'  N.,  Lon. 
81°  50'  E.,  being,  by  the  course  of  the  Ganged,  820  m.  from  the  sea. 
Pop.  20,000.     (B.) 

Alle,  alMefr,  a  r.  of  Prussia,  which  flows  into  the  Pregel,  about  30 
m.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 

Alv-le-ghV-ny*  Mountains,  a  chain  of  mountains,  stretching  from 
Maine  to  the  N.  part  of  Georgia.  In  New  England  they  are  less  than 
100  m.  from  the  Atlantic  coast,  but  gradually  diverge  as  they  advance 
southward,  so  that  near  their  southern  extremity,  they  are  more  than 
300  m.  from  the  sea.  They  divide  the  waters  which  flow  into  the 
Atlantic  from  those  that  flow  into  the  Mississippi.  Some  writers  on 
geography  describe  the  Alleghany  mountains  as  commencing  in  Georgia 
and  terminating  at  the  Hudson.  But  there  appears  to  be  no  sufficient 
reason  why  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont,  and  White  Mountains 
of  New  Hampshire,  should  not  be  included  under  the  same  general 
appellation  with  the  rest  of  this  chain.  They  are  also  sometimes 
called  the  Apv-pa-la^-chi.-an  Mountains. 

Alleghany,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Pa.,  and  after  making  a  circuit  into 
N.  Y.,  returns  again  into  Pa.,  and,  uniting  with  the  Monongahela  at 
Pittsburg,  forms  the  Ohio. 

Alleghany,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Pa.,  surrounding  the  mouth  of 
the  Alleghany  r.     Pop.  138,290.  Co.  t.  Pittsburg. 

Alleghany,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  Pa.  Pop. 
37,808.     Co.  t.  Angelica. 

*  We  regret  to  perceive  that  it  is  becoming  customary,  even  in  works  of  a 
respectable  character,  to  write  this  name  Allegheny.  It  is  difficult  to  conceive  of 
any  sufficient  motive  for  departing  from  the  ordinary  spelling,  which  gives  the  true 
pronunciation,  in  order  to  adopt  another,  which  contradicts  the  pronunciation. 
We  are  compelled,  therefore,  to  place  this  in  the  list  of  retrograde  innovations. 

6* 


66  ALL— ALP 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  do  as  in  good, 

Alleghany,  a  co.  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Maryland.  Pop. 
22,769.     Co.  t.  Cumberland. 

Alleghany,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Virginia,  near  the  source  of 
James  r.     Pop.  3,515.     Co.  t.  Covington. 

Ai/-len,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Kentucky,  bordering  on  Tennessee, 
a  little  W.  of  the  Cumberland  r.     Pop.  8,742.     Co.  t.  Scottsville. 

Allen,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Canal. 
Pop.  12,109.  Co.  t.  Lima. 

Allen,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Indiana,  intersected  by  the  Maumee  r. 
Pop.  16,919.  Co.  t.  Fort  Wayne. 

Allier,  aF-le'-a/,  a  r.  of  France,  flowing  into  the  Loire,  3  m.  below 
Nevers. 

Allier,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the 
above  r.     Pop.  309,270.     (B.)    Capital,  Mod  ins. 

Al'-lo-a,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Clackmannan  co.,  on  the  N.  bank 
of  the  Forth,  27  in.  W.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  The  harbour  is  safe  and 
commodious.     Lat.  56°  7  N.,  Lon.  3G  46'  W.     Pop.  5,434. 

Almaden,  al-ma-den',  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  55  m.  N.  of 
Cordova.  Its  mines  of  quicksilver  are  regarded  as  the  richest  in 
Europe.  Pop.  about  10,000.  The  mines  of  Almaden  have  been  long 
known,  and  are  supposed  to  have  been  wrought  by  the  Romans ;  a  few- 
years  ago  they  yielded,  annually,  about  22,000  quintals  of  mercury.   (B.) 

Almansa,  al~man/-sa,  a  t.  of  Spain,  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Valencia.  Pop. 
5,030.     (M.)^ 

Almeida,  al-ma^e-da,  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Portugal, 
situated  in  the  prov.  of  Beira,  on  the  Spanish  frontier.  Lat.  40°  37'  N., 
Lon.  6°  52'  W.     Pop.  1,150.     (P.  C.) 

Almeria,  al-ma-ree'-a,  a  rich  maritime  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  prov.  of 
Granada,  near  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Almeria,  77  m.  S.  E.  of  Granada, 
with  a  good  harbour.  Lat.  36°  44'  N.,  Lon.  2°  31'  W.  Pop.  19,000.  (B.) 

Almunecar,  al-moo-na-car^,  a  small  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  with  a  good 
harbour  and  a  castle,  38  m.  S,  of  Granada.  Lat.  36°  42'  N.,  Lon. 
3°  47'  W. 

Alnwick  or  Alnewick,  an'-nik,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  North- 
umberland, 32  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Newcastle.  At  the  N.  entrance  of  the 
town  stands  Alnwick  Castle,  a  magnificent  mansion,  belonging  to  the 
duke  of  Northumberland.  The  original  building  is  supposed  to  have 
been  a  stronghold  in  the  time  of  the  Romans.  Lat.  55°  25'  N.,  Lon. 
1°  42'  W.     Pop.  4,945. 

Al-pe^-na  (Anamickee),  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering 
on  L.  Huron. 

Alps,  alps,  mountains  of  Europe,  which  divide  Italy  from  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany.  Their  general  form  resembles  that  of  » 
crescent.  Beginning  near  the  mouth  of  the  Var,  on  the  Gulf  of  Genoa, 
they  terminate,  after  many  windings,  near  the  Gulf  of  Trieste,  on  the 
Adriatic.    The  highest  summit  is  Mount  Blanc.    (See  Blanc,  Mount.) 

Alps,  Lower,  (Fr.  Basses-Alpes,  bass  alp,)  a  dep.  near  the  S.  Jfi. 


ALP—  *MA  67 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

extremity  of  France,  bordering  on  Italy.  Pop.  159,045.  (B.)  Capital, 
Digne. 

Alps,  Upper,  (Fr.  Hautes-Alpes,  ote  zalp,)  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
France,  N  of,  and  bordering  on  the  preceding.  Pop.  131,162.  (B.) 
Capital,  Gap. 

Alsace,  al'-sass',  a  former  prov.  of  France,  now  divided  into  the 
deps.  of  Upper  and  Lower  Rhine. 

Als,  als,  usually,  though  improperly,  written  Alsen,  aF-sen,  a  fertile 
island  in  the  Baltic,  lying  between  Fiinenand  the  E.  coast  of  Sleswick. 
It  is  about  20  m.  long  and  8  broad.     Pop.  about  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

Alta'1  al-ta'-e  or  al-ti',  mountains  of  Asia,  which  commence  near  the 
sea  of  Aral,  and  terminate  at  East  Cape,  on  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  the 
170th  degree  of  W.  Long.  They  traverse,  under  different  names,  an 
extent  of  near  5,000  miles.  The  highest  part  of  the  chain  is  computed 
at  11,512  feet  (1,800  toises)  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     (B.) 

Altamaha,  aur-ta-ma-hauf,  a  r.  of  Georgia,  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee.  It  runs  S.  E.,  and  empties  into  the  sea 
about  60  m.  S.  W.  of  Savannah.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  30  tons 
as  far  as  Milledgeville,  on  the  Oconee  branch,  about  300  m.  from  the 
sea. 

Altamura,  al-ta-moo'-ra,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Bari.  Lat. 
40°  47'  N.,  Lon.  16°  33'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  16,000.     (B.) 

Altenburg,  al'-ten-burg\  (Ger.  pron.  alM;en-booRG\)  a  t.  of  Ger- 
many ;  cap.  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Altenburg,  on  the  Pleisse,  with  seve- 
ral important  literary  institutions.  Lat.  about  51°  N.,  Lon.  12°  30'  E. 
Pop.  about  12,000.     (B.) 

Alton,  auF-ton,  a  flourishing  t.  of  111.,  in  Madison  co.,  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, 3  m.  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri.  A  railroad  63  m. 
long  connects  it  with  Springfield.     Pop.  3,875. 

Altona  or  Altena,  afr-ton-a\  a  city  of  Holstein,  the  second  town  of 
the  Danish  dominions,  as  regards  industry,  commerce,  and  population; 
on  the  Elbe,  about  2  m.  W.  of  Hamburg.  It  is  a  free  port,  and  con- 
tains a  mint,  besides  several  important  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions. The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  53°  32'  51"  N.,  Lon.  9°  56'  50"  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  above  27,000.     (B.) 

Altorf,  alx-toRf,  or  Altdorf,  (i.  e.  "  Old  Village,")  the  cap.  of  the 
Swiss  canton  of  Uri,  about  2  m.  from  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  lake 
of  Lucerne.  Here  the  tyrant  Gessler  proceeded  to  those  indignities 
which,  through  the  patriotism  of  William  Tell,  laid  the  foundation  of 
Swiss  independence.  Lat.  46°  53'  N.,  Lon.  8°  38'  E.  Pop.  about 
1,500.     (B.) 

Altzey  or  Alzey,  alt/-si,  a  t.  in  the  grand  duchy  of  Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, 14  m.  N.  W.  of  Worms.     Pop.  3,600.     (B.) 

Amager,  a'-ma-ger,  a  small  island  in  the  Baltic,  lying  opposite  to 
Copenhagen,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  two  bridges.  It  is  about 
9  m.  long,  and,  on  an  average,  3  broad.  It  supplies  the  neighbouring 
town  with  garden  vegetables,  milk,  butter,  and  cheese.  A  part  of 
Copenhagen,  called  Christiansb.avn,  is  built  on  this  island. 


68  AMA— AMB 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good  ,- 

Amalfi,  a-mal'-fe,  a  t.  of  Naples,  10  m.  S.  W.  of  Salerno.  It  was 
quite  celebrated  in  the  middle  ages,  and  possessed  no  inconsiderable 
commerce.  Present  pop.  scarcely  3,000.  (B.)  Lat.  40°  38'  N.,  Lon. 
14°  35'  E. 

Amarapoora.     See  Ummerapoora. 

Amasia  or  Amasieh,  a-ma^-see'-a,  (Anc.  Amasi^a  or  Amassei^a,)  a  t. 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Natolia,  on  the  Yesheel  (Ycshil)  Ermak,  390  m. 
E.  of  Constantinople.  It  is  an  extensive  and  populous  place,  but  the 
streets  are  narrow  and  dirty.  The  greater  portion  of  the  houses  are 
of  wood,  though  many  are  built  of  stone  and  covered  with  tiles.  The 
river  here  is  large  and  rapid,  and  the  water  is  raised  in  buckets  by 
means  of  large  wheels  turned  by  the  stream.  These  buckets  empty 
themselves  into  reservoirs,  whence  the  water  is  conveyed  to  the  baths 
and  fountains  of  the  city.  This  town  was  the  birth-place  of  the  famous 
geographer,  Strabo.  Pop.  60,000  or  70,000.  (E.  G.)  Lat.  40°  30'  N., 
Lon.  36°  25'  E. 

Amasera,  a-ma/-ser-a,  or  Amasreh,  (Anc.  Ames^tros,)  a  t.  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Natolia,  on  a  point  of  land  projecting  into  the  Black  Sea, 
150  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Constantinople.     Lat.  41°  46'  N.,  Lon.  32°  24'  E. 

Am'-a-zon,  (Sp.  Mararion,  ma-ran-yone':  called  by  the  Indians  Am-as'- 
so-na,  i.  e.  "  boat  destroyer,")  a  r.  of  S.  America,  the  largest  in  the 
world,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Tunguragua  and  Ucayali.  It  empties 
itself  into  the  Atlantic,  under  the  equinoctial  line,  after  a  course  of 
more  than  4,000  m.  The  mouth  of  this  river  is  180  m.  wide,  and  it 
flows  into  the  ocean  with  such  violence  that  it  carries  its  own  waters 
unmixed  into  the  sea  to  the  distance  of  80  leagues.  In  the  freshets, 
the  country,  for  several  hundred  miles,  is  laid  under  water.  This  river 
is  also  called  the  Orellana  (o-rel-ya'-na). 

Am-a-zo'-ni-a,  a  region  in  the  central  part  of  S.  America,  discovered 
in  1539,  by  Francisco  Orellana,  who  sailed  down  the  Amazon  to  the 
Atlantic.  Observing,  as  he  states,  companies  of  women  in  arms  on  its 
banks,  he  called  the  country  Amazonia,  and  the  river  Amazon.* 

Amberg,  am'-beRG,  a  t.  of  Bavaria,  32  m.  N.  of  Ratisbon.  It  has  a 
castle,  arsenal,  and  mint,  and  various  manufacturing  establishments. 
Pop.  8,000.     (B.)     Lat.  49°  25'  N.,  Lon.  11°  50'  E. 

Ambert,  ain'-baiR',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de  Dome,  on 
the  Dore,  possessing  above  100  paper-mills,  besides  various  other 
manufactories.     Lat.  45°  33'  N.,  Lon.  3°  48'  E.     Pop.  8,016.     (M.) 

Amboise,  aMbv-waz',  (Anc.  Amba'cia,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Indre  and  Loire,  14  m.  E.  of  Tours.  Lat.  47°  24'  N.,  Lon.  0°  58'  E. 
Pop.  4,695.     (M.) 

Am-boy',  a  small  t.  of  Middlesex  co.,  N.  J.,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Raritan,  about  30  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  W.  of  New  York,  with  an 
excellent  harbour.    It  is  a  port  of  entry. 

Am-boy'-na,  an  island  of  Malaisia,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of 

*  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  Indian  name  of  the  river  may  have  suggested  this 
account  of  the  armed  women. 


AMB— AMI  69 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

3°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  the  128th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  the  chief  of  the 
Moluccas,  all  the  others  being  dependent  on  its  jurisdiction.  Length 
about  55  m.  The  vegetable  productions  are  numerous,  but  the  clove 
tree  is  the  principal  object  of  attention. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Am-boy-ne^e'. 

Amboyna,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  on  a  large  bay,  which 
divides  the  island  into  two  unequal  peninsulas.  It  is  neat  and  regularly 
built,  though  its  streets  are  unpaved.  Lat.  3°  40'  S.,  Lon.  128°  15'  E. 
Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Ameland,  a'-mel-antx,  a  small  island  belonging  to  Holland,  off  the 
coast  of  Friesland."     Lat.  53°  27'  N.,  Lon.  about  5°  50'  E. 

Am-e^-lj-a,  a  co.  of  Va.,  on  the  Appomattox  r.,  S.  W.  of  Richmond. 
Pop.  9,770.      Seat  of  justice,  Amelia  c.  h. 

Amelia,  an  island  on  the  coast  of  Florida,  about  50  m.  N.  of  St. 
Augustine.  It  is  13  m.  long,  and  2  broad  ;  is  very  fertile,  and  has  an 
excellent  harbour. 

Am-er'-j-ca,  one  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of  the  globe ;  bounded 
on  the  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  which  separates  it  from  Europe  and  Africa ; 
and  on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific,  which  separates  it  from  Asia.  Towards 
the  N.  its  limits  are  but  imperfectly  known.  At  the  S.  it  termi- 
nates in  a  point  called  Cape  Horn.  It  is  more  than  9,000  m.  long,  and, 
on  an  average,  about  1,500  broad,  and  extends  from  about  35°  to  168° 
W.  Lon.,  and  from  71°  N.  to  56°  S.  Lat.  According  to  Hassel,  it 
contains  about  16,500,000  sq.  m.  America  is  remarkable  for  the  size 
and  grandeur  of  its  mountains,  lakes,  and  rivers.  A  range  of  moun- 
tains runs  from  N.  to  S.  through  its  whole  length.  This  continent  is 
divided  by  the  isthmus  of  Panama  into  North. and  South  America. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Am-er'-j.-can. 

Amersfort  or  Amersfoort,  a'-mers-fbrt/,  a  manufacturing  and 
commercial  t.  of  Holland,  in  the  prov.  of  Utrecht,  on  the  navigable  r. 
Eem  (aim),  which  flows  into  the  Zuyder  Zee,  25  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Am- 
sterdam.    Lat.  52°  12'  N.,  Lon.  5°  22'  E.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (B.) 

Amiiara,  am-fnV-ra,  a  general  division  and  kingdom  of  Abyssinia, 
comprehending  the  provinces  W.  of  the  Tacazze.  Its  cap.  is  Gondar. 
— Adj.  Amharic,  am-ha'-ric. 

Am/-herst,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Va.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on, 
James  river.     Pop.  12,699.     Seat  of  justice,  Amherst  c.  h. 

Amherst,  a  township  of  Hampshire  co.,  Mass.,  76  m.  W.  of  Boston, 
with  a  flourishing  college,  founded  in  1821. 

Am'-herst-burg\  the  cap.  of  Essex  co.,  Upper  Canada,  on  L.  Erie, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Detroit  r.  There  is  a  safe  and  commodious  har- 
bour, with  a  good  anchorage,  in  3s  fathoms  water.  Lat.  42°  5'  N., 
Lon.  83°  5-  W. 

Am^-j-ens,  (Fr.  pron.  aN-mev-aV,)  formerly  the  chief  t.  of  Picardy,  and 
now  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Somme,  on  the  r.  Somme,  40  m.  from  the  sea, 
and  75  m.  N.  of  Paris.  It  has  a  number  of  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions, and  various  manufactories.  Amiens  was  the  birth-place  of  Peter 
the  Hermit,  and  the  astronomer  Delambre.  Lat.  49°  53'  N.,  Lon. 
2°  17  E.    Pop.  45,000.     (B.) 


70  AMI— AND 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine ;  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  66  as  in  good. 

Amite,  am-eet',  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Miss.,  bordering 
on  La.     Pop.  9,694.     Co.  seat,  Liberty. 

Amlwch,  amMook,  a  seaport  t.  of  Wales,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
Anglesey.  There  are  extensive  copper-mines  in  the  vicinity.  Pop.  of 
parish,  6,217. 

Amv-mon-oo'-suck,  Upper  and  Lower,  two  rivers  of  N.  H.,  rising 
in  the  White  Mountains,  and  flowing  into  the  Connecticut. 

Amoo  or  Amu.     See  Oxus. 

Am-oor'  (Amur  or  Amour),  called  also  the  Saghalian,  sag-MFe-an, 
i  large  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Asia,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Argoon  and 
Shilka,  in  about  53°  N.  Lat.  and  121°  E.  Lon.  Its  general  course  is 
easterly,  and  it  empties  itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Saghalian,  between  the 
Sea  of  Japan  and  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  in  Lat.  523  30'  N.,  Lon.  about 
140°  E.  Entire  length,  including  the  Argoon,  its  principal  branch, 
above  2,000  m. 

Amretsir,  amv-ret-seer^,  or  Um-rit-seer'  (the  pool  of  immortality ', 
an  important  commercial  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  Lahore,  on  the  high  road 
between  Cabool  and  Delhi,  Cashmere  and  the  Dekkan.  The  name  is 
derived  from  a  sacred  basin,  immersion  in  which  is  supposed  by  many 
tribes  of  the  Hindoos  to  cleanse  from  all  sin.  Pop.  100,000.  (B.)  Lat. 
31°  33'  N.,  Lon.  74°  50'  E. 

Am^-ster-damv  (Dutch  pron.  am'-ster-dam'),  the  largest,  richest,  and 
most  populous  city  of  the  Netherlands,  situated  on  the  Y.  It  was,  in 
former  ages,  a  simple  village,  meanly  built,  and  inhabited  by  fisher- 
men, having  first  acquired  the  name  of  a  commercial  town  about  the 
year  1370 ;  it  was  encompassed  with  walls  and  other  fortifications  in 
1482,  and  in  the  17th  century  arose  to  the  first  rank  among  the  trading 
cities  of  Europe.  The  river  Amstel  divides  it  into  the  old  or  eastern, 
and  new  or  western  towns.  It  is  intersected  throughout  by  canals, 
which  cross  each  other  in  a  thousand  different  ways.  The  name  is 
said  to  have  been  derived  from  Amsteldam,  i.  e.  "  dam  or  dyke  of  the 
Amstel,"  which  was  afterwards  softened  into  Amsterdam.  Lat.  52°  22' 
N.,  Lon.  4°  53'  E.     Pop.  above  201,000.     (B.) 

An-a-deer^  (Anadir),  a  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Siberia,  which  flows  into 
a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  near  64°  N.  Lat,  and  178°  E.  Lon. 

Ancona,  an-co^-na,  a  seaport  t.  in  the  Papal  state,  and  the  cap.  of  a 
delegation  or  prov.  situated  on  a  point  of  land  running  into  the  Adriatic 
Sea.  It  is  the  most  commercial  place  in  the  Papal  state.  In  1732  it 
was  declared  a  free  port,  and  became  the  rival  of  Venice.  Lat.  43°  38' 
N.,  Lon.  13°  29'  E.     Pop.  about  30,000.     (B.) 

Andalusia,  an-da-lu^-she-a,  or  Vandalusia,  (Sp.  Andalucia,  an-da- 
loo-thee'-a,)  a  prov.  or  division  of  Spain,  comprising  the  four  Moorish 
kingdoms,  Seville,  Cordova,  Jaen,  and  Granada.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  La  Mancha  and  Estremadura,  E.  by  Murcia,  S.  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean, the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  and  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  Portugal. 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  300  m. :  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about 
150  m.     The  name,  it  is  supposed,  was  given  to  it  by  the  Vandals,  wha 


AND— AND  71 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

established  themselves  here  about  the  beginning-  of  the  5th  century. 
(P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Andalusian,  an-da-lu'-she-an. 

An-da-man'  Islands,  a  group  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal, 
consisting  of  four  large  islands  and  several  small  ones.  Three  of  these 
are  almost  contiguous,  being  separated  only  by  very  narrow  straits,  so 
that  they  are  usually  regarded  as  one  island,  and  named  the  Great 
Andaman.  The  other  of  the  four  is  called  the  Little  Andaman.  The 
former,  including  all  its  parts,  is  about  150  m.  in  length,  and  20  in 
breadth.  The  latter,  lying  30  m.  S.  of  it,  is  28  m.  long,  and  17  broad. 
Lat.  from  10°  30'  to  13°  40'  N.,  Lon.  about  93°  E. 

Andelys,  Les,  laze  aNdMe^,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Eure,  on  the  right  side  of  the  Seine,  about  50  m.  N.  W.  of 
Paris.  It  consists  properly  of  two  towns,  the  Great  (Grand),  and  the 
Little  (Petit)  Andely.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Andernach,  an'-der-naK,  (Anc.  Antunacum,)  a  small  t.  of  Rhenish 
Prussia,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  10  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Coblentz, 
with  a  considerable  trade  in  millstones  and  trass,  a  substance  which, 
when  pulverized  and  mixed  with  water,  becomes  as  hard  as  stone. 

Anderson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ky.  Pop.  6,260.  Co. 
t.  Lawrenceburg. 

Andes,  an^-diz,  (called  by  the  Spaniards  Cordillera  de  los  Andes, 
koR-deel-ya/-ra  da  loce  anodes,)  the  southern  portion  of  the  mountain 
chain  which,  under  various  names,  extends  through  the  whole  length 
of  the  American  continent.  The  principal  ridge  follows,  in  general, 
the  windings  of  the  Pacific  coast,  from  which  it  is  distant  from  50  to 
150  m.  The  highest  peaks  of  the  Andes  are  the  Nevado  de  Sorata, 
the  Nevado  de  Illimani,  and  Chimborazo.  (See  Sorata,  Illimani,  and 
Chimeorazo.) 

Andorra,  an-d(V-ra,  a  little  republic  of  Catalonia,  Spain,  under  the 
protection  of  France,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  42°  30'  N.  Lat.  and 
the  meridian  of  1°  30'  E.  Lon.     Area,  192  sq.  m.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Andorra,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  has  a  pop.  of  about  2,000. 

An'-do-ver,  a  t.  of  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  20  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  of 
Boston,  on  the  railroad  which  connects  this  city  with  Portland,  in 
Maine.  A  Theological  Seminary,  under  the  direction  of  the  Congre- 
gationalists,  was  established  here  in  1808.  It  is  richly  endowed,  and 
enjoys  a  high  reputation.  Phillips'  Academy,  of  this  place,  is  one  of 
the  best  endowed  and  most  flourishing  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the 
country.    Pop.  6,945. 

An'-drew,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Mo.     Pop.  9,433. 

An'-drews,  St.,  an  ancient  city  of  Scotland,  in  Fifeshire,  on  tne 
German  Ocean,  31  m.  N.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  is  the  oldest  in  Scotland,  having  been  founded  in  1411.  It  is 
attended  by  about  800  students,  and  has  a  library  of  40,000  vols.  Lat. 
56°  20'  N.,  Lon.  2°  48'  W.     Pop.  3,959. 

Andro,  an/-dro,  (Anc.  AnMros,)  an  island  of  the  Grecian  Archipelago, 
about  8  m.  from  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  EubcBa.  It  is  25  m.  long,  and 
S  broad,  and  contains  a  pop.  of  about  18,000.     (P.  C.) 

Anv-dros-cog'-gin,  a  r.  of  Maine,  which,  rising  from  Umbagog  Lake, 


72  AND— ANG 

Fate,  f ar,  fail,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pm ;  n6,  n5t ;  66,  as  in  good , 

after  passing  into  N.  H.,  returns  into  Me.,  and  empties  itself  into  the 
Kennebeck,  about  18  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Anduxar  or  Andujar,  an-doo^-HdR,  a  t.  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  on  the 
Guadalquivir,  18  m.  N.  W.  of  Jaen.  Lat.  about  38°  N.,  Lon.  4°  W. 
Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

angermanland,  ong'-er-man-land\  a  prov.  of  Sweden,  bordering  on 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

Angers,  an'-jerz  or  aNv-zhy,  formerly  sometimes  written  Angiers, 
an'-jeerz*,  (Anc.  Juliom'agus,  afterwards  Andeca'vi,)  a  t.  of  France ; 
cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Maine  and  Loire,  formerly  of  the  prov.  of  Anjou,  on 
the  Mayenne,  165  m.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  In  the  neighbourhood  are  exten- 
sive slate  quarries,  which  give  employment  to  3,000  workmen,  and 
furnish  annually  80,000,000  slates.  Lat.  47°  28'  N.,  Lon.  0°  33'  W. 
Pop.  35,900.     (B.) 

Anglesey  or  Anglesea,  an^-g'l-sev,  an  island  and  co.  of  Wales,  in 
the  Irish  Sea.     It  is  about  27  m.  long,  and  17  broad.     Pop.  50,890. 

AN-GO''-L.\,t  a  country  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  extending  from  the 
r.  Danda,  in  about  8°  20',  to  the  r.  Coanza,  in  9°  20'  S.  Lat.  The  name 
Angola  is  often  used  to  comprehend  the  whole  extent  of  coast  from  Cape 
Lopez  Gonsalvo,  in  Lat.  0°  44'  S.,  to  S.  Felipe  de  Benguela,  Lat.  12° 
14'  S.  The  chief,  and  almost  sole  object  for  which  it  is  visited,  is  the 
trade  in  slaves. 

An-go'-ra  or  An-goo^-ra,  (Anc.  Ancy^ra,  Turk.  En-goor',)  a  city  of 
Asiatic  Turkey,  noted  for  its  manufactures,  particularly  of  shawls, 
made  from  the  hair  of  a  species  of  goat,  which  derives  its  name  from 
this  town.  Opium  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  neighbouring  terri- 
tory. Ancyra  was  an  important  place  under  the  Roman  empire,  and 
afterwards  fell  successively  into  the  possession  of  the  Persians,  Arabs, 
and  Turks.  For  some  time  it  was  the  cap.  of  the  Turkish  dominion, 
but  was  lost  in  the  celebrated  battle  fought  between  Tamerlane  and 
Bajazet,  in  1402.  Mohammed  I.  recovered  it  in  1415,  and  since  that 
period  it  has  always  belonged  to  the  Ottoman  empire.  Lat.  39°  52'  N., 
Lon.  32°  46'  E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  35,001)  or  40,000. 

Angostura,  Sn-gos-too'-ra,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  Venezuela,  on  the 
Orinoco,  about  240  m.  from  its  mouth.  Lat.  8°  8'  N.,  Lon.  63°  55'  W 
The  pop.  in  1807  amounted  to  more  than  8,000,  but  is  said  at  present 
not  to  exceed  3,000.     (P.  C.) 

Angoul^me,  aNv-gooMame',  a  t.  of  France  :  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Cha- 
rente,  on  the  r.  Charente,  65  m.  N.  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Lat.  45°  39'  N., 
Lon.  0°  10'  E.     Pop.  16,910.     (B.) 

Angra,  an'-gra,  the  cap.  of  Terceira,  one  of  the  Azores,  situated  on 

*"  You  men  of  Angiers,  open  wide  your  gates — " 
"  And  lay  this  Angiers  even  with  the  around. " 

King  John,  Act  II.,  Scene  2. 

t  "Undamped  by  time  the  generous  instinct  glows, 
Far  as  Angola's  sands  or  Zembla's  snows." 

Rogers'  Pleasures  of  Memory. 


ANG— ANS  73 

oa,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

in  inlet  on  the  S.  coast.  From  this  situation  the  town  derives  its 
name,  angra  signifying-  "  inlet'1  in  Portuguese.  It  is  fortified  and  well 
built.     Lat.  38°  38'  N.,  Lon.  27°  13'  W.     Pop.  about  13,000.     (B.) 

Anguilla,  &n-ghilMa,  (Sp.  Anguila,  an-gheeMa,)  or  Snake  Island 
(so  called  from  its  figure),  one  of  the  Antilles,  about  20  m.  long,  and  6 
broad.     Lat.  18°  10'  about  N.,  Lon.  63°  20'  W, 

Angus.     See  Forfarshire. 

Anhalt,  an^-halt,  an  ancient  principality  of  Germany,  enclosed 
almost  on  every  side  by  the  Prussian  territories,  being  bounded  N.  by 
Brandenburg,  EL  by  Prussian  Saxony,  S.  W.  by  the  county  of  Mans- 
feld,  and  N.  W.  by  Brunswick,  Halberstadt,  and  Magdeburg.  It  is 
now  divided  into  the  duchies  Dessau,  Bernburg,  and  Ccethen.  Between 
51°  35'  and  52°  6'  N.  Lat,  and  10°  55'  and  12°  36'  E.  Lon. 

An  holt,  an'holt,  a  small  island  in  the  Cattegat,  belonging  to  Den- 
mark.    Lat.  about  56°  40'  N.,  Lon.  11°  35'  E. 

Anjou,  an/-joo,*  (Fr.  a.Nv-zhoo',)  formerly  a  prov.  of  France,  now  dis- 
tributed among  the  deps.  of  Maine  and  Loire,  Sarthe,  Mayenne,  and 
Vienne. 

Anklam,  JuV-klam,  a  small  commercial  t  of  Pomerania,  21  m.  S.  E. 
of  Greifswald.     Lat.  53°  50'  N.,  Lon.  13°  48'  E.     Pop.  6,286.    (P.  C.) 

An-ko^-ber,  a  t.  of  Abyssinia ;  cap.  of  the  fertile  prov.  of  Efat  (Ifat), 
near  10°  N.  Lat.,  and  40°  E.  Lon. 

Annaberg,  an'-ni-beW,  a  t.  in  the  Erzgebirge  (ore-mountain  district), 
in  the  kino-dom  of  Saxony,  2,800  ft  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and 
about  48  m.  S.  W.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  5,500.     (P.  C.) 

An-nam.     See  Cochin  China. 

An-nap'-o-lis,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Maryland,  and  of  the  co.  of 
Ann  Arundel,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Severn,  25  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Balti- 
more. It  is  a  port  of  entry.  Lat.  38°  58'  35"  N.,  Lon.  76°  33'  W. 
Pop.  4,198. 

Annapolis,  a  t.  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  the  seat  of  the  provincial  govern- 
ment until  1750,  when  Halifax  was  founded,  and  became  the  cap,  of 
the  prov.     Lat.  44°  40'  N.,  Lon.  65°  37'  W. 

Ann  Arun'-del,  a  co.  of  Maryland,  on  the  W.  side  of  Chesapeake 
Bay.     Pop.  32,393.     Co.  t.  Annapolis. 

An'-ne-cy  or  annv-se',  a  t.  of  Savoy,  on  the  N.  bank  of  L.  Annecy,22 
m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Chambery.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  manufacturing 
industry  in  Savoy.  Lat.  45°  54'  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.  Pop.  between 
5,000  and  6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Anv-nov-nav',  a  t.  of  France ;  the  busiest  and  most  populous  in  the 
dep.  of  Ardeche,  34  m.  N.  of  Privas,  celebrated  for  its  manufacture  of 
paper,  which  is  esteemed  the  best  in  France.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Anspach,  ans'-paK,  or  Ansbach,  a  t.  of  Bavaria ;  cap.  of  a  circle  of 

*  This  accentuation  of  Anjou,  when  anglicised,  is  sanctioned  by  the  authority 
af  Shakspeare  and  other  poets,  as  well  as  by  the  genius  of  our  language. 
"Command  in  Anjou  what  your  honour  pleases." 
'•  Upon  condition  I  may  quietly 
Enjoy  mine  own,  the  county  Maine  and  Anjou." 

Henry  VI.,  Part  First,  Act  V.,  Scene  3d 


74  ANS— ANT 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n5t ;  66  as  in  good, 

the  same  name,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Rezat  with  the  Holzbach 
(holts'-baK),  about  30  m.  S.  VV.  of  Nuremberg.  Lat.  493  20'  N.,  Lon, 
10°  28'  E.     Pop.  between  16,000  and  17,000.     (P.  C.) 

An'-son,  a  co.  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  Yadkin  r.  and  S.  C.  Pop. 
13,489.  '  Co.  t.  Wadesborough. 

Antequera,  an-ta-ka/-ra.  a  t.  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  30  m.  N.  N.  W, 
of  Malaga.  Lat.  37°  9'  N.,  Lon.  4°  35'  W;  Pop.  estimated  al 
20,000.     (B.) 

Antibes,  aNx-teeb/,  (Anc.  Antip'olis,)  a  fortified  t.  and  port  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Var,  on  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  frontier  of  the  Sar- 
dinian dominions.  Lat.  43°  33'  N.,  Lon.  7°  7'  E.  Pop.  about  5,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Anticosti,  an-te-cos'-te,  an  island  lying  in  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  above  120  m.  long,  and  about  30  m.  broad.  It  is  unculti- 
vated and  uninhabited,  with  the  exception  of  two  families,  who  have 
been  established  here  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  persona  cast  away  on 
the  coast.     (P.  C.) 

Antigua,  an-tee^-ga,  one  of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  belonging  to  Eng- 
land, about  20  m.  long,  and  12  m.  broad.  St.  John,  the  cap.,  is  in  Lat. 
17°  10'  N.,  Lon.  61°  57'  W.     Total  pop.  of  the  island,  35,714.     (P.  C.) 

Antilles,  an-teeF,  a  name  given  to  certain  West  India  islands. 
The  Greater  Antilles  comprehend  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  and  Porto 
Rico ;  the  Lesser  Antilles,  all  the  Caribbean  group,  with  those  lying 
along  the  coast  of  S.  America. 

Antioch,  anM"e-ok,  (Anc.  AntioehVa,  Turk.  Antakia,  an-tV-keex-a,) 
a  decayed  city  of  Syria,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Orontes,  46  m.  W.  of 
Aleppo.  It  was  founded  by  Seleucus  Nicator,  who  named  it  Antiochia, 
in  honour  of  his  father,  Antiochus.  It  became  the  residence  of  the 
Syrian  monarchs,  and  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest  cities  in  the  world. 
Lat.  36°  8'  N.,  Lon.  36°  12'  E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  10,000. 

Antioquia,  an-te-o-kee^-a,  a  prov.  of  New  Granada,  in  the  dep.  of 
Cundinamarca.     Also,  a  small  t  of  this  prov. 

Antisana,  an-te-sa'-na,  a  summit  of  the  Andes,  in  Quito,  the  highest 
volcano  in  the  world,  having  an  elevation  of  19,130  feet.  Also,  a  vil- 
lage on  the  side  of  the  above  mountain,  formerly  regarded  as  the  high- 
est inhabited  place  on  the  globe,  being  13,450  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea ;  but  it  is  now  ascertained  to  be  some  hundred  feet  lower  than 
the  highest  parts  of  the  mining  region,  near  Potosi.  (B.)  See  Thibet. 

An'-trim,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ireland.  Pop.  in 
1831,  323,306.     (P.  C.) 

Antrim,  a  t.  of  the  above  co.,  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Lough 
Neagh,  and  about  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Belfast.  '  It  was  once  a  place  of 
great  importance,  but  in  1831  had  a  population  of  only  2,655.    (P.  C.) 

Antrim  (Megissee),  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering 
on  an  arm  of  L.  Michigan. 

Ant'-werp,  (Dutch,  Antwerpen,  ant'-wer-pen,  Fr.  Anvers,  aNv-vaiR^,) 
a  t.  of  Belgium,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Scheldt,  36  m.  JN".  of  Brussels. 
It  is  strongly  fortified  on  the  land  side,  and  has  a  large  citadel  on  the 


ANZ— APU  75 

o\x,  a.s  Invar;  th,  a-s  in  £&*»,•  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  rag*. 


8.  The  commerce  of  Antwerp  is  still  considerable,  though  but  the 
shadow  of  what  it  was  in  the  16th  century,  when  its  population 
amounted  to  more  than  200,000,  and  when,  if  we  may  believe  the  con- 
current testimony  of  different  writers  worthy  of  credit^  500  vessels  daily 
entered  its  port,  and  about  2,500  ordinarily  lay  at  anchor  there.  It  is 
estimated  that  this  great  emporium  put  into  circulation  every  year 
500,000,000  florins,  and  that  the  annual  receipts  from  the  imposts 
amounted  to  2,000,000.  (B.)  Lat,  51°  14'  N.,  Lon.  4°  22'  E.  Pop. 
in  1831,  77,199,     (P.  C.) 

Anzin,  aN'-zaN^,  a  village  of  France,  near  Valenciennes,  in  the  dep. 
of  Nord,  and  the  seat  of  the  most  extensive  collieries  in  the  kingdom. 
The  number  of  pits  amounts  to  40,  and  some  of  them  have  been  sunk 
to  the  depth  of  1,476  feet  (450  metres);  16,000  workmen  are  em- 
ployed here.     (B.)     Pop.  of  the  village,  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

An-zoo-an/  (Anzuan  or  Aajouan),  commonly  called  Jo-han'-na,  the 
first  in  importance,  though  the  second  in  size,  of  the  Comoro  Islands. 
The  most  southern  point  is  in  12°  25' -S.  Lat. ;  the  most  eastern,  44°  34 
E.  Lon.  Its  eircumference  is  estimated  at  from  70  to  80  miles.  The 
pop.,  much  reduced  of  late,  was  formerly  rated  at  100,000.     (P.  C.) 

Aosta,  a-os'-ta,  a  t.  of  Piedmont ;  cap.  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name, 
situated  nearly  2,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  about  65  m. 
S.  E.  of  Geneva.    Lat.  45°  45'  N.,  Lon.  7°  16'  E.    Pop.  5,500.    (P.  C.) 

Ap^-en-nine.s\,  the  general  name  for  the  great  mountain  system  of 
Italy.  This  chain,  beginning  near  Mount  Appio,  in  the  territory  of 
Genoa,  traverses  Italy  in  its  whole  length.  When  near  the  end  of  its 
course,  it  divides  into  two  branches,  one  of  which  runs  S.  E.  towards 
the  Capo  di  Leuca,  while  the  other  advances  S.  to  the  Strait  of  Mes- 
sina. Mount  ^Etna,  which  may  justly  be  regarded  as  forming  a  part 
of  the  Apennine  system,  and  Mount  Corno,  in  Abruzzo  Ultra,  are  the 
highest  points  of  the  chain;  the  former  having  an  elevation  of  about 
10,870  feet  (1,700  teises),  the  latter  of  9,520  feet  (1,489  toises).     (B.) 

Ap-i\WiACH-j-co^LA,  a  r.  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Chattahoochee 
and  Flint  rivers,  in  Ga.  :  it  flows  through  Florida  into  a  bay  of  its  own 
name,  communicating  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Length,  70  m. 

Appalachicola,  a  port  of  entry  of  Florida,  cap.  of  Franklin  co.,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  above  r. 

Appenzell,  apv-pent-selK,a  canton  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Switzerland. 
Area,  153  sq.  m.  Pop.  55,000.  (B.) — Infeab,  Afpenzeller,  apN-pent- 
eelMer. 

Appenzell^  a  t  of  the  above  canton,  on  the  Sitter,  40  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Zurich.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Ap'-pung,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  tho 
Aitamaha.     Pop.  2,949.     Seat  of  justice,  Appling  c.  h. 

Ap'-po-mat^-tox,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  flowing  into  James  r. 

Apt,  apt,  (Lat  Ap'ta  Jo'lia,)  an  ancient  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vaucluse,  about  30  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Avignon.  Lat.  43°  53'  N.,  Lon. 
5°25'E.     Pop.  5,433.     (M.  B.) 

Apure,  a-poo'-ra,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  in  Venezuela,  which  flows  into 


76  AQU— ARA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  asr  m  g'CfOil, 

the  Orinoco,  Length  estimated  at  650  m.  It  is  navigable  through 
nearly  the  whole  of  its  course, 

Aqui,  a/-que,  a  t.  of  the  Sardinian  states,  47  m.  E,  S.  E„  of  Turin, 
noted  for  its  warm  sulphurous  baths.     Pop.  6,700.     (IVL) 

Aquila,  a'-que-la,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Abruzzo  Ultra,  57 
m.  N.  E.  of  Rome.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  which  are  above  3  m.  in 
extent,  but  a  great  portion  of  the  enclased  space  is  now  occupied  by 
gardens.  This  town  holds  a  conspicuous  place  in  history,  and  was 
long  considered  as  the  first  city  of  the  kingdom,,  after  Naples.  Daring- 
the  acme  of  its  prosperity  it  could  muster,  it  is  said,  15,(100  armed  men 
at  the  sound  of  the  alarm  belL  The  period  of  its  greatest  glory  may 
be  reckoned  from  about  the  middle  of  the  13th,  to  the  beginning  of  the 
16th  century.  Lat.  42°  20'  N.,  Lon.  13°  28'  E.  Present  pop,  about 
8,000.     (B.) 

Aquino,  a-quee'-no,  (Ane.  Aqui'num,)  a  decayed  t.  of  Campania,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples.  It  was  a  large  and  populous  city  in  the  time 
of  Strabo;  the  Via  Latina  passed  through  it.  Juvenal,  the  Roman 
poet,  was  born  in  or  near  Aqwinum.  This  town  suffered  greatly  from 
the  invasions  of  the  barbarians,  on  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire,  and 
was  at  last  utterly  destroyed,  during  the  wars  of  the  emperors  Conrad 
and  Manfred  against  the  popes.  At  present  it  contains  scarcely  1,000 
inhabitants.     Lat.  41°  33'  N.,  Lon.  13°  40'  E. 

Aa-A^-Bj-A,  an  extensive  country  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Asia,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Syria  and  the  river  Euphrates,  E.  by  the  Persian  Gulf,  Si 
by  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  W.  by  the  Red  Sea.  Length  from  the  north- 
ern extremity,  on  the  Euphrates,  to  Cape  Babelrnandel,  about  1,500 
m. ;  breadth  on  the  southern  coast,  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  Persian 
Gulf,  1,200  m. ;  from  Basrah  to  Suez,  900  m.  It  is  commonly  divided 
into  three  parts,  Arabia  Felix,  or  happy ;  Petrsea,  or  stony ;  and 
Deserta,  or  desert,  Arabia  Felix  borders  on  the  Persian  Gul£  the 
Indian  Ocean,  and  the  S.  part  of  the  Red  Sea ;  Arabia  Petrcea  lies  on 
the  Red  Sea,  N.  of  Arabia  Felix ;  Arabia  Deserta  includes  all  the 
northern  part  of  the  country.  Among  the  Arabians,  these  names  are 
not  known.  They  call  Arabia  Deserta,  Nedjcd  or  Nej'd  \  Arabia  Pe- 
tresa,  Hedjaz;  Arabia  Felix  is  divided  into  Yemen,  Hadramaut,  Oman, 
and  Lahsa ;  which  will  be  treated  of  under  their  respective  heads. 

This  vast  country  contains  but  two  rivers  worthy  of  the  name,  the 
Mei'dam  (maNe-dam'),  and  the  Shabv  which  descend  from  the  plain  of 
Yemen  into  the  Indian  Ocean.  All  the  other  streams  either  entirely 
disappear  in  summer,  or  descend  from  the  mountains  and  are  dried  up 
before  reaching  the  sea.  (B.)  Arabia  has  long  been  celebrated  for 
the  abundance  of  its  odoriferous  plants.  Coffee,  of  a  superior  quality, 
is  cultivated  in  Yemen.  Grapes,  maize,  wheat,  barley,  beans  of  differ- 
ent kinds,  tobacco,  &c,  are  produced  in  this  country.  The  gum  Ara- 
bic is  obtained  from  an  indigenous  tree  called  by  naturalists  the  acacia 
vera. 

Arabia  is  remarkable  in  history  for  having  almost  uniformly  main- 
tained its  independence  against  the  different  conquering  powers  which 


ARA— ARA  Tt 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

in  ancient  or  modern  times,  have  successively  extended  their  sway  over 
the  neighbouring  kingdoms.  For  this  independence  it  has  been  chiefly 
indebted  to  those  peculiar  means  of  defence,  with  which  it  has  been  fur- 
nished by  nature.  Its  vast  and  parching  deserts  have  stood  as  a  "  wall 
of  fire"  against  the  encroachments  of  foreigners;  at  the  same  time  the 
general  sterility  of  the  soil  has  afforded  no  sufficient  motive  for  under- 
taking the  conquest  of  a  country,  in  which  so  many  formidable,  not  to 
say  insurmountable,  difficulties  must  be  encountered.  This  country  is 
also  remarkable  as  the  birth-place  of  Mahomet,  and  the  cradle  of  the 
Moslem  religion,  which,  in  a  few  years,  extended  its  dominion  over  a 
large  portion  of  Asia,  the  northern  regions  of  Africa,  and  thence  over 
the  greater  part  of  Spain. — Adj.  Ar-a'-bj(-an,  Arabic,  ar'-a-bik,  and  Ara- 
besque, aY-a-besk/. — Inhab.  Arab,  aV-ah,  and  Arabian. 

Aracan.     See  Arracan. 

Arad,  GV-od\  the  name  of  two  small  towns  of  Hungary,  situated  in 
a  county  of  the  same  name. 

Old  Arad,  (Ger.  Alt- Arad,  alt  a'-rat ;  Hung.  C  Arad  ;)  is  on  the  r. 
Marosch.     Lat.  about  46°  10'  N.,  Lon.  21°  20'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

New  Arad,  (Ger.  Neu-Arad,  noi  a/-rat;  Hung.  Uj  Arad,  oo-e  6r-6d  ;) 
an  important  fortress,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Marosch,  2|  m.  from 
the  old  town. 

Aragon,  aV-a-gon,  (Sp.  pron.  aR-a-gone',)  a  large  prov.,  formerly  a 
kingdom  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Pyrenees,  E.  by  Catalonia 
and  a  part  of  Valencia,  S.  by  Valencia,  and  W.  by  Navarre  and  Old 
Castile.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  200  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from 
E.  to  W.,  about  130  m. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Ar'-a-gon-esV. 

Araguay,  ar-a-gwi',  a  r.  in  the  central  part  of  Brazil,  which  flows 
into  the  Tocantins. 

Aral  (aV-al),  Sea  of,  a  great  inland  lake  of  Asia,  situated  E.  of  the 
Caspian  Sea,  between  the  43d  and  47th  degrees  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the 
58th  and  62d  of  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  290  m.  from  N.  to  S.,  its 
breadth  varies  from  130  to  250  m.  The  southern  extremity  is  studded 
with  innumerable  small  islands,  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Amoo  ;  and  from 
this  circumstance  it  has  received  the  name  Aral,  which,  in  the  Tartar 
language,  signifies  island.  It  has  no  communication  with  the  ocean, 
and  though  it  receives  several  rivers,  among  which  are  the  Amoo  and 
Sihon,  the  level  of  this  lake  is  constantly  lowering.  The  waters  are 
saline,  but  the  exact  proportion  of  salt  has  not  been  ascertained.  (P.  C.) 

Aranjuez,  a-ran-nweth/,  (Lat.  A'ra  Jo'vis,  "altar  of  Jove,")  a  t.  and 
royal  palace  of  Spain,  on  the  Tagus,  25  m.  S.  by  E.  from  Madrid.  It 
is  the  residence  of  the  court  ordinarily  from  Easter  till  the  end  of  June. 
Permanent  pop.  about  4,000.     (B.)     Lat  40°  2'  N.,  Lon.  3°  36'  W. 

Ararat,  aV-a-rat\  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Armenia,  situated  to  the 
S.  W.  of  the  t.  of  Erivan,  about  5  m.  from  the  river  Aras.  It  rises  from 
the  midst  of  a  great  plain,  in  two  conical  peaks,  one  of  which  ascends 
far  above  the  limit  of  eternal  snow,  its  height  being  about  17,260  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  does  not,  however,  rise  to  this  great 
elevation,  immediately  from  its  base,  but  stands  on  the  table  land 'of 

7* 


78  aRA— ARD. 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met  \  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Armenia,  which  is  stated  by  Ritter  to  be  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  The  smaller  cone  is  separated  from  the  greater  by  a  plain  of 
considerable  extent,  and  is  much  lower.  The  surrounding  people  regu- 
late their  agricultural  operations  by  the  melting  of  the  snow  on  the 
little  Ararat,  from  the  summit  of  which  it  entirely  disappears  in  summer. 

Aras,  ar^-as,  (Anc.  Arax^es),  a  r.  of  Armenia,  which  rises  about  20 
in.  S.  of  Erzrcom,  and,  flowing  easterly,  empties  itself  into  the  Koor 
(Kur).     Length  estimated  at  above  500  m. 

Ar-au-cV-ni-ans,  a  nation  of  Indians  of  S.  America,  inhabiting  a 
country  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  r.  Bio-bio,  E.  by  the  great  Cordillera 
of  the  Andes,  S.  by  Valdivia,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean  ;  extending 
along  the  coast  about  180  m.,  with  a  breadth,  from  the  sea  to  the  crest 
of  the  Andes,  of  perhaps  150  m.  They  are  a  brave  and  hardy  people, 
very  jealous  of  their  honour,  hospitable,  honest,  grateful,  generous,  and 
humane ;  but  when  not  at  war,  indolent,  haughty,  and  addicted  to 
intoxication.  The  Araucaniarrs  have  sustained  an  almost  uninter- 
rupted war  against  the  Spaniards  from  the  first  invasion  in  1537,  until 
the  present  time.  Their  independence  was  formally  acknowledged  by 
Spain  in  1773,  and  they  were  allowed  to  send  an  ambassador,  who 
should  reside  at  Santiago  de  Chili.     (P.  C.) 

Arbe,  auMJa,  an  i.  in  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  containing  an  area  of  about 
29  sq.  m.,  and  between  3,000  and  4,000  inhabitants.  Also,  a  small  t.  on 
the  above  island.     Lat.  44°  45'  N.,  Lob.  14°  50/  E.     (P.  C.) 

Arbroath.     See  Aberbrotiiock. 

Archangel,  ark-ane^-jel,  (Russ.  pron.  aRK-angf-gel,)  a  prov.  the 
most  northern  and  the  most  extensive  of  Russia  in  Europe.  Its  super- 
ficial extent  is  estimated  at  300,000  sq,  m.  Pop.  perhaps  280,000.  (P.  C.) 

Archangel,  an  archiepiscopal  t. ;  the  cap.  of  the  above,  on  the 
Dwina,  with  a  fine  harbour,  which,  however,  is  ordinarily  free  from  ice 
only  from  July  to  September.  It  was  the  only  town  in  Russia  of  any 
commercial  importance,  previously  to  the  founding  of  St.  Petersburgh, 
in  1703;  since  which  time  its  trade  has  diminished,  though  it  is  still 
the  depository  of  foreign  merchandise  destined  for  Siberia.  Pop.  19,262. 
(B.)     Lat.  64°  32'  N.,  Lon.  40°  43'  E. 

Arv-cot/,  a  decayed  city  of  Hmdostan;  the  Mahometan  cap.  of  the 
Carnatic.  It  is  a  place  of  great  antiquity,  and  was  once  an  important 
Indian  fortress.     Lat.  12°  54'  N.,  Lon.  79°  22'  E. 

Ardkche,  aRv-daish/,  a  small  r.  of  Franee,  which  flows  into  the  Rhone, 

Ardeche,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  of  France,  W.  of,  and  bordering  on  thts 
Rhone.     Pop.  353,752.     (B.)     Capital,  Privas. 

Ardennes,  aRN-denn',*  (Lat.  Arduen'na  Sil'va,)  a  celebrated  forest 
of  France,  which  gives  name  to  the  dep.  of  Ardennes. 

*  In  the  works  of  some  of  the  poetsr  this  name  is  spelled  Ardenrin  which  caaa 
it  is  to  be  accentuated  on  the  former  syllable. 

"Beyond  old  Arden,  in  his  sister's  home" — 

**  The  warrior  who  from  Arben's  fated  fount 

Drank  of  the  bitter  waters  of  aversion." 

Southky's  Joan  of  Arc,  Books  I  and  IV 


ARD— ARK  79 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Ardennes,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  of  France,  bordering  on  Belgium.  Pop. 
306,861.     (B.)     Capita],  Mezieres. 

Ar'-drab,  a  small  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea. — Also, 
the  cap.  of  the  above.  Lat.  near  7°  N.,  Lon.  2°  30'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  20,0U0.     (B.) 

Arequipa,  ar-a-kee'-pa,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  and,  after 
Lima,  the  largest  and  finest  city  of  Peru,  near  the  r.  Quilca  (keeF-ka), 
about  50  m.  from  the  sea.  It  was  founded  by  Pizarro,  in  1539.  The 
houses  are  built  chiefly  of  stone ;  low  and  very  substantial,  with  a  view 
to  resist  the  shock  of  earthquakes.  Its  manufactures  and  trade  are 
considerable.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  30,000.     (B.) 

Arezzo,  a-ret'-so,  (Lat.  Arre'tium,)  an  ancient  and  still  considerable 
t.  of  Tuscany,  40  m.  S.  E.  of  Florence.  Arretium  was  one  of  the  most 
wealthy  and  populous  cities  of  ancient  Etruria,  and  has  ever  since  held 
an  important  place  in  the  history  of  Italy.  Arezzo  is  remarkable  for 
having  been  the  birth-place  of  many  distinguished  men,  among  others, 
Guido,  the  first  restorer  of  modern  music,  and  the  celebrated  Petrarch. 
Lat.  43°  28  N.,  Lon.  11°  52'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Argent  an,  aR'-zhaisN-taN^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Orne,  23  m. 
N.  of  Alencon.  Lat.  48°  44'  N.,  Lon.  0°  V  E.  Pop.  about  6,000.  (P.  C.) 

Argenteuil,  aRv-zhaNv-tm/,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and 
Oise,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine.  Lat.  48°  56'  N.,  Lon.  2°  14'  E. 
Pop.  4,700.     (P.  C.) 

Argenttere,  aRx-zhaNN-te-aiR^,  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Ardeche,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Privas.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  mines 
of  silver  (argentum),  wrought  here  in  the  12th  century.     (M.) 

Argoon  or  Argun.     See  Amoor. 

Argostoli,  ar-gos^-to-le,  the  chief  t.  of  Cephalonia,  with  the  best 
harbour  in  the  island,  and  considerable  commerce.  Lat  38°  10'  N., 
Lon.  20°  30'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Arg-yle'  (often  written  Argyll),  a  shire  in  the  W.  of  Scotland,  bor- 
dering on  the  sea.     Pop.  97,371. 

Argyro-Castro,  ar'-ghe-ro-casf-tro,  (Mod.  Gr.  ArgunZ-kastron, 
Turk.  Ergree  Kastree,)  an  inland  t.  of  Albania.  Lat.  40°  1'  N.,  Lon. 
20°  13'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  15,000  to  20,000.    (P.  C.) 

Arica,  a-ree^-ka,  a  seaport  t.  of  Peru,  once  a  flourishing  and  popu- 
lous place,  but  now  a  miserable  village.  It  has  suffered  much  from 
earthquakes,  particularly  in  1608.  During  the  war  of  independence, 
it  was  entirely  desolated.     Present  pop.  not  above  400.     (P.  C.) 

Ariege,  av-re-aizh',  a  small  r.  of  France,  tributary  to  the  Garonne. 

Ariege,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  on  the  sources  of  the  above  r., 
and  bordering  on  Spain.     Pop.  260,536.     (B.)     Capital,  Foix. 

Ar-kan^-sas  or  Ar^-kan-saw\  a  r.  of  N.  America;  next  to  the  Mis- 
souri, the  largest  affluent  of  the  Mississippi.  It  rises  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and,  after  a  course  of  more  than  2,000  m.,  flows  into  the 
Mississippi,  in  Lat.  33°  54'  N.,  Lon.  91°  10'  W.  It  is  navigable  almost 
10  its  source. 

Arkansas,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  between  33°  and  36°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and 


80  ARK— ARM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  116,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

89°  50'  and  94°  40'  VV.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Missouri,  E.  by 
the  Mississippi  r.,  which  separates  it  from  Tennessee  and  the  state 
of  Mississippi,  S.  by  Louisiana,  and  W.  by  the  Indian  Territory ;  and 
divided  into  51  counties.*  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  264  m. ;  breadth, 
from  N.  to  S.,  about  240.  Area  estimated  at  54,500  sq.  m.  Pop. 
209,639;  of  whom  162,068  are  whites,  589  free  coloured  persons,  and 
46,982  slaves.  Arkansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836.  Little 
Rock  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Arkansas,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Arkansas,  intersected  by  the  Ar- 
kansas r.     Pop.  3,245.     Co.  t.  Arkansas. 

Ar-kee'-ko  (Arkiko),  a  seaport  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Red  Sea. 
Though  a  small  and  miserable  place,  it  is  the  point  through  which  all 
the  maritime  intercourse  of  Abyssinia  is  carried  on.  (P.  C.)  Lat. 
15°  38'  N.,  Lon.  39°  37'  E. 

Arles,  arlz,  (Fr.  pron.  aid ;  Lat.  AreWte,)  an  ancient  t.  of  France, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone,  about  50  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Marseilles.  It 
formerly  held  a  conspicuous  place  among  the  cities  of  Europe,  but  has 
fallen  greatly  to  decay.  The  numerous  existing  ruins  attest  its  former 
magnificence,  and  constitute  its  principal  claims  to  our  attention.  Lat. 
43°  40  N.,  Lon.  4°  38'  E.     Pop.  13,342.     (M.) 

Armagh,  arv-ma^,  an  inland  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ireland.  Pop.  in  1831, 
220,651.     (P.  C.) 

Armagh,  a  city  of  Ireland,  and  cap.  of  the  above  co.  In  the  middle 
centuries  it  was  celebrated  as  a  place  of  learning,  and,  according  to 
the  Irish  historians,  had,  at  one  time,  7,000  students  at  its  college.  At 
present  it  possesses  several  establishments  for  education,  an  observa- 
tory, a  lunatic  asylum,  and  a  fever  hospital.  Armagh  is  the  residence 
of  an  English  archbishop,  who  is  styled  Primate  of  all  Ireland.  The 
Observatory  is  in  54°  21'  12"  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  38'  52"  W.  Lon.  Pop. 
in  1834,  10,764.     (M.) 

Armagnac,  aRv-manN-yak^,  formerly  a  county  of  Gascony,  in  France ; 
now  chiefly  comprehended  in  the  dep.  of  Gers. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Ar- 
magnac. 

Ar-me'-ni-a  (Turk.  Ermineetyeh),  a  country  of  Asia  Minor.  It  is 
not  defined  by  any  permanent  natural  boundaries.  In  the  course  of  its 
history,  we  find  its  limits  exposed  to  continual  changes.  In  its  widest 
application,  it  may  be  said  to  embrace  the  country  from  L.  Ooroomeeyeh 
(Ourmiah),  and  the  junction  of  the  rivers  Koor  and  Aras,  on  the  E.,  to 
the  upper  course  of  the  Kizil  Ermac,  on  the  W. ;  and  from  the  upper 
course  of  the  rivers  Tchorak  and  Koor,  on  the  N.,  to  the  Taurian 
Mountains,  in  the  direction  of  Beer,  Mardeen  and  Nisibis,  on  the  S. 
The    country,  in   general,  is  mountainous,  and,  owing  to  its  height 


•  Arkansas,  Ashley,  Benton,  Bradley,  Carroll,  Chicot,  Clarke,  Conway,  Craw- 
ford, Crittenden,  Desha,  Drew,  Francis  St.,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Greene,  Hemp- 
stead, Hot  Spring,  Independence,  Izard,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Lafayette, 
Lawrence,  Madison,  Marion,  Miller,  Mississippi,  Monroe,  Montgomery,Newton, 
Phillips,  Pike,  Poinsett,  Polk,  Pope,  Prairie,  Pulaski,  Randolph,  Saline,  Scott, 
Searcy,  Sevier,  Union,  Van  Buren,  Washington,  Washita,  White,  Yell. 


ARM— ARR  81 

ou,  as  in  our ,  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  colder  than  might  have  been  expected 
from  its  geographical  position.  (See  Ararat.)  The  principal  produc- 
tions are  wheat,  barley,  cotton,  hemp,  tobacco,  and  manna,  besides  va- 
rious fruits.  Many  of  the  Armenians  are  engaged  in  trade,  and  bear  a 
high  character  for  integrity  in  their  dealings.  They  form  the  chief 
class  of  traders  in  the  Persian  empire,  and  are  found  scattered  ovei 
various  other  parts  of  the  world.  Their  religion  is  a  species  of  Chris- 
tianity.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Ar-me'-ni-an. 

Armentieres,  aRx-maNx-te-aiR',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord, 
near  the  Belgian  frontier,  on  the  Lys,  10  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lille.  Lat. 
50°  41'  N.,  Lon.  2°  52'  E.     Pop.  7,700.     (M.  B.) 

Armstrong,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Pa.,  N.  E.  of  Pittsburg,  and 
intersected  by  the  Alleghany  r.     Pop.  29,560.     Co.  t.  Kittaning. 

Arn'-hem  (supposed  to  be  the  Roman  Arenacum),  a  fortified  city  of 
the  Netherlands ;  cap.  of  Guelderland.  It  was  formerly  one  of  the 
Hanse  towns.    Lat.  52°  N.,  Lon.  5°  52'  E.    Pop.  about  11,000.    (B.) 

Ar'-no  (Lat.  Ar'nus),  the  principal  river  of  Tuscany,  rises  in  the 
Apennines,  and,  passing  through  Florence  and  Pisa,  flows  into  the  sea, 
about  5  m.  W.  of  the  latter  town.  Length  about  150  m.  It  is  naviga- 
ble to  Florence. 

Arnsberg,  aRns'-btRG,  or  Arensberg,  a  t.  of  the  Prussian  States ; 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name ;  the  largest  of  the  three  circles 
which  form  the  prov.  of  Westphalia.  Lat.  51°  24'  N.,  Lon.  8°  V  E. 
Pop.  3,200.     (B.) 

Arnstadt,  aRn^-statt,  a  t.  of  Saxonv,  on  the  Gera,  11  m.  S.  of  Erfurt. 
Lat.  50°  49'  N.,  Lon.  10°  57'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Ar-oos'-took,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  part  of  Maine.  Pop.  12,535. 
Co.  t.  Houlton. 

Arpino,  aR-pee'-no,  (Anc.  Arpi'num,)  a  city  of  Naples,  near  the  con- 
fines of  the  kingdom,  about  60  m.  S.  E.  of  Rome.  It  is  celebrated  as 
the  birth-place  of  Cicero  and  Marius,  to  which  circumstance  it  was 
once  indebted  for  its  preservation.  In  the  wars  between  the  houses  of 
Anjou  and  Aragon,  for  the  possession  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  Arpino 
took  part  with  the  French  against  the  Aragonese  and  the  Pope.  The 
pontiff  (Pius  II.)  generously  commanded  Orsini,  his  successful  captain, 
to  "  spare  Arpino  for  the  memory  of  Caius  Marius  and  Marcus  Tullius." 
It  has  manufactories  of  parchment,  leather,  paper,  and  of  the  best  cloth 
made  in  the  kingdom.  Lat.  41°  41'  N.,  Lon.  13°  37'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  above  8,000.     (B.) 

Arv-ra-can^  or  Aracan  (called  by  the  natives  Rakhamg),  a  country 
of  Chin-India,  lying  along  the  E.  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  between 
17°  and  21°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  92°  20'  and  94°  30'  E.  Lon.  It  formerly 
belonged  to  the  Burmese  empire,  but  in  1826  became  one  of  the  pos- 
sessions of  the  East  India  Company.  Its  extreme  length,  from  N.N  W. 
to  S.  S.  E.,  is,  perhaps,  230  m.,  and  its  average  breadth  about  50  m. 
(P.  C.) 

Arracan,  the  ancient  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  on  a  small  river  of  the 
same  name.     It  was  once  a  flourishing  and  populous  city,  so  that  the 


82  ARR— ASH 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good , 

number  of  its  inhabitants  was  estimated  at  above  100,000,  but  at  pre- 
sent it  does  not  probably  amount  to  a  third  of  that  number.  (B.)  Lat. 
20°  43'  N.,  Lon.  93°  25'  E. 

Au^-ran,  a  mountainous  and  romantic  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland, 
forming  a  part  of  Buteshire.  It  is  more  than  20  m.  long,  and  about  12, 
wide.     Pop.  6,241. 

Ar'-ras  (Fr.  pron.  ar'-ras^),  a  fortified  and  important  t.  of  France ; 
formerly  the  cap.  of  Artois,  and  now  of  the  dep.  of  Pas  de  Calais^  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  river  Scarpe,  which  begins  here  to  be  navigable, 
108  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Paris.  It  was  the  cap.  of  the  ancient  Atreba'tes, 
from  which  it  derives  its  name,  and  was  a  manufacturing  t.  in  the  time 
of  St.  Jerome,  about  the  beginning  of  the  5th  century.  Robespierre 
was  a  native  of  Arras.    Lat.  50°  17' N.,  Lon.  2°  46' E.  Pop.  23,485.  (B.) 

Arroe.     See  JEroe. 

Ar'-ta  (Anc.  Ambra'cia,  Turk.  Nar^-da),  a  t.  of  Albania,  on  a  river 
of  the  same  name.  It  was  a  few  years  since  a  flourishing  place,  with 
a  population  estimated  at  above  9,000,  (B.) ;  but  it  suffered  greatly  in 
the  struggle  for  Grecian  freedom.     Lat.  39°  13'  N.,  Lon.  21°  4'  E. 

Artois,  aRv-twa^,  a  former  prov.  of  France,  now  comprehended  in 
the  dep.  of  Pas  de  Calais.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  Atreba'tes,  a 
nation  of  the  ancient  Gauls,  who  inhabited  this  region,  and  from  whose 
name  Arras  is  also  derived. 

Arundel,  aV-un-del,  a  t.  of  England,  on  the  Arun,  in  the  co.  of  Sus- 
sex, 50  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  London.  Lat.  50°  51'  N.,  Lon.  0°  33'  W.  Pop. 
2,624. 

Asaph  (az'-af)  St.,  an  ancient  city  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire,  about  5 
m.  from  the  sea.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,338. 

Ascension,  as-sen'-shun,  an  i.  in  the  S.  Atlantic,  between  Africa  and 
Brazil.  It  is  7|  m.  long,  and  6  m.  wide.  It  owes  its  name  to  the  cir- 
cumstance of  its  having  been  discovered  on  Ascension-day,  in  1501.  It 
was  then  barren  and  entirely  uninhabited  by  men.  In  1815  the  British 
took  possession  of  the  island,  as  a  military  station,  and  established  a 
garrison  there.     Lat.  of  the  fort,  7°  56'  N.,  Lon.  14°  24'  W. 

Ascension,  a  parish  in  the  central  part  of  Louisiana,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  Mississippi.     Pop.  10,752.  Seat  of  justi.ce,  Donaldsonville. 

Asch-af^-fen-burgx  or  a-shaf /-fen-bo 6 rg\  a  principality  of  Germany, 
now  belonging  to  Bavaria. — Also,  a  t  in  the  above  principality,  25  m. 
S.  E.  of  Frankfort.   Lat.  50°  V  N.,  Lon.  9°  T  E.   Pop.  about  7,000.  (B.) 

Aschersleben,  ashv-ers-laM)en,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  a  circle  of  the 
same  name,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Halberstadt.  Lat.  51°  46'  N.,  Lon.  11°  27 
E.    Pop.  9?0f:0.    (B.) 

Ascoli,  Ss'-ko-le,  (Lat.  As'culum),  a  t.  of  the  Papal  State,  15  m. 
N.  W.  of  Teramo.  It  was  a  place  of  importance  in  the  time  of  the 
Romans,  and  we  find  it  often  mentioned  both  in  ancient  and  modern 
history.  Ascoli  is  one  of  the  best  built  and  most  pleasant  towns  in  the 
Papal  State.     Lat.  42°  50'  N.,  Lon.  13°  37'  E;     Pop.  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ash-an^-tee,  a  powerful  kingdom  of  Africa,  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
.(bunded  during  the  last  century,  by  Sai  Tootoo.     Little  is  known  to 


ASH— ASS  83 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Europeans  respecting  the  internal  geography  of  this  country  ;  along 
the  coast,  it  is  considered  as  extending  from  the  r.  Volta,  or  Aswada, 
which  separates  it  from  Dahomey  on  the  E.,  to  the  r.  Assinee  on  the 
W.  But  its  actual  extent,  including  the  tributary  kingdoms,  appears 
to  be  somewhat  greater.  The  Ashantees  are  a  brave,  and,  to  a  consi- 
derable degree,  may  be  regarded  as  a  civilized  people.  Their  military 
enterprises  have  been  attended  with  the  most  wonderful  success;  and  a 
multitude  of  different  states,  amounting  to  near  fifty,  according  to  ono 
writer,  have  been  either  incoporated  into  the  empire  or  reduced  to  the 
condition  of  tributaries.  Even  the  English,  on  the  coast,  were  at  ono 
time  compelled  to  purchase,  with  liberal  presents,  the  peace  of  this 
warlike  and  powerful  nation. — The  Ashantees  have  schools,  where  the 
pupils  are  taught  to  read  and  write  Arabic,  and  appear  also  to  possess 
some  skill  in  sculpture  and  other  arts.  They  manufacture  cloths  of 
cotton,  and  sometimes  of  cotton  and  silk  interwoven.  Many  of  these 
cloths  are  of  great  fineness  of  texture,  and  their  colour  of  the  highest 
brilliancy.  They  also  make  earthenware,  tan  leather,  and  work  in 
iron.  The  pop.  of  the  empire  of  the  Ashantees  is  estimated  by  Balbi 
at  3,C00,000.     The  capital  is  Coomassie. 

Ashe,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  N.  C.  Pop.  8,777.  Co. 
t.  Jeftersonton. 

Ashtabula,  ashx-ta-buMa,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ohio, 
bordering  on  Lake  Erie.     Pop.  28,766.    Co.  t.  Jefferson. 

Ash'-tcn-under-Lyne,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Eng.  in  Lancashire,  6^ 
m.  E.  of  Manchester.  It  is  a  well  built  and  rapidly  increasing  town. 
The  pop.  in  1831  exceeded  that  in  1821  by  more  than  5,000,  and  the 
last  census  gives  7,841  more  than  that  of  1831.  This  great  increase  is 
attributed,  in  part,  to  the  employment  of  labourers  on  the  Sheffield 
and  Manchester  railroad.     Present  pop.  22,678. 

Asia,  a^she-a,  one  of  the  five  grand  divisions  of  the  globe,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Frozen  Ocean,  E.  by  the  Pacific, 
S.  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  W.  by  the  Red  Sea,  the  Mediterranean,  the 
Archipelago,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  the  Black  Sea,  the  river  Ural,  the 
Ural  Mountains,  and  lastly,  by  the  river  and  sea  of  Kara.  The  most 
northern  point  of  this  continent  is  Northeast  Cape,  near  78°  N.  Lai, 
and  104°  E.  Lon. :  the  most  southern  is  formed  by  the  extremity  of  the 
Malay  Peninsula,  which  extends  to  about  1°  20'  N.  Lat.  Cape  Baba, 
in  Asia  Minor,  in  Lat.  about  39°  30' N.,  Lon.  26°  5'  E.,  forms  its  west- 
ern, and  East  Cape,  in  66°  5'  N.  Lat.  and  Lon.  169°  40'  W.,  its  eastern 
extremity.  The  extreme  length  of  this  continent,  from  the  Isthmus  of 
Suez  to  Behring's  Strait,  is  above  7,000  m. ;  the  greatest  breadth,  from 
N.  to  S.,  about  5,300.  The  area  is  estimated  by  Hassel,  at  about 
16,700,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi,  at  above  525,000,000.— 
Adj.  Asiatic,  ax-she-atMk,  and  Asian,  a'-she-an  (poetical).  Inhab. 
Asiatic. 

Asv-sam^,  a  country  of  Asia,  lying  beyond  the  Ganges,  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  mountains  of  Bootan  and  Thibet,  E.  by  the  countries  tri- 
butary to  Ava  and  China,  S.  by  the  Garrow  Mountains,  and  W.  by 

F 


84  ASS— AST 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pm;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

Bengal.  Of  the  early  history  of  Assam,  little  is  known.  It  has  more 
recently  been  under  the  dominion  of  the  Burmese,  till  in  1824,  when 
they  were  expelled  by  the  English,  and  it  is  now  a  dependent  of  the 
East  India  Company.     Present  pop.  estimated  at  200,000.     (P.  C.) 

Assen,  as'-sen,  a  little  t.  of  Holland ;  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Drenthe, 
15  m.  S.  of  Groningen.     Pop.  1,200.     (B.) 

Assisi,  as-see'-se,  (Anc.  Assi'sium,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State 
and  prov.  of  Umbria.  Lat.  43°  4'  N.,  Lon.  12°  35'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  4,000.     (B.) 

Assouan  or  Assuan.     See  Asswan. 

Assumption,  as-sump'-shun,  a  parish  in  the  central  part  of  Louisiana, 
W.  of  New  Orleans.     Pop.  10,538.  Seat  of  justice,  Assumption  c.  h. 

Assumption  (Sp.  Asuncion,  a-soon-the-one'  or  a-soon-se-one/),  the  cap. 
of  Paraguay,  in  South  America,  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  r.  Para- 
guay.   Lat.  25°  22'  S.,  Lon.  57°  40'  W.    Pop.  estimated  at  12,000.    (B.) 

As-swan'  (Assuan  or  Assouan),  a  small  t.  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Nile,  remarkable  for  its  commerce,  its  picturesque  situation, 
and  the  monuments  of  antiquity  which  are  found  in  its  neighbourhood. 
Close  to  it,  on  the  south,  may  be  seen  the  ruins  of  the  town  built  by  the 
Arabs,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Syene.  Lat.  24°  5'  N.,  Lon.  32°  55' 
E. — Adj.  and  inhab.  As-swAn'-ee. 

Asterabad,  asN-ter-a-kW,  or  Astrabad,  a  small  prov.  in  the  N.  E. 
part  of  Persia.— Also  the  cap.  of  above.  Lat.  36°  50'  N.,  Lon.  54°  35' 
E.     Pop.  estimated  at  40,000.     (B.) 

Asti,  as'-te,  (Lat.  Ast'a,)  a  t.  of  Piedmont,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tanaro,  on  the  high  road  from  Turin  to 
Alexandria.  This  place  has  been  distinguished  both  in  ancient  and 
modern  historv,  and  is  remarkable  as  being  the  birth-place  of  the  great 
Italian  poet,  Alfieri.  Lat.  44°  57  N.,  Lon.  8°  12' E.  Pop.  22,000.  (P.  C.) 

Astorga,  as-toR^-ga,  (the  Astu'rica  Augusta  of  the  Romans,)  a  t.  of 
Spain,  in  Leon.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  Astu^res,  and  is  called  by 
Pliny  a  magnificent  city.  It  contains  some  interesting  remains  of  anti- 
quity.    Lat.  42°  27  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  W.     Pop.  4,000.     (M.) 

As-to'-rj-a,  a  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  r.,  made  by 
the"  American  Pur  Company,  so  called  from  Mr.  Astor,  of  New  York. 
Lat.  46°  14'  N.,  Lon.  near  126°  W. 

Asv-tra-ki_ian',  (Russ.  pron.  as-tra-K'W,)  a  t.  of  Russia,  in  Europe, 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  Volga  at 
its  entrance  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  has  a  fine  citadel,  called  Krem, 
or  Kremlin,  and  numerous  churches,  with  steeples  and  minarets ;  but 
the  houses  are  generally  of  a  mean  appearance,  and  built  of  wood ;  the 
streets  unpaved,  irregular  and  dirty.  Astrakhan  is  remarkable  for  its 
manufactures  as  well  as  its  commerce;  its  harbour  is  the  most  fre- 
quented of  any  on  the  Caspian.  It  is  the  seat  both  of  an  Armenian  and 
Russian  archbishopric.  Lat.  46°  21  N.,  Lon.  48°  3'  E.  Permanent 
pop.  about  40,000.     (P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  As'-tra-khan-epe'. 

Asturias,  as-too'-re-as,  a  prov.  in  the  N.  of  Spain ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  E.  by  Old  Castile,  S.  by  Leon  and  W.  by 


ATA— ATH  86 

ou,  as  ill  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Galicia.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  150  m. ;  breadth,  from  N.  to  S., 
50  m. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Asturian,  as-too'-re-an. 

Atacama,  at-a-ca7-ma,  a  district  of  S.  America,  belonging  to  Bolivia, 
and  comprehending  all  the  country  of  that  republic  which  lies  between 
the  Andes  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  r. 
Loa,  between  21°  and  22°  S.  Lat.,  and  on  the  S.  by  the  Salado,  near 
26°  S.  Lat. ;  so  that  it  extends  along  the  coast  perhaps  250  m.,  while 
its  breadth  is  from  25  to  40  m.  It  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and  Lower 
country.  The  latter  is  in  almost  every  part  an  uninhabited  desert.  No 
rain  ever  falls  on  this  coast,  but  in  some  places  the  soil  is  occasionally 
refreshed  by  mists  and  dews.     (P.  C.) 

Atchafalaya,  ach-af-a-li'-a,  (an  Indian  word,  signifying  "lost  wa- 
ter,") a  large  bayou  in  La.,  which  detaches  itself  from  the  right  bank 
of  the  Red  r.,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Mississippi ;  and,  after  re- 
ceiving the  waters  of  L.  Chetimaches  and  the  r.  Plaquemines,  flows 
into  Atchafalaya  Bay.     Its  whole  course  is  about  200  m. 

Atch-een',  or  Aciieen,  a  kingdom  on  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  island 
of  Sumatra.  Also,  the  chief  city  of  the  above  kingdom.  Lat.  5°  36' 
N.,  Lon.  about  95°  20'  E.  It  contains  about  8,000  houses,  built  chiefly 
of  bamboo.     (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Atch-in-e§e'. 

At'-fe',  sometimes  written  Atfih,  (Anc. Aphroditop^olis,  or  "city 
of  Venus,")  a  town  of  Egypt,  on  the  right  side  of  the  Nile,  45  m.  S.  of 
Cairo.     Lat.  29°  28'  N.,  Lon.  31°  28'  E.     Pop.  about  4,000.     (B.) 

Ath  or  A  ath,  alt,  a  commercial  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  Hain- 
ault,  on  the  Dender,  32  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Brussels.  Lat.  50°  42'  N.,  Lon. 
3°  46'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Ath-a-pes^-c6w  or  Athabasca,  the  name  of  a  river  and  lake  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  N.  America.  The  river  rises  near  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and  flowing,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  northerly  direction,  falls  into 
the  lake  of  the  same  name,  by  several  channels. 

Athapescow  Lake,  also  called  the  Lake  of  the  Hills,  is  situated 
about  170  m.  S.  E.  of  the  great  Slave  Lake ;  it  is  nearly  200  m.  long, 
but  its  average  width  is  not  more  than  20  in.  Fort  Chipewyan,  at  the 
W.  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  lake,  is  in  Lat.  58°  42'  N.,  Lon.  111°  18'  W. 

Ath-boy',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  Meath,  30  m.  N.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Ath'-ens,  (Lat.  Athe'nse,  Gr.  Afloat,)  a  celebrated  city  of  Greece, 
the  capital  of  ancient  Attica,  founded,  according  to  common  account, 
by  Cecrops,  about  1550  B.  C.  It  is  situated  about  5  m.  from  the  sea- 
coast  ;  the  little  river  Ilissus  flows  near  the  city,  on  the  S.  E.,  and  the 
Cephisus  on  the  N.  W. — Passing  over  the  well-known  epoch  in  which 
Athens  was  the  most  powerful  and  most  illustrious  of  all  the  Grecian 
states,  we  shall  briefly  mention  that  it  was  captured  by  the  Romans 
under  Sylla  (86  B.  C).  This  was  the  first  time  the  fortifications  of 
Athens  had  been  forced  by  an  enemy.  After  remaining  several  centu- 
ries in  a  state  of  inglorious  repose,  it  shared  the  fate  of  the  rest  of  the 
empire,  in  being  ravaged  and  plundered  by  the  barbarians.  Soon  after 
the  fall  of  Constantinople,  in  1453,  it  was  completely  incorporated  with 
the  Turkish  dominions;  in  which  condition  it  remained  till  the  late 

8 


86  ATH— ATR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fit ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n5t ;  55,  as  in  good, 

successful  struggle  for  Grecian  freedom.  Notwithstanding  all  the 
vicissitudes  which  Athens  has  undergone,  there  still  remain  ample 
monuments  to  attest  its  former  grandeur.  The  ruins  of  the  temple  of 
Theseus,  the  arch  of  Hadrian,  and  the  buildings  of  the  Acropolis,  espe- 
cially the  Parthenon,  may  be  mentioned  as  among  the  most  remarkable. 
The  walls  of  this  once  magnificent  city  are  entirely  demolished,  but 
their  foundations  have  been  traced,  by  late  travellers,  under  the  shrubs 
which  cover  the  plains.  Athens  is  situated  in  Lat  37°  58'  N.,  Lon.  23° 
46'  E.  The  pop.,  before  the  late  insurrection  which  threw  off  the  Turk- 
ish yoke,  was  estimated  from  12,000  to  15,000,  but,  at  the  termination 
of  the  war,  did  not  probably  amount  to  a  third  of  the  number.  (B.)  In 
1834,  it  was  declared  the  capital  of  the  new  kingdom  of  Greece,  and 
it  seems  likely  to  recover,  in  time,  some  share  of  its  former  importance. 
P.  1845  27,800.   Adj.  and  inhab.  Ath-e'-ni-an. 

Athens,  a  t.  of  Ga.,  in  Clark  co.,  on  the  Oconee,  92  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Augusta  :  it  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Georgia.     Pop.  3,795. 

Athens,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio.     Pop.  18,215. 

Athens,  a  small  t.  of  Ohio,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  with  a  college 
called  the  University  of  Ohio,  founded  in  1821. 

Athens,  New,  a  small  place  in  Ohio,  18m.  N.  W.  of  Wheeling:  it 
is  the  seat  of  Franklin  College. 

Ath-lone',  a  borough  of  Ireland,  on  the  Shannon,  being  partly  in  the 
co.  of  West  Meath,  and  partly  in  that  of  Roscommon,  about  70  m.  W. 
of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  11,406.     (P.  C.) 

Ath'-os,  Mount,  (It.  Monte  Sacro,  Gr.  Hagion  Oros,  i.  e.  Holy  Moun- 
tain, so  called  from  the  number  of  monasteries,  chapels,  &c,  on  its 
sides,)  a  celebrated  mountain  of  Macedonia,  on  a  peninsula  W.  of  the 
island  of  Lemnos,  and  rising  abruptly  from  the  sea  to  the  height  of 
6,349  feet.     Lat.  40°  9'  N„  Lon.  24°  20'  E. 

Athy,  ath-i',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kildare,  about  38  m.  W.S.  W. 
of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  4,494.     (P.  C.) 

Atina,  a-tee'-na,  an  ancient  t.  of  Naples,  in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  10  m. 
N.  of  Aquino.  Pop.  about  4,000.  (B.)  It  is  mentioned  under  its 
present  name  by  Virgil  (iEneid.  Lib.  VII.  630),  as  at  that  time  an  im- 
portant city. 

At-lan'-tic  Ocean,  that  part  of  the  ocean  which  separates  the  old 
from  the  new  world :  it  washes  the  eastern  shore  of  America  and  the 
western  shores  of  Europe  and  Africa.  Its  width  may  be  estimated  at 
3,000  m.  The  name  was  given  on  account  of  its  vicinity  to  the  Atlas 
mountains. 

Atlantic,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop. 
8,961.    Co.  t.  May's  Landing. 

At^-las,  a  chain  of  mountains  running  through  the  north-western 
part  of  Africa,  and  separating  the  cultivated  country  from  the  great 
desert.  The  highest  summits  are  estimated  to  be  2,000  toises  (B.), 
or  about  12,790  English  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Atooi.     See  Atui. 

Atri,  a'-tre,  (anciently  Hat/ria  Pice'na,)  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov 


ATT— AUG  87 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

of  Teramo,  about  4  m.  from  the  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  and  12  m.  S.  E.  of 
Terarno.  Hatria  was  once  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  but  the 
present  town  is  a  small  and  poor  place,  and  partly  in  ruins. 

At'-ta-la,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Miss.  Pop.  10,999.  Co.  seat, 
Kosciusco. 

Attigny,  at'-teenx-ye',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardennes, 
on  the  Aisne,  31  m.  N.  E.  of  Rheims,  anciently  one  of  the  summer  resi- 
dences of  the  kings  of  France. 

Atx  tock/,  or  Attock  Benares  (ben-a^-rez),  a  city  and  fortress  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Sinde  or  Indus,  belonging-  to  Lahore.  Lat.  33°  52' 
N.,  Lon.  72°  10'  E. 

Atui,  a-too-I^  one  of  the  Sandwich  islands,  in  Lat.  21°  57'  N.,  Lon. 
100°  VV. 

Aube,  obe,  a  small  r.  of  France,  flowing  into  the  Seine. 

Aube,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the 
above  r.  and  by  the  Seine.     Pop.  253,870.     (B.)     Capital,  Troyes. 

Au^burn,  the  chief  t.  of  Cayuga  co.,  N.  Y.,  about  170  m.  W.  of  Al- 
bany, on  the  outlet  of  the  Owasco  lake,  a  fine  stream,  with  numerous 
mill  seats.  It  is  incorporated,  and  contains  a  theological  seminary, 
founded  by  the  Presbyterians  in  1821.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the 
state  prison  established  here,  and  conducted  on  a  peculiar  system  of 
prison  discipline.     Pop.  9,548. 

Aubusson,  6v-bu.sv-soNf,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  o 
Creuse,  on  the  r.  Creuse,  23  m.  S.E.  of  Gueret.  Pop.'above  4,000.  (P.O.; 

Auch,  osh,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Gers, 
on  the  r.  Gers.  Among  its  buildings  the  ancient  cathedral  deserves  to 
be  mentioned.     Lat.  43°  38'  N.,  Lon.  35'  E.     Pop.  10,461.     (B.) 

Aude,  ode,  (Anc.  A'tax,)  a  r.  in  the  S.  of  France,  rising  in  the  Py- 
renees, and  flowing  into  the  Mediterranean. 

Aude,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r.,  and 
bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  281,088.  (B.)  Capital,  Car- 
cassone. 

Auerback,  ou'-er-MK,  a  i.  of  Saxony,  70  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Dresden, 
famous  for  its  manufacture  of  a  metallic  composition,  called  Rodeivisch, 
which  employs  about  2,500  persons  from  the  neighbouring  villages. 
Pop.  3,000.     (B.) 

Augs^-burg  (Ger.  pron.  ougsM)66rg),  the  cap.  of  the  circle  of  the 
Upper  Danube,  in  Bavaria,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Wertach  and  Lech. 
It  has  numerous  scientific  and  literary  institutions,  and  is  distinguished 
for  its  works  in  gold  and  jewelry,  its  manufactures  of  clocks  and 
watches,  and  of  philosophical  and  mathematical  instruments.  Lat.  48° 
21'  N.,  Lon.  10°  54'  E.  Pop.  34,000.  (B.)  The  Roman  emperor 
Augustus  planted  a  colony  here  about  12  years  before  the  Christian 
era,  which  was  called  Augusta  Vindelico'rum.  Augsburg  appears  to 
be  a  contraction  of  August-burg  ;  i.  e.  the  "  castle  of  Augustus." 

Augusta.     See  Agosta. 

Au-gus'-ta,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Maine,  and  of  Kennebeck  co.,  on 


88  AUG— AUS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good, 

the  r.  Kennebec,  about  52  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  N.  N.  E.  of  Portland. 
Lat.  44°  19'  N.,  Lon.  69°  50'  W.     Pop.  8,225. 

Augusta,  a  t.  of  Ga.,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Savannah  r.,  aboul 
80  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  E.  of  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33°  28'  N,  Lon. 
81°  54'  W.     Pop.  9,559. 

Augusta,  a  t.  of  Ky. :  cap.  of  Brecken  co.  It  has  a  college,  under 
the  direction  of  the  Methodists,  founded  in  1825. 

Augusta,  a  co.  in  the  centre  of  Virginia.  Pop.  24,610.  Co.  t. 
Staunton. 

Augustine,  St.,  sent  au -gus-teen^,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Florida; 
cap.  of  St.  John's  co.,  on  an  inlet  about  2  m.  from  the  main  ocean.  The 
harbour  is  defended  by  a  fort.  This  place  is  much  resorted  to  during 
winter,  by  invalids  from  the  northern  states.  Lat.  29°  48'  30"  N.,  Lon. 
81°  35'  W.     Pop.  1,934. 

Aurungabad,  6-rung'-ga-Md',  a  prov.  of  Hindostan,  situated  in  the 
Dekkan. — Also,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  formerly  called  Gurka,  but, 
becoming  a  favourite  residence  of  Aurungzebe  (pronounced  6-rung- 
zeeb'),  it  received  from  this  circumstance  its  present  name.  The 
palace  of  that  monarch,  now  in  ruins,  covers  an  extensive  space.  The 
whole  city  is  rapidly  falling  to  decay,  but  in  1825  was  said  still  to  con- 
tain a  population  of  60,000.     (P.  C.)     Lat.  19°  54'  N.,  Lon.  75°  33'  E. 

Aus'-ter-litz^  (Ger.  pron.  ous^-tcr-lits),  a  t.  of  Austria,  in  Moravia, 
about  13  m.  E.  of  Briinn,  celebrated  for  a  great  victory  obtained  by 
Napoleon  over  the  emperors  of  Austria  and  Russia,  in  1805.  Pop.  about 
2,000.     (B.) 

Australasia.     See  Oceanica. 

Aus-tra'-li-a.  (See  Int.  XI.)  A  term  sometimes  employed  like  Aus- 
tralasia, to  designate  the  fifth  grand  division  of  the  globe,  but  more 
generally  restricted  to  that  portion  of  Oceanica  which  is  situated  imme- 
diately S.  and  S.  E.  of  Malaisia,  between  1°  N.  55°  S.  Lat,  and  110° 
and  180°  E.  Lon.,  including  New  Holland,  (the  Australian  continent,) 
the  islands  of  New  Zealand,  New  Caledonia,  New  Hebrides,  the  Solo- 
mon Islands,  New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  Papua  or  New  Guinea,  besides 
many  smaller  islands. — Adj.  Aus-tra^-lj-an. 

Australian  Continent,  or  New  Holland,  is  situated  in  the  South 
Sea,  between  10°30/  and  39°  S.  Lat.  and  113°  and  153°  20/  E.  Lon. 
Length  from  E.  to  W.  about  2400  miles,  greatest  breadth  from  N.  to 
S.,  near  2000  miles.  Area  estimated  at  3,500,000  sq.  miles.  The 
form  of  this  continent  is  very  compact,  having  only  two  large  indent- 
ations, the  Gulf  of  Carpentaria  on  the  N.  and  Spencer's  Gulf  on  the 
S.  It  is  distinguished  from  all  other  parts  of  the  globe  by  the  general 
character  of  its  plants  and  animals,  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the  coun- 
try. Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  "  land  of  anomalies" 
is  the  absence  of  permanently  navigable  rivers.  The  Murray,  which, 
with  its  affluents,  drains  a  surface  of  400,000  square  miles,  discharges 
its  waters  into  the  sea  by  a  mouth  so  miserably  small  that  it  was  over- 
looked by  the  first  explorers  of  the  coast. 

The  central  regions  of  Australia  are  entirely  unknown,  and  the 


AUS— AUX  89 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

coasts  have  been  only  partially  explored,  except  the  eastern,  on 
which  the  first  settlement  was  made.  There  are  mountains  whose 
summits  are  covered  with  perpetual  snow ;  but  a  large  portion  of 
the  country  appears  to  be  flat  land,  which  is  sometimes  marshy  and 
flooded  with  water,  and  at  other  times  so  parched  as  to  be  a  perfect 
desert.  A  chain  of  mountains  extends  nearly  parallel  with  the  eastern 
coast,  at  a  distance  which  varies  from  50  to  80  miles.  Different  parts 
of  this  range  have  received  the  names  of  the  Warragong  and  the  Blue 
Mountains.  The  most  fertile  soil  is  confined  to  the  higher  regions, 
which  are  separated  from  each  other  by  extensive  sandy  deserts. 

Lying  to  the  south  of  the  equator,  its  seasons  are  the  reverse  of 
ours.  One-third  lies  within  the  torrid  and  two-thirds  in  the  temperate 
zone.  The  climate  of  the  latter  is  subject  to  great  vicissitudes  of  tem- 
perature and  moisture.  A  year  of  complete  drought  is  sometimes 
followed  by  a  year  of  floods  ;  but  here  the  hot  is  generally  the  dry 
season — a  circumstance  favourable  to  health.  The  heat  of  December 
rises  to  112°  Fahrenheit,  and  the  forests  and  grass  have  been  known 
to  take  fire  spontaneously.     (M.  B.) 

The  aboriginal  inhabitants  are  classed  in  the  same  grand  division 
of  the  human  race  with  the  African  negro,  but  appear  to  be  decidedly 
inferior,  both  in  their  physical  constitution  and  in  their  intellectual 
and  moral  faculties.  They  are  the  only  people  of  whom  we  have  any 
knowledge  that  go  completely  naked. 

Of  5440  species  of  plants  which  have  been  discovered,  only  270  are 
indigenous  in  the  other  divisions  of  the  globe.  The  forests  consist 
entirely  of  evergreens,  and  ferns  and  grasses  in  some  cases  attain  the 
size  of  trees.  A  species  of  acacia  which  bears  no  leaves  is  very 
numerous,  and  gives  a  singular  aspect  to  the  forests.  They  also 
contain  the  cedar,  rosewood,  and  a  kind  of  mahogany,  (Eucalyptus.) 
The  palms  are  not  very  abundant,  and  are  confined  to  the  intertropical 
regions.  There  is  a  remarkable  deficiency  of  useful  native  fruits 
and  alimentary  plants.  Animal  life  in  Australia  assumes  a  form  still 
more  anomalous  than  that  which  marks  its  vegetation.  Among  58 
species  of  quadrupeds  which  exist  here,  46  are  peculiar  to  this  conti- 
nent ;  and  33  of  these  belong  to  the  order  of  Marsupials,  including 
the  kangaroo,  which  is  the  largest  animal  of  the  country.  The  singu- 
lar Ornithorhyncus  paradoxus,  is  found  only  here,  an  oviparous  quad- 
ruped which  is  covered  with  fur,  but  has  webbed  feet  and  a  bill  like  a 
duck.  The  dogs,  it  is  said,  never  bark,  and  the  swans  are  entirely 
black. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Australia  are  extremely  great.  Immense 
coal-fields  occur  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  on  the  eastern  coast, 
and  copper  is  found  in  abundance.  In  May,  1851,  a  gold  mine,  which 
is  said  to  rival  those  of  California  in  richness,  was  discovered  near 
the  Macquarrie  river.  The  locality  is  in  a  hilly  and  barren  region, 
33  m.  W.  from  Bathurst,  and  148.  m.  from  Sidney.  Before  the  end  of 
the  year,  another  rich  deposit  was  found,  40  or  50  miles  from  the 
town  of  Geelong,  on  the  southern  coast.   These  discoveries,  of  course, 


90  .  AVA— AVI 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  phie,  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

produced  a  prodigious  excitement  in  the  colony.  Before  five  months 
had  elapsed,  10,000  persons  had  collected  at  this  "  Ophir  of  the  Anti- 
podes/' and  hundreds  were  arriving  daily.  The  ships  in  the  ports 
were  deserted  by  their  crews,  and  ordinary  business  was  paralysed. 

The  Australian  journals  estimate  that  the  increase  of  population 
in  1852,  will  not  be  less  than  100,000,  which  will  raise  that  of  the 
continent  to  half  a  million.     See  New  South  "Wales. 

Aus^-tri-a  (Ger.  Oestreich,  ostf-riKe),  an  empire  of  Europe,  lying" 
between  42°  and  51°  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  30'  and  26°  50'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Saxony  and  Prussia,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  re- 
public of  Cracow  and  by  the  Russian  and  Turkish  provinces,  S.  by 
Turkey,  the  Gulf  of  Venice,  the  territories  of  the  Pope,  Modena, 
and  Parma,  and  W.  by  the  Sardinian  States,  Switzerland,  and  Ger- 
many. The  length  is  estimated  at  870,  the  breadth  at  690  m.  The 
superficial  extent,  according  to  Balbi,  is  about  259,300  sq.  m.  The 
pop.  in  1848  amounted  to  37,850,000.  The  empire  of  Austria  is 
composed  of  the  kingdoms  of  Bohemia,  Galicia,  Hungary,  Ulyria, 
Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  Dalmatia,  and  the  governments  of  Lower 
and  Upper  Austria,  Styria,  Trieste,  Tyrol,  Transylvania,  the  Military 
Frontier,  and  Austrian  Italy,  or  the  Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom, 
besides  some  smaller  districts,  such  as  Great  and  Little  Cumania,  &c. 
These  will  be  treated  of  under  their  respective  heads.  The  name  Oest- 
reich, which  signifies  "  eastern  empire,"  arose  from  this  territory  having 
been  the  eastern  part  of  the  dominions  of  Charlemagne.  The  area  of 
Austria  at  that  time  scarcely  exceeded  that  of  the  present  archduchy. 
Vienna  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Aus'-trj-an. 

Austria,  Archduchy  of,  which  constitutes  the  principal  part  of  the 
hereditary  dominions  of  the  house  of  Austria,  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Bohemia  and  Moravia,  E.  by  Hungary,  S.  by  Styria,  Ulyria,  and  Tyrol, 
and  W.  by  Tyrol  and  Bavaria.  Area  about  14,881  sq.  m.  It  is  divided 
into  Lower  and  Upper  Austria.  The  former  occupies  the  eastern,  the 
latter  the  western  portion  of  the  archduchy. 

Au-tau'-ga,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ala.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Alabama  r.     Pop.  15,023.    Co.  t.  Washington. 

Autun,  o^-Uin',  a  city  of  France,  on  the  r.  Arroux,  in  the  dep.  of  the 
Saone  and  Loire,  164  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  This  town  existed  before  the 
Roman  conquest  under  the  name  of  Bibrac'te ;  after  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus, it  was  called  Augustodu'num,  of  which  Autun  is  a  corruption. 
A  number  of  interesting  ruins  may  be  seen  here.  Lat.  46°  57'  N., 
Lon.  4°  18'  E.     Pop.  10.0H0. 

Auvergne,  6v-vern'  or  6v-vaiRrV,  formerly  a  prov.  of  France,  now 
di\uded  into  the  deps.  of  Cantal  and  Puy  de  Dome.  The  name  is 
derived  from  the  Arverni,  an  ancient  nation  who  inhabited  this  part  of 
Gaul. 

Auxerre,  ov-sahV,  (Anc.  Autissiodu'rum,)  a  city  of  France:  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  Yonne,  on  the  r.  Yonne,  92  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  47°  48 
N ,  Lon.  3°  34'  E.     Pop.  10,989.     (B.) 

Auxonne,  ox'-onn^,  or  Aussonne,  6x-sonn',  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in 


AVI— AVI  91 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  dep.  of  C6te  d'Or,  on  the  Saone,  19  m.  S.  E.  of  Dijon.  Pop.  in 
1832,  about  5,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ava.     See  Birma. 

Avallon,  a'-var-loN7,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Yonne,  120  m, 
S.  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  above  5,000.     (P.  C.) 

Aveiro,  a-va^e-ro,  a  city  of  Portugal,  in  the  prov.  ©f  Beira.  Lat, 
40°  38'  N.,  Lon.  8°  38/  W.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Avella,  a-velMa,  a  t.  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  20  m.  N.  E.  of  the 
capital.  Near  to  it  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Abel'la,  from  which 
its  name  has  been  derived.     Pop.  5,000.     (M.) 

Avellino,  a-vel-lee'-no,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Naples ; 
cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Principato  Ultra,  30  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Naples.  Lat 
40°  55'  N.,  Lon.  14°  45'  E.     Pop.  13,001).     (B.) 

Avenches,  ax-vaNshf,  (Lat.  Aven'ticum,)  a  little  t.  of  Switzerland, 
about  3  m.  from  the  Lake  of  Morat,  and  20  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Bern, 
remarkable  for  the  Roman  antiquities  found  in  its  vicinity. 

Averno,  a-veR/-no,  (Anc.  Aver'nus,)  a  celebrated  lake  in  the  vicinity 
of  Naples,  about  2b  m.  N.  W.  of  Pozzuoli.  It  is  circular,  and  about 
1£  m.  in  circumference. 

Aversa,  a-viR'-sa,  a  t.  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  12  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  the  capital.  It  contains  a  large  foundling  hospital,  and  a  lunatic 
asylum,  which  ranks  among  the  best  establishments  of  the  kind  in 
Europe.    Lat.  40°  57'  N.,  Lon.  14°  11'  E.    Pop.  estimated  at  16,000.  (B  j 

Avesnes,  av-vain^,  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  123  m. 
N.  E.  of  Paris.     Pop.  about  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

Aveyron,  aN-vaN-r<V,  a  r.  in  the  S.  of  France,  flowing  into  the 
Garonne. 

Aveyron,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  on  the  above  r.  Pop.  370,951. 
(B.)     Capital,  Rodez. 

Avezzano,  a-vet-sa/-no,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Abruzzo  Ultra, 
about  20  m.  nearly  S.  of  Aquila.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Avignon,  av-een^-yoN,  or  a'-veenv-yoN',  (Anc.  Ave^nio,)  a  celebrated 
city  of  France;  cap.  of  the  dep.  ofVaucluse,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhone,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Durance.  Avenio  was  a 
very  ancient  city ;  it  appears  to  have  been  a  town  of  some  impor- 
tance before  the  Roman  conquest,  and  holds  a  conspicuous  place  in 
the  history  of  the  middle  ages.  About  the  year  1308,  Pope  Clement 
V.,  himself  a  native  of  France,  removed  his  court  from  Rome  to  Avig- 
non, which  continued  to  be  the  papal  residence  till  1376,  when  Gre- 
gory XI.  left  it,  to  return  to  Rome.  It  afterwards  became  the  residence 
of  the  anti-popes  Clement  VII.  and  Benedict  XIII.  Lat.  43°  57'  N., 
Lon.  4°  48'  E.  Pop.  31,000:  in  the  14th  century  it  amounted  to 
100,000.     (B.) 

Avila,  a^-ve-la,*  a  t.  of  Old  Castile,  Spain ;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  with  a  university.  Lat.  40°  42'  N.,  Lon.  4°  50'  W.  Pop. 
4,000.     (B.) 

*  "  Lerma  '  the  generous,'  Avila  *  the  proud.'  " — Rogers'  Voyage  of  Columbus 


92  AVL— AYR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  mer  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Avlona,  av-lo'-na,  or  Valona,  (Anc.  Au'lon,)  a  lown  of  Albania,  on  a 
gulf  lo  which  it  gives  its  name,  formed  by  the  celebrated  Acrocerau 
nian  promontory.     Lat.  40°  29'  N.,  Lon.  19°  26'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Avon,  a/-von,  the  name  of  several  small  rivers  of  Great  Britain.  The 
principal  and  most  interesting-  is  that  which  rises  at  a  source  called 
Avon-well,  in  Northamptonshire,  and,  flowing  by  the  village  of  Strat- 
ford, the  birth-place  of  Shakspeare,  empties  itself  into  the  Severn,  in 
Gloucestershire,  after  a  course  of  about  100  m. 

Avx-oy-elles/,  a  parish  of  La.,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Red  r.  Pop. 
9,326.    Seat  of  justice,  Marksville. 

Avranches,  a,vv-raNsh',  (Anc.  In^gena,  afterwards  Abrinca'tui  and 
Abrin^cce,)  a  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Manche,  195  m.  nearly  W. 
from  Paris.     Lat.  48°  41/  N.,  Lon.  1°  25'  E.     Pop.  7,000.     (P.  C.) 

A-wats'-ka  or  Av-atcr^-ka,  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of  Kamtchatka. 
Also  the  name  of  a  r.  which  flows  into  this  bay,  and  of  a  small  village 
situated  at  its  mouth. 

Awe,  Loch,  a  fresh  water  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of  Argyle.  It 
is  about  24  m.  long,  while  its  average  breadth  is  only  about  1  m. 

Ax-oom^,  written  also  Axoum  and  Axum,  (Gr.  Alov/xi$,)  a  t.  of  Abys- 
sinia; formerly  cap.  of  a  powerful  kingdom  of  this  name,  which  appears 
to  have  extended  its  dominions  over  a  great  part  of  Abyssinia,  a  part 
of  Arabia,  and  even  to  have  received  tribute  from  the  Byzantine  empe- 
rors. There  are  at  this  place  several  remains  of  antiquity,  which  show 
that  the  Axumites  were  highly  skilled  in  the  art  of  sculpture,  and 
acquainted  also  with  the  Greek  language.  The  town  at  present  con- 
tains about  600  houses.  (B.)  Lat.  14°  1'  N.,  Lon.  between  38°  and 
39°  E. 

Ayamonte,  i-ya-monMA,  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Seville.     Lat.  37°  12'  N.,  Lon.  7°  14'  W.     Pop.  6,347.     (P.  C.) 

Ayasoolook,  a/-ya-soo-look',  (Fr.  spelling  Ayasalouk,)  a  miserable 
village  of  Asia  Minor,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Ephesus,  with  a  mosque, 
castle  and  aqueduct,  constructed  out  of  the  ruins  of  that  once  magnifi- 
cent city.  Here  have  been  discovered,  among  other  antiquities,  the 
remains  of  the  great  temple  of  Diana,  which  is  mentioned  in  the  19th 
chapter  of  the  Acts.     Lat.  37°  55'  N.,  Lon.  27°  20'  E. 

Aylesbury,  ailz^-ber-re,  a  t.  of  Buckinghamshire,  England,  on  the 
road  from  London  to  Warwick,  38  m.  from  London.  It  is  a  very  ancient 
place,  and  is  said  lo  have  been  one  of  the  strongest  garrisons  of  the 
Britons,  in  their  struggle  against  the  Saxons.  Pop.  of  the  borough, 
with  an  area  of  about  5  sq.  m.,  5,429. 

Ayr,  air,  a  r.  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  Ayrshire,  and,  after  a  course 
of  about  30  m.  nearly  due  W.,  falls  into  the  sea  at  the  t.  of  Ayr,  where 
its  estuary  forms  a  fine  harbour. 

Ayr,  a  sea-port  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Ayrshire,  on  the  above  r., 
near  its  mouth;  67  m.  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Entire  pop.  of  the  parish, 
8,264. 

Ayr'-shjre,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  164,356. 


AZE— BAD  93 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Azerbaijan,  az-er-bi/-jan\  a  prov.  in  the  N.  part  of  Persia,  lying 
around  L.  Ooroomeeyeh.     Tabreez  is  the  capital. 

A7/-0F  or  Azov,  (Anc.  Pa'lus  Mseo'tis,)  a  sea  of  Russia,  forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia,  and  connected  with 
the  Black  Sea  by  the  Strait  of  Yenicale.  Its  greatest  length  is  about 
200  m.;  the  breadth  varies  exceedingly,  but  perhaps,  on  an  average, 
may  be  estimated  at  about  70  m.  The  only  considerable  river  which  it 
receives  is  the  Don. 

Azores,  az'-orz,*  or  az-orz^,  (Port.  Aeores,  a-so'-rts,)  called  also  the 
Western  Islands,  are  situated  in  the  Atlantic,  about  800  m.  W.  of  Por- 
tugal. They  consist  of  nine  islands,  in  three  distinct  groups,  lying  in 
the  direction  of  W.  N.  W.  and  E.  S.  E.,  and  extending  about  330  m. 
The  north-western  group  contains  the  small  islands  of  Corvo  and 
Flores;  the  central,  Terceira,  St.  George,  Pico,  Fayal,  and  Graciosa 
the  south-eastern,  St.  Michael  and  St.  Mary.  They  are  included  be- 
tween the  parallels  of  36°  57'  and  40°  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridians  of 
25°  and  31°  15'  W.  Lon.  The  several  islands  will  be  treated  of  under 
their  respective  names.  As  these  islands,  when  first  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese,  were  entirely  destitute  of  human  inhabitants,  as  well  as 
of  beasts,  they  called  them  Aeores  (the  plural  of  aoor,  a  hawk  or  bird 
of  prey),  from  the  number  of  this  kind  of  birds  found  here. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Az-o'-rj-an. 

Ba^-bel-man^-del,  (see  Int.  XII.,)  or,  more  correctly,  Bab-el-man- 
deb,  the  strait  which  connects  the  Red  Sea  with  the  Indian  Ocean, 
lying  between  Arabia  and  Abyssinia.  The  width  of  this  strait  is  esti- 
mated at  about  16  m. 

Bacchiglione,  bak-keel-yo'-na,  a  r.  in  the  Venetian  States,  which 
rises  in  the  Alps,  and,  flowing  S.  E.,  passes  through  the  t.  of  Vicenza, 
and  afterwards  by  the  walls  of  Padua,  30  m.  below  which  it  enters  the 
Adriatic  at  Brondolo.     Its  entire  course  is  about  90  m. 

Bad-ag'-ry,  a  t.  on  the  Slave  Coast  of  Guinea,  cap.  of  a  small  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  about  6°  15'  N.  Lat.,  and  2°  50'  E.  Lon.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Badajos,  bad-a-hoce',  (Sp.  Badajoz,  ba-Da-HOtb/;  Lat.  Pax  August 
ta,)  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  cap.  of  Estremadura,  on  the  Guadiana 
The  bridge  over  the  Guadiana,  1,874  feet  in  length,  is  one  of  the  finest 
in  Europe.     Lat  38°  52'  N.,  Lon.  6°  48'  W.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

*  This  accentuation,  though  perhaps  not  the  most  prevalent,  is  sanctioned  bj 
the  general  tendency  of  our  language,  (see  Int.  XII.,  Obs.  2,)  as  well  as  by  the 
practice  of  many  of  the  best  speakers.  The  second  pronunciation  may  be  objected 
to  as  being  neither  native  nor  English.  If  we  would  pronounce  like  the  natives 
we  must  follow  the  example  of  Milton,  and  divide  the  name  into  three  syllables 
(See  Paradise  Lost,  Book  IV.,  line  592.)  The  authority  of  Cowper  is  in  favour  of 
the  first  pronunciation. 

"Those  Ausonia  claims, 

Levantine  regions  these:  the  Azores  send 

Their  jessamine."  The  Task  Book  VI. 


94  BAD— BAG 

Fkte,  far,  fill,  fit ;  me,  met  f  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  nd,  not ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Badakhshan.     See  Budukhshan. 

Baden,  ba^-den,  a  grand-duchy  of  Germany,  extending-  along  the 
right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  situated  between  47°  30'  and  49°  50'  N. 
Lat.,  and  7°  31)'  and  9°  50'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria 
and  Hesse-Darmstadt,  E.  by  Wiirtemberg,  S.  by  Switzerland  and  the 
Lake  of  Constance,  and  W.  by  the  Bavarian  circle  of  the  Rhine  and  by 
France,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Rhine.  Length  near  190  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  about  100.  The  area  is  estimated  at  5,973  sq.  m.  Pop. 
1,130,000.     (B.)     Carlsruhe  is  the  capital. 

Baden  (the  Ci^vitas  Aure'lia  Aquen'sis  of  the  Romans),  a  t.  situated 
in  the  centre  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden,  celebrated  for  its  warm 
mineral  springs  and  baths.  Hence  originated  the  name,  Bad  in  German 
signifying  a  "  bath."     Lat.  48°  46'  N.  Lon.,  8°  15'  E.     Pop.  4,201).    (B.) 

Baden  (Anc.  Thermae  Celtics),  a  t.  in  the  arch-duchy  of  Austria, 
about  15  m.  S.  of  Vienna.  It  is  annually  visited  by  many  thousand 
strangers,  on  account  of  its  warm  springs  and  baths.  Permanent  pop. 
about  3,000.     (B.) 

Baden,  a  t.  in  the  canton  of  Aargau,  Switzerland,  on  the  Limmat 
(the  outlet  of  the  Lake  of  Zurich),  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Zurich,  celebrated 
for  the  warm  mineral  springs  and  baths  in  its  vicinity,  known  to  the 
Romans  by  the  name  of  Ther/mse  Helve'ticee.     Pop.  1,700.     (B.) 

Badenweiler,  ba'-den-wiMer,  a  small  village  in  the  grand-duchy 
of  Baden,  5  m.  E.  of  Brisach,  remarkable  for  the  remains  of  a  vast 
Roman  bathing  establishment,  arranged  for  both  cold  and  warm,  as  well 
as  vapour-baths.  It  contains  50  chambers,  furnished  with  all  the  con- 
veniences for  bathing,  and  an  altar,  still  existing,  dedicated  to  Diana 
Anoba.     (B.) 

Baeza  or  Baeqa,  M-aMM,  (Anc.  Bea^tia,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Jaen. 
Lat.  37°  57'  N.,  Lon.  3°  28'  W.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Baffa,  baf/-fa,  a  small  seaport  t.  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  island  of 
Cyprus,  with  a  castle.  Its  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  ancient  Paphos, 
the  ruins  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen  here.  Lat.  34°  54'  N.,  Lon. 
32°  30'  E. 

Baf^-fin's  Bay,  a  large  gulf  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  America,  between 
that  continent  and  Greenland.  It  is  comprised  between  the  parallels 
of  68°  and  78°  N.  Lat.  and  the  meridians  of  51°  and  80°  W.  Lon.,  ex- 
tending in  a  N.  N.  W.  direction.  It  is  about  780  m.  long,  and,  on  an 
average,  about  280  wide.  The  name  is  derived  from  William  Barfin, 
by  whom  it  was  discovered  in  1616. 

Bagdad,  bag-dad/,*  or  Baghdad,  a  large  and  celebrated  city  of  Asia* 

*  Southey  appears  always  to  place  the  accent  on  the  last  sy''  Me  of  this  namo, 
which  accords  with  the  native  pronunciation. 

"  The  old  man  answered,  '  To  Bagdad  I  go.' " 

" stands  not  Bagdad 

Near  to  the  site  of  ancient  Babylon  ?" 
"  At  length  Bagdad  appeared, 
The  city  of  his  search." — Thalaba,  Books  IV.  and  V. 


BAG— BAH  95 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this :  k,  nearly  like  ng. 


tic  Turkey,  formerly  the  capital  of  the  empire  of  the  Caliphs,  and  now 
of  a  pashalic  of  its  own  name,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Tigris,  about 
200  m.  in  a  direct  line  above  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Eu- 
phrates. It  stands  in  a  forest  of  date  trees,  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
high  and  thick  wall  of  brick  and  mud,  which  is  flanked  at  regular  dis- 
tances with  round  embattled  towers.  The  whole  wall  of  the  city  is 
about  rive  miles  in  circumference.  The  citadel  is  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Tigris  and  on  the  N.  side  of  the  town.  Bagdad  was  formerly  a  great 
emporium  of  eastern  commerce ;  besides  the  traffic  with  its  own  manu- 
factures, it  was  the  entrepot  for  the  commodities  of  eastern  and  west- 
ern Asia.  But  its  trade  has  recently  much  declined.  This  city  was 
founded  by  the  Caliph  Aboo  Jaafer  al  Mansoor,  in  the  year  763,  and 
was  afterwards  greatly  improved  by  the  celebrated  Haroon-er-Rasheed 
(Harun  al  Raschid).  Little,  however,  of  its  ancient  magnificence  now 
remains.  Though,  to  the  approaching  stranger,  its  numerous  minarets 
and  domes,  seen  by  glimpses  through  the  date  trees,  present  an  inte- 
resting and  even  imposing  spectacle,  the  meanness  of  the  buildings 
within,  miserably  disappoints  the  expectation  which  the  exterior  view 
may  have  raised.  Lat.  33°  19'  N.,  Lon.  44°  25'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
about  100,000.     (B.) 

Bagneres  de  Bigorre,  banv-yaiit'd'bev-goR^,  (Lat.  Vi'cus  Aquen'sis,) 
a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Pyrenees,  celebrated  for  its  warm 
springs  and  great  bathing  establishment:  16,000  strangers  are  said  to 
visit  this  place  annually.  Lat.  43°  3'  N.,  Lon.  0°  8'  E.  Pop.  5,633. 
(P.  C.) 

Bagneres  de  Luchon,  ban^-yaiR^d'hY-shoN',  (the  A'quse  Convena'rum 
of  the  Romans,)  a  bathing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Garonne. 
Lat.  42°  47'  N.,  Lon.  0°  34'  E.  This  is  a  small,  but  constantly  improv- 
ing place.     Pop.  in  1826,  near  2,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bagnols,  banx-yole',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  26  m.  N.N.E. 
of  Nimes.  Lat.  44°  9'  N.,  Lon.  4°  35'  E.  Pop.  in  1832,  3,800.  (P.  C.) 
— Also  a  t.  in  the  dep.  of  Lozere,  remarkable  for  its  warm  mineral 
waters.     Lat.  44°  30'  N.,  Lon.  3°  38'  E. 

Bahama  Channel  is  between  Florida  and  the  Bahamas. 

Ba-ha'-mas,  or  Lucayos,  loo-ki^-yoce,  a  chain  of  low  islands,  stretch- 
ing, in  a  north-westerly  direction,  "from  the  N.  side  of  St.  Domingo  to 
the  coast  of  E.  Florida,  and  comprised  within  the  parallels  of  20°  and 
27°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridians  of  68°  40'  and  79°  20'  W.  Lon. 
They  belong  to  the  British  crown.  Some  of  the  largest  islands,  as  the 
Great  Bahama,  and  Lucayo  (now  called  Abaco),  with  many  smaller 
ones,  remain  without  inhabitants.    Entire  pop.  in  1831,  16,788.  (P.  C.) 

Bahar,  ba-har',  an  extensive  prov.  of  Hindostan,  lying  on  both  sides 
of  the  Ganges,  and  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nepaul  and  Bootan,  E.  by  Ben- 
gal, S.  by  Gundwana,  and  W.  by  Gundwana,  Allahabad  and  Oude.  It 
is  computed  to  contain  about  50,000  sq.  m.  It  belongs  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Bengal. 

Bahar,  a  t.  of  the  above  prov.,  situated  in  25°  13'  N.  Lat,  and  85° 
35'  E.  Lon.,  with  about  5,000  houses.     (P.  C.) 


96  BAH— BAL 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fit;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  nd,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good ; 

Bahia,  ba-ee^-a,  an  important  maritime  prov.  of  Brazil,  between  9° 
and  16°  S.  Lat.,  and  37°  and  45°  W.  Lon. 

Bahia  or  San  Salvador,  san  sal-va-doRe^,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of 
Brazil ;  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  and,  next  to  Rio  Janeiro,  the  most 
comn^hrcial  and  most  populous  town  in  S.  America,  is  situated  on  the 
strait  which  leads  from  the  Atlantic  to  All  Saint's  Bay  (Bahia  de  Todos 
os  Santos),  whence  both  the  city  and  province  of  Bahia  derived  their 
name.  It  has  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  America,  and  is  moreover 
the  principal  fortress  of  the  empire.  The  chief  scientific  and  literary 
institutions  of  Bahia  are — the  School  of  Surgery,  the  College,  and  the 
Public  Library,  with  from  60,000  to  70,000  vols.  (M.)  Lat.  13°  S., 
Lon.  38°  30'  W.     Permanent  pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  about  120,000. 

Bahrein.     See  Lahsa. 

Bahrein,  bah-rane',  a  small  i.  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  27£  m.  long,  and 
10  m.  across.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  26°  14'  N.,  Lon.  50°  36'  E.  It  gives  its 
name  to  a  group  of  small  islands,  noted  as  the  centre  of  the  pearl  fish- 
ery.    Total  pop.  estimated  at  60,000.     (M.) 

Baikal,  bi'-kal,  a  great  mountain  lake  of  Asia,  situated  between  51° 
and  56°  N.  Lat,  and  between  104°  and  110°  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is 
said  to  be  about  400  m. ;  its  mean  breadth,  between  30  and  40  m.  The 
superficial  extent  is  estimated  at  14,800  sq.  m.  This  lake  is  very  deep; 
in  some  places  the  bottom  has  not  been  reached  by  a  line  of  a  hundred 
fathoms.  Its  surface  is  about  1,793  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Among  other  smaller  streams,  it  receives  the  Selenga  and  Upper  An- 
gara :  the  Lower  Angara  is  its  only  outlet,  and,  though  a  very  rapid 
river,  is  "said  not  to  carry  off  the  tenth  part  of  the  mass  of  waters 
brought  into  it  by  the  other  streams. — Adj.  Baikalean  or  Baikalian, 
bi-kaF-e-an. 

Baireuth,  bV-ruth,  (Ger.  pron.  bi'-roit),  a  well-built  t.  of  Bavaria ; 
cap.  of  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Main,  125  m.  N.  of  Munich.  Lat.  49° 
57' N.,  Lon.  11°  37  E.     Pop.  about  13,000.     (B.) 

Bairout.     See  Beyroot. 

Baja,  ba/-ya,  (Anc.  Baise,)  Gulf  of,  is  situated  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of 
Naples,  between  Cape  Misenum  and  Pozzuoli. 

Backer,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Flint  r. 
Pop.  8,120.     Co.  t.  Newton. 

Bakoo,  bav-koo',  or  Badku,  a  walled  t.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  in  the  prov. 
of  Shirvan,  situated  on  the  shore  of  the  Caspian.  Lat.  40°  22' N.,  Lon. 
49°  40'  E.     Pop.  between  3,500  and  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bal'-a-ghauts',  an  extensive  district  in  the  S.  of  India,  so  called 
from  its  being  situated  "above  the  Ghauts."  It  forms  a  part  of  the 
presidency  of  Madras. 

Balaruc,  baMav-ruy,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault, 
celebrated  for  its  warm  mineral  springs.    Lat.  43°  28'  N.,  Lon.  3°  41'  E. 

Bal'-a-sore\  an  important  seaport  of  Hindostan,  belonorino-  to  the 
Danes,  in  the  prov.  of  Orissa.  Lat.  21°  32'  N.,  Lon.  86°  56'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Balaton.     See  Platten  See. 

Bal'-bec  or  Baal'-bec^,  an  ancient  city  of  Syria,  situa'  »d  at  the  foot  of 


BAL— BAL  97 

ou,  as  In  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  mountain  range  called  Anti-Libanus.  The  Greek  name  of  this 
city,  Heliop^olis,  signifies  the  same  as  Baalbec ;  i.  e.  "  city  of  the  sun." 
Only  a  small  part  of  the  town  is  now  inhabited;  it  is  chiefly  interest- 
ing for  its  ruins.     Lat.  near  34°  N.,  Lon.  36°  E. 

BAld'-win,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ga,  Pop.  8,148.  Co.  t.  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Baldwin,  a  co.  in  the  &  part  of  Ala.,  E.  of,  and  bord-ering  on  the  Mo- 
bile r.     Pop.  4,414.     Co.  t.  Blakely. 

Bale.     See  Basel. 

Bal-e-ag/-ic  Islands  (Anc.  Balea'res),  situated  in  the  Mediterranean 
Sea,  off  the  E.  coast  of  Spain.  They  consist  of  Majorca,  Minorca,  and 
Iviea,  besides  the  two  very  small  ones  of  Formentera  and  Cabrera. 

Balfurosh,  bar-fur-oshf,  or  Bal'-froosh',  the  third  t.  of  the  king- 
dom of  Persia,  is  situated  in  the  prov.  of  Mazanderan,  about  12  m.  from 
the  S.  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lat  36°  33'  N.,  Lon.  52°  45'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  100,000.     (B.) 

Balize,  ba-leez',  (Mex.  Sp.  Baliza,  ba-lee'-sa,)  a  r.  of  British  Hon- 
duras, Mexico,  which  flows  into  the  Bay  of  Honduras.  Balize  is  a 
corruption  of  Waiiz,  a  name  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  this  place,  from 
its  having  been  discovered,  and  resorted  to  by  an  English  pirate  named 
Wall  ice. 

Balize,  a  t  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r.  Lat.  17°  29'  N., 
Lon.  88°  8'  W.     Pop.  in  1833,3,794.     (P.  C.) 

Balkan,  bM-kan',  (Anc.  Hse^mus,)  a  chain  of  mountains  in  European 
Turkey,  between  Bulgaria  and  Rumelia,  which  commences  near  the 
Adriatic,  and  terminates  at  the  Black  Sea. 

Balkh,  bSifc,  (Anc.  Zarias'pa  and  Bac^tra,)  one  of  the  most  ancient 
and,  formerly,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  populous  cities  of  Asia, 
situated  in  the  kingdom  of  Bokhara.  Lat  36°  40'  N.,  Lon.  67°  18'  E. 
Present  pop.  only  about  2,000.     (B.) 

BaiZ-lard,  a  co.  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio 
r.     Pop.  5,496. 

Ballina,  baP-lin-a',  a  small  t  of  Ireland,  in  Mayo  co.,  6  m.  S.  by  E. 
of  Killala. 

Balx-lin-as-loe\  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Galway,  80  m.  W.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  4,140.     (P.  C.) 

BallstonSpa,  ballsMion  spa,  a  village  of  Saratoga  co.,  N.Y.,  situated 
30  in.  N.  of  Albany,  famous  for  its  mineral  springs. 

Bal'-ly,  or  Bali,  or  Little  Java,  an  i.  separated  from  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Java  by  a  strait  called  the  Strait  of  Bally.  Its  length  is  above 
90  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  about  50  m.  It  is  intersected  by  the  pa- 
rallel of  8°  30'  S.  Lat,  and  the  meridian  of  115°  E.  Lon. 

Balv-ly-shan'-non,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  theco.  of  Donegal,  112  m.  N.W. 
of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,775.     (P.  C.) 

Bai/-tio,  a  sea  in  the  N.  of  Europe,  which  separates  Sweden  and  the 
Danish  islands  from  Germanv,  Prussia,  and  Russia,  extending  from  543 
to  66°  N.  Lat,  and  from  10°  to  30°  E.  Lon.  It  is  about  900  m.  long 
The  superficial  extent  is  estimated  at  above  160,000  sq.  m.  Towarda 
the  northern  extremity  it  forms  two  large  branches,  the  Gulf  of  Both 
9 


98  BAL— BAN 

Fate,  far,  f^.11,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n6t;  ooas  in  good; 

nia,  which  runs  nearly  N.,  and  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  extending  in  an 
easterly  direction.  It  is  connected  with  the  ocean  by  the  gulf  called 
Cattegat. 

BAi/-tj-more,  a  co.  of  Md.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay 
N.  of  the  Patapsco  r.     Entire  pop.  210,64G. 

Baltimore,  a  city,  port  of  entry,  and  seat  of  justice  of  the  above  co.,  oh 
the  N.  side  of  the  Patapsco  r.,  14m.  from  its  entrance  into  the  Chesapeake 
Bay;  about  38m.,  by  the  railroad,  N.E.  of  Washington,  and  93m.W.S.VV. 
of  Philadelphia.  This  town  is  admirably  situated  both  for  foreign  and 
internal  commerce.  It  is  built  round  a  basin,  which  affords  a  secure 
and  spacious  harbour;  and  it  has  communication  by  railroads  not  only 
with  Philadelphia  and  Washington,  but  with  Winchester,  Annapolis, 
Cumberland,  Frederick  City,  York,  Lancaster,  and  Harrisburg.  Among 
the  remarkable  buildings  of  Baltimore  may  be  noticed  the  Washington 
Monument,  on  the  summit  of  which  stands  a  colossal  statue  of  Wash- 
ington, at  a  height  of  163  feet  from  the  ground.  This  city  is  the  seat 
of  a  medical  school,  called  the  University  of  Maryland  ;  and  of  St. 
Mary's  College,  a  flourishing  institution  under  the  direction  of  the 
Roman  Catholics.  It  is  also  the  residence  of  a  Catholic  archbishop. 
All  strangers  agree  in  extolling  the  agreeable  society  of  Baltimore, 
which  is  said  to  resemble,  more  than  any  other  of  our  cities,  the  gay 
and  polished  capitals  of  Europe.  Lat.  39°  17°  N.,  Lon.  76°  37°  W. 
Pop.  169,054— Inhab.  BAl-tj-mo'-re  an. 

Bal-ting-glass/  a  small  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wicklow,  33  m. 
S.  W.  of  Dublin. 

Bam-bar'-ra,  an  extensive  country  in  the  interior  of  N.  Africa,  the 
exact  boundaries  of  which  are  not  known.  On  the  N.  it  borders  on  the 
Great  Desert;  and  it  extends  to  5°  W.  Lon. 

Bamberg,  bam^-beRG,  an  archiepiseopal  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Regnitz, 
about  3  m.  above  its  influx  into  the  Main,  and  30m.  W.  of  Baireuth. 
Besides  its  medical  and  surgical  schools,  it  has  a  lyceum,  in  which  a 
complete  course  of  divinitv  and  philosophy  is  given.  Lat.  49°  56'  N., 
Lon.  11°  E.     Pop.  21,000'    (B.) 

Bams-book/,  a  country  of  Africa,  extending  between  12°  and  14°  N. 
Lat.,  and  8°  and  11°  W.  Lon.,  containing  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and 
iron.  It  is  esteemed  one  of  the  richest  gold  regions  on  the  globe.  The 
inhabitants  are  Mandingoes. 

Ban^-ca,  an  i.  near  the  N.  coast  of  Sumatra,  between  1°  30' and  3°  8' 
W  Lat,  and  105°  9'  and  106°  51'  E.  Lon.  Its  greatest  length  is  135  m. ; 
its  breadth,  65  m.  Banca  owes  its  importance  to  its  inexhaustible  tin 
mines,  first  discovered  about  the  year  1710. 

Ban^-da  Islands,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  eastern  seas,  be- 
tween 4°  20'  and  4°  40"'  S.  Lat.  and  129°  40'  and  130°  10'  E.  Lon. 

Banff,  sometimes  written  and  always  pronounced  Bamff,  the  cap. 
of  Banffshire,  Scotland,  on  the  Doveron,  39  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Aberdeen. 
Pop.  of  the  burgh  and  parish,  3,202. 

Banffshire,  bamtf-shir,  a  co.  in  the  N.  of  Scotland,  bordering  on 
Moray  Frith.     Pop.  49,679. 


BAN— BAR  09 

Oil,  as  m  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Bangalore,  bangx-ga-lore^,  an  important  fortified  t.  of  Hindostan,  in 
Mysore,  Lat.  12°  57' N.  Lon.,  77°  36'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  60,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Bang'-kok',  the  present  cap,  of  Siam,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
r.  Meinam,  about  30  m.  from  its  mouth.  Both  banks  of  the  river  are 
lined  with  floating  houses  for  the  whole  length  of  the  town,  amounting 
to  3  or  4  miles.  Towards  the  river,  these  houses  have  covered  plat- 
forms, where  the  various  productions  of  China  and  of  the  country  are 
exposed  for  sale;  so  that  this  portion  of  Bang-kok  maybe  called  a  float- 
ing bazaar.  The  greatest  number  of  the  inhabitants  are  Chinese  and 
their  descendants.  The  houses,  with  few  exceptions,  are  built  of  wood. 
Lat  about  13°  30'  N.,  Lon.  100°  30'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  90,000.  (B.) 

Bangor,  bangf-gor,  a  city  in  Caernarvonshire,  Wales,  near  the 
N.  entrance  of  Menai  Strait,  9  m.  N.  E.  of  Caernarvon.     Pop.  7,232. 

Ban'-gor,  a  city  of  Me.,  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Penobscot,  on  th,3  W.  bank 
of  r.  Penobscot,  30  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  of  Castine.  It  has  a  theo- 
logical seminary,  established  in  1816.     Pop.  14,432. 

Bann,  a  r.  of  Ireland,  which  rises  in  the  co.  of  Down,  and  flowing 
N.  W.  through  Lough  Neagh,  enters  the  North  Sea  about  4  m.  N.  W. 
of  Coleraine,  after  a  course  of  near  80  m. 

Ban^-ncck-burn',  a  village  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of  Stirling,  29  m, 
W.  N.  W.  from  Edinburgh,  celebrated  for  a  great  victory  gained  by 
Robert  Bruce  over  Edward  II.  of  England,  in  1314.     Pop.  2,206. 

Ban'-tam^,  a  t.  of  Java,  in  a  prov.  of  the  samo  name,  on  the  N.  E. 
coast  of  the  island.  Lat.  6°  2'  S.,  Lon.  106°  9'  E.  It  was  formerly  a 
great  and  populous  city,  but  is  now  falling  in  ruins  and  almost  deserted 
on  account  of  the  putrid  miasmas  which  prevail  here.     (B.) 

Ban'-try,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Cork,  at  the  head  of  an  ex- 
tensive bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  This  bay  contains  three  har- 
bours, one  near  its  entrance,  secure  and  spacious,  with  water  sufficiently 
deep  for  the  largest  ships.     Pop.  4,275.     (P.  C.) 

Bapaume,  bav-pomef,  an  ancient  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Pas  de 
Calais,  94  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  50°  6'  N.,  Lon.  2°  52'  E.  Pop. 
in  1832,  3,071.    (P.  C.) 

Bar-ba^-dos,  or  Barbadoes,  the  most  eastern  of  the  Caribbee 
islands,  belonging  to  the  English,  who  established  a  colony  here  in 
1624.  It  is  about  20  m.  long  and  10  m.  broad.  Area  166  sq.  m.  Entire 
pop.  in  1830,  91,887.  (P.  C.)  Bridgetown,  the  cap.,  is  situated  on 
Carlisle  Bay,  at  the  S.  W.  end  of  the  island.  Lat.  13°  5°  N.,  Lon.  59° 
40'  W. — Inhab.  Bar-b.\/-di-an. 

Bar-l-e-Duc,  baRMeft-duk^,  a  t.  in  the  N.  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Meuse,  or  the  Ornain,  (oR'-naN^,)  a  branch  of  the  Marne,  which 
is  navigable  to  this  place.  It  has  various  manufactures,  but  is  particu- 
larly celebrated  for  its  sweetmeats.  Lat.  48°  47'  N.,  Lon.  5°  10'  E. 
Pop.  12,383.     (B.) 

Bar'-ba-ry,  an  extensive  country,  lying  along  the  N.  coast  of  Africa : 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean^  E,  -by  Egypt,  S.  bv  the  Great 
Desert,  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic.     It  embraces  four  great  states  or 


100  BAR— BAK 

Fite,  fir, fill,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6rn6t;  oo  as  in  good} 

divisions,  viz.,  the  empire  of  Moroeeo  and  the  regencies  of  Algiers, 
Tunis,  and  Tripoli.  Barbary  appears  to  have  been  derived  from 
Berber,  a  name  by  which  the  Arabs  designated  the  people  of  this 
region  before  the  Saracen  conquest.  Some,  however,  derive  it  from 
barbarus  (barbarian).  A  more  particular  description  of  this  country 
will  be  found  under  the  names  of  the  respective  states. 

Bar^-bour,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  bead  waters  of  the 
Monongahera.    Pop.  9,005. 

Barbour,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering  on  the  Chatta^ 
hoochee  r.     Pop.  23,6&2.     Co.  t.  Clayton. 

Barbuda,  bar-boo'-da,  one  of  the  Caribbean  islands,  situated  27  m. 
N.  of  Antigua.  It  is  15  m.  long  and  8  m.  broad,  and  i  as  a  castle  irs 
27°  38'  N.  Lat.,  and  61°  51'  VV.  Lorn 

Barcelona,  baR-ceW-na,  (Lat.  Bar'cino,  Gr.  Ba(Mawi>,|  a  fortified  city 
and  port  of  Spain,  the  cap.  of  Catalonia,  on  the  Mediterranean,  in  the 
midst  of  a  delightful  and  highly  cultivated  country.  It  is  well  built, 
and  contains  eight  colleges,  besides  several  other  scientiic  and  literary 
institutions.  Lat.  41°  21'  N.,  Lon.  2°  10'  E.  Pop.  12>,0O0.  (B.)— 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Bar-cel-o^-ni-an. 

Barcelona,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  and  cap. 
of  a  province  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  10°  6'  N.,  Lon.  64°  44'  W.  Pop. 
about  5,000.     (B.) 

Bareilly,  bar-aMe,  a  t.  of  Delhi,  Hindostan,  and  cap.  of  a  district 
of  the  same  name.  Lat.  28°  23'  N.,  Lon.  79°  16  E.  Pop.  above 
66,000.     (B.) 

Bar^-gain-town.\  a  small  village  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  J.,  in  At- 
lantic co.,  about  4  m.  from  Great  Egg  Harbour. 

Bari,  ba'-re,  (Anc.  Ba/rium,)  an  arebiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples,  the  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  with  a  harbour  on  the  Adriatic.  Lat.  41° 
8'  N.,  Lon.  16°  55'  E.     Pop.  19,000.     (B.) 

Barinas.     See  Varinas. 

Barletta,  baR-letf-ta,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Bari,  on  the 
coast  of  the  Adriatic,  112  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Naples.  Lat.  41°  20'  N.,  Lon. 
16°  18'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  18,000.    (B.) 

Barnaul,  bars-noul',  an  important  mining  t.  of  Russia,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Tomsk.  Lat.  5S°  20'  N.,  Lon.  83°  26'  E.  Pop.  about  8,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Barns'-ley,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  York,  13  m.  N.  of  Sheffield. 
Pop.  of  the  chapelry,  with  an  area  of  about  6sq.  m.,  12,310. 

Barn^-sta-ble,  a  co.  of  Mass.,  comprising  the  whole  peninsula  of 
Cape  Cod,  the  Elizabeth  and  some  other  islands.     Pop.  35,276. 

Barnstable,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  a  little  bay  to 
which  it  gives  its  name.  Lat.  41°  42'  N.,  Lon.  70°  19'  W.  Pop.  of 
the  township,  4,901. 

Barn^-sta-ple,  a  seaport  1  of  England,  in  North  Devon,  34  m.  N.  W. 
of  Exeter.  '  Lat.  51°  5'  N.,  Lon.  4°  4'  W.     Pop.  7,902. 

Barn'-well,  a  dist.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  the  Savau* 
nah  r.     Pop.  21,471.     Seat  of  justice,  Barnwell  c.  h. 


BAR— BAT  l«?r. 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  tfds ;  n,  nearly  like'ft^." 

Baroach,  ba-roch',  a  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  same  namo 
in  the  prov.  of  Guzerat,  on  the  Nerbudda  r.,  25  m.  from  its  mouth.  Lat. 
21°  46'  N.,  Lon.  73°  14'  E.     Pop.  in  1812,  32,716.     (P.  C.) 

Ba-ro^-da,  a  fortified  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  prov.  of  Guzerat.  Lat.  22°  21'  N.,  Lon.  73°  23'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  above  100,000.     (B.) 

Barreges,  bar'-raizb/,  a  village  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Upper 
Pyrenees,  celebrated  for  its  warm  mineral  springs.  It  is  4,259  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  42°  53'  N.,  Lon.  0°  4'  E. 

Bar^-ren,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ky.  Pop.  20,240.  Co.  t 
Glasgow. 

Bar^-row,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  of  Ireland,  which  flows  into  St.  George's 
Channel. 

Bar'-ry,  a  co.  in  the  south-westerly  part  of  Mich.,  a  little  N.  of  the 
Kalamazoo  r.     Pop.  5,072.   Co.  t.  Hastings. 

Barry,  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Ark. 
Pop.  3,467. 

Bar-thoi/-o-mew,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ind.  Pop.  12,428. 
Co.  t  Columbus. 

Basel,  b&'-zel,  (Fr.  Bale  or  Basle,  bal,)  a  canton  in  the  N.  of  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  the  Rhine.  Area  185  sq.m.  Pop.  in  1826, 54,000.  (B.) 

Basel  or  Bale,  the  largest  t.  of  Switzerland,  cap.  of  a  division  of  the 
above  Canton,  on  the  Rhine,  by  which  it  is  divided  into  two  parts.  It 
has  a  university,  which  is  by  far  the  oldest  in  Switzerland,  having  been 
founded  in  1460,  and  several  other  important  literary  institutions.  Lat. 
47°  34'  N.,  Lon.  7°  35'  E.     Pop.  including  the  suburbs,  22,204.     (B.) 

Bassano,  bas-sa^-no,  a  manufacturing  and  trading  t.  of  Austrian  Italy, 
in  the  prov.  of  Vicenza,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Brenta,  24  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Padua.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Basseterre,  bassv-tahV,  the  cap.  of  St.  Christopher's,  in  the  West 
Indies,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island.  Lat.  17°  19'  N.,  Lon. 
62°  49'  W.— Also,  a  t.  on  the  W.  side  of  Guadaloupe.  Lat.  15°  59'  NM 
Lon.  61°  45'  W. 

Bassora,  bas/-so-ra,  or  Basra,  a  fortified  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Shatt-el-Arab.  Lat.  30°  25'  N.,  Lon. 
47°  35'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  60,000.     (B.) 

Bastia,  bas-tee^-a,  the  largest  and  most  commercial  t.  of  the  island 
of  Corsica,  of  which  it  was  formerly  the  cap. ;  on  the  E.  coast.  Lat. 
42°  41'  N.,  Lon.  9°  26'  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ba-ta'-vj-a.  (See  Int.  XI.)  A  city  and  seaport  of  Java,  on  the  N» 
coast.  It  is  the  cap.  of  all  the  Dutch  possessions  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  the  first  commercial  t.  of  all  Oceanica.  (B.)  Lat.  6°  12'  S., 
Lon.  106°  53'  E.     Pop.  in  1824,  53,861.     (P.  C.) 

Batavia,  the  cap.  of  Genesee  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Albany  and  Buffah- 
railroad,  30  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Rochester.     Pop.  of  the  township,  4,401. 

Bates,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  ^n  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory.    Pop.  3,669. 

Bath,  the  chief  city  of  Somersetshire,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
9* 


102  BAT— BAY 

^atc,;faryfa.ll.  fat;  jne1,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

towns  in  England,  on  the  Avon,  about  108  m.  from  London.  It  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  hot  mineral  springs,  which  attract  hither 
multitudes  of  strangers.  This  place  appears  to  have  been  known  to  the 
Romans  under  the  name  of  Aquae  Calida3.  An  interesting  collection 
of  Roman  remains,  found  in  this  town  and  its  vicinity,  is  deposited  in 
the  Bath  Literary  and  Scientific  Institytion.  Lat  51°  22'  32"  N.,  Lou. 
2°  21'  30"  W.     Pop.  38,304. 

Bath,  a  port  of  entry,  in  Lincoln  co.,  Me.,  on  the  Kennebec,  16  m. 
from  the  sea.  Pop.  of  the  township,  8,020.  Lat.  43°  54'  N.,  Lon. 
69°  47/  W. 

Bath,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Va.     Pop.  3,426.     Co.  t.  Bath. 

Bath,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Licking  r. 
Pop.  12,115.  Co.  t.  Qwingsville. 

Baton  Rouge  (bat'-on  roozh),  East,  a  parish  of  La.,  on  the  left  side  of 
the  Miss.     Pop.  11,977.  Heat  of  justice*  Baton  Rouge. 

Baton  Rouge,  seat  of  justice  of  the  above  co.,  and  cap.  of  the 
state  of  La.,  is  on  the  Miss,  r.,  about  90  m.  TV.  N.  TV.  of  New  Or- 
leans.    Pop.  4,000. 

Battaglia  or  La  Battaglia,  la  but-taV-ya,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy, 
10  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Padua,  celebrated  for  its  sulphurous  baths.  Perma- 
nent pop.,  2,700.     (B.) 

Bautzen,  boutf-sen,  a  t.  of  Saxony,  situated  on  the  Spree;  cap  of  the 
circle  of  Upper  Lusatia.  Lat.  51°  12'  N.,  Lon.  14°  25'  E.  Pop.  about 
12,000.     (B.) 

Ba-va'-ri-a  (Ger.  Baiern,  by-era),  a  kingdom  of  Germany,  consisting 
of  two  distinct  portions.  The  one  situated  to  the  E.  of  the  Rhine,  con- 
stituting above  seven-eighths  of  the  whole  kingdom,  and  commonly  called 
the  territory  of  the  Danube  and  the  Main,  extends  from  47°  18'  to  50° 
41'  N.  Lat,  and  from  about  9°  to  13°  46'  E.  Lon.,  and  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  and  N.  W.  by  the  principalities  of  Reuss  and  the  states  of  Ducal 
Saxony,  N.  E.  by  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  E.  by  Bohemia  and  Austria, 
S.  by  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  W.  by  Wiirtemberg,  Baden,  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, and  Hesse  Cassel.  The  other  portion  of  the  Bavarian  dominions, 
the  territory  of  the  Rhine,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  that  river, 
and  is  completely  disjoined  from  the  preceding  by  the  territories  of 
Baden  and  Hesse  Darmstadt.  It  extends  from  48°  57'  to  49°  50'  N. 
Lat,  and  from  7°  6'  to  8°  31'  E.  Lon.  The  total  area  of  Bavaria  is 
29,493  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1833,  4,187,390.  (P.  C.)  Munich  is  the  capi- 
tal.— Adj.  and  inhat>.  Ba-va'-ri-an. 

Bayazid,  bV-a-zeed/,  a  t.  of  Armenia,  at  the  base  of  Mount  Ararat 
Lat  39°  28'  N.,  Lon.  44°  13'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  15,000.    (B.) 

Bayeux,  ba'-yu^,  a  t  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados,  17  m.  W. 
by  N.  of  Caen.  Lat.  49°  17'  N.,  Lon.  0°  42'  W.  Pop.  in  1832,  9,954. 
(P.  C.) 

Bayonne,  bav-yonn',  a  fortified  and  commercial  t  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Lower  Pyrenees  and  Landes,  at  the  junction  of  the  Adour  and 
Nive,  2  or  3  m.  above  their  entrance  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The 
weapon  called  bayonet  derived  its  name  from  this  town,  where  it  was 
first  made.     Lat.  43°  29'  N.,  Lon.  1°  28'  W.    Pop.  14,000.    (B.) 


BAY— BEE  103 

on,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Bayou,  bi'-oo,  or  more  usually  W-o,  a  term  confined  chiefly  to  the 
state  of  Louisiana,  signifying  properly  any  stream  which  is  derived 
from  some  other  stream,  or  from  a  lake ;  in  other  words,  any  stream 
which  is  not  fed  by  fountains.  The  word  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption 
of  the  French  boyau — a  derivation  which  is  rendered  more  probable  by 
the  prevalent  pronunciation,  bi'-o. 

Bearn,  ba'-aa',  formerly  a  prov.  of  France,  now  forming  apart  of  the 
dep.  of  Lower  Pyrenees. 

Beaufort,  bu'-furt,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Pamlico  r.     Pop.  13,816.     Co.  t.  Washington. 

Beaufort,  a  dist.  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  S.  C.  Pop.  38,805. 
Seat  of  justice,  Coosa watchie. 

Beaufort,  a  port  of  entry ;  cap.  of  Carteret  co.,  N.  C,  on  the  Atlan- 
tic coast,  with  a  good  harbour.     Lat.  about  34°  50'  N.,  Lon.  76°  50'  W. 

Beaufort,  a  port  of  entry  of  S.  C,  in  the  dist.  of  Beaufort,  on  a  small 
arm  of  the  sea  called  Port  Royal  r. 

Beauley,  boMe,  a  small  r.  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness-shire,  flowing 
into  Murray  Frith. — Also  a  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r. 

Beaumaris,  bo-ma/-ris,  a  small  t.  of  Wales ;  cap.  of  the  co.  of  An- 
glesea,  on  a  bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  3s  m.  from  Bangor.  Pop. 
2,299. 

Beaune,  bone,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  C6te  d'Or,  famous  for 
its  wine.     Lat.  47°  2'  N.,  Lon.  4°  50'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  9,272.  (P.  C.) 

Beauvais,  bov-va/,  (Anc.  Bellov'acum,  and  Csesarom^agus,)  a  t.  of 
France;  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Oise,  41  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Paris.  Lat. 
49°  26'  N.,  Lon.  2°  5'  E.     Pop.  above  13,000.     (B.) 

Beaver,  a  co.  in  the  W.  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Ohio,  and  intersected 
by  the  Ohio  r.     Pop.  26,689.     Co.  t.  Beaver. 

Bec^-cles,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Suffolk,  98  m.  N.  E.  of  Lon- 
don.    Pop.  of  the  parish,  4,086. 

Bed^-ford,  a  t.  of  England ;  cap.  of  Bedfordshire,  on  the  r.  Ouse, 
48  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  with  an  area  of  above 
3  sq.  m.,  9,178. 

Bedford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Md.  Pop.  23,052. 
Co.  t.  Bedford. 

Bedford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r. 
Pop.  24,080.     Co.  t.  Liberty. 

Bedford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Tenn.  Pop.  21,512.  Co.  t 
Shelbyville. 

Bed'-ford-shire,  an  inland  co.  of  England,  N.  N.  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  107,936. 

Bedouin,  bed^-66-in,  or  Bed'-o-ween\  (Arab.  Bed'-a-wee'.)  The 
Bedouins  are  tribes  of  wandering  Arabs,  dispersed  over  Arabia,  Egypt, 
and  Barbary. 

Bee^-der,  a  t.  of  Hindostan ;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  now 
much  decayed,  and  chiefiv  interesting  for  its  magnificent  ruins.  Lat 
17°  55' N.,  Lon.  77°  34' E. 


104  BEH— BEL 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  ndt;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Be'-hring's  Strait,  a  strait  which  connects  the  Pacific  with  the 
Polar  Ocean,  situated  between  Asia  and  America.  In  the  narrowest 
part  it  is  about  50  m.  wide.  Lat.  between  65°  30'  and  66°  30'  N.,  Lon. 
between  168°  and  170°  W. 

Beira.     See  Beyra. 

Beja,  kV-zha,  an  ancient  t.  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo;  cap.  of  a  dist 
of  the  same  name.  Lat.  38°  5'  N.,  Lon.  7°  40'  W.  Pop.  about 
5,001).     (B.) 

Be'-ja-poor^,  formerly  written  Visiapour,  a  considerable  prov.  of 
Hindostan,  lying  between  15°  and  18°  N.  Lat.,  and  73°  and  76°  E. 
Lon. — Also,  a  t,  the  former  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  now  in  ruins. 

Beith,  beeth,  a  small  t.  of  Ayrshire,  Scotland,  8  m.  N.  of  Irvine. 

Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed'  (often  written  Beled-el-Jerid,  or  -Djeryd), 
usually  pronounced  bel-ed'-ool-jer-eed',  "the  country  of  dates,"  a  name 
given  to  a  region  of  N.  Africa,  lying  S.  and  E.  of  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains. 

Bel-fast',  a  seaport,  the  principal  t.  of  the  N.  of  Ireland,  on  the  bay 
of  Carrickfergus,  about  88  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Dublin.  It  has  a  college  and 
several  other  institutions  for" the  promotion  of  learning.  Belfast  has 
increased  very  rapidly  during  the  last  half  century.  The  census  of 
1831  gave  a  pop.  greater  than  that  of  1821  by  more  than  16,000.  Lat. 
54°  38'  N.,  Lon.  5°  56'  W.     Pop.  in  1851  90,660. 

Belfast,  a  port  of  entry ;  cap.  of  Waldo  co.,  Me.,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Penobscot. 

Belfort,  bcT-foR^,  more  usually  Befort,  Mv-foR^,  a  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Upper  Rhine.  Lat.  47°  39'  N.,  Lon.  6°  50'  E.  Pop.  in  1832, 
4,537.     (P.  C.) 

Belgium,  beF-je-um,  (Fr.  La  Belgique,  la  beP-zheek/,*)  a  kingdom 
of  Europe,  situated  between  49°  32' and  51°  28'  N.  Lat,  and  between 
2°  36'  and  6°  6'  E.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  prov.  of  Limburg, 
North  Brabant,  and  Zealand,  E.  by  the  grand- duchy  of  Luxemburg 
and  that  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  France,  and  N.  W.  by 
the  North  Sea.  Its  length  is  170  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  110  m. 
Area  estimated  at  11,000  sq.  m.  Population  in  1846  4,335,319.  The 
territory  which  forms  the  present  kingdom  of  Belgium,  previously  to 
1830,  belonged  to  the  crown  of  Holland.  In  the  month  of  August  of 
that  year,  a  revolution  began  at  Brussels,  which  resulted  in  establish- 
ing the  independence  of  Belgium  as  a  limited  monarchy.  The  choice 
of  the  national  representatives  fell  upon  prince  Leopold,  of  Saxe  Co- 
burg,  who  ascended  the  throne  in  July,  1831. — Belgium  is  divided  into 
9  provinces ;  viz.,  Antwerp,  Brabant  (South),  East  and  West  Flanders, 
Hainault,  Liege,  Limburg,  Luxemburg,  and  Namur. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Bel'-gl-an. 

*  ft  may  be  proper  to  observe,  that  French  is  spoken  by  the  educated  Belgians 
generally.  The  language  of  the  lower  classes  is,  for  the  most  part,  either  Flemish, 
or  a  corrupt  dialect  of  the  French. 


BEL— BEN  105 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Bel' -grade'*  (Lat.  Singidu'num,  Turk.Bil-graad),  an  ancient,  fortified 
t.  of  European  Turkey,  cap.  of  the  principality  of  Servia,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Save  and  Danube,  on  the  right  bank  of  both  of  these  rivers. 
It  is  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Europe,  and  has  long  been  renowned 
in  the  military  annals  of  Turkey.  Belgrade  is  the  principal  entrepot 
between  Constantinople  and  Salonica  on  the  one  side,  and  Vienna  and 
Pesth  on  the  other.  Lat.  44°  50'  N.,  Lon.  20°  32'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  about  30,000.     (B.) 

Bei/-knap,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  N.  H.,  on  L.  Winnipisseo- 
gee.     Pop.  17,721.     Co.  t.  Guilford. 

Bel-lin-zo^-na,  a  small  t.  of  Switzerland,  cap.  of  the  Canton  of  Ti- 
cino,  on  the  r.  Ticino,  14  m.  N.  of  Lugano.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Belluno,  bel-loo'-no,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  55  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Padua. 
Lat.  46°  10'  N.,  Lon.  12°  20'  E.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bel-mont',  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  34,600.     Co.  t.  St.  Clairsville. 

Beloochistan,  bel-oov-chis-tanM  a  country  in  the  S.  of  Asia,  border- 
on  the  Indian  Ocean,  between  24°  50'  and  30°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  47°  50" 
and  69°  10'  E.  Lon.  Area  estimated  at  150,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  2,000,000. 
(B.)  A  large  portion  of  this  country  is  mountainous  or  desert.  It 
is  estimated  that  less  than  one-tenth  of  the  whole  is  fit  for  pasture, 
and  that  not  one-hundredth  part  is  actually  under  cultivation.  Few 
portions  of  it  can  be  said  to  be  well  watered,  as  nearly  all  the  streams, 
none  of  which  are  very  large,  become  dry  during  the  heat  of  summer. 
The  Beloochees  are  for  the  most  part  pastoral  in  their  mode  of  life, 
though  some  of  them  are  engaged  in  agriculture.  In  character,  they 
are  hospitable,  and  generally  faithful  to  their  promises,  but  avaricious, 
rapacious,  and  revengeful.  The  prevailing  religion  is  Mahometanism. 
The  government  is  a  confederacy  of  several  small  territories,  each 
having  its  own  chief.  All  the  others  recognise  the  supremacy  of  him 
who  resides  at  Kelat. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bel-oo'-chee. 

Benares,  ben-a/-rez,  a  large  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  celebrated  as  having 
been  in  ancient  times  the  seat  of  Brahminical  learning,  and  hence  has 
been  styled  the  Athens  of  India.  It  may  also  be  regarded  as  the 
Hindoo  Rome,  or  the  ecclesiastical  metropolis  of  this  vast  country. 
The  fame  for  sanctity  which  it  possesses,  draws  hither  annually  a  mul- 
titude of  pilgrims  from  different  parts  of  India.  Lat.  25°  18'  N.,  Lon. 
83°  1'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  630,000.     (B.) 

*  "  In  that  day  of  desolation, 
Lady,  I  was  captive  made, 
Bleeding  for  my  Christian  nation, 
By  the  walls  of  high  Belgrade." — Campbell. 

t  We  are  informed,  on  good  authority,  that  the  native  pronunciation  of  tti'w 
name  is  bel-oo^-khis-tan'.but  general  usage  appears  to  have  affixed  to  the  ch  its  soft 
sound :  even  the  French  pronounce  the  name  in  this  manner.  Balbi  writei-  it  Bt- 
loulchistan. 


106  BEN— BER 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  m&,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Benevento,  ben-a-ven'-to  (Lat.  Beneven^tum),  an  archiepiscopal  t, 
of  Italy,  belonging  to  the  Papal  State,  though  situated  within  the  limits 
of  the  kingdom  of  Naples.  This  town  held  an  important  rank  ai  the 
middle  ages,  when  it  was  the  seat  of  a  dukedom.  After  the  time  of 
Charlemagne,  the  duchy  of  Benevento  maintained  itself,  for  a  consi- 
derable period,  as  an  independent  state,  and  its  dukes  assumed  the  title 
of  princes.     Lat.  41°  T  N.,  Lon.  14°  43'  E.     Pop.  about  14,000.     (B.) 

Ben-gAi/,  a  large  prov.  of  Hindostan,  between  21°  and  27°  N.  Lat. 
and  86°  and  93°  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Nepaul  and  Bootan,  E. 
by  the  Burmese  empire,  S.  by  the  Bay  of  Bengal  and  Orissa,  and  W. 
by  Bahar.  Its  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  may  be  estimated  at  350  m.,  its 
average  breadth  at  near  300  m.  Area  estimated  at  97,244  sq.  m.  The 
soil  of  Bengal  is  very  fertile,  and  the  country  is  intersected  in  every 
direction  by  navigable  streams ;  among  others,  the  Ganges  and  Brah- 
mapootra. The  annual  inundations  occasioned  by  the  swelling  of  the 
rivers  in  the  rainy  season,  leave  a  deposit  of  decayed  vegetable  matter, 
and  thus  renew  the  productiveness  of  the  soil.  This  province  is  the 
seat  of  the  supreme  government  in  British  India.  Pop.  in  1822,  esti- 
mated at  23,358,750/  (P.  C.)  Capital,  Calcutta.— Adj.  Benv-gA-lese/ 
and  Ben-gAi/-ee.     Inhab.  Bengalese. 

Benguela,  ben-gaMa,  a  district  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  S.  of 
Angola. 

Benin,  ben-een^,  a  kingdom  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  in  Nigritia. — 
A  r.  of  this  country,  flowing  into  a  gulf  of  the  same  name. — Also,  a  t. ; 
the  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Benin.     Pop.  estimated  at  15,000.     (B.) 

Ben'-ning-ton,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Vt.  Pop. 
18,589.     Co.  towns,  Bennington  and  Manchester. 

Bensheim,  bensMiime,  a  small  t.  of  Hesse  Darmstadt,  8  m.  S.  of 
Darmstadt.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Bentheim,  bentMiime,  a  small  district  of  Germany,  comprised  within 
the  limits  of  Hanover,  with  a  t.  of  the  same  name. 

Ben'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering  on  Ga.  Pop. 
17,163.     Co.  t.  Jacksonville. 

Benton,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ark.  Pop.  3,710. 
Co.  t.  Osage. 

Benton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  W.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Tennessee  r.     Pop.  6,315. 

Benton,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  111.  Pop. 
1,144. 

Benton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the 
Osage  r.     Pop.  5,015.     Seat  of  justice,  Benton  c.  h. 

Berar,  bWar/,  a  prov.  in  the  S.  of  Hindostan,  between  17°  and  23° 
N.  Lat,  and  75°  and  81°  E.  Lon. 

Berat,  ber-at',  an  important  t.  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania. 
Lat.  40°  48'  N.,  Lon.  19°  52'  E.     Pop.  9,(00.     (B.) 

Beresina  or  Berezina,  ber-ez-ee^-na,  a  r.  of  Russia,  flowing  into  the 
Dnieper. 

Ber-ez-of'  (Berezow),  a  small  t.  of  Siberia;  cap.  of  a  ciicle  of  the 
game  name.  Lat.  63°  56'  N.,  Lon.  about  67°  E.  Pop.  about  1,500.  (P.  C.) 


BER— BER  107 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  :  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Bergamo,  bi'R^-ga-mo,  (Anc.  Ber/gomum,)  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  in 
a  prov.  6f  the  same  name,  27  m.  N.  E.  of  Milan.  It  possesses  several 
scientific  and  literary  institutions ;  among  others,  a  public  library  of 
45,000  vols.     Lat.  45°  42'  N.,  Lon.  9°  40'  E.     Pop.  32,000.     (B.) 

Bergen,  beRg'-en,  an  ancient  and  commercial  t.  of  Norway,  situated 
on  a  bay  of  the  North  Sea.  Lat.  60°  24'  N.,  Lon.  5°  21/  E.  Pop, 
21,000.    (B.) 

Berg/-en,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Hudson  r. 
Pop.  14,725.     Co.  t.  Hackensack. 

Berg-op- Zoom,  d^rg^  op  zome',  (Berg  on  the  Zoom,)  sometimes 
incorrectly  written  Bergen-op-Zoom,  a  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  in  N.  Bra- 
bant, on  the  little  river  Zoom,  and  near  the  E.  branch  of  the  Scheldt, 
19m.  N.  by  W.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Bergues,  bf2Rg,  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  about 
5  m.  S.  E.  of  Dunkerque.  Lat.  50°  58'  N.,  Lon.  2°  24'  E.  Pop.  in 
1832,  5,962.     (P.  C.) 

Berkeley,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Potomac  r.  Pop. 
11,771.     Co.  t.  Martinsburg. 

Berks,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  Schuylkill. 
Pop.' 77,129.     Co.  t.  Reading. 

Berk/-shire,  formerly  written,  and  still  often  pronounced  Barkshire, 
an  inland  co.  of  England,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Thames.  Pop. 
161,147. 

Berkshire,  a  co.  forming  the  western  extremity  of  Mass.  Pop. 
49,591.    Co.  t.  Lennox. 

Ber'-lin  (Ger.  pron.  beR-leen'),  the  cap.  of  the  Prussian  dominions, 
and,  next  to  Vienna,  the  largest  and  finest  city  of  Germany,  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  Spree,  in  the  prov.  of  Brandenburg.  The  part 
called  New  Town  (Neu  Stadt,  noil  statt),  is  built  with  great  regular- 
ity. The  streets  are  wide,  and  adorned  with  a  multitude  of  magnify 
cent  buildings,  both  public  and  private.  The  royal  palace  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  Europe.  Berlin  is  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  literature,  science, 
and  the  arts ;  among  the  multitude  of  institutions  for  the  promotion  of 
which,  may  be  named — the  University,  founded  in  1810,  which  is  one 
of  the  first  in  Europe ;  it  has  121)  professors,  and  about  1,700  students : 
the  Royal  Library,  containing  more  than  400,000  vols.,  besides  manu- 
scripts :  and  the  new  Museum,  with  a  superb  collection  of  paintings, 
coins,  and  other  works  of  art.  In  trade,  extent,  and  population,  it  sur- 
passes every  other  city  of  the  Prussian  dominions.  The  old  Observa- 
tory is  in  52°  31'  13"  N.  Lat,  and  13°  23'  52"  E.  Lon.  P.  in  1846 
including  the  garrison  408,500. 

Berlin,  a  t.  of  Conn.,  in  Hartford  co.,  11  m.  S.  of  Hartford,  remark- 
able for  its  tin  manufactures.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3,411. 

Bermudas,  ber-moo^-daz,*  or  Sommers'  Islands,  are  situated  in  the 

*  This  name,  in  Shakspeare's  time,  appears  to  have  been  pronounced  after  the 
Spanish  mode,  Bermoothes,  as  we  find  it  thus  written  in  the  Tempest,  Act  I 
Scene  2     (See  Int.  XXVII.,  7.) 


108  BER— BEV 

Fate,  far,  fS.ll,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  oo  as  in  good; 

N.  Atlantic,  645  m.  N.  E.  of  Atwood's  Keys,  the  nearest  of  the  W.  India 
Islands,  and  580  m.  from  Cape  Hatteras,  in  North  Carolina.  These 
islands  are  very  numerous:  the  principal  are  St.  George's,  St.  David's, 
Long  Island  (or  Bermuda),  Somerset,  and  Ireland.  They  belong  to 
Great  Britain.  The  climate  of  the  Bermudas  is  that  of  perpetual 
spring.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  supposed  discoverer,  Bermudez, 
a  Spaniard  who  is  said  to  have  touched  here  in  1522.  Wreck  Hill,  the 
western  part  of  the  group,  is  in  32°  15'  N.  Lat.,  and  64°  50'  W.  Lon. 
Total  pop.  in  1832,  12,228.  (P.  C.)— Inhab.  Bermudian,  ber-moo'- 
de-an. 

Bern  or  Berne  (Ger.  and  Fr.  pron.  b(W),  the  most  populous  and 
next  to  the  largest  canton  of  Switzerland,  is  situated  in  the  central 
part  of  this  country.  Area  2,577  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1831,  380,000.  (P.  C.) 
—Adj.  and  inhab.  Ber-nese'. 

Bern,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  r.  Aar. 
Its  trade  is  considerable,  and  it  possesses  several  good  establishments 
for  education,  with  a  richly  endowed  museum  of  natural  history,  and 
a  public  library  of  30,000  volumes.  Lat.  46°  57'  N.,  Lon.  7°  25'  E. 
Pop.  of  the  town,  with  its  environs,  20,000.     (B.) 

Bern'-ard,  St.,  a  mountain  pass  between  Switzerland  and  Italy,  on 
which  the  celebrated  Hospice  or  monastery  of  St.  Bernard  stands,  at 
the  height  of  about  7,963  feet,  being  the  most  elevated  fixed  habitation 
in  Europe,  and  close  upon  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow.  Above  it,  tre- 
mendous rocks  rise  to  the  height  of  4,240  feet,  or  about  12,200  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Bernard,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  Lake 
Borgne'.     Pop.  3,802. 

Ber'-ri.-en,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  state  of  Mich., 
lying  on  L.' Michigan.     Pop.  11,417.  Co.  t.  St.  Joseph. 

Ber-tie',  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  Roanoke. 
Pop.' 12,851.     Co.  t.  Windsor. 

Berwick,  usually  pronounced  ber'-rick,a  seaport  and  garrison  t.  of  the 
co.  of  Northumberland,  Eng.,  on  the  road  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Tweed,  about  half  a  mile  from  its  mouth,  and  48  m. 
E.  by  S.  from  Edinburgh.  Lat.  55°  46'  N.,  Lon.  about  2°  W.  Pop.  of 
the  parish,  including  an  area  of  8  sq.  m.,  8,484. 

Berwickshire,  ber^-rik-shir,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of 
Scotland.     Pop.  34,438. 

Besanqon,  bez-aV-soN'  or  b'zaNx-s<W,  (the  Vesan'tii  of  the  Romans.)  a 
very  ancient  fortified  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Doubs,  on  the  r. 
Doubs,  205  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Its  trade  and  manufactures  are  consi- 
derable: it  possesses  a  number  of  establishments  for  education,  and  is 
the  seat  of  an  archbishopric.  Lat.  47°  14'  N.,  Lon.  6°  3'  E.  Pop. 
29,000.     (B.) 

Besv-sa-ra'-bi.-a,  or  besv-sa-ra'-be-a,  a  prov.  forming  the  S.  W.  extre- 
mity of  the  Russian  empire,  lying  between  the  Pruth  and  Dniester, 
between  44°  45  and  48°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  26°  10'  and  30°  25'  E.  Lon. 

Bev'-el-and  (Dutch  pron.  ba/velant,)  a  dist.  of  Holland,  including 


BEV— BIL  109 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


two  islands  called  N.  and  S.  Beveland,  situated  in  the  great  estuary  of 
the  Scheldt. 

Bev'-e-ren  (Dutch  pron.  ba'-ver-en),  a  t.  of  Belgium,  7  m.  W.  of 
Antwerp.     Pop.  near  6,000.     (B.) 

Bev'-er-ley,  a  t.  of  England,  cap.  of  the  E.  riding  of  Yorkshire,  28  m. 
E.  by  S.'of  York.     Entire  pop.  of  the  town  and  liberties,  8,671. 

Bev'-er-ly,  a  t.  of  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  4,689. 

Bewd'-ley,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Worcester,  13  m.  N.  by  W. 
of  Worcester.     Pop.  3,400. 

Beyra  or  Beira,  ba/e-ra,  a  prov.  of  Portugal ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
the  r.  Douro*,  which  separates  it  from  the  provinces  Entre  Douro  e  Min- 
ho  and  Tras  os  Montes,  E.  by  Spain,  S.  by  the  provinces  of  Algarve 
and  Estremadura,  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  130  m.; 
breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  110  m. 

Beyroot  or  Bairout,  ba/-root,  (Turk.  pron.  bi-root;  that  of  the 
Arabs  corresponds  with  the  English,  as  already  given  :  Gr.  B^pt^oj, 
Lat.  Ber/ytus,)  a  very  ancient  city  of  Syria,  in  the  pashalic  of  Acre,  on 
the  Mediterranean,  once  celebrated  for  its  school  of  jurisprudence.  It 
now  possesses  few  traces  of  its  former  splendor.  Lat.  33°  49£'  N.,  Lon. 
35°  27'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bhatv-gong/  or  b'hat'-gong/,  a  t.  of  Nepaul,  about  6  m.  S.  E.  of  Kat- 
mandoo,  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  Brahminical  learning. 

Bhopal.     See  Bopaul. 

Bliurt'-poor/  or  b'hurtv-poor',  a  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of  Agra; 
cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name.     Lat.  27°  12'  N.,  Lon.  77°  30'  E. 

Bx-ai/-ys-tok,  an  elegantly  built  t.  of  Western  Russia ;  cap.  of  a 
prov.  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  53°  T  N.,  Lon.  23°  18'  E.  Pop.  above 
6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bibb,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Ocmulgec. 
Pop.  12,699.  Co.  t.  Macon. 

Bibb,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Cahawba. 
Pop.  9,969.     Co.  t.  Centreville. 

Bid'-e-ford  orBiDDEFORD,  a  seaport  t.  of  Devonshire,  England,  36m. 
N.  by  W.  from  Exeter.     Lat.  51°  2'  N.,  Lon.  4°  12'  W.     Pop.  4,830. 

Bielefeld,  beeMeft-felt\  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussia,  in  West- 
phalia.    Lat.  52°  2'  N.,  Lon.  8°  29'  E.     Pop.  5,200.     (B.) 

Big-Black  River,  a  r.  in  the  state  of  Miss.,  flowing  into  the  Missis- 
sippi. 

Big  Horn  River,  rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  flows  into  the 
Yellow  Stone. 

Bilbao,  bil-ba'-o,  often  written  and  pronounced  in  English  Bil'-bo-a, 
a  t.  in  the  N.  of  Spain ;  cap.  of  Biscay.  Lat.  43°  15'  N.,  Lon.  2°  56 
W.     Pop.  about  15,000.     (B.) 

Bills^-tqn,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  107  m. 
N.  W.  from  London.     Pop.  of  the  township  and  chapelry,  with  an  area 
ofabout  4  sq.m.,  20,181. 
10 


110  BIN— BIR 

Fite,  fir,  fill,  fit;  m6,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Bing'-en,  a  t.  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhino. 
Lat.  49°  55'  N.,  Lon.  7°  51'  E.     Pop.  4,100.     (B.) 

Bing'-ham-ton,  or  Chenango  Point,  the  cap.  of  Broome  co.,  N.  Y., 
on  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  20  m.  E.  of  Owego,  and  con- 
nected by  the  Chenango,  with  the  Erie,  Canal.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Bio-bio,  bee/-o-bee-o,  a  r.  of  Chili,  which  falls  into  the  Pacific  in  36° 
50'  S.  Lat. 

Birket-el-Keroon,  more  properly  Birket-el-Koorn,  beeV-ket-el- 
kooRn'  (i.  e.  the  "  lake  of  the  horn,"  so  named  from  its  peculiar  shape) ; 
a  considerable  lake  of  Middle  Egypt,  bounding  the  prov.  of  Faioom  on 
the  N.  W.,  and  situated  between  29°  35'  and  29°  15'  N.  Lat,  and  30° 
10'  and  30°  40'  E.  Lon.  Its  length,  following  the  curve,  is  rather  more 
than  30  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  6  or  7  m.  It  is  the  Lake  Mceris  of 
the  ancients. 

Birket-el-Marioot,  beeV-ket-el-ma-re-ootf,  (the  Lake  Mareo^tis  of 
the  ancients,)  a  lake  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Lower  Egypt,  S.  E.  of  Alex- 
andria. It  had  become  entirely  dry  within  the  last  three  centuries,  but 
as  the  bottom  is  several  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  English,  in 
1801,  in  order  to  circumscribe  the  operations  of  the  French,  cut  across 
the  narrow  isthmus  which  separated  the  basin  from  the  lake  of  Aboo- 
keer  (Aboukir),  when  the  sea-water  flowed  in,  and  covered  an  extent 
of  30m.  in  length,  and  15  in  breadth.  This  isthmus  has  since  been 
restored  by  Mehemet  Ali. 

Bir/-ma,  Burma,  or  Brah/-ma,  called  also  the  kingdom  of  Ava,  an  em- 
pire of  Chin-India,  in  the  S.  E.  of  Asia.  Its  exact  boundaries  on  the  N. 
and  E.  are  not  known.  On  the  S.  it  extends  about  240  m.  along  the  gulf 
of  Martaban  ;  the  country  of  Arracan  bounds  it  on  the  W.  The  Bir- 
man  empire  consists  of  Birma  proper,  Pegoo,  Martaban,  and  the  Birman 
Lao.  The  climate  is  said  not  to  exhibit  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold 
which  are  found  in  India,  and  is  supposed,  therefore,  to  be  more  healthy 
to  the  European  constitution.  It  varies,  however,  greatly  in  different 
parts  of  the  country.  The  soil  produces  almost  every  kind  of  grain 
and  vegetables,  as  well  as  the  different  tropical  fruits;  the  pine  apple 
is  said  to  grow  here  spontaneously.  The  Birmans  are  much  less  civil- 
ized than  the  Hindoos.  In  religion  they  are  Boodhists*,  neither  Ma- 
hometanism  nor  Christianity  has  made  any  progress  among  them.  The 
government  is  an  absolute  despotism,  their  sovereign  being  the  lord  of 
the  life  and  property  of  all  his  subjects. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bir'man  and 
Bir-mese^,  or  Burmese. 

Bir/-ming-ham,  a  large  t.  of  England,  in  Warwickshire,  98  m.  N.  W 
of  London.  It  has  increased  astonishingly  within  a  C  \  .ury,  and  has 
become  the  principal  hardware  manufacturing  town  of  li.  Britain.  By 
means  of  canals  and  railways  it  is  connected  with  all  the  more  im- 
portant places  of  the  kingdom,  and  thus  enjoys  every  facility  for  trade, 
and  is  enabled  to  distribute  the  productions  of  its  industry  to  all  parts 
of  the  globe.     Lat.  52°  29'  N.,  Lon.  1°  52'  W.     Pop.  182,922. 


BIR— BLA  111 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Birr  or  Par'-sons-townx,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  Kings  co.  Lat.  53°  7'  N. 
Lon*.  7°  51'  W.     Pop.  in  1831,  6,594.     (P.  C.) 

Bis'-cay,  (Sp.  Biscaya,  bis-kV-a  or  Viscaya,)  a  small  prov.  in  the  N. 
of  Spain,  lying-  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.     Adj.  and  inhab.  Bis-ca\/-an. 

Biscay,  Bay  of,  is  that  portion  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  which  washes  the 
northern  coasts  of  Spain,  and  divides  them  from  the  western  coasts  of 
France. 

Black  Mountain,  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  N.  C,  remarkable 
as  being  the  most  elevated  point  of  the  Appalachian  system,  and  the 
highest  mountain-summit  in  the  United  States,  E.  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    Height,  6,476  ft.     Lat.  about  36°  10'  N.,  Lon.  81°  40'  W. 

Black  River,  a  r.  in  the  northern  part  of  N  Y.,  which  flows  into 
L.  Ontario,  near  Sackett's  Harbour.     Its  whole  length  is  about  120  m. 

Black  Rock,  a  village  of  Erie  co.,  N.  Y.,  on  Lake  Erie,  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Niagara  r.,  2  m.  from  Buffalo. 

Black  Sea,*  called  also  the  Eu^-xine,  (Anc.  Pon^tus  Euxi^nus ;  Turk. 
Ka'-mx  Deng/-is,)  lies  between  40°  50'  and  46°  40'  N.  Lat,  and  27°  20' 
and  41°  50'  E.  Lon.,  and  divides  the  southern  provinces  of  European 
Russia  from  Natolia.  It  communicates  with  the  Mediterranean  by  the 
Bosporus,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  and  the  Hellespont.  Throughout  its 
whole  extent  there  is  but  one  small  island.  This  is  uninhabited,  and 
lies  in  45°  15'  N.  Lat.,  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the  western 
shore.  The  waters  of  this  sea  are  much  less  saline  than  those  of  the  ocean. 
Their  specific  gravity,  compared  with  that  of  fresh  water,  is  1142  to 
1000.  The  water  of  the  Atlantic  is  1288.  This  difference  is  probably 
owing  to  the  great  quantity  of  fresh  water  which  the  numerous  rivers 
pour  into  the  Euxine  from  the  surrounding  country.  The  waters  of  the 
Baltic,  however,  are  considerably  less  saline  than  those  of  th.e  Black 
Sea,  their  specific  gravity  being  not  above  1042.     (P.  C.) 

Black  Warrior,  a  r.  of  Alabama,  which  flows  into  the  Tombigbee. 
It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Tuscaloosa,  nearly  500  m.  by  water, 
from  Mobile. 

Blacks-ford,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  canal.     Pop.  2,860. 

Bla'-den,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Cape 
Fear  r.     Pop.  9,767.     Co.  t.  Elizabethtown. 

Blanc,  Mount,  (Fr.  Mont  Blanc,  moN  blaN,  i.  e.  "  white  mountain,") 

*  The  name  Black  Sea  is  said  to  have  been  given  by  the  Turks,  who,  being 
accustomed  only  to  the  navigation  of  the  Archipelago,  where  the  numerous 
islands  and  their  convenient  ports,  offered  many  places  of  refuge  in  case  of  dan- 
ger, found  the  traversing  such  an  open  expanse  of  water  very  perilous,  and  accord- 
ingly expressed  their  fears  by  the  epithet  "black"  (kara).  Partly  on  the  same 
account,  and  partly  because  the  shores  of  this  sea  were  occupied  by  barbarous 
nations,  the  ancient  Greeks  first  called  it  aj-evos,  (axenos,)  i.  e.  "  inhospitable;"  but 
afterwards,  when  they  had  become  better  acquainted  with  the  art  of  navigation, 
and  had  established  numerous  colonies  on  the  shores,  they  changed  the  name  to 
evlevts  or  tv$eivos,  (euxenos  or  euxeinos,)  i.  e.  "hospitable." 


112  BLA— BOG 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good  / 

the  highest  mountain  in  Europe,  situated  in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  on 
the  boundary  line  between  Savoy  and  Piedmont.  The  highest  point  is 
2460  toises,  or  15,533  English  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  (B.) 
Lat.  about  45°  50'  N.,  Lon.  6°  50'  E. 

Blan'-co  Cape,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  in  20°  46'  26"  N.  Lat, 
and  17°  4'  10"  W.  Lon.,  is  the  W.  extremity  of  a  rocky  ridge  extend- 
ing into  the  Sahara,  called  the  White  Mountains. 

Blan'-ken-burg  or  blan'-ken-bo6RG\  a  principality  in  the  N.  of  Ger- 
many, belonging  to  the  dukes  of  Brunswick. — Also  the  chief  t.  of  the 
above.     Lat.  51°  47'  N.,  Lon.  10°  57'  E.     Pop.  3,200.     (P.  C.) 

Bled'-soe,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  W.  of  the  Tennes- 
see r.     Pop.  5,959.     Co.  t.  Pikeville. 

Bleiberg,  bli^-beRG,  i.  e.  "  lead  mountain,"  a  village  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  on  the  Drave,  in  Carinthia,  with  one  of  the  richest  lead  mines 
in  Europe.     Pop.  including  that  of  the  environs,  near  4,000.     (B.) 

Blenheim,  blen'-im,  (Ger.  pron.  blenMiime,)  a  village  of  Bavaria  on 
the  Danube,  where,  in  1704,  Marlborough  and  Prince  Eugene  gained  a 
great  victory  over  the  French  and  Bavarian  forces  under  Marshal  Tal- 
lard. 

Blois,  Bloi,  or,  more  correctiy,  blwa,  an  important  city  of  France, on 
the  Loire,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Loir-et-Cher.  Here  is  an  ancient  aque- 
duct cut  in  the  rock,  supposed  to  have  been  made  by  the  Romans,  which 
is  still  used  for  supplying  the  town  with  water.  Lat.  47°  35'  N.,  Lon. 
1°  20'  E.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Blount,  a  co.  in  the  northern  part  of  Ala.,  S.  of  the  Tennessee  r. 
Pop.  7,367.     Co.  t.  Blountsville. 

Blount,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  N.  C.  Pop.  12,382. 
Co.  t.  Marysville. 

Blue  Mountains,  the  eastern  range  of  the  Alleghanies,  extending 
from  the  highlands,  on  the  Hudson,  to  N.  C,  where  it  joins  the  main 
range.     In  Va.  it  is  called  the  Blue  Ridge. 

Bobber,  a  r.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  flowing  into  the  Oder,  at  Krossen. 
Length  about  140  m. 

Bocage,  bo'-kazhf,  a  dist.  of  France,  in  the  former  prov.  of  Normandy, 
now  situated  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados.  The  inhabitants  are  distinguished 
by  their  small  stature,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  patriarchal  simpli- 
city of  their  mode  of  life,  for  industry,  and  for  attachment  to  their  na- 
tive soil.     Capital,  Vire. 

Bceuf,  bef,  the  name  of  a  bayou  in  La.,  which  communicates  with 
the  Red  r.  and  the  Atchafalaya.     (See  Bayou.) 

Bodensee.     See  Constance,  Lake. 

Bod^-min,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Cornwall,  about  210  m 
W.  S.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  with  an  area  of  above  4 
sq.  m.,  4,205. 

Bog,  sometimes  written  Boug  (Anc.  Hyp^anis),  a  r.  in  the  S.  part  of 
European  Russia,  flowing  into  the  Dnieper.     Length  about  470  m. 

B6/-GLj-pooRf,  a  t.  of  Hindostan ;  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name, 


BOG— BOK  113 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ganges.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  Maho- 
metan college.     Lat.  25°  13'  N.,  Lon.  about  87°  E.     Pop.  30,<'00.  (B.) 

Bogota  or  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  sin'-ta  fa  da  bo-go-ta',  an  archiepis- 
copal  t.  of  S.  America,  formerly  the  cap.  of  the  Spanish  vice-royalty  of  N. 
Granada,  at  present  the  metropolis  of  the  republic  of  this  name,  situated 
9  or  10  m.  distant  from  the  small  r.  of  Bogota,  at  the  foot  of  two  lofty 
mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  about  8,640  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  was  founded  by  Quesade,  in  1538.  Like  many  other  towns 
built  by  the  Spaniards  in  America,  Bogota  presents  the  figure  of  a 
cross,  of  which  the  principal  square  and  church  form  the  centre.  As 
this  place  is  subject  to  frequent  earthquakes,  most  of  the  houses  con- 
sist of  one  or  two  stories  only.  Bogota  has  three  colleges;  and  twenty- 
six  churches,  the  interior  of  which  is  resplendent  with  gold.  It  also 
contains  nine  monasteries,  and  three  nunneries.  Lat.  4°  36'  N.,  Lon. 
74°  13'  VV.     Pop.  estimated  at  40,000.     (B.) 

Bo-hV-mi.-a.  (Ger.  Bdhmen,  bo'-men,  or  Boheim,  bo'-hime),  derives 
its  name  from  the  ancient  Boii,  who  occupied  the  country  about  the 
sources  of  the  Elbe  and  Moldau.  It  now  constitutes  a  kingdom  belong- 
ing to  the  empire  of  Austria,  comprising  Bohemia  Proper,  the  margra- 
viate  of  Moravia,  and  a  small  portion  of  Upper  Silesia.  Bohemia  Proper 
occupies  an  irregular  quadrangle  in  the  S.  E.  of  Germany,  between 
48°  33'  and  51°  5'  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  and  16°  46'  E.  Lon.,  and  is  bounded 
on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Saxony,  N.  E.  by  Prussian  Silesia,  S.  E.  and 
S.  by  Moravia  and  Austria,  and  S.  W.  by  Bavaria.  It  contains  about 
20,000  sq.  m.     Pop.  about  3,932,000.     (P.  C.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Bo- 

HE^-MJ-AN. 

Bois-le-Duc,  bwaMeA-duk',  a  fortified  manufacturing  t.  of  Holland  ; 
cap.  of  North  Brabant!  Lat.  51°  42'  N.,  Lon.  5°  16  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  13,000.     (B.) 

Bojador,  bojx -a-dore',  (Port.  pron.  bozh-a-doRe',)  a  cape  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa.     Lat.  26°  12'  N.,  Lon.  14°  27'  W. 

Bokhara,  bo-Ka'-ra,  or  Bu-krV-rx-a,  (Anc.  Sogdia'na  and  Tran- 
soxia'na,)  called,  also,  Usbekhistan,  ooz-beKx-is-tan',  a  country  in  Cen- 
tral Asia,  between  36°  and  42°  N.  Lat.,  and  62°  and  72°  E.  Lon.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  an  extensive  desert  called  Kizil  Koom,  and  on 
the  S.  by  Budukhshan  and  Afghanistan.  The  climate  of  Bokhara  is 
regular  and  constant,  and  the  soil  produces  a  great  variety  of  vegeta- 
bles and  fruits  proper  to  the  temperate  latitudes.  Area  estimated  at 
90,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  2,500,000.  (B.)  The  prevailing  languages  are 
the  Persian  and  Turkish.  The  former  is  spoken  by  the  better  edu- 
cated generally.  The  government  is  despotic,  but,  as  it  is  regu- 
lated on  the  laws  of  the  Koran,  the  authority  of  the  sovereign,  in 
some  measure,  is  controlled  by  the  priests  and  lawyers.  The  khan  of 
Bokhara  is  the  most  powerful  of  the  princes  of  Toorkistan,  and  main- 
tains a  standing  army  of  about  25,000  men,  of  which  not  more  than 
4,000  are  infantry. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bokharian,  bo-Ka/-re-an,  and 
Bu-kha'-rj-an  ;  also  Bokharese,  bov -Ka-re.se'.     (M.) 

Bokhara,  the  cap.  of  the  khanat  of  the  same  name,  and  the  mos* 
10* 


114  BOL— BOL 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good ; 

commercial  t.  of  Central  Asia,  is  situated  in  a  rich  plain,  surrounded 
by  gardens  and  trees.  It  is  the  centre  of  communication  between  seve- 
ral countries,  and  carries  on,  by  means  of  caravans,  an  active  trade 
with  Russia,  Turkey,  Persia,  Afghanistan,  India,  and  China.  Bokhara 
is  a  celebrated  seat  of  Mahometan  learning.  It  is  computed  that  about 
10,000  persons  attend  the  different  schools  and  colleges  of  this  city  at 
one  time.  Lat.  39°  48'  N.,  Lon.  64°  26'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above 
100,000.     (B.) 

Bolx-bec',  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine, 
110  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris.  It  has  increased  astonishingly  within  the  last 
20  years.     Lat.  49°  35'  N.,  Lon.  0°  28'  E.     Pop.  above  8,(!00.     (B.) 

Boli  or  Bo'-lee,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Lat.  40°  42'  N.,  Lon.  31°  44'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  50,000.     (B.) 

Boi/-x-var,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  2,577.     Co.  t.  Bolivar. 

Bo-liV-x-a,  or  bo-lee'-ve-a,  a  republic  of  S.  America,  situated  be- 
tween about"  10°  and  25°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  57°  and  70°  44'  W.  Lon., 
bounded  on  the  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Brazil  and  Paraguay,  S.  by  Buenos 
Ayres  and  Chili,  W.  and  N.  W.  by  the  Pacific  and  by  Peru.  Length 
about  1,100  m.;  greatest  breadth,  800  m:  Area  estimated  at  about 
400,000  sq.  m.  No  recent  census  of  Bolivia  having  been  taken,  the 
pop.  is  variously  estimated  from  630,000  to  1,300,000.  Balbi  gives  the 
latter  number.  This  republic  dates  from  the  battle  of  Ayacucho  (i-ya- 
koo'-cho),  1824,  in  which  the  patriots,  under  Sucre,  completely  defeated 
the  royalists.  The  new  republic  was  named  Bolivia,  in  honour  of 
General  Bolivar.  The  seat  of  government  is  Chuquisaca,  formerly 
called  La  Plata. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bo-liv'-j-an. 

Bologna,  bo-lone'-ya,  (Lat.  Bono^nia,)  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal 
State,  next  to  Rome  in  population  and  importance,  26  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Ferrara,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  canal  (Naviglio,  na-veel'-yo), 
navigable  for  large  boats.  From  Ferrara,  by  means  of  the  Po,  Adige, 
and  intermediate  canals,  the  water  communication  extends  to  Venice. 
This  town  is  one  of  great  antiquity.  It  was  the  principal  city  of  the 
Etruscans  north  of  the  Appenines,  and  was  then  called  Felsina.  Af- 
terwards the  Romans  changed  its  name  to  Bononia.  Bologna  abounds 
in  churches,  most  of  which  are  rich  in  paintings.  It  is  also  remarka- 
ble for  its  public  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  literature,  science,  and 
the  fine  arts.  The  university  of  Bologna  is  the  oldest,  and  still  one  of 
the  principal  in  Italy.  There  is  a  public  library,  containing  83,000 
vols.  Lat.  44°  30'  N.,  Lon.  11°  21'  E.  Pop.  above  71,000.  (B.)~ 
Adj.  Bolognese,   bov-lo-neze^,   and   Bolognian,   bo-lo^-ne-an. — Inhab. 

BOLOGNESE. 

Bolsena,  bol-sa'-na,  a  lake  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  about  50  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Rome.  Its  form  is  nearly  oval,  and  it  covers- an  area  of 
about  70  sq.  m.  Near  the  northern  bank  stands  the  t.  of  Bolsena,  with 
about  1,500  inhabitants. 

BoiZ-ton-le-Moors^,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  England, 
in  Lancashire,  11m.  N.  W.  of  Manchester.     This  town  has  increased 


BOM— BOO  115 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

very  rapidly  in  population  and  importance  within  the  last  half  century. 
By  means  of  canals  and  railways,  it  is  connected  with  all  the  more 
important  places  of  the  kingdom.  The  weavers  of  Bolton  probably 
produce  a  greater  variety  of  fabrics,  than  those  of  any  other  single  town 
in  England.  The  institutions  for  education  are  numerous.  Lat.  53° 
33'  N.,  Lon.  3°  34'  W.  Pop.,  including  Great  and  Little  Bolton,  with 
an  area  of  above  3sq.  m.,  49,763. 

Bom-bay^,  an  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Hindostan  a  little  more  than 
8  m.  long,  from  N.  to  S.,  and  about  3  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.  Its 
harbour  is  unequalled  for  safety,  throughout  the  British  empire  in  India, 
and  hence  the  name  Bom  Bahia*  (good  harbour),  given  to  it  by  the 
Portuguese,  which  is  now  corrupted  into  Bombay.  (P.  C.)  The  town 
of  Bombay  is  situated  at  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  island,  and  is  tole- 
rably well  built.  It  is  second  only  to  Calcutta  in  commercial  impor- 
tance. Bombay  possesses  several  institutions  for  the  promotion  of 
knowledge,  among  which  is  a  fine  observatory.  Lat.  18°  57'  N.,  Lon. 
70°  40'  E.  The  permanent  pop.  in  1816  amounted  to  about  162,000.  (B.) 
Bombay  is  the  seat  of  one  of  the  three  presidencies  into  which  the 
British  empire  in  India  is  divided.  Together  with  the  presidency  of 
Madras,  it  is  subordinate  to  the  governor-general  of  India,  whose  resi- 
dence is  at  Calcutta.  The  territory  under  the  immediate  jurisdiction 
of  the  governor  and  council  of  Bombay,  is  situated  between  the  14th 
and  24th  degrees  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  71st  and  77th  degrees  of  E.  Lon. 

Bo'-na  (Anc.  Hipfpo  Re^gius),  a  seaport  t.  of  Algiers.  Lat.  36°  53' 
N.,  Lon'.  7°  47'  E. 

Bo^-na  Vjs'-ta,  or  Boa  Vista,  bo'a  vis^-ta,  the  most  easterly  of  the 
Cape  de  Verde  Islands,  about  16  m.  in  length.  There  is  a  little  town 
of  the  same  name  on  the  W.  side  of  the  island,  in  16°  9'N.  Lat.  and 
22°  58'  E.  Lon. 

Bond,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  111.,  W.  of  Vandalia.  Pop.  6,144. 

Bonifacio,  bo-ne-fa^-cho,  a  fortified  t.  on  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
island  of  Corsica,  with  a  good  harbour.  Lat.  41°  23'  N.,  Lon.  9°  9'  E 
Pop.  about  3,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bonn  (the  Bonna  of  the  Romans),  a  t.  belonging  to  Prussia,  in  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  At  the  head 
of  its  numerous  literary  institutions,  stands  the  University,  one  of  trie 
most  celebrated  in  Germany.  Lat.  50°  42'  N.,  Lon.  7°  4'  E.  Pop 
above  12,000.     (B.) 

Boom,  borne,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  10  m.  S.  of  Antwerp.    Pop.  5,000.  (B.) 

Boone,  a  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  11,185. 
Co.  t.  Burlington. 

Boone,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ind.     Pop.  11,631.  Co.  t.  Leba«on. 

Boone,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
7,626. 

*  More  correctly  Boa  Bahia,  pronounced  bo'-a  bah-ee'-a.  It  should  be  remarked 
that  bahia,  being  a  feminine  noun,  cannot  properly  have  the  masculine  adjective 
bom  prefixed  to  it. — Bahia  signifies  strictly  a  "bay,"  or  "natural  harbour" 

H 


116  BOO— BOR 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Boone,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Missouri. 
Pop.  14,979.     Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Bootan,  boo-tan^,  or  Bhootan,  the  name  of  a  tract  of  country  lying1 
N.  E.  of  Hindostan.  Its  exact  limits  do  not  appear  to  be  ascertained. 
On  the  N.  it  is  bounded  by  Thibet,  on  the  S.  by  Bengal  and  Bahar. — 
Inhab.  Boo-tee'-a,  sometimes  written  Botiya. 

Bo-paui/,  written  also  Bhopal,  a  small  independent  principality  in 
the  central  part  of  India,  between  22°  32'  and  23°  45'  N.  Lat,  and  76° 
2'  and  78°  52'  E.  Lon.— Also,  the  cap.  of  the  above.  Lat.  23°  17°  N., 
Lon.  77°  27  E. 

Borcette.     See  Burscheid. 

Bordeaux,  boa" -do^,*  or  bor^-do,  formerly  written  Bourdeaux,  door'- 
do^,  (Gr.  BoupStyaXa,  Lat.  Burdig'ala,)an  ancient  and  celebrated  city 
of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Gironde,  and  one  of  the  finest,  most  com- 
mercial, and  most  populous  towns  in  the  kingdom,  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  Garonne,  310m.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  The  city  is  connected  with  its 
suburb  La  Bastide  (la  basx-teed'),  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  by  a 
bridge  532  yards  in  length,  resting  on  17  arches,  and  constituting  one 
of  the  noblest  structures  of  the  kind  that  exist.  Burdigala  was  an  im- 
portant place  as  far  back  as  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  the  fourth  century, 
when  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  Gallic  province  Aquitania  Secunda. 
Even  at  that  time  it  had  a  great  reputation  as  a  seat  of  learning.  At 
present  it  is  distinguished  among  the  towns  of  France,  not  only  by  the 
extent  and  variety  of  its  manufactures,  and  its  active  commerce,  but 
also  by  its  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  its  numerous  and  im- 
portant establishments  for  public  instruction,  among  which  there  is  an 
academie  universitaire,  and  a  public  library  of  110,000  vols.  Bordeaux 
is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric.  Lat.  44°  50'  N.,  Lon.  0°  33'  W.  Pop. 
in  1846  120,203.  Adj.  and  inhab.  Bordelais  or  Bordelois,  borv-d'la/ ; 
feminine,  Bordelaise,  bor'-d'laze^. 

BorcxNe,  a  lake  or  rather  bay  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  connected 
with  L.  Pontchartrain  by  the  Rigolets,  and  communicating  on  the  E. 
with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Length  about  60  m. :  greatest  breadth  26  rn. 

Bor'-ne-o,  the  largest  island  of  the  globe,  with  the  exception  of  New 
Holland,situated  between  about  4°  S.  and  7°  N.Lat.,  and  119°  30'  andl09° 
30'  E.  Lon.  Its  greatest  length  is  about  850  m. ;  its  breadth  about  680  m. 

*  The  accent  is  usually  placed  on  the  last  syllable  of  this  name,  in  ordinary  dis- 
course. But  the  poets,  we  believe,  almost  invariably  accentuate  the  penultima. 
This  is  evidently  the  mode  in  which  Shakspeare  pronounced  Bordeaux.  Scott, 
whose  authority  may  have  more  weight,  as  being  more  modern,  follows  his 
example. 

" —  England's  hope  and  France's  fear, 
Victor  of  Cressy  and  Poitier, 
In  Bordeaux  dying  lay." 

Lines  on  the  Black  Prince.     Rob  Roy. 

"That  venison  free  and  Bordeaux  wine 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  dine." 

Lady  of  the  Lake,  Canto  V. 


BOR— BOS  117 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

The  area  is  estimated  at  286,000  sq.  m.  Oar  knowledge  of  this  island 
is  limited,  for  the  most  part,  to  the  shores.  The  climate,  as  far  as  it 
is  known,  is  very  hot  and  moist,  and  is  particularly  destructive  to  Eu- 
ropeans. Borneo  is  divided  into  a  great  number  of  small  states.  Some 
of  these  are  subject  to  fiie  sultan  of  the  Tooloo  Islands;  others  to  the 
Dutch,  who  have  possessions  on  the  western,  southern,  and  eastern 
coasts.  Most  of  them,  however,  appear  to  be  independent.  The  com- 
mercial intercourse  of  Borneo  with  China,  is  much  more  extensive  than 
with  Europe.  Among  European  nations,  the  Dutch,  who  exercise 
authority  over  one-third  of  the  coast,  carry  on  the  most  active  com- 
merce, exporting  pepper,  gold,  and  other  products.  Borneo  produces  a 
great  variety  of  vegetables  and  trees  common  to  tropical  countries.  It 
also  contains  rich  gold  and  diamond  mines. 

Born'-holm,  an  i.  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark,  90  m.  E.  of 
Zealand.  It  is  about  26  m.  long,  and  12  wide.  Area  estimated  at 
216  sq.  m. 

Bor-noo^,  (Bornou,)  a  kingdom  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Africa,  be- 
tween 10°  and  15°  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  and  18°  E.  Lon.— Adj.  and  inhab. 

BoRV-NOO-E.SE^. 

Borodino,  bor-o-dee^-no,  a  village  of  Russia,  about  70  m.  W.  of  Mos- 
cow, the  scene  of  a  desperate  battle  between  the  French  and  Russians, 
in  1812.     Lat.  55°  33'  N.,  Lon.  35°  40'  E. 

Bosna-Serai,  bos^-na-ser-V,  or  Serajevo,  ser-i-ySZ-vo,  a  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  city  of  European  Turkey,  on  the  Migliazza 
(meel-yat'-sa)  or  Miliaska,  near  its  junction  with  the  Bosna.  It  is 
considered  the  cap.  of  Bosnia,  although  the  pasha  has  for  the  last 
few  years  resided  at  Trawnik.  Lat.  43°  54'  N.,  Lon.  18°  26'  E.  Pop. 
about  70,000.     (B.) 

Bos'-ni--a,  (called  Bos^-na  by  the  Turks,)  the  most  westerly  eyalet 
or  prov.  of  European  Turkey,  derives  its  name  from  the  r.  Bosna,  an 
affluent  of  the  Save,  by  which  it  is  intersected.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N.  W.  and  N.  by  Croatia  and  Slavonia,  E.  by  Servia,  and  S.  and  W. 
by  Albania  and  Dalmatia.  Area  variously  estimated  from  16,000  to 
22,000  sq.m. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bos^-ni-an  and  Bos'-nj.-ak:  the  latter  is 
more  properly  applied  to  that  portion  of  the  inhabitants  of  Bosnia  who 
are  descended  from  the  orginal  Slavonic  nation  that  established  itself 
here  during  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire. 

Bos'-por-us,  commonly  but  incorrectly  written  Bosphorus,  the  strait 
between  the  Euxine  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  called  also  the  Channel 
of  Constantinople.     It  is  about  1  m.  or  1£  m.  wide,  and  20  m.  long. 

Bosrah.     See  Bassora. 

Bos'-ton,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  Mass.,  and  the  largest  city  in  New 
England,  is  situated  in  Suffolk  co.,  on  a  peninsula  2  m.  long  and  about 
1  m.  wide,  at  the  W.  side  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  Its  harbour  is  one  of 
the  best  in  the  United  States.  It  has  always  a  sufficient  depth  of  watei 
for  the  largest  vessels,  and  is  accessible  at  all  seasons  of  the  year 
The  Middlesex  canal,  30  m.  in  length,  connects  this  harbour  with 
the  Merrimack.     Besides  the  advantages  which  Boston  possesses  foi 


118  BOS— BOU 

Fite,  far,  fS.ll,  fit ;  me,  met;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  oo  as  in  good; 

maritime  trade,  it  communicates,  by  means  of  railroads,  with  all  the 
principal  places  in  Mass.,  and  with  most  of  the  important  towns  in 
the  adjoining  states.  It  is  the  second  commercial  city  of  the  United 
States'.  The  tonnage  of  this  port,  in  1850,  amounted  to  313,190.  Tho 
total  value  of  the  imports,  for  the  same  year,  was  $27,969,922,  and 
of  the  exports  $9,142,649.  It  is  probable  that  the  amount  of  imports 
and  exports,  during  the  present  year,  will  be  much  greater.  The 
number  and  excellence  of  her  institutions  for  education,  and  the 
zeal  and  success  with  which  literature  and  science  are  cultivated  by 
her  citizens,  appear  fully  to  justify  the  distinguished  reputation  which 
Boston  enjoys  as  a  seat  of  learning.  Among  the  numerous  literary 
establishments  of  this  city,  may  be  mentioned  the  Athenreum,  with 
a  library  of  50,000  vols.  Lat.  of  the  State  House,  42°  21'  22"  N., 
Lon.  71°  4/  9"  W.  The  pop.  by  the  census  of  1850,  was  136,871 : 
if  we  add  the  suburbs,  which  are  closely  united  with  the  city,  it  will 
exceed  200,000. — Inhab.  Bos-to'-ni-an. 

Boston,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Lincolnshire,  about  100  m.  N.  of 
London.  Lat.  53°  N.,  Lon.  0°  2'  W.  Pop.  of  the  town  and  parish, 
with  an  area  of  above  8  sq.  m.,  12,942.* 

Bot-a-ny  Bay,  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  New  Holland,  was  named 
by  Cook,  from  the  great  quantity  of  plants  found  there.  Near  it  is 
Sydney,  the  chief  town  of  the  colony  of  convicts  from  Great  Britain. 
See  Sydney. 

Botetourt,  botf-e-tort,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Virginia,  W. 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.     Pop.  14,908.     Co.  t.  Fincastle. 

Both^-nx-a,  a  country  in  the  N.  of  Europe,  formerly  divided  into  E. 
and  W.  Bothnia ;  but  the  prov.  called  E.  Bothnia  has  been  ceded  to  Rus- 
sia, and  now  forms  a  part  of  the  government  of  Uleaborg.  S.  Bothnia 
extends  from  about  63°  30'  to  68°  N.  Lat.  On  the  S.  E.  it  borders  on 
the  Gulf  of  Bothnia. — Adj.  Both^-nj-an  and  Both'-nic. 

Bothnia,  Gulf  of,  the  most  northern  part  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  extends 
from  60°  to  near  66°  N.  Lat.     Its  whole  length  is  perhaps  450  m. 

Botz'-en,  (It.  Bolzano,  bol-sa'-no,)  a  t.  of  Tyrol,  32  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Trent.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Bouches  du  Rhone.     See  Mouths  of  the  Rhone. 

Boulogne,  boo-lone^,(Fr.  pron.  booMon7:  Anc.  Gesoriacum,  afterwards 
Bono'nia  or  Bolo^nia,)  a  seaport  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Pas  de  Ca- 
lais, 138  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Paris.  It  contains,  among  other  institutions, 
a  public  library  of  above  22,000  vols.  Lat.  50°  44'  N.,  Lon.  1°  35'  E. 
Pop.  26,000.     (B.) 

Bourbon,  boor^-bon,  (Fr.  pron.  booRN-b6N^,)  an  i.  belonging  to  France, 
situated  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  E.  of  Madagascar.  The  t.  of  St.  Denis, 
at  the  N.  W.  extremity,  is  in  20°  51'  S.  Lat.,  and  55°  30'  E.  Lon.  This 
island  is  nearly  50  m.  long,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  and  about  35  m.  wide. 
The  soil  is  very  fertile  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  but  the  interior  is 
decidedly  sterile.     A  large  portion  of  the  island  is  mountainous ;  one 

•  McCulloch  gives  the  population  of  this  town,  without  mentioning  the  area 
included. 


BOU— BRA  119 

on,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  tJiin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

of  the  peaks  rises  to  the  height  of  near  9,600  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Pop.  in  1822,  about  68,000.     (P.  C.)     See  Mauritius. 

Bour'-bon,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  N.  E.  of  Lexington.  Pop. 
14,466.    Co.  t.  Paris. 

Bourbon  Lancy,  booR^-boN^  laNv-se^,  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Saone  and  Loire,  celebrated  for  its  warm  mineral  springs  and  baths. 
This  place  was  known  to  the  Romans  under  the  name  of  Aquae  Nisi- 
nei.     Lat.  46°  37'  N.,  Lon.  3°  46'  E. 

Bourbon  l'Archambault,  booRv-B6NMaRv-shamv-bo',  a  t.  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Allier,  which  appears  to  have  been  known  for  its  warm 
mineral  waters,  to  the  Romans,  under  the  name  of  Aquas  Bormonis.  It 
is  a  place  of  considerable  resort  during  the  months  of  summer.  Lat. 
46°  36'  N.,  Lon.  3°  1'  E.     Pop.  about  3,000.     (P.  C.) 

Bourbon  Vendee,  booRv-b6N^vaNx-da/,  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep. 
of  Vendee,     Lat.  46°  41'  N.,  Lon.  1°  29'  W.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Bourdeaux.     See  Bordeaux. 

Bourbonne-les-bains,  booRx-bonn^  lav-baN^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Upper  Marne,  remarkable  for  its  hot  mineral  springs  and  for  the 
military  hospital  established  here.  Lat.  47°  57'  N.,  Lon.  5°  46'  E.  Pop. 
4,000.     (B.) 

Bourg,  booR,  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Ain,  50  m.  by  the 
road  N.  N.  E.  of  Lyons.  Lat.  46°  13'  N.,  Lon.  5°  12'  E.  Pop.  9,000. 
(B.) 

Bourges,  booRzh,  (Anc.  Avar'icum,  afterwards  Bitur/iges,)  an  archi- 
episcopal  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Cher,  125  m.  due  S.  from 
Paris.  This  city  may  vie,  in  antiquity  and  ancient  importance,  with 
almost  any  in  France.  It  was,  in  the  time  of  Csesar,  the  capital  of  the 
Bituriges,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  in  Gaul.  At  present,  it  is  chiefly 
remarkable  as  a  seat  of  learning.  Besides  other  institutions  for  educa 
tion,  of  less  importance,  it  possesses  an  academie  universitaire  and  n 
royal  college.     Lat.  47°  5'  N.,  Lon.  2°  23'  E.     Pop.  20,000.     (B.) 

Bourgogne.     See  Burgundy. 

Boyle,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  a  little  S.  W.  of  Ken- 
tucky r.     Pop;  9,116. 

Brabant,  bra'-bant,*  (Dutch  pron.  bru/-bant.)  The  duchy  of  this  name 
was  formerly  one  of  the  most  important  provinces  in  the  Netherlands. 
It  was  divided  into  Dutch  (now  North)  and  Spanish  or'Austrian  (South) 
Brabant.  In  the  revolution  of  1830,  the  S.  portion  joined  in  the  revolt, 
and  has  since  formed  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium ;  while  N. 
Brabant  still  continues  a  province  of  Holland.  Brussels  is  the  capital 
of  South,  and  Bois-le-Duc,  of  North  Brabant. 

Brack/-en,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio,  and 
E.  of  Licking  r.     Pop.  8,903.     Co.  t.  Augusta. 

*  We  sometimes  hear  this  name  accentuated  on  the  latter  syllable,  by  respecta 
ble  speakers ;  but  the  authority  of  the  poets,  as  well  as  the  native  pronunciation, 
is  against  this  practice. 


120  BRA— BRA 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  m&t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n&,  n&t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Brad^-ford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  N.  Y.,  and  in- 
tersected by  the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  42,831.     Co.  t.  Towanda. 

Bradford,  a  manufacturing1 1.  of  England,  in  the  W.  riding  of  York- 
shire, 10  m.  nearly  W.  from  Leeds.     Pop.  34,560. 

Bradford,  Great,  a  t.  of  Wiltshire,  England,  near  the  Kennet  and 
Avon  canal,  about  90  m.  W.  of  London.  Total  pop.  of  the  parish, 
J.0,563 ;  that  of  the  town  is  about  one-third  of  the  whole. 

Brad^-ley,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  La.  p.  3,829. 
'  Bradley,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ga.  Pop. 
12,259. 

Braga,  bra^-ga,  (the  Brac^ara  Augusta  of  the  Romans,)  a  t.  of  Por- 
tugal, in  the  prov.  of  Minho,  about  15  m.  from  the  sea.  Lat.  41°  33'  N. 
Lon.  8°  23'  W.     Pop.  above  14,0(J0.     (B.) 

Brah^-ma-poot^-ra,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  Asia,  rises  in  the 
mountains  N.  of  the  Birman  empire,  and  E.  of  Assam,  and,  after  hav- 
ing traversed  the  kingdom  of  Assam  and  eastern  Bengal,  and  received 
several  tributaries,  among  them  a  branch  of  the  Ganges,  it  takes  the 
name  of  Megna,  and  finally  joins  the  Ganges  a  little  below  Luckipoor, 
in  Lat.  22°  45'  N.,  Lon.  90°  40'  E.  Yet,  though  their  streams  appear 
to  unite,  the  great  body  of  their  waters  continues  separate,  and  forms 
two  currents,  even  after  they  have  reached  the  sea.  The  whole  length 
of  the  Brahmapootra  is  estimated  at  1,500  m. 

Brat^-den-burg,  (Ger.  pron.  branf-den-b66Ro\)  a  prov.  of  the  king- 
dom of  Prussia,  extending  from  51°  48'  to  53°  37  N.  Lat,  and  10°  50 
to  16°  12'  E.  Lon.     The  area  is  about  15,330  sq.  m. 

Branch,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Ind.  p.  12,472. 
Co.  t.  Branch. 

Bran'-dy-wine  Creek,  a  stream  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  flowing 
into  the  Christiana,  below  Wilmington.  A  noted  battle  was  fought  on 
its  banks,  between  the  British  and  Americans,  in  1777. 

Braunsberg,  brouns'-btRG,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  36  m.  S.  W.  of  Konigsberg. 
It  contains  a  college,  a  lyceum  with  the  faculties  of  theology  and  phi- 
losophy, and  several  other  institutions.     Pop.  7,300.     (B.) 

Brax'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.,  or  N.  W.  central  part  of  Va.,  a  little 
N.  E.  of  the  Kanawha  r.     Pop.  4,212.     Seat  of  justice,  Braxton  c.  h. 

Brazil,  or  braz-iP,  or  bra-zeeP,  a  vast  empire  in  the  E.  part  of  S. 
America,  extending  from  about  5°  N.  to  34°  S.  Lat.,  and  from  about 
35°  to  73°  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  Ecuador,  Vene- 
zuela, Guiana ;  N.  E.,  E.,  and  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  S.  W.  and  W.  by 
Monte  Video,  La  Plata,  Paraguay,  Bolivia,  and  Peru.  Its  vast  extent 
brings  it  in  contact  with  all  the  countries  of  S.  America,  except  Pata- 
gonia, Chili,  and  New  Granada.  The  area  has  been  estimated  at 
3,000,000  sq.m.  Pop.  5,000,000.  (B.)  As  might  be  supposed,  the 
vegetable  productions  of  a  country  of  so  great  extent,  lying  within  such 
latitudes,  and,  for  the  most  part,  plentifully  supplied  with  water,  are 
extremely  abundant  and  various.  Nor  does  animal  life  appear  in  less 
variety  and  luxuriance.  Many  of  the  Brazilian  birds  are  remarkable 
for  the  brilliancy  of  their  plumage:  the  insects,  for  their  size  and  the 


BRA— B^K  121 

qu,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  tii,  as  in  this  :  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

beauty  of  their  colours,  especially  the  butterflies.  The  mineral  wealth 
of  this  country  is  considerable,  but  limited  to  a  few  articles,  of  which 
the  chief  are  gold,  diamonds,  topazes,  iron,  and  salt.  Brazil  was  for- 
merly a  colony  belonging1  to  the  crown  of  Portugal.  But,  on  the  12th 
of  October,  1822,  it  was  declared  an  independent  state,  and  Pedro,  the 
son  of  the  king  of  Portugal,  whom  his  father  had  appointed  regent  of 
Brazil,  yielding  to  the  torrent  of  public  opinion,  adopted  the  title  of 
emperor,  and,  on  the  1st  of  December,  was  crowned.  Soon  after,  the 
Portuguese  troops,  who  had  been  stationed  in  the  towns  of  Bahia,  Ma*- 
ranham  and  Para,  were  compelled  to  sail  for  Europe,  and  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  new  empire  was  established,  with  scarcely  any  loss  of 
blood.  The  government  of  Brazil  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  cap.  is 
Rio  Janeiro. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Brazilian,  bra-zil'-yun. 

Braz'-os,  a  r.  of  Texas,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in 
about  28°  50'  N.  Lat.,  aRd  95°  20'  W.  Lon.  The  entire  length,  fol- 
lowing its  windings,  is  estimated  at  near  1,000  m. 

Brazza,  braV-sa,  an  i.  in  the  Adriatic,  belonging  to  Austria,  inter- 
sected by  the  parallel  of  43°  15'  N.  Lat,  and  the  meridian  of  16°  30 
E.  Lon.  It  is  nearly  30  m,  long,  and  from  6  to  9  broad.  Pop.  15,000. 
(E.  G.) 

Breathitt,  brethMt,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ky,,  on  the  head  waters 
of  the  Kentucky  r.     Pop.  3,785, 

Brechin,  breK/-in,  a  t  of  Scotland,  in  Forfarshire,  about  34  m.  S.W. 
of  Aberdeen.     Pop.  3,951. 

Breck/-en-ridge,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the 
Ohio.     Pop.  10,593.   Co.  t.  Hardinsburg. 

Brec'-on  or  Breck/-nock-shire,  an  inland  co,  in  the  S.  of  Wales. 
Pop.  55,603. 

Brecon  or  Brecknock,  a  t  of  Wales;  cap.  of  Brecknockshire, 
situated  on  the  r.  Usk,  167  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  5,701. 

Breda,  bra-da',  a  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  in  N,  Brabant,  on  the  Aa, 
with  a  royal  military  academy.  Lat  51°  35'  N.,  Lon.  4°  47'  E.  Pop. 
about  9,000.     (B.) 

BnErsACH,  brV-zaK,  (Fr.  Brisach,  brev-zak',)  an  ancient  and  impor- 
tant fortress  of  Germany,  belonging  at  present  to  the  grand-duchy  of 
Baden,  on  the  Rhine,  12  m.  W.  of  "Freiburg.  Lat  48°  2'  N.,  Lon.  7° 
35'  E.     Pop.  above  3,000.     (B.) 

Brem'-en  (Ger.  pron.  bra'-men),  The  free  Hanseatic  state  of,  in 
the  N.  W.  of  Germany,  intersected  by  the  Weser,  is  situated  between 
53°  1'  and  53°  IF  N.  Lat,  and  8°  35'  and  9°  E.  Lon.  Area  about  67  sq.m. 
As  an  independent  power  it  forms  one  of  the  38  constituent  members  of 
the  German  confederation.  Pop.  in  1823, 55,453.  (P.  C.)  The  city  of 
Bremen,  the  cap.  of  the  above  state,  is  situated  on  the  Weser,  and 
divided  by  it  into  two  unequal  parts,  the  larger,  called  the  Old  Town 
(Alt-stadt),  is  on  the  right;  the  other,  called  the  New  Town  (Neu- 
stadt),  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river.  Its  commerce  is  very  extensive. 
Among  the  various  literary  and  scientific  institutions  of  Bremen,  the 
observatory  of  Dr.  Olbers.  from  which  he  discovered  the  two  planets; 
11 


122  BRE— BRI 

Fate,  far,  fell,  &t;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Pallas  and  Vesta,  deserves  to  be  particularly  mentioned.  Lat.  53°  4 
36"  N.,  Lon.  8°  48'  58"  E.     Pop.  in  1845,  53,156. 

Brenta,  bren'-ta,  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Tyrol,  and  flows  into  the  Adriatic,  near  Venice.  Its  whole 
course  is  nearly  100  m. 

Brescia,  bresb/e-a,  or  bresb/-S,  (Anc.  Brix^ia,)  a  manufacturing  and 
commercial  t.  of  Austrian  Italy;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  It 
is  a  bustling,  lively,  well-built  town,  with  many  fine  edifices.  The 
churches  are  adorned  with  numerous  paintings  by  great  masters,  prin- 
cipally of  the  Venetian  school.  Next  to  Rome,  Brescia  has  the  great- 
est number  of  fountains  of  any  town  in  Italy.  Its  manufactures  of  cut- 
lery and  fire-arms  deserve  particular  notice.  Lat.  45°  32'  N.,  Lon.  10° 
13'  E.     Pop.  34,000.     (B.) 

Bres'-lau  or  bresMou,  a  large  manufacturing  and  commercial  t. 
of  Prussia;  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Silesia,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Ohlau 
(oMou),  with  the  Oder.  It  has,  among  many  other  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions,  a  fine  university,  founded  in  1702,  containing  a  library 
of  above  100,000  vols.  Lat.  51°  7'  N.,  Lon.  17°  5'  E.  Pop.  upwards 
of  90,000.     (B.) 

Brest  (Fr.  pron.  the  same  as  the  English),  the  most  important  naval 
port  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Finistere,  situated  on  a  bay  called  the 
Road  of  Brest.     Lat.  48°  23'  N.,  Lon.  4°  29'  W.     Pop.  35,163. 

Bretagne,  bre-tan/,  (usually  named  by  the  English,  Brittany,)  an  old 
prov.  in  the  W.  part  of  France,  now  divided  into  the  five  deps.  of  Ille 
and  Vilaine,  Lower  Loire,  Cotes  du  Nord,  Morbihan,  and  Finistere. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Breton,  brit'-on. 

Breton,  Cape.     See  Cape  Breton. 

Brianqon,  brev-aNv-s<W,  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Up- 
per Alps,  situated  on  the  Durance,  near  its  source.  Fortified  as  it  is, 
both  by  nature  and  art,  Briancjon  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
strongest  fortresses  in  the  world.  One  of  the  forts,  comprised  within 
its  system  of  fortifications,  is  situated  1,229  toises,  or  7,860  English  ft., 
above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and,  next  to  the  Hospice  of  St.  Bernard,  is 
probably  the  most  elevated  habitation  in  Europe.  Lat.  44°  54'  N.,  Lon. 
6°  38'  E. 

Bridget-north,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Shropshire,  situated  on  the  Se- 
vern, 118  m.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  5,770. 

Bridget-port,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Conn.,  in  Fairfield  co.,  situated 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  17|  m.  S.  W.  of  New  Haven.  It  is  a  neatly- 
built,  flourishing  town,  with  a  good  harbour.     Pop.  7,558. 

Bridget-town,  a  small  t.  and  port  of  entry ;  cap.  of  Cumberland  co., 
N.  J.,  on  Cohansey  creek,  about  10  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  from  the  light- 
house at  its  mouth,  and  35  m.  S.  from  Philadelphia. 

Bridgetown.     See  Barbadoes. 

Bridge'-wA-ter,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  on  the  r.  Parret, 
29  m.  S.  W.  of  Bristol.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  birth-place  of  Admiral 
Blake.     Pop.  9,899. 

Bridlington  or  Brellington,  commonly  pronounced  BurMing-tnn, 
a  t.  of  England,  in  the  E.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated  about  a  mile 


BRI— BKI  123 

0X1,  as  in  our.;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

from  the  sea-coast,  and  32  m.  N.  of  Hull.  Lat.  54°  T  N.,  Lon.  0°  13' 
VV.  Pop.  of  the  township,  including  Bridlington-Quay,  with  an  area  of 
above  4  sq.  m.,  5,162. 

Brid'-port,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Dorsetshire,  about  135  m.  nearly 
VV.  a  W.  from  London.     Pop.  4,787. 

Brieg,  breeG,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Prussian  Sile- 
sia, about  26  m.  S.  E.  of  Breslau.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Bin ei.,  breel,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Holland,  with  a  commodious 
harbour.  It  was  the  birth-pla.ce  of  the  Admirals  Van  Tromp  and  Dewit. 
Lat.  51°  54'  N.,  Lon.  4°  10'  E.     Pop.  4,195.     (P.  C.) 

Brieux  or  Brieuc  (Saint),  saNx-brex-uA',  a  t.  of  France;  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Cotes  du  Nord,  situated  near  the  coast  of  the  Channel,  on  a  small 
bay  of  the  same  name.  It  possesses  several  public  institutions,  and  a 
library  of  24,000  vols.  Lat.  48°  31' N.,  Lon.  2°  43' W.  Pop.  11,382.  (B.) 

Brighthelmstone,  commonly  written  and  pronounced  Bright-ton, 
a  seaport  t.  and  fashionable  watering-place  of  England,  in  the  co.  of 
Sussex,  46  m.  S.  of  London.  This  town  contains  many  fine,  and  some 
magnificent  edifices.  Its  suspension,  or  chain-pier,  which  extends  into 
the  sea  to  the  distance  of  1,136  ft.,  is  justly  an  object  of  general  admi- 
ration. The  pop.  of  Brighton  has  increased  with  astonishing  rapidity 
during  the  present  century.  In  1801  it  was  7,339 ;  in  1841,  46,661 ; 
but  during  summer  the  residents  amount  sometimes  to  near  double  that 
number. 

Brindisi,  brinf-de-se,  (Gr.  Bpev<jf£Siovi  Lat.  Brundifeium  or  Brundu'- 
sium,)  a  commercial  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Terra  d'Otranto,  well 
known  in  Roman  history  for  its  capacious  and  safe  harbour,  which  was 
the  chief  port  of  embarkation  from  Italy  to  Greece.  It  is  the  seat  of 
an  archbishopric.     Lat.  40°  38'  N.,  Lon.  18°  E.     Pop.  6,000,     (B.) 

Brioude,  brev-ood',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Loire. 
Near  it  there  is  a  magnificent  bridge,  over  the  r.  Allier,  of  about  180 
ft.  span,  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  the  Romans.  Brioude  was 
the  birth-place  of  the  illustrious  La  Fayette.  Lat.  45°  17'  N.,  Lon. 
3°24'E.    Pop.  5,052.    (P.  C.) 

Bris^-tol,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  city  and  seaport  in  the 
W.  of  England,  on  the  Avon,  about  7  m.  above  its  entrance  into  the 
Bristol  Channel,  and  108  m.  W.  of  London.  Together  with  its  sub- 
urbs, Bristol  forms  a  little  county  of  itself,  which,  however,  is  now 
usually  regarded  as  a  part  of  Gloucestershire.  In  the  old  portion  of 
the  city,  the  streets  are  irregular  and  narrow,  and  the  houses  present 
a  gloomy  appearance ;  but  the  newer  parts  are  well  built,  and  have 
many  fine  edifices,  especially  the  western  quarter  of  the  town,  or  rather 
of  the  suburbs,  called  Clifton,  which  is  the  principal  resort  of  the  gentry. 
Here  is  a  warm  mineral  spring  (the  Hotwell),  celebrated  in  consump- 
tive cases.  The  scenery  around  Clifton  is  exquisitely  beautiful  The 
erection  of  a  great  suspension  bridge  over  the  Avon,  at  Clifton,  was 
commenced  several  years  ago,  but  it  is  still  unfinished.  The  span  is  to 
be  700  ft.,  the  height  240  ft. ;  so  that  vessels  of  the  largest  size  may  pass 
beneath  with  outspread  sails.     Of  the  numerous  institutions  for  educa- 


124  BRI— ER0 

Fate,  far,  f&ll,  f&t;  m3,  met;  p!ne  or  pine,  pin;  n<5,  n6t;  ooas  in  good, 

tion  of  this  city,  we  may  mention  the  Bristol  College,  founded  in  1830, 
and  the  Bristol  Medical  School,  established  on  its  present  efficient  scale 
in  1834.  Bristol  appears  to  have  been  a  place  of  importance  in  the 
5th  century.  The  name  seems  to  be  derived  from  Bricstow,  an  old 
Saxon  name  of  this  city,  which  may  be  literally  translated  "  breach 
place ;"  i.  e.  the  place  or  town  of  the  breach  or  chasm  through  which 
the  Avon  finds  a  passage  to  the  sea.  The  ancient  British  name  was 
Caer  Odor,  the  "  city  of  the  breach."  Lat.  51°  27'  N.,  Lon.  2°  35'  W. 
Pop.,  including  the  hundred  of  Barton  Regis  with  a  total  area  of 
about  16  sq.m.,  122,296. 

Bristol,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mass.,  bordering  on  Buzzard'** 
Bay.     Pop.  76,192.     Co.  towns,  New  Bedford  and  Taunton. 

Bristol,  a  co.  of  R.  I.,  bordering  on  Narragansett  Bay.  Pop.  8,514. 

Bristol,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Narragansett  Bay,  14  m.  in  a  straight  line  S.  S-.  E.  of  Providence.  Pop, 
of  the  township,  4,616. 

Bristol  Channel.     See  Severn. 

Britain.     See  Great  Britain. 

Brittany.     See  Bretagne. 

Brix'-ham,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  situated  on  the 
S.  side  of  Torbay,  22  m.  S.  of  Exeter.  Lat.  50°  24'  N.,  Lon.  3°  30* 
W.     Pop.  of  parish,  5,684. 

Broad  River,  a  r.  which  rises  in  N.  C,  and,  flowing  in  a  southerly 
direction,  unites  with  the  Saluda  in  S.  C,  to  form  the  Congaree. 

Brock'-en,  one  of  the  Hartz  Mts.,  in  Germany,  near  Halberstadt. 

Bro'-dy,  an  important  trading  t.  of  Galicia.  Lat.  60°  T  N.,  Leo, 
25°  18'  E.     Pop.  above  22,000,  five-sixths  of  whom  are  Jews.     (B.) 

Broek,  brook,  a  village  of  N.  Holland,  6  m.  N.  of  Amsterdam,  fa- 
mous for  its  neatness  and  cleanliness,  and  for  the  wealth  of  its  inha- 
bitants, the  number  of  whom  amounts  to  about  1,200.     (P.  C.) 

Bromberg,  brom'-beRG,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  in  a  circle  of  the  same  name. 
Lat.  53°  7  N.,  Lon.  about  18°  E.     Pop.  6,500.     (B.) 

Bromley,  brumMe,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  10  in. 
S.  S.  E.  of  London. 

Bron^-do-lo,  a  small  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  at  the  mouth  of  the  rivers 
Brenta  and  Bacchiglione,  16  m.  S.  of  Venice. 

Brooke,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  N.  W.  extremity  of  Va.,  and  bordering 
on  the  Ohio.     Pop.  5,054.     Co.  t.  Wellsburg. 

BrookZ-lyn,  a  finely-built  city  of  Kings  co.,  Long  I.,  opposite  to  New 
York,  and  separated  from  it  by  the  East  River,  is  the  second  town  in 
point  of  population  in  the  state  of  N.  Y.  It  may  properly  be  regarded 
as  one  of  the  suburbs  of  the  metropolis,  with  whieh  it  has  communica- 
tion by  means  of  steamboats  plying  constantly  at  four  different  ferries. 
The  U.  S.  Navy  Yard  is  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town.  Pop. 
97,838. 

Broome,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  E.  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna,  and  bordering  on  Pa.  Pop.  30,600.  Co.  t.  Biag« 
hamton. 


BRO— BRU  125 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Brown,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
27,332.    Co.  t.  Georgetown. 

Brown,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ind.     Pop.  4,846. 

Brown,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Illinois  r.  Pop, 
7,198. 

Brown,  a  co.  forming  the  E.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Wisconsin.  Pop. 
6,215. 

Bruchsal,  brooE/-sal,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
12  m.  N.  E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Lat.  49°  7'  N.,  Lon.  8°  26'  E.  Pop.  above 
7,000.     (B.) 

Bruges,  bru'-jez,  (Fr.  pron.  briizh,  Dutch,  Brugge,  brug'-gefc,)  an 
ancient  fortified  city  of  Belgium,  the  cap.  of  W.  Flanders,  situated 
about  6  m.  from  the  sea,  and  55  m.  N.  W.  from  Brussels.  Its  name, 
Brugge,  is  derived  from  the  number  of  bridges  which  cross  the  canals. 
From  four  to  five  hundred  years  ago,  this  city  was  the  principal  em- 
porium of  Europe ;  at  present,  it  exhibits  but  the  shadow  of  its  former 
glory.  Still,  its  commerce,  manufactures,  and  public  institutions,  give 
it  a  distinguished  rank  among  the  towns  of  Belgium.  Lat.  51°  12'  N., 
Lon.  3°  13'  E.     Pop.  41,914.     (P.  C.) 

Brunn,  (native  name  Brno,  i.  e.  "  ford,")  an  archiepiscopal  t.,  the  cap, 
of  Moravia,  situated  in  the  centre  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name,  near 
the  confluence  of  the  Schwarza  and  Zwittawa,  (which  run  on  each  side 
of  it,)  and  about  70  m.  N.  of  Vienna.  Its  woollen  manufactures  are 
considered  the  most  important  in  the  empire.  Briinn  has  a  number  of 
literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  several  handsome  edifices.  Lat. 
49°  12'  N.,  Lon.  16°  36'  E.     Pop.  40,000.     (B.) 

Bruns^-wick  (Ger.  Braunschweig,  broun^-shwio.)  Two  distinct  so- 
vereignties have  sprung  from  the  house  of  Brunswick.  The  possessions 
of  the  elder  line  are  confined  to  the  grand-duchy  of  Brunswick-Wol- 
fenbuttel.  The  younger  possesses  Hanover,  and  is  called  the  Bruns- 
wick-Liineburg,  or  the  Hanoverian  line. 

The  duchy  of  Brunswick  consists  principally  of  three  large  uncon- 
nected districts,  lying  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Germany,  between  about 
51°  35'  and  52°  32'  N.  Lat.,  and  9°  20'  acd  11°  T  E.  Lon.  Area 
about  1,525  sq.  m.     Pop.  242,000.     (B.) 

Brunswick,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  situated  orrolioth  sides  of  the  r. 
Ocker,  a  branch  of  the  Aller.  Among  its  institutes  for  education,  we 
may  mention  the  Collegium  Carolinum,  and  the  College  of  Anatomy 
and  Surgery.  Lat.  52°  16'  N.,  Lon.  10°  32'  E.  Pop.  about  36,000. 
(B.) 

Brunswick,  a  t.  of  Cumberland  co.,  Me.,  on  the  Androscoggin, 
about  25m.  N.  E.  of  Portland.  It  is  the  seat  of  Bowdoin  (bo'-den) 
College,  a  flourishing  institution,  which  was  founded  in  1794,  and  derives 
its  name  from  the  Hon.  James  Bowdoin,  by  whom  it  was  munificently 
endowed.  Lat.  43°  53'  N.,  Lon.  69°  55'  W.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
4,259.     (B.) 

Brunswick,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  N.  E.  of  the  Roanoke,  and 
bordering  on  N.  C.     Pop.  13,894.    Co.  t.  Lawrenceville. 
11* 


126  BRU— BUD 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m£,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  not;  oo  as  in  good ; 

Brunswick,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  N.  C,  bordering  on 
the  sea.     Pop.  7,272.    Co.  t.  Smithville. 

Brusa.     See  Bursa. 

Brus'-sels,  (Dutch  Brus'-sel,  Fr.  Bruxelles,  briiv-sell',)  the  cap.  of 
Belgium,  situated  in  S.  Brabant,  on  the  little  r.  Senne,  an  affluent  of 
the  Scheldt,  about  23  m.  S.  of  Antwerp.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  brick 
wall,  with  eight  gates.  The  origin  of  Brussels  dates  as  far  back  as 
the  7th  century.  In  1044,  it  was  enclosed  with  walls,  and  has  since  held 
an  important  rank  among  the  towns  of  the  Low  Countries.  Previously 
to  the  revolution  of  1830,  Brussels  was  the  cap.  of  the  Austrian  Ne- 
therlands ;  and,  after  the  separation  of  Belgium  from  Holland,  towards 
which  this  town  had  made  the  first  movement,  it  became  the  seat  of 
government  of  the  new  kingdom.  Among  the  public  edifices  of  Brus- 
sels, we  may  mention  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  one  of  the  finest  Gothic 
buildings  in  the  Netherlands,  the  tower  of  which  is  stated  to  be  364  ft. 
high.  Among  the  numerous  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  may 
be  cited  the  Academy  of  Science  and  Belles-lettres,  the  Royal  Society 
of  Fine  Arts,  and  the  High  School  of  Commerce  and  Industry.  The 
Observatory  stands  in  Lat.  50°  51'  11"  N.,  Lon.  4°  22'  15"  E.  Pop.  in 
1845  117,000. 

Bry/-an,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Ogeechee 
and  the  sea.     Pop.  3,424.     Co.  t.  Bryan  c.  h. 

Brzesc  or  Brzesc-Litewsky,  bzhests  lit-ev^-ske,  a  fortified  com- 
mercial t.  of  European  Russia,  in  the  prov.  of  Grodno,  on  the  Bug  r., 
where  there  is  a  celebrated  synagogue  of  the  Jews.  Lat.  52°  6'  N., 
Lon.  23°  35'  E. 

Buc-san^-an,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
souri r..     Pop.  12,975. 

Buchanan,  one  of  the  most  north-westerly  counties  of  Iowa.  p.  517. 

Buciiaria.     See  Bokhara. 

Bu'-cho-rest\  or,  more  correctly,  Boo'-ka-resht^,  i.  e.  "  the  city  of 
enjoyment,"  an  important  commercial  t.  of  European  Turkey,  the  cap. 
of  Wallachia,  on  the  E,  bank  of  the  Dumbovitza,  in  the  midst  of  a  fer- 
tile and  delightful  couAtry.  The  town  itself,  however,  does  not  by 
any  means  justify  iisratoe,  being  composed,  for  the  most  part,  of  miser- 
able brick  or  mud  Ljoins,  and  withal  very  dirty.  Buchorest  is  the  seat 
of  a  Greek  archbiinopric.  Lat.  44°  26'  N.,  Lon.  26°  8'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated from  60,000  to  80,000.     (M.) 

Buck^-ing-ham,  the  cap.  of  Buckinghamshire,  on  the  Ouse,  50  m. 
N. W.  of  London.     Pop  of  the  entire  parish,  4,054. 

Buckingham,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r. 
Pop.  13,837.     Seat  of  justice,  Buckingham  c.  h. 

Buck'-ing-ham-shire,  or  the  co.  of  Bucks,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part 
of  England,  N.'W.  of  London.     Pop.  155,983. 

Bucks,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Delaware. 
Pop.  56,091.     Co.  t.  Doylestown. 

Bu^-da,  (Hun.  pron.  boo-doA,  Ger.  0/-fen,  Slav.  Budin,  boo/-deen,) 
an  ancient  city,  the  cap.  of  Hungary,  situated  nearly  in  the  centre  of 


BUD— BUL  127 

*bu,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

this  kingdom,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube,  and  connected  with 
Pesth,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  3,800  ft. 
in  length.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  Buda,  a  brother  of  Attila, 
who  made  this  town  his  residence,  and  much  enlarged  it.  The  trade 
of  Buda  consists  principally  in  the  wines  produced  by  the  vineyards  of 
the  neighbouring  country.  The  Royal  Observatory,  situated  516  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  300  ft.  above  the  waters  of 
the  Danube,  at  this  place,  is  in  47°  29'  12"  N.  Lat.,  and  19°  3'  E.  Lon. 
Pop.  above  33,000.     (B.) 

Budukhshan,  budx-uK-shan',  (Badakhshan,)  one  of  the  principalities 
into  which  Toorkistan  is  divided,  between  36°  and  38°  N.  Lat,  and 
69°  and  73°  E.  Lon.  The  ruby  mines,  so  often  alluded  to  by  the  Per- 
sian poets,  are  in  this  country,  at  a  place  called  Gharan  (ga-rW).  The 
inhabitants  of  Budukhshan  speak  the  Persian  language.  Their  religion 
is  Mahometanism. 

Budweis,  bood^-Wice,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Bohe- 
mia ;  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  Moldau, 
and  connected  by  a  railway  with  Linz,  in  Upper  Austria.  Lat.  48° 
59'  N.,  Lon.  14°  58'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Buenos  Ayres,  commonly  pronounced  bo^-nos  a/-riz  (Sp.  pron.  bwa/- 
noce-i/-res,)  a  city  of  S.  America ;  cap.  of  the  republic  of  La  Plata,  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  estuary  of  the  r.  La  Plata.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  commercial  towns,  as  well  as  one  of  the  principal  seats  of 
civilization  and  learning  on  the  American  continent  (B.)  It  is,  in 
general,  regularly  and  handsomely  built,  and  is  defended  by  a  castle, 
the  walls  of  which  are  mounted  with  cannon.  The  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions  of  Buenos  Ayres  are  numerous  and  respectable ;  the 
University,  in  particular,  enjoys  a  distinguished  reputation,  both  on  ac- 
count of  its  plan  of  instruction,  and  the  number  and  talent  of  its  pro- 
fessors. It  has  a  library  of  20,000  vols.  This  place  was  founded  by 
the  Spaniards,  in  1535.  The  name  Buenos  Ayres  (good  air),  was  given 
bv  its  founder,  Mendoza,  and  is  justified  by  the  healthiness  of  the  cli- 
mate. Lat.  34°  36'  S.,  Lon.  58°  10'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at  80,000.  (B.) 

Buf^-fa-lo\  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y. ;  cap.  of  Erie  co.,  situ- 
ated at  the  E.  end  of  L.  Erie,  near  the  commencement  of  the  Niagara 
r.,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek.  The  growth  of  this  town  has 
been  very  rapid.  In  1810  the  pop.  was  only  1,508 ;  in  1850  it  amounted 
to  42,261.  This  increase  may  be  attributed  chiefly  to  its  position. 
Situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  of  the  Albany  and 
Buffalo  Railroad,  it  has,  necessarily,  become  the  great  entrepot  for  the 
merchandise  of  the  east,  and  the  agricultural  productions  of  the  west. 
Buffalo  is  the  port  whence  persons  going  to  the  northern  part  of  the 
western  states  ordinarily  embark  upon  the  lakes.  Lat.  42°  53'  N.,  Lon. 
78°  55'  W. 

Bug,  boog,  a  small  r.  of  Poland,  flowing  into  the  Vistula. 

Bulgaria,  b661-ga/-re-a,  a  large  prov.  of  European  Turkey,  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Wallachia,  E.  by  the  Black  Sea,  S.  by  Rumelia,  and  W 
by  Servia.    Length  above  300m.;  greatest  breadth  perhaps  100  m 


128  BUL-t-BUR 

Fite,  fir,  fill,  fit;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good; 

The  Bulgarians  are  descended  from  a  Slavonic  horde  who  established 
themselves  here  in  the  7th  century.  The  present  race  have  laid  aside 
the  military  character  of  their  ancestors,  and  are  represented  as  hospi- 
table and  benevolent :  the  woman  are  said  to  be  handsome,  industrious, 
and  neatly  dressed. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Bulgarian,  b661-ga/-re-an. 

Bullitt,  bool'-it,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  S.  of  Louisville.  Pop. 
6,774.     Co.  t.  Shepherdsville. 

Bullock,  boolMuk,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  r. 
Ogeechee.     Pop.  4,300.     Co.  t.  Statesborough. 

Buncombe,  bunk'-um,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on 
Tenn.     Pop.  13,425.     Co.  t.  Ashville. 

Bunker  Hill,  a  hill  in  Charlestown,  a  suburb  of  Boston,  famous  for 
the  battle  fought  in  its  vicinity,  June  17,  1775.  A  magnificent  monu- 
ment has  recently  been  erected  here  in  commemoration  of  that  event. 
It  consists  of  an  obelisk  of  granite,  30  ft.  square  at  the  base,  and  221  ft. 
in  height.  From  its  summit  is  obtained  one  of  the  finest  and  most  ex- 
tensive views  in  the  United  States. 

Burd -wan^,  a  t.  of  Bengal ;  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name.  Lat. 
23°  15'  N.,  Lon.  87°  57'  E.     Pop.  54,000.     (B.) 

Bureau,  bu'-ro,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Illinois  r. 
Pop.  8,841. 

Burg,  doorg,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  surrounded  by 
a  wall,  with  five  gates,  about  65  m.  S.  W.  of  Berlin.  Pop.  above 
12,000.     (B.) 

Burgos,  booR^-goce,  an  ancient  archiepiscopal  city  of  Spain,  situated 
136  m.  N.  of  Madrid.  It  is  nominally  the  cap.  of  Old  Castile,  but  since 
the  seat  of  royalty  was  transferred  to  Madrid,  by  Charles  V.,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  16th  century,  its  prosperity  has  greatly  declined,  and 
the  pop.  has  dwindled  to  less  than  one-third  of  its  former  number.  Lat. 
42°  21'  N.,  Lon.  3°  43'  W.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Bur^-gun-dy,  (Fr.  Bourgogne,  booRv-goiV,)  an  old  prov.  of  France, 
now  principally  divided  among  the  departments  of  Saone  and  Loire, 
Cote  d'Or,  and  Yonne. — Inhab.  Bur-gun'-dj-an. 

Burke,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Ca- 
tawba.    Pop.  7,772.     Co.  t.  Morgantown. 

Burke,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  between  the  rivers  Ogeechee  and 
Savannah.     Pop.  16,100.     Co.  t.  Waynesborough. 

Burlington  (England).     See  Bridlington. 

Bur'-ling-ton,  a  port  of  entry,  the  most  commercial  t.  of  Vt.,  cap. 
of  Chittenden  co.,  on  L.  Champlain,  a  few  miles  S.  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Onion  r.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Vermont,  founded  in  1791. 
Lat.  44°  27'  N.,  Lon.  73°  10'  W.     Pop.  of  the  township.  6,110. 

Bur/-ling-ton,  a  co.  of  N.  J.,  stretching  across  the  state,  from  the 
Delaware  to  trie  Atlantic.     Pop.  43,203.     Co.  t.  Mount  Holly. 

Burlington,  a  t.  of  N.  J.,  in  the  above  co.,  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Delaware,  12  m.  below  Trenton.  Lat.  40°  5'  N.,  Lon.  74°  52'  W. 
Pop.  about  4,536. 

Burma.     See  Birma. 


BUR— BYZ  129 

on,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Burn^-ley,  a  t.  of  Lancashire,  England,  40  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Liverpool. 
Pop.  10,699. 

Burrampooter.     See  Brahmapootra. 

Bursa,  boor/-sa,  or  Brusa,  broo'-sa,  (Anc.  Prufea,)  a  flourishing  manu- 
facturing and  commercial  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  once  the  cap.  of  Bithy- 
nia,  beautifully  situated  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Olympus,  in  Asia  Minor. 
It  is  abundantly  supplied  with  the  purest  water,  so  that  every  house 
has  its  own  fountain.  Most  of  the  streets  are  very  clean,  and  well 
paved.  The  most  remarkable  edifices  in  the  place,  are  the  thermal 
baths ;  the  mineral  waters  which  supply  them,  range  in  temperature 
from  167°  to  190°  Fahrenheit.  Bursa  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  me- 
tropolitan and  an  Armenian  archbishop.  Lat.  40°  IT  N.,  Lon.  29°  12' E. 
Pop.  100,000.     (B.) 

Burscheid,  booR^-shite,  (Fr.  Borx-cette^,)  a  t.  of  the  Prussian  states, 
in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  remarkable  for  its  warm 
springs  and  baths.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Burs'-lem,  a  t.  of  Staffordshire,  England,  21  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Newcas- 
tle, with  extensive  potteries.     Pop.  of  the  township,  12,631. 

Bury,  ber^-re,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  9  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  Manchester.  Pop.  of  the  township,  including  an  area  of 
near  4  sq.  m.,  20,710. 

Bury  St.  Edmund's,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Suffolk,  62  m. 
N.  E.  by  N.  from  London.  The  name  is  derived  from  Edmund,  king  of 
East  Anglia,  who  was,  in  870,  cruelly  put  to  death  by  the  Danes,  then 
pagans.  His  remains  were  deposited  in  the  monastery  of  this  place. 
Pop.  of  the  borough,  including  an  area  of  near  5sq.  m.,  12,538. 

Bushire.     See  Abooshehr. 

Bute,  an  i.  of  Scotland,  in  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  16  m.  long  and 
5  wide. 

Buteshire,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Scotland,  consisting  of  the 
islands  of  Bute,  Arran,  Inchmarnock,  and  the  Cumbraes.     Pop.  15,740. 

But'-ler,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Pa.,  N.  of  Pittsburg.  Pop.  30,346. 
Co.  t.  Butler. 

Butler,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ala.     Pop.  10,836.  Co.  t.  Greenville 

Butler,  a  eo.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r.  Pop 
5,755.     Co.  t.  Morgantown. 

Butler,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Great 
Miami  r.,  and  bordering  on  Ind.    Pop.  30,789.    Co.  t.  Hamilton. 

BlV-ter-mere,  a  beautiful  lake  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Cumber- 
land, about  \\  m.  long,  and  i  m.  broad. 

Butts,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ga.,  W.  of  and  bordering  on  the 
Ocmulgee  r.     Pop.  6,488.     Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Bux'-ton,  a  srtfall  t.  of  Derbyshire,  England,  20  m.  S.  of  Manchester, 
celebrated  for  its  warm  mineral  springs  and  baths.  It  is  visited  by 
from  12,000  to  14,000  persons  annually.     (P.  C.) 

Buz'-zard's  Bay,  on  the  S.  coast  of  Mass.,  is  situated  between  the 
countries  of  Bristol  and  Barnstable. 

Byzantium,  biz-an^-she-um,  (Gr.  Bv£avtiov  or  Bvtfaj/i,tov»)  an  ancient 


130  CAB— CAD 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

ritj  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Constantinople.    (See  Constantinople.) 
—Adj.  and  inhab.  Byz-an^-tine,  and  Byzantian,  biz-an'-she-an.* 

Ca-bapJ-ras,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  between  the  rivers 
Catawba  and  Yadkin.     Pop.  9,747.     Co.  t.  Concord. 

Cab'-ell,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
6,299.    Seat  of  justice,  Cabell  c.  h. 

Cab-ooi/,1  (Cabul  or  Caubul),  an  important  city  of  Asia,  the  cap. 
nf  Afghanistan,  situated  on  the  Cabool  r.,  in  a  large,  well-watered 
plain,  and  surrounded  with  beautiful  gardens.  The  town,  though  not 
targe,  is  handsome  and  compact ;  the  houses  are  mostly  built  of  wood, 
to  avoid  ths  consequences  of  the  frequent  earthquakes.  It  is  surrounded 
with  vails,  and  strongly  fortified.  Lat.  34°  26'  N.,  Lon.  69°  5'  E. 
Pop.  forme  -ly  estimated  at  80,000,  but  it  does  not  probably  at  present 
amount  to  mere  than  60,000.     (B.) 

Cabool  or  Cabul,  a  r.  of  Afghanistan,  flowing  into  the  Indus. 

Caceres,  k&'-tha-res,  (Lat.  Cas'tra  Csscil^ia,)  an  ancient  t.  of  Spain,  in 
Estremadura.     Lat  89°  25'  N.,  Lon.  6°  15'  W.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Cachoeira.     See  Caxoeira. 

Cad'-do,  a  parish  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  La.     Pop.  8,884. 

Cadiz,  ca^-diz,  (Sp.  pron.  ka^-Dith,)  the  principal  commercial  city  of 
Spain,  situated  in  the  prov.  of  Andalusia,  on  the  S.W.  coast.  It  stands  on 
a  tongue  of  land,  projecting  from  the  island  of  Leon.  This  town  was 
founded  by  the  Phoenicians,  many  centuries  before  the  Christian  era ; 
the  exact  time  is  not  known.  It  was  called  by  them  Gadir  or  Gadeira, 
which  was  afterwards  changed  to  Gades  by  the  Romans,  under  whom 
it  became  a  municipium,  or  free  town,  and  one  of  the  richest  provin* 
cial  cities  in  the  empire.  Nature  and  art  have  combined  to  render  this 
place  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Europe.     Lat.  36°  31'  N.,  Lon. 

*  These  are  sometimes  employed  to  designate  an  inhabitant  of  the  modern 
Turkish  capital.  The  eastern.  Roman  empire,  the  seat  of  which  was  at  Constan- 
tinople, is  frequently  called  the  Byzantine  empire. 

t  The  French  write  this  name  Caboul,  while  the  Germans,  Italians,  Spaniards, 
and  Portuguese,  write  it  Cabul,  but  pronounce  the  latter  syllable  bool.  Neverthe- 
less, we  are  assured,  on  the  best  authority,  that  the  native  inhabitants  write  and 
pronounce  it  without  any  vowel  between  the  b  and  I,  which  might  be  represented 
in  English  thus — Kab'l.  The  European  pronunciation,  however,  seems  uEialtera- 
bly  fixed;  and  we  ought,  perhaps,  to  acquiesce  the  more  willingly  because  1^  ori- 
ginal name  could  not  be  restored  without  some  loss  of  euphony. 

Moore  writes  the  name  Caubul,  but  accentuates  the  last  syllable. 

"  Pomegranates  full 

Of  melting  sweetness,  and  the  pears 
And  sunniest  apples  that  Caubul. 
In  all  its  thousand  gardens  bears." — Lalla  Rookh. 
Rogers  adopts  the  same  accentuation. 

"From  Alexandria  southward  *o  Sennaar, 
And  eastward  through  Oamasous,  and  Cabitl, 
And  Samarcand,  to  thn  greav  wtU,  rJajbaf,' 

I«iUj,  fir;  S*  *osd,  ^ 


CAE— CAH  131 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

6°  17'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  70,000.     (B.)— Inhab.  Gad^-ta'-nj-an 
(Borrow.) 

Caen,  kaN,  a  t.  of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Calvados,  situated  on 
the  Orne,  127  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Paris.  Among  its  numerous  scientific 
and  literary  institutions,  we  may  mention  the  Academie  Universitaire, 
the  Royal  College,  and  the  Public  Library,  containing  40,000  vols. 
Lat.  49°  IF  N.,  Lon.  0°  22'  W.     Pop.  39,000.     (B.) 

Caermarthen,  ker-mar'-THen,  a  t.  of  Wales,  cap.  of  Caermarthen- 
shire,  is  about  190  m.  nearly  W.  from  London.  There  is  here  a  Pres- 
byterian college,  for  the  education  of  young  men  for  the  ministry. 
Caermarthen  forms  a  little  co.  of  itself,  of  which  the  entire  pop.  is 
9,526.     Lat.  51°  51'  N.,  Lon.  4°  19'  W. 

Caermarthenshire,  ker-mar^-THen-shir,  a  co.  of  S.  Wales,  on  a 
bay  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  106,326. 

Caer-nar^-von,  a  t.  of  Wales ;  the  cap.  of  Caernarvonshire.  Lat. 
53°  9'  N.,  Lon.'4°  14'  W. 

Caer-nar^-von-shire,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Wales,  bordering 
on  the  sea,  and  the  Menai  Strait.     Pop.  81,093. 

Caf-fra^-rx-a  or  Caf'-fre-land,  a  name  given  by  Europeans,  to  a 
country  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Africa,  extending  about  600m.  along  the 
coast,  from  the  Great  Key  r.  to  Lagoa  Bay.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  Arabic  word  Kafir,  which  signifies  "  unbeliever."  This  country  is 
occupied  by  four  principal  nations,  originally  of  one  stock.  One  of 
these,  the  Zoolas  or  Vatvahs,  are  a  fine  athletic  race,  and  very  war- 
like, and  have  overpowered,  dispersed,  or  destroyed  all  the  surrounding 
tribes,  from  King  George's  r.  to  Port  Natal,  a  tract  of  above  300  m.  in 
length,  from  N.  to  S.  The  Caffres  acknowledge  the  existence  of  a 
Supreme  Being,  but  have  no  form  of  worship.  Some  tribes  are  indus- 
trious, and  cultivate  millet,  beans,  pumpkins,  sweet  potatoes  or  yams, 
maize  and  tobacco.  The  complexion  of  the  Caffres  varies  from  a  cop- 
per hue  to  a  deep  black.  Their  nose  is  arched  ;  they  have  thick  lips 
and  curly  hair,  but  less  woolly  than  the  negroes.  The  Caffre  women 
are  considered  to  be  among  the  handsomest  in  Africa. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Caf'-fre. 

Cagliari,  kaF-ya-re,  (Anc.  CaFaris),  a  fortified  archiepiscopal  city, 
the  chief  port  of  Sardinia,  and  cap.  of  the  vice-royalty  of  Sardinia,  is 
situated  in  the  S.  part  of  the  island,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  It 
has  a  fine  harbour,  and  an  extensive  commerce  :  also  a  university, 
with  the  four  faculties  of  theology,  law,  medicine,  philosophy  and  belles- 
lettres.     Lat.  39°  13'  N.,  Lon.  9°  7'  E.     Pop.  in  1825,  27,300.  (P.  C.) 

Ca-haw'-ba,  a  r.  of  Ala.,  which  flows  into  the  Alabama  r.  At  its 
influx  is  situated  the  town  of  Cahawba,  the  former  cap.  of  the  state. 

Cahir  or  Caher,  Kah/-her  or  kare,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tip- 
perary,  on  the  Suir,  40  m.  N.  E.  of  Cork.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,408.  (P.  C.) 

Cahors,  kax-0R/,  (Divona  Cadurcorum,)  a  city  of  France;  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Lot,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  r.  Lot.  This  town  is  very  an- 
cient ;  it  was  the  cap.  of  the  Cadurci,  under  the  Romans,  and  after 
wards  of  the  prov.  of  Querci,  which  name,  as  well  as  Cahors,  is  derived 


132  CAI— CAL 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  mfet;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  60  as  in  good  ; 

from  Cadurci.  Many  ancient  ruins  are  found  in  it  and  its  vicinity.  Lat. 
44°  25'  N.,  Lon.  1°  27'  E.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Caicos  (ki'-koce)  Islands,  one  of  the  groups  comprehended  under 
the  general  name  of  Bahamas,  situated  between  21°  and  22°  N.  Lat., 
and  71°  and  73°  W.  Lon. 

Cairo,  kl'-ro,  a  celebrated  city,  the  metropolis  of  modern  Egypt, 
situated  about  half  a  mile  from  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  and  about 
100  m.  in  a  straight  line  from  the  entrance  of  the  E.  branch  into  the 
Mediterranean.  The  Arabs  formerly  called  it  El-Kahira,  el-kaMie-ra, 
i.  e.  "  the  victorious,"  but  Musr  (or  Masr)  is  the  name  by  which  it  is 
now  commonly  known  among  the  natives.  The  streets  of  Cairo  are 
winding,  narrow,  and  unpaved.  The  houses,  not  being  lighted  except 
from  windows  opening  on  the  courts  in  the  interior,  present,  from  tire 
street,  the  appearance  of  prisons.  But,  though  the  exterior  of  the 
houses  is  gloomy,  many  of  them  exhibit,  within,  conveniences  and 
luxuries  suitable  to  the  climate.  Here  everything  is  arranged  with 
a  view  to  coolness ;  the  floor  is  inlaid  with  marble  and  coloured  earth- 
enware, and  fountains  spring  up  into  marble  basins.  The  commerce  of 
this  city  is  very  extensive.  Through.it  the  productions  of  Asia  and 
the  East  Indies,  and  partly  also  those  of  Europe,  are  transmitted  into 
the  vast  regions  of  interior  Africa.  Boolak  (booMak'),  the  principal 
port  of  Cairo,  is  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  N.  N.  W.  of  the  metro- 
polis. Pop.  estimated  at  above  18,000.  (B.)  The  other  port,  Old  Cairo, 
is  situated  on  the  Nile,  S.  S.  W.  of  New  or  Great  Cairo.  The  Egyp- 
tian capital  is  in  about  30°  3'  N.  Lat,  and  31°  18'  E.  Lon.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  330,000,  previously  to  the  recent  ravages  of  the  cholera  and 
plague ;  but,  at  present,  it  probably  does  not  exceed  270,000.  (B.) — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Cairine,  ki-reen/.     (Arab.  MusM-ee.) 

Caith'-ness,  a  co.  occupying  the  N.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Scotland. 
Pop.  36,343. 

Ca-la'-brj.-a,  or  ka-la'-bre-a,  a  territory  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples, 
occupying  the  southern  extremity  of  Italy.  It  extends  from  37°  56' 
to  about  40°  N.  Lat,  and  is  divided  into  Calabria  Citra  (chee^-tra), 
which  forms  the  N.,  and  Calabria  Ultra  (ooF-tra),  the  S.  part  of  the 
territory. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Ca-la'-brj-an. 

Calahorra,  ka-la-or/-ra,  (Anc.  Calagur'ris,)  a  t  of  Spain,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, remarkable  for  the  ruins  which  attest  its  ancient  splendour.  Ca- 
lagurris  was  the  birth-place  of  Quintilian.  Lat.  42°  15'  N.,  Lon.  2°  W. 
Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Calais,  kalMs,  (Fr.  pron.  kaMa/,)  a  fortified  seaport  t  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Pas-de-Calais,  situated  on  the  Pas-de-Calais  or  Strait  of 
Dover,  150  m.  nearly  N.  from  Paris.  A  steamboat  runs  daily  from  this 
place  to  Dover,  which  is  about  25  m.  distant.  Calais  was  taken  by 
Edward  III.  in  1347,  and  remained  in  the  possession  of  the  English  till 
1558.     Lat  50°  58'  N.,  Lon.  1°  51'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  10,437.     (P.  C.) 

Calais,  Strait  of.     See  Pas-de-Calais. 

Calatayud,  ka-la-ta-yooDf,  a  t.  of  Aragon,  Spain.  Lat.  41°  25  N*., 
Lon.  1°  36'  W.    Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 


CAL— CAL  133 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Calcasieu,  kdl'-ka— shu\  or  kuV-ka-shu\  as  it  is  commonly  pro- 
nounced, a  r.  in.  the  VV.  part  of  La.,  which,  after  flowing  through  a 
Jake  of  the  same  name,  empties  itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
lake  is  about  30  m.  in  length,  and  10  m.  in  breadth. 

Calcasieu,  a  parish  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  La.     Pop.  3,914. 

Cal-cut/-ta,  the  cap.  of  Bengal,  and  the  seat  of  the  supreme  gov- 
ernment in  British  India,  is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hoogly,  an 
arm  of  the  Ganges,  about  100  m.  from  the  sea.  In  the  beginning  of 
the  last  century,  Calcutta  was  only  an  insignificant  village,  and  a 
great  part  of  its  present  site  was  completely  covered  with  jungle.  The 
spot  appears  not  to  have  been  wisely  chosen,  as  it  is  surrounded  by 
a  marshy  and  unhealthy  country;  and,  though  something  has  been 
done  to  remedy  the  evil,  by  draining  the  water  off  the  surface,  near 
the  town,  and  by  clearing  away  the  surrounding  jungle,  the  air  is 
still  far  from  being  salubrious.  The  city  may  be  considered  as  con- 
sisting of  two  distinct  parts;  that  portion  which  is  inhabited  by  the 
Hindoos  and  Mahometans  of  the  lower  classes,  is,  in  general,  badly 
built,  with  narrow  and  dirty  streets,  the  dwellings  being,  for  the  most 
part,  mud  hovels,  and  the  walls  frequently  consisting  of  mats  and  bam- 
boos; while  that  quarter  where  the  English  and  other  Europeans  reside, 
presents  a  very  different  aspect.  This  is  finely,  and  even  magnificently 
built,  so  that  the  houses  are  said  to  resemble  palaces.  The  citadel, 
called  Fort  William,  stands  on  the  bank  of  the  Hoogly,  about  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  below  the  city.  The  Europeans  of  Calcutta  have  established 
a  number  of  literary  and  scientific  institutions;  among  others,  a  Ma- 
hometan, a  Sanscrit,  and  an  Anglo-Indian  college.  About  one-third  of 
the  native  inhabitants  of  this  town  are  Mahometans,  and  nearly  all  the 
remainder  Hindoos.  The  number  of  Christians,  in  1822,  was  stated  to 
be  13,138.  The  commerce  of  Calcutta  is  very  extensive;  through  it 
nearly  all  the  external  trade  of  the  prov.  of  Bengal  is  carried  on.  Lat. 
22°  34'  N.,  Lon.  88°  26'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  625,000.     (P.  C.) 

Caldas  da  Rainha,  kal'-das  da  ra-een^-ya,  a  small  t.  of  Portuguese 
Estremadura,  much  resorted  to  on  account  of  its  warm  sulphurous 
baths.  Lat.  39°  22'  N.,  Lon.  9°  5'  W.  Permanent  pop.  1,500.  (B.) 
Caldas,  signifying  "  warm  baths,"  is  a  name  given  to  a  number  of 
other  places  in  Portugal  and  Spain. 

CAl'-der,  a  small  r.  of  Yorkshire,  England,  which  flows  into  the 
Aire  at  Castleford,  near  Pontefract. 

Cald'-well,  a  parish  in  the  N.,  or  N.  central  part  of  La.,  intersected 
by  the  Washita.     Pop.  2,815. 

Caldwell,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ky.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Tennessee  r.     Pop.  13,048.     Co.  t.  Princeton. 

Caldwell,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.     Pop.  2,316. 

Cal-e-do'-ni-a,  the  ancient  and  poetical  name  of  Scotland. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Cal-e-do'-ni-an. 

Caledonia,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Vt,  bordering  on  the  Connec- 
ticut r.     Pop.  23,086.     Co.  t.  Danville. 
12 


134  CAL— CAM 

Fate,  far,  f&ll,  fat;  me1,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good} 

Calhoun,  kal-hoon',  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  oa 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Pop.  1,377. 

Calhoun,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  intersected  by  the  Kalama 
zoo  r.     Pop.  19,162.     Co.  t.  Marshall. 

Calhoun,  a  co.  jn  the  W.  part  of  111.,  situated  in  the  fork  formed  by 
the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers.     Pop.  3,231.     Co.  t.  Guilford. 

Cal'-i-cut^,  a  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of  Malabar.  Lat. 
11°  15'  N.,  Lon.  75°  50'  E.  It  is  estimated  to  contain  5,000  houses. 
(P.  C.) 

Cal-i-for^-nx-a,  Lower,  a  peninsula  of  Mexico,  on  the  Pacific,  sepa- 
rated from  the  main  land  by  the  Gulf  of  California. 

California.  At  the  close  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  the  United 
States  acquired  by  conquest  and  purchase,  a  tract  of  country,  for  the 
most  part  arid,  sterile  and  mountainous,  covering  a  space  of  nearly 
500,000  sq.  miles ;  the  greater  part  of  which  had  been  hitherto 
known  as  the  Mexican  territory  of  Upper  California.  From  the  west- 
ern portion  of  this  sterile  region,  the  Congress  of  the  U.  S.  in  Sept., 
1850,  created  and  admitted  into  the  American  Confederacy,  the  31st 
sovereign  state,  under  the  name  of  California.  This  state  lies 
between  32°  and  42°  N.  Lat.;  and  between  114°  and  125°  W. 
Lon. ;  and  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Oregon  territory ;  E.  by  the  ter- 
ritories of  Utah  and  New  Mexico  ;  S.  by  Old  California ;  and  W.  by 
the  Pacific.  The  Eastern  boundary  is  formed  by  the  120th  degree 
of  W.  Lon.,  down  to  the  39th  degree  of  lat. ;  and  to  this  point  has  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  in  the  boundary  line ;  but  here  it  diverges  from 
the  mountains  in  a  right  line  S.E.,  till  it  strikes  the  Colorado  on  the  35th 
degree  of  lat.,  whence  it  follows  that  river  to  the  boundary  of  Mexico. 
The  length  of  this  state  from  N.  to  S.  is  about  700  miles,  with  an 
average  breadth  of  from  150  to  200  miles,  including  an  area  of 
188,982  sq.  miles,  or  about  120,000,000  acres. 

Capt.  Wilkes  computes  the  arable  portion  of  this  state  at  only 
about  12,000  sq.  miles.  This  portion,  though  subject  to  great  droughts, 
is  exceedingly  productive.  But  the  state  of  California,  despite  its 
sterility,  has  already  in  the  very  few  years  it  has  belonged  to  the  U. 
S.,  acquired  a  prominent  place  not  only  in  the  estimation  of  Ameri- 
cans, but  in  the  eye  of  the  world.  From  the  sands  of  its  barren  hills 
and  mountains,  and  from  the  beds  of  its  Alpine  torrents,  are  sifted 
and  washed  out  annually  from  $75,000,000  to  $100,000,000  of  gold 
dust  and  ore.*  A  commercial  city  has  sprung  up,  as  if  by  magic, 
whose  harbor  is  thronged  with  shipping  of  the  largest  class,  from 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Australia ;  <md  which  already  numbers  its  popu- 
lation by  tens  of  thousands.  Regular  lines  of  large  steamers  at  stated 
and  frequent  periods  depart  from  and  arrive  in  its  port,  crowded 
with  passengers  to  a  degree  that  occurs  in  no  line  of  steamers  else- 
where. It  holds  regular  and  frequent  intercourse  with  New  York,  by 
a  length  of  voyage  much  greater  than  unites  that  metropolis  with 
Europe.  Besides,  interior  towns  have  sprung  up,  each  numbering 
thousands  of  inhabitants,  and  communicating  frequently  with  their 

•  See  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  for  1851. 


CAL— CAL  135 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  rig. 

commercial  capital.  But  even  should  the  mines  become  exhausted, 
or  had  they  never  existed  or  been  discovered,  yet  is  this  state  des- 
tined to  play  a  leading  part  in  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
by  means  of  its  deep  and  capacious  harbor  and  otherwise  advantage- 
ous location.  Ere  these  mines  were  dreamed  of,  some  of  our  far- 
sighted  statesmen  had  written  and  spoken  of  the  importance  of  San 
Francisco  to  the  commerce  of  our  Pacific  border ;  a  city,  whose  posi- 
tion and  other  commercial  advantages,  threaten  to  revolutionize  the 
trade  of  the  East,  to  open  commerce  and  civilization  to  the  isles  of  the 
sea,  and  the  eastern  coast  of  Asia.* 

Bays,  Rivers,  &c. — San  Francisco  Bay,  the  best  and  most  capacious 
harbor  on  the  Pacific  coast,  is  (including  the  two  arms,  San  Pablo  and 
San  Francisco  bay  proper,)  perhaps  60  or  70  miles  long,  and  in  the 
widest  part  14  miles  broad.  A  strait  about  a  mile  wide,  passing  through 
a  range  of  hills  or  low  mountains  connects  it  with  the  ocean.  This 
strait  has  been  termed  not  inappropriately  the  "  Golden  Gate/'f  as 
it  is  the  passage  through  which  the  multitudes  from  every  region  of 
the  world  are  continually  hastening,  in  order  to  gather  the  wealth  of 
this  new  and  richer  El  Dorado.  Within  the  barrier  of  hills  already 
alluded  to,  the  bay  divides  into  two  parts — the  one  stretching  to  the 
S.  about  40  miles,  and  the  other  to  the  N.  about  25  miles.  On  the 
N.  W.  shore  of  the  southern  arm,  or  San  Francisco  Bay  proper,  stands 
the  city  of  the  same  name.  The  northern  arm  is  named  San  Pablo, 
and  is  connected  by  a  strait  with  a  small  bay  directly  E.  of  it,  into 
which  the  united  waters  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  (san 
ho-ah-keen')  discharge  themselves.     This  is  called  Suisoon  Bay. 

The  strait  that  connects  San  Francisco  Bay  with  the  ocean,  is  the 
only  channel  of  navigation  between  the  interior  of  California  and  the 
sea.  The  Sacramento  rises  in  several  branches,  in  the  mountains  of  the 
Coast  Range,  the  Shasta  and  Sierra  Nevada,  in  about  41°  30/  N.  Lat., 
and  proceeding  in  its  course  nearly  directly  south,  receives  the  Fea- 
ther and  American  rivers  from  the  east,  with  many  smaller  branches, 
and  joins  the  San  Joaquin  after  a  course  of  about  200  miles. 
The  latter  river  rises  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  in  about  37°  30'  N.  Lat., 
and  running  first  in  a  S.  W.,  and  then  in  a  direction  a  little  N.  W., 
receives  the  Mariposa,  Merced,  Tuolumne,  Stanislaus,  and  Calave- 
ras rivers,  from  the  E.,  and  after  a  course  of  about  200  miles,  joins 
the  Sacramento ;  their  united  waters  running  westwardly  for  about 
200  miles,  in  a  channel  much  interrupted  by  islands,  empty  into 

*  By  an  act  of  its  legislature  in  April,  1851,  California  was  divided  into  30  coun- 
ties, viz :  Bute,  Calaveras,  Colusi,  Contra-Costa,  Eldorado,  Klamath,  Los  Angeles, 
Marin,  Mariposa,  Mendocino,  Monterey,  Napa,  Nevada,  Placer,  Sacramento, 
San  Diego,  San  Francisco,  San  Joaquin,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa  Barbara,  Santa 
Clara,  Santa  Cruz,  Shasta,  Solano,  Sonoma,  Sutter,  Ta-wal-um-ne  or  Tuolumne, 
Trinity,  Yolo,  and  Yuba.     San  Jose  is  the  present  capital. 

f  Probably  in  allusion  to  the  harbour  of  Constantinople,  named,  from  its  form, 
and  from  the  prodigious  wealth  which  was  continually  wafted  into  it,  the 
"  Golden  Horn." 


136  CAL— CAL 

Fate,  far,  fS.ll,  fit;  me,  m£t:  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n&,  not;  oo  as  in  good*, 

Suisoon  Bay.  The  Mokelunme  (or  Moquelumne  river)  empties  into 
these  at  the  point  of  junction.  The  Klamath  river  empties  itself  into 
the  Pacific  in  the  N.  W.  of  California.  Capt.  Wilkes's  map  represents 
its  mouth  and  source  as  in  Oregon. 

The  principal  estuaries  of  the  Pacific  on  the  coast  of  California 
are,  Humboldt  bay  in  the  N.  W.,  Monterey  bay  and  the  bay  of  de 
los  Esteros  in  the  W.,  San  Pedro,  San  Diego  and  Santa  Barbara  bays 
in  the  S.  W. 

The  principal  lake,  Lake  Tulare,  (too'-lah-ra,)  (bulrush  lake,)  is  de- 
scribed by  Fremont  "as  a  strip  of  water  of  about  70  miles  in  length,  sur- 
rounded by  low  lands  overgrown  with  rushes,  and  as  receiving  all  the 
rivers  of  the  southern  part  of  the  valley.  In  times  of  high  water  it  com- 
municates with  the  San  Joaquin."  This  lake  is  about  150  miles  S.  E. 
of  San  Francisco.  Kern  Lake,  S.  of  Tulare,  communicates  with  it. 
The  other  lakes  are  Rhett  and  Deer  in  the  N.  E. ;  Clear  Lake,  about  70 
miles  directly  N.  of  San  Francisco ;  Fremont  Lake,  100  miles  E.  of 
the  southern  point  of  the  latter,  and  Owen  Lake,  about  70  miles  E. 
of  the  N.  point  of  Tulare  Lake.  These  are  all  small,  except  Clear 
and  Tulare,  the  former  of  which  is  about  40  miles  long. 

Face  of  the  Country. — As  the  voyager  sails  along  the  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia, he  looks  upon  a  low  range  of  mountains,  which  in  many  in- 
stances approach  to  the  water's  edge,  forming  a  bluff,  iron-bound 
coast ;  through  which  he  enters,  by  a  narrow  strait  named  the  Golden 
Gate,  the  bay  of  San  Francisco.  Following  these  low  mountains  on 
the  coast  north  of  the  Golden  Gate,  is  a  broken  and  hilly  country,  to 
which  succeeds  the  coast  range,  entering  from  Oregon,  and  extending 
nearly  parallel  to  the  ocean,  at  distances  varying  from  30  to  50  miles, 
till  it  reaches  the  35°  of  N.  Lat.,  where  it  unites  with  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, and  passes  into  Old  California.  South  of  the  Golden  Gate,  be- 
tween the  coast  mountains  and  the  coast  range,  are  the  valleys  of  the 
river  San  Juan,  emptying  into  San  Francisco  bay,  and  of  Buenaven- 
tura, emptying  into  Monterey  bay.  The  former  is  60  miles  long,  by 
15  to  20  wide,  and  the  most  fertile  in  California.  The  mountains  im- 
mediately on  the  coast  bear  various  local  names.  Table  Hill,  on  the 
N.  side  of  the  strait  leading  into  San  Francisco  bay,  is  2560  feet 
high.  Mt.  Diablo  in  the  coast  range,  directly  east  of  San  Francisco, 
attains  an  elevation  of  3,770  ft.  Mt.  Linn  is  an  elevated  peak  of 
the  same  range,  in  lat.  40°,  whose  height  has  not  been  ascertained. 
Near  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state,  in  a  spur  of  mountains 
running  N.  E.  to  the  Sierra  Nevada,  is  Mt.  Shasta,  or  Shaste,  the 
highest  known  peak  in  California,  which  soars  to  the  Alpine  height 
of  14,400  feet,  and  is  clothed  with  perpetual  snow.  We  now  enter  the 
great  valley  of  the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  which  extends  from 
N.  to  S.  about  500  miles,  with  an  average  breadth  of  about  60  miles, 
and  an  elevation  of  only  a  few  hundred  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
This  is  the  garden  of  California,  and  the  chief  source  from  which  she 
must  draw  her  agricultural  supplies.  Soon  after  we  have  passed  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  from  a  base  of  about  500  ft.  above  the 


CAL— CAL  137 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  tliis;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

sea,  we  commence  the  ascent  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  by  a  gradual  slope, 
first  passing  through  a  region  wooded  to  about  half  the  mountain's 
height  with  oak,  which  is  succeeded  by  a  forest  of  gigantic  pines, 
cedars  and  cypress,  and  which  conducts  us  to  the  naked  granite  and 
perpetual  snows  of  its  summits.  At  the  north  end  of  the  Sacramento 
valley  is  another  higher  valley,  of  about  100  miles  in  length,  and 
some  thousands  of  feet  in  elevation,  heavily  timbered,  and  containing 
arable  valleys.  The  Sierra  Nevada  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Cas- 
cade Range  of  Oregon,  and  extends  almost  directly  south  till  they 
unite  with  the  coast  range  in  about  34°  N.  Lat.  They  form  the  east- 
ern boundary  of  California,  between  39°  and  41°  of  N.  Lat.  The 
Emigrants'  Pass,  in  about  39°  N.  Lat.,  is  7,200  feet  high,  but  there 
are  peaks  in  the  range  which  reach  an  elevation  of  15,500  ft.  Some 
volcanoes  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The 
eastern  slope  ascends  from  a  base  of  4,000  ft.,  and  is  much  more 
rigorous  in  climate.  The  western  slope  is  covered  with  grass  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year,  and  scored  with  as  many  fertile  valleys  as  there 
are  streams  and  rivers.  On  this  slope,  too,  between  37°  and  40°  of 
N.  Lat.,  are  the  celebrated  gold  diggings,  towards  which  the  eyes 
of  the  seekers  after  sudden  affluence  have  been  so  eagerly  turned 
since  1848,  and  it  is  estimated  will  soon  yield  $100,000,000  annu- 
ally. The  gold  is  obtained  by  turning  aside  streams  from  their 
channels,  and  washing  the  sands ;  or  from  dry  diggings  either  by 
washing  or  mining,  or  in  lumps  and  coarse  particles  by  pick-axes,  &c. 
The  gold  found  in  the  streams  and  in  the  dry  ravines  and  plains,  was 
evidently  only  the  washings  from  the  higher  regions,  and  must  ne- 
cessarily be  soon  exhausted ;  but  fortunately  for  the  gold  seekers, 
the  auriferous  quartz,  probably  in  its  original  locality,  has  recently 
been  discovered,  and  is  not  likely  to  be  soon  exhausted.  Gold,  too, 
has  been  found  in  the  coast  range,  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Jose  and 
Monterey.  Quicksilver  mines  also  are  known  to  exist  of  great  rich- 
ness, in  the  vicinity  of  the  former  place.  Silver  has  been  discovered 
in  two  or  three  localities,  and  lead  in  several  places ;  but  none  of 
these  have  as  yet  received  much  attention.  Iron,  too,  has  been  found 
recently. 

Climate  and  Meteorology. — The  climate  of  California  is  much  mild- 
er, even  at  considerable  elevations,  than  in  the  same  parallels  on  the 
Atlantic  coast.  Though  many  degrees  above  the  tropics,  the  seasons 
are  divided  into  rainy  and  dry,  rather  than  into  the  four  seasons  of 
similar  latitudes  elsewhere.  The  rainy  season  lasts  from  December 
to  March.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  dry  season,  where  there  is  not 
irrigation — as  is  the  case  mostly  west  of  the  Sacramento  and  San 
Joaquin — every  thing  is  destroyed  by  the  drought.  In  Southern 
California,  in  February  the  grass  begins  to  spring  up,  and  vege- 
tation generally  to  put  forth.  The  western  slope  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada has  a  milder  temperature  than  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento, 
being  more  sheltered  by  the  mountains  from  the  cold  winds 
from  their  summits.  At  San  Francisco  and  other  parts  near  the 
12* 


138  CAL— CAL 

Fite,  fir,  fill,  fit;  nie,  mbt;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

coast,  cold  bleak  winds,  charged  with  fogs  from  the  ocean,  prevail 
during  the  summer,  and  render  it  really  more  unpleasant  in  climate 
than  in  the  winter  season,  when  the  N.  W.  winds  do  not  prevail. 
During  75  days  that  observations  were  kept  near  the  Golden  Gate  by 
the  Exploring  Expedition,  S.  W.  winds  prevailed  44  days  ;  N.  W.  13 
days  ;  W.  4  days  ;  S.  E.  5  days  ;  calm  5  days.  These  75  days  were 
between  Aug.  18th  and  Oct.  31st.  The  mean  temperature  from  May 
27th  to  June  6th,  averaged  61° ;  highest  point  86° ;  lowest  48°.  At 
New  Helvetia,  at  the  same  time,  it  rose  as  high  as  114°.  At  30  miles 
from  the  coast,  especially  in  the  valley  of  San  Juan,  the  climate  is 
delightfully  equable,  resembling  the  south  of  Spain.  The  valleys  of 
the  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin,  particularly  the  west  side  of  the 
latter,  are  very  hot  in  the  dry  or  summer  season.  According  to  ob- 
servations made  by  Fremont,  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley,  between  the 
middle  of  December  and  the  middle  of  June,  the  mean  temperature 
at  sunrise  was  29°,  and  at  sunset  52° ;  from  the  10th  to  the  22d  of 
March,  38°  and  56°  at  sunrise  and  sunset.  At  Deer  Creek,  in  40°  N. 
Lat.,  during  6  days  between  the  30th  of  March  and  4th  of  April,  the 
temperature  was  48°  at  sunrise,  59°  at  2  P.  M.,  and  52°  at  sunset. 
At  the  three  Buttes,  in  39°  N.  Lat.,  64°  at  sunrise,  90°  at  2  P.  M., 
and  80°  at  sunset,  at  an  elevation  of  800  ft.  At  the  head  of  Kern 
river,  in  lat.  35°  30',  mean  temperature  between  Dec.  27th  and  Jan. 
17th,  was  26°  at  sunrise,  noon  60°,  sunset  52°.  Near  Monterey, 
early  in  March,  sunrise  44°,  2  P.M.  62°,  sunset  53°  ;  elevation  2,200  ft. 

Productions,  Agriculture,  &c. — Though  so  much  of  California,  as 
has  been  observed,  is  unproductive,  yet  there  is  a  portion  of  it  lux- 
uriantly fertile,  but  subject  to  the  great  drawback  of  long  droughts 
in  the  autumn,  when  even  the  turf  is  parched  to  an  impalpable  pow- 
der. But  the  rains  return  between  November  and  March,  and  restore 
verdure  and  health  to  vegetation.  Where  irrigation  can  be  practised, 
the  evils  of  the  drought  are  compensated  by  abundant  returns  for  ad- 
ditional labor — as  the  southern  part  has  the  climate  and  productions 
of  Italy.  Here  may  be  cultivated  the  olive,  the  banana,  the  orange, 
the  grape,  pears,  peaches,  pomegranates,  quinces,  Indian  corn,  tobac- 
co, and  cotton.  In  the  north  wheat  nourishes  ;  and  the  moisture  of 
the  coast  favors  the  potato.  The  fertile  parts  are  mainly  found  in  the 
bottoms  of  the  great  rivers  and  their  affluents,  and  in  the  valleys  and 
plains  of  the  coast  region.  Over  these,  in  their  native  state,  is  found 
a  rich  growth  of  wild  oats.  On  the  western  slope  of  the  Nevada, 
grass  grows  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

The  forest  trees  of  California  consist  mainly  of  oak,  cypress,  cedar, 
pine,  and  fir,  with  some  sycamores,  willow,  cotton-wood,  a  peculiar 
species  of  white  oak,  with  long  acorns,  (which  form  a  staple  of  food 
with  the  Indians,)  ash,  and  a  remarkable  tree  peculiar  to  California 
called  the  Madrono,  an  evergreen  60  feet  in  height,  and  4  feet  in 
diameter,  with  a  smooth  reddish  bark.  These  forests  grow  on  the 
slopes  of  the  Nevada,  on  the  banks  of  the  streams,  and  on  the  district 


CAL— CAL  139 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

near  the  coast — both  mountain  and  plain.  The  cypress,  pine  and  fir 
of  this  region  attain  an  enormous  size.  Fremont  measured  a  cypress 
near  Monterey,  whose  altitude  was  275  feet,  and  diameter  15  feet,  3 
feet  above  the  base. 

Among  the  wild  animals  are  grizzly  bears,  elks,  deers,  antelopes, 
and  wild  horses.  Great  abundance  of  salmon  are  found  in  the 
rivers. 

The  commerce  of  California  is  extensive,  and  the  harbour  of  San 
Francisco  is  thronged  with  shipping  from  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the 
Union,  from  England,  from  Australia,  and  other  parts  of  the  world. 
There  is  little  to  export  of  her  native  products  except  gold,  which  is 
freighted  in  steamers  to  New  York.  The  other  trade  is  confined  to 
supplying  the  wants  of  the  inhabitants,  as  even  the  materials  for 
building  have  as  yet  mostly  to  be  imported,  as  well  as  their  food, 
clothing,  machinery,  &c.  The  arrivals  from  California  in  1851,  at 
different  ports  on  the  Atlantic  shore  of  the  Union,  were  35  ;  the 
clearances  for  California  amounted  to  115.  The  Sacramento  is  navi- 
gable at  all  times  to  Sacramento  City,  and  except  in  the  dry  season, 
for  200  miles.  The  San  Joaquin  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  400  tons, 
to  Stockton,  65  miles ;  and  for  smaller  vessels  to  Stanislaus,  perhaps 
100  miles  further. 

Manufactures. — California  has  as  yet  but  few  manufactures. 

History,  Government,  &c. — The  north  part  of  California  was  dis- 
covered by  Sir  Francis  Drake,  in  1578 ;  but  was  first  colonized  by 
some  Spaniards  in  1768.  After  the  Mexican  revolution,  California 
formed  a  province  of  that  country  until  1836,  when  it  rebelled,  drove 
out  the  Mexicans,  and  formed  an  independent  congress.  By  the 
treaty  of  peace  of  1848,  after  having  been  the  scene  of  several  san- 
guinary skirmishes  during  the  war  with  Mexico,  it  became  a  part  of 
the  United  States,  and  in  1850  was  admitted  into  the  American  Con- 
federacy as  a  sovereign  state. 

The  constitution  of  California  is  similar  to  that  of  the  northern 
states ;  slavery  is  excluded.  The  governor  is  elected  for  two  years, 
and  receives  $10,000  per  annum ;  and  a  lieutenant-governor  for  the 
same  period.  The  senate  consists  of  sixteen  members,  elected  for 
two  years  ;  and  the  house  of  representatives  of  thirty-six  members, 
elected  for  one  year — all  elected  by  the  people. 

The  judiciary  consists  of  a  Supreme  Court,  composed  of  a  chief- 
justice  and  two  associates,  receiving  $10,000  per  annum  each,  and 
elected  for  six  years  by  the  people ;  and  of  district  courts  presided 
over  by  judges  elected  for  a  like  period  by  the  people,  and  receiving 
$7,500  per  annum.  A  county  judge  is  elected  for  four  years,  to  act 
as  judge  of  probate,  and  to  hold  county  courts,  and  with  two  justices 
of  the  peace  to  hold  criminal  sessions. 

Education  is  intrusted  to  a  state  superintendent,  who  holds  his 
office  for  three  years.  500,000  acres  of  public  lands  are  appropriated 
to  educational  purposes. 


140  CAL— CAL 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Towns. — San  Francisco,  the  commercial  metropolis  of  California, 
is  situated  on  the  N.  W.  shore  of  the  southern  arm  of  the  bay  bearing 
its  own  name.  It  stands  on  a  plain  about  half  a  mile  wide,  gently 
inclined  towards  the  bay,  with  numerous  hills  behind  it.  It  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  with  streets,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The 
houses  are  mostly  frame,  but  since  the  destructive  fires  that  have 
occurred,  several  times  laying  large  portions  of  the  city  in  ruins,  brick 
and  iron  are  becoming  more  extensively  used.  The  better  class  of 
frame  houses  are  painted  white,  with  green  blinds,  presenting  the 
appearance  of  the  houses  in  New  England.  The  soil  on  which  the 
town  is  built  is  very  sandy,  and  around  the  city,  particularly  the 
northern  part,  are  numerous  sand  hills.  Along  the  water's  edge, 
many  of  the  stores  and  warehouses  are  built  on  piles  driven  into  the 
water.  Near  the  southern  end  of  the  town  is  a  high  hill  or  butte, 
(pronounced  bide,)  called  Telegraph  Hill,  having  an  elevation  of  1,000 
feet  or  upwards,  and  from  the  summit  of  which  a  very  extensive  view 
may  be  had  of  the  surrounding  country.  In  the  centre  of  the  city  is 
a  large  public  square,  which  is  called  by  its  Spanish  name,  "plaza/' 
{plahf-sa.)  The  inhabitants  of  San  Francisco  have  been  variously 
estimated  at  from  25,000  to  40,000  ;  but  there  is  so  large  a  mass  of 
floating  population,  that  it  would  be  impossible,  even  by  taking  a 
census,  to  state  the  number  with  any  exactness. 

Sacramen'to  City,  the  present  capital,  is  favourably  situated 
on  the  Sacramento  river,  in  the  midst  of  a  level  country,  and  on 
one  of  the  richest  soils  in  the  world.  In  it  and  in  its  vicinity  are 
perhaps  the  finest  gardens  in  California.  Suttersville,  a  village,  for- 
merly two  miles  further  up,  is  now  joined  with  it,  and  the  two  may 
properly  be  regarded  as  a  single  town.  Sacramento  City  is  about  80 
or  90  miles  N.  E.  of  San  Francisco,  and  is  the  principal  entrepot  of 
trade  for  furnishing  provisions  to  the  northern  mines.  The  entire 
population  is  estimated  at  12,000. 

Marysville,  on  Yuba  river,  just  above  its  junction  with  Feather 
river,  is  situated  70  miles  N.  of  Sacramento  City,  at  the  head  of  steam- 
boat navigation.  It  is  an  important  trading-post  for  the  northern 
mines.     Pop.  about  5,000. 

Stockton,  the  third  city  in  California,  situated  on  Stockton  Slough, 
three  miles  from  the  San  Joaquin,  is  about  70  miles  E.  by  N.  of  San 
Francisco,  in  a  direct  line.  Vessels  of  400  tons  burden  may  ascend 
to  Stockton.  It  is  a  place  of  great  activity,  and  a  depot  for  the 
southern  mines.     Pop.  estimated  from  6,000  to  10,000. 

Sono'ra,  situated  in  the  richest  mining  region  in  California,  160  or 
170  S.  E.  by  S.  from  San  Francisco,  is  the  capital  of  Tuolumne  county, 
and  has  a  population  of  from  3,000  to  8,000. 

San  Jose',  (san-ho-sa',)  the  former  capital  of  California,  is  beau- 
tifully situated  in  Santa  Clara  valley,  seven  miles  from  the  head  of 
San  Francisco  bay.  Though  the  town  stands  in  a  plain,  snow-capped 
mountains  may  be  seen  in  the  distance  on  every  side  of  it,  during  the 
whole  year.  The  climate  is  perhaps  the  most  delightful  in  California. 


CAL— CAL  141 

ou,  as  In  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

It  is  about  45  or  50  miles  S.  E.  from  San  Francisco.  Pop.  about 
4,000. 

Nevada  City,  (na-vab'-da,)  a  very  important  mining  town  is  situ- 
ated on  Deer  creek,  an  affluent  of  the  Yuba  river,  about  190  miles 
N.  of  San  Francisco. 

Benicia,  (ba-nish'-e-a,)  on  the  strait  of  Carquines,  is  a  small  town, 
but  is  important  as  the  seat  of  the  arsenal  and  other  government 
works.  The  Pacific  Steam  Company  have  also  a  station  here  for  re- 
fitting their  ships.     Pop.  from  3000  to  5000. 

California,  Gulf  of,  on  the  W.  coast  of  Mexico,  extends  from  about 
23°  30'  to  32°  N.  Lat.  Its  length  is  above  700  m. ;  its  breadth  varies 
from  about  4!)  to  150  m. 

Callao,  kal-la'-o  or  kal-ya'-o,  on  the  coast  of  Peru,  is  the  seaport 
of  Lima,  from  which  it  is  7  m.  distant,  by  a  good  level  road.  It  is  the 
best  fortress  and  the  most  convenient  and  safest  port  in  Peru.  Lat.  12° 
3'  S.,  Lon.  77°  14'  W.  Before  the  war  of  independence,  it  had  a  pop. 
of  4,000.     (B.) 

Cal'-la-way,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  8,096.     Co.  t.  Wadesborough. 

Callaway,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  r. 
Missouri.     Pop.  13,827.     Co.  t.  Fulton. 

Calmar,  kaK-nmr,  or  Kalmar,  a  commercial  t.  of  Sweden,  in  the 
ancient  prov.  of  Smaland.  Lat.  about  56°  40'  N.,  Lon.  16°  26'  E.  Pop. 
5,000.     (B.) 

Calne,  kan,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Wiltshire,  83  m.  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
2,483. 

Caltagirone,  kal-ta-je-ro'-na,  a  manufacturing  and  trading  t.  in  the 
interior  of  Sicily.  Lat.  37°  14'  N.,  Lon.  14°  32'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
about  20,000.     (B.) 

Caltanisetta,  kal-ta-ne-setMa,  an  important  inland  t.  of  Sicily.  Lat. 
about  37°  26'  N.,  Lon.  14°  4'  E.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Cal'-u-met\  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  L.  Win- 
nebago.    Pop.  1,743. 

Calvados,  kal-va'-dos  or  kar~vax-dos^,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  of  France, 
bordering  on  the  English  Channel.  Pop.  501,775.  (B.)  Capital, 
Caen. 

Cal'-vert,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Md.,  between  the  r.  Patux- 
ent  and  the  Chesapeake.     Pop.  9,646.     Co.  t.  Prince  Frederick. 

Cam,  a  small  r.  of  England,  which  flows  by  Cambridge,  and  fallg 
into  the  Ouse. 

Cam-bay^,  an  ancient  t.  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  on  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name.     Lat.  22°  21'  N.,  Lon.  72°  48'  E. 

Cam-bo'-dx-a,  Cam-bo'-dja  or  Cam-boge',  an  extensive  country  of 
Asia,  in  Chin-India,  a  part  of  which  is  now  subject  to  Cochin  China, 


142  CAM— CAM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  55  as  in  good ; 

the  remainder  to  the  Siamese.  The  Chinese  call  it  Kan-phu-tche,  from 
which  the  European  name  is  derived. 

Cambodia,  called  also  Meinam-Kong,  a  large  r.  of  S.  Asia,  flowing 
into  the  China  Sea.  It  is  navigable  for  the  largest  vessels,  40  leagues 
from  its  mouth.     Length  estimated  at  1,700  m. 

Cam-boge'  or  Cambodia,  one  of  the  chief  cities  of  Cambodia,  situated 
on  the  r.  Meinam-Kong,  above  150  m.  from  the  sea.  Lat.  12°  30'  N.. 
Lon.  105°  4'  E. 

Cam^-bray  or  Cambrai,  (Fr.  pron.  kaMN-bra',  Lat.  Camaricum,)  a  forti- 
fied commercial  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Escaut  or  Scheldt,  with  a  college  and  a  school  of  anatomy.  Lat.  50° 
10'  N.,  Lon.  3°  14'  E.     Pop.  17,000.     (B.) 

Cam^-brj-a,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Pa.,  near  the  sources 
of  the  Juniata.     Pop.  17,773.     Co.  t.  Ebensburg. 

Cambridge,  kame^-bnj,  (Lat.  Canta'bria,)  the  cap.  of  Cambridgeshire, 
England,  on  the  r.  Cam,  about  48  m.  N.  by  E.  from  London,  is  the  seat  of 
an  ancient  and  celebrated  university.  This  consists  of  17  colleges,  4  of 
which  are  termed  halls.  The  observatory  is  in  Lat.  52°  12'52"N.  Lon. 
0°  5'  53"  E.  Pop.  including  that  of  the  university,  24,453. — A  student 
at  the  university  is  called  a  Can^-tab,  which  is  evidently  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  Cantabrian,  derived  from  the  Latin  name  of  Cambridge. 

Cambridge,  a  t.  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  about  3  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Boston,  the  seat  of  Harvard  University,  which  is  the  oldest  and  most 
richly  endowed  collegiate  institution  in  the  U.  S.  It  was  founded  in 
1638,  has  numerous  professors,  and  contains  a  library  of  61,000  vols. 
In  connexion  with  the  collegiate  department,  there  are  schools  of  law 
and  medicine,  and  a  theological  seminary.  Lat.  42°  22'  21"  N.,  Lon. 
71°  7  38"  W.     Pop.  15,215. 

Cambridgeshire,  kame'-brij-shir,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  England, 
N.  of  London.     Pop.  164,459. 

Cam'-den,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
6,049.     Co.  t.  New  Lebanon. 

Camden,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  S.  E.  extremity  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
sea  and  St.  Mary's  r.     Pop.  6,319.     Co.  t.  Jeffersonton. 

Camden,  a  city  of  N.J.,  on  the  Delaware,  opposite  Phila.  Pop.  9,479. 

Campagna  di  Roma,  kam-pan^-ya  de  ro'-ma,  a  prov.  of  Italy,  in  the 
S.  part  of  the  Papal  State,  nearly  corresponding  in  limits  with  the  an- 
cient Latium. 

Campbell,  kam'-el,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r. 
Pop.  23,245.     Seat  of  justice,  Campbell  c.  h. 

Campbell,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the 
Chattahoochee  r.     Pop.  7,232.     Co.  t.  Campbellton. 

Campbell,  a  co  in  the  N.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Clinch  r. 
and  Ky.     Pop.  6,068.     Co.  t.  Jacksborough. 

Campbell,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohior.  Pop. 
13,127.  Co.  t.  Newport. 

Campbelltown,  kam'-el-town,  a  seaport  of  Scotland,  in  Argyleshire, 
65  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Glasgow.     Pop.  5,028. 

Campeachy,  kam-peef-che,  (Mex.  Campeche,  kam-paf-cha,)  a  forti- 


CAM—CAN  143 

Oil,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Red  t.  of  Yucatan,  Mexico,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  20°  N., 
Lon.  90°  30'  W.     Pop.  18,000.     (P.  C.) 

Campo-Basso,  kam^-po-bas'-so,  an  important  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing t.  of  Naples  ;  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Molise  (mo-lee'-sa).  The 
best  cutlery  made  in  the  kingdom  is  produced  here.  Lat.  41°  37'  N., 
Lon.  14°  27'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Can'-a-da,  an  extensive  country  of  N.  America,  belonging  to  Great 
Britain,  extending  from  64°  15'  to  near  91°  W.  Lon.  Its  southern  ex- 
tremity (the  S.  point  of  Pelee  Island,  in  Lake  Erie),  is  in  about  41° 
45'  N.  Lat.  On  the  N.  its  limits  are  not  defined.  It  is  usual  to  con- 
sider all  the  territory  N.  of  the  great  lakes,  which  is  drained  by  the 
rivers  that  fall  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  belonging  to  Canada.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  British  possessions  round  Hudson's  Bay  and 
by  Labrador,  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  S.  by  New  Brunswick 
and  the  United  States,  and  W.  by  the  British  territories,  between 
which  and  Canada  the  limits  do  not  appear  to  be  accurately  defined. 
Canada  was  formerly  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower,  but  the  two  pro- 
vinces were  united  in  1841,  by  an  act  of  the  British  parliament.  As, 
however,  this  country  has  been  so  long  known  by  the  names  of  the 
former  provinces,  it  may  not  be  improper  to  give  these  a  passing 
notice.  Upper  Canada  (now  called  Canada  West)  is  situated  on  the 
right  of  the  r.  Ottawa,  by  which  it  is  separated  from  Lower  Canada, 
and  extends  westward  along  the  chain  of  the  great  lakes.  Area  vaguely 
estimated  at  140,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1835,  336,461.  Capital,  Toronto. 
Lower  Canada  (Canada  East)  lies  chiefly  on  the  left  of  the  Ottawa,  and 
extends  on  both  sides  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  its  mouth,  in  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Area  estimated  at  200,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1830, 511,917. 
(M.)  More  than  three-fourths  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lower  Canada  are 
of  French  descent,  and  French  is  the  prevailing  language.  Quebec 
was  formerly  the  capital  of  this  province  and  of  all  the  British  posses- 
sions in  N.  America.  The  entire  pop.  of  Canada,  according  to  the  re- 
cent census,  is  about  1,300,000.  Montreal  is  the  present  seat  of  go- 
vernment.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Can-a/-di.-an. 

Canx-a-jo-har/-ie  (-har'-re),  the  cap."  of  Montgomery  co.,  N.  Y.,  on 
the  Erie  Canal,  50  m.  W.  of  Albany. 

Can'-an-dai'-gua,  a  beautiful  village  of  N.  Y. ;  cap.  of  Ontario  co., 
208  m.  W.  of  Albany.  It  is  situated  near  the  N.  extremity  of  a  lake 
of  the  same  name,  which  is  about  17  m.  long.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
6,143. 

Can'-a-r\,  a  prov.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  between  12°  and 
15°  N.  Lat,  and  74°  and  76°  E.  Lon. 

Ca-na'-ries  (Sp.  Canarias,  ka-na'-re-as),  a  group  of  islands  belonging 
to  Spain,  in  the  Atlantic,  lying  off  the  coast  of  Africa,  between  27°  40' 
and  29°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  13°  30'  and  18°  20'  W.  Lon.  The  principal 
islands  are  Canary,  Tenerifte,  Palma,  Ferro,  Gomera,  Fuertaventura, 
and  Lanzarote,  which  will  be  treated  of  under  their  respective  names. 
— Inhab.  Ca-na'-rx-an. 

Canary,  Grand,  (Sp.  Gran  Canaria,  gran  ka-na'-re-a,)  the  second  in 


144  CAN— CAN 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  60  as  in  good, 

point  of  size  and  population  of  the  group  of  islands  to  which  it  gives  ita 
name.*  It  is  intersected  by  the  28th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  me- 
ridian of  15°  30'  W.  Lon.  The  form  is  nearly -circular.  Length  33  m. ; 
greatest  breadth,  30  m.  Area  about  800  sq.  in.  Pop.  in  1835,  64,040. 
(P.  C.) 

Canx-da-ha.rV  or  Kandahar,  a  city,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Afghanistan, 
and  now  of  a  kingdom  or  prov.  of  its  own  name.  It  is  regularly  built, 
and  is  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Asia.  Lat.  32°  10'  N.,  Lon.  66°  30'  E. 
Pop.  100,000.     (B.) 

Can'-di-a  or  Crete  (Anc.  Cre'ta),  one  of  the  largest  islands  in  the 
Mediterranean,  situated  S.  E.  of  the  Morea,  between  35°  55'  and  36°  42' 
N.  Lat.,  and  23°  30'  and  26°  20'  E.  Lon.  Length  about  160  in. ;  greatest 
breadth,  near  40  m.  A  ridge  of  hills  runs  through  the  whole  length 
of  the  island,  near  the  middle  of  which  Mount  Ida  rises  far  above  the 
rest,  to  the  height  of  about  7,800  ft.  Pop.  estimated  at  300,000. 
(P.  C.) — Candia,  the  capital,  is  still  a  strong  place,  though  much 
decayed,  compared  with  what  it  was  under  the  Venetians.  It  is  the 
seat  of  a  Greek  archbishopric.  Lat.  35°  16'  N.,  Lon.  25°  18'  E.  Pop. 
12,000.     (M.)     Adj.  and  inhab.  Can'-di-otx  and  Can'-j>x-an. 

Can-e'-a,  pronounced  by  the  Turks  Ha~nee^-a,  a  t.  in  the  i.  of  Candia, 
on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Cydo'nia.  Lat.  35°  28' N.,  Lon.  24°  2'  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  12,000.     (B.) 

Cannes,  kann,  a  small  commercial  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Var, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  16  m.  N.  E.  of  Frejus.  Pop.  in  1832,  3,720, 
(P.  C.) 

Can'-non,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Tenn.     Pop.  8,982. 

Can'-ons-burg\  a  t.  of  Pa.,  in  Washington  co.,  the  seat  of  Jefferson 
College,  which  was  incorporated  in  1802. 

Cantal,  kaNx-taK,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  France,  bordering 
on  the  r.  Dordogne.     Pop.  262,117.     (B.)     Capital,  Aurillac. 

Canterbury,  kan'-tef-berv-re,  a  city  of  Kent,  and  the  metropolitan 
see  of  all  England,  on  the  Stour,  56  m.  from  London.  Lat.  51°  17 
N.,  Lon.  1°  5'  E.     Pop.  including  an  area  of  5sq.  m.,  15,435. 

Cantire.     See  Cantyre. 

Cann-ton',  a  city  of  China,  in  the  prov.  of  Quang-tong,  of  which 
Canton  is  a  European  corruption.  It  is  situated  on  the  Choo-kiang 
(ke-ang/),  or  Pearl  River,  32  m.  from  its  mouth.  Like  other  Chinese 
towns,  it  is  divided  into  two  distinct  parts,  separated  by  a  wall,  called 
the  Chinese  or  Old  City,  and  the  Tartar  or  New  City.  The  streets  of 
Canton  are  paved,  and  ordinarily  very  clean,  but  very  narrow.  The 
houses  have  but  one  story,  and  are  built  mostly  of  brick.  This  town  is 
remarkable  for  having  been,  till  recently,  the  only  emporium  of  mari- 
time commerce  in  China,  to  which  Europeans  were  admitted.     It  is 

*  Several  works  on  geography,  of  high  character,  describe  this  island  as  the 
largest  of  the  Canaries.  The  epithet  Grand  may  have  been  given  to  it,  before 
the  relative  size  of  the  different  islands  was  accurately  known.  Teneriffe  exceeds 
it  in  superficial  extent  by  nearly  150  sq.  m„  and  in  population  hy  above  16,000. 


CAN— CAP  145 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  tJdn  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

still  the  principal  port  for  foreign  trade,  Lat.  23°  8'  N.,  Lon.  113°  2' 
E.     Pop.  estimated  at  5t)0,000.     (B.) 

Can-tyre'  or  Can-tire'*  sometimes  written  also  Kintyre,  a  penin- 
sula in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Scotland,  forming  the  southern  extremity  of 
Argyleshire. 

Cape  Breton,  kape  britf-on,  an  i.  of  British  N.  America,  E.  of  Nova 
Scotia,  between  45°  27'  and  47°  4'  N.  Lat.,  and  59°  45'  and  61°  38'  W. 
Lon.  Its  length  is  about  100  m.;  its  greatest  breadth,  85  m.  The 
area  is  about  3,125  sq.  m.     Pop.  in  1827,  18,700.     (P.  C.) 

Cape  Coast  Castle,  a  t,  and  fortress  of  Africa;  the  cap.  of  the  Bri- 
tish possessions  on  the  Gold  Coast.  Lat.  5°  6'  N.,  Lon.  1°  14'  W. 
Pop.  estimated  at  8,000.     (B.) 

Cape  Cod,  a  peninsula  of  Mass.,  on  the  S.  side  of  Massachusetts 
Bay.     It  lies  S.  and  E.  of  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Cape  Fear,  the  S.  extremity  of  Smith's  Island,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Cape  Fear  r. 

Cape  Fear  River,  the  largest  and  most  important  r.  in  N.  C,  rises 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and,  flowing  south-easterly,  falls  into  the 
Atlantic,  in  about  33°  55  N.  Lat.,  and  78°  5  W.  Lon.  Its  whole 
length  is  near  300  m.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Fayetteville, 
about  90  m. 

Cape  Girardeau  ( jev-rar-do'),  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  border- 
ing on  the  Mississippi  r.     Pop.  13,912.  Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Africa,  was  discovered 
in  1493,  by  Diaz,  the  Portuguese  navigator,  who  called  it  Cabo  Tor- 
mentoso,  or  Cape  of  Storms.  On  his  return  home,  the  king  of  Portu- 
gal-gave it  the  name  of  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  as  an  omen  that  the  Por- 
tuguese had  now  a  fair  prospect  of  reaching  India,  the  great  object  of 
their  maritime  expeditions.  It  is  in  Lat.  34°  22'  S. — A  colony  in  S. 
Africa  takes  its  name  from  the  above  cape.  It  belonged  originally  to 
the  Dutch,  but  was  formally  ceded  to  Great  Britain  in  1815.  The  cli- 
mate of  this  region  is  subject  to  great  extremes;  though  the  country  is 
deluged  with  rains  during  the  cold  season,  in  the  hot  months  nearly  all 
the  springs  are  dried  up.  The  rivers  are  two  shallow,  or  their  current 
is  two  rapid  for  purposes  of  navigation.  Nearly  two- thirds  of  the  land 
is  destitute  of  vegetation,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  The 
country,  however,  contains  spots  of  extraordinary  fertility.  The  prin- 
cipal productions  are  wheat,  barley,  and  wine.  Cape  Town,  the  cap. 
of  the  colony,  founded  by  the  Dutch,  in  1650,  is  situated  on  Table  Bay, 
and  has  a  castle  of  considerable  strength.  Lat.  33°  55'  S.,  Lon.  18° 
21'  E.     Pop.  in  1834,  19,387.     (P.  C.) 

Cape  Hai'-ti-en,  (Fr.  Cap  Haitien,  kap  T-te-aV,)  once  an  import- 
ant seaport  t.  of  St.  Domingo,  the  cap.  of  the  former  kingdom  of  Haiti. 
It  was  entirely  destroyed,  May  7,  1842,  by  an  earthquake,  in  which 

*  "  Lest,  rounding  wild  Cantire,  they  meet 
The  southern  fbeman's  watchful  fleet," — 

Scott's  Lord  of  the  Isles.    Canto  IV 

13 


14G  CAP— CAR 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met  ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  56,  as  in  gowi; 

7,000  persons  are  supposed  to  have  perished  ;  but  it  has  sinee  been  par- 
tially rebuilt.  Lat.  19°  46'  N.,  Lon.  72°  16y  W.  Pop.  formerly  esti- 
mated at  near  10,000.     (B.) 

Cape  Horn,  a  cape  regarded  as  the  S.  extremity  of  America.  It  is* 
however,  not  a  part  of  the  continent,  but  the  most  southern  point  of  a 
small  island  belonging  to  the  group  commonly  called  Terra  del  Fuego. 
Lat.  55°  58'  30"  S.,  Lon.  67°  21'  W. 

Cape  May,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  N.  J.  Pop.  6,433* 
Seat  of  justice,  Cape  May  e.  h. 

Cape  Pal'-mas,  a  cape  of  W.  Africa,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  near  4° 
20'  N.  Lat.,  and  7°  40'  W.  Lon.     Here  is  a  missionary  station. 

Cape  Verd  Islands  (Uhas  Verdas,  eel^-yas  ven'-das),  so  called  by  the 
Portuguese,  because  the  sea  to  the  W.  of  them  is  covered  with  gulf- 
weed,  so  as  to  present  some  resemblance  to  extensive  meadows.  This 
group  xjp>  about  300  m.  from  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  between  14°  17' and 
17°  19  N.  Lat.,  and  22°  10'  and  25°  30'  W.  Lon.  There  are  14  islands ; 
9  of  them  are  inhabited,  of  which  Sam-Tiago,  S.  Nieolao,  Boa  Vista,  and 
S.  Antao  are  the  most  important.     They  belong  to  Portugal. 

Cape  Vin'-cent,  a  village  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  in  Jefferson 
co.,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  L.  Ontario. 

Capri,  ka/-pre,  (Anc.  Ca'prea?,)  a  beautiful  rocky  island  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. 8  or  9m.  in  circuit,  and  about  20  m.  due  S.  from  Naples. 
Among  other  curiosities,  it  contains  a  singular  and  romantic  grotto, 
which  appears  to  have  been  a  favourite  resort  of  the  emperor  Tiberius, 
who  resided  a  long  time  in  Caprese.  This  cave  can  be  entered  only 
from  the  sea,  by  a  very  narrow  opening.  For  a  full  description  of  it, 
we  would  refer  the  reader  to  No.  147  of  the  Penny  Magazine.  Lat. 
40°  32'  N.,  Lon.  14°  14'  E.     Pop.  about  3,000.     (P.  C.) 

Cap'-u-a,  or  ka/-poo-a,  a  strongly  fortified  archiepiscopal  t  of  Naples, 
in  Terra  di  Lavoro,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Volturno,  15  m. 
N.  W.  of  the  capital.  The  modern  Capua  does  not  occupy  the  same 
site  as  the  ancient,  but  that  of  a  much  inferior  t,  called  by  the  Romans 
Casilinum.  The  ruins  of  the  ancient  Capua  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
neighbourhood.     Lat.  41°  7N.,  Lon.  14°  IP  E.     Pop.  about  8,000.  (B.) 

Caqueta.     See  Japura. 

Car-ac'-as  or  ka-ra'-kas,  the  cap.  of  Venezuela,  S.  America,  is  dis- 
tant 20  m.  by  the  road,  from  its  port,  La  Guayra,  on  the  Caribbean  Sea. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  the  pop.  of  this  t.  was  esti- 
mated at  50,000 ;  but  the  great  earthquake  of  1812,  in  which  12,000 
persons  are  said  to  have  perished,  and  the  subsequent  war  and  civil  dis- 
sensions, have  so  reduced  the  number  of  the  inhabitants,  that  it  doe3 
not  probably,  at  present,  much  exceed  30,000.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  10°  31 
N„  Lon.  67°  4' 45"  W. 

Car-a-ma^-nj-a  or  Karamania,  an  extensive  territory  in  tne  S.  part 
of  Asiatic  Turkey,  which  reaches  from  the  Gulf  of  Scanderoon,  along 
the  Mediterranean,  to  the  Gulf  of  Macri.  It  is  upwards  of  400  m.  in 
length :  but  the  limits  do  not  appear  to  be  accurately  defined.  Accord- 
ing to  Captain  Beaufort,  the  appellation  Caramania  is  neither  i.sed  by 


CAR— CAR  147 

tBS,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  present  inhabitants  nor  recognized  at  the  seat  of  government.  It 
Beems  to  be  derived  from  Raraman,  who  founded  a  kingdom  here  in 
the  middle  ages,  which  was  conquered  by  the  Turks,  about  1485. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Car-a-ma'-nj-an. 

Car^-bon,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  r.  Lehigh. 
It  abounds  in  coal.  Co.  t.  Mauch  Chunk.     Pop,  15,686, 

Carcassonne,  kaRv-ka,sv-sonR^,  (Lat.  Car/caso,)  an  ancient,  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  city  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Aude,  on  the 
r.  Aude  and  the  Southern  Canal  (Canal  da  Midi),  which  unites  the 
Garonne  with  the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  43°  V&  N.,  Lon.  2°  22'  E.  Pop. 
17,000.     (B.) 

Car'-biff  or  Caerdsff,  a  commercial  t.  of  Wales,  formerly  the  cap. 
of  Glamorganshire,  situated  on  a  canal  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  51°  28' 
N.,  Lon.  3 J  10'  W.     Pop.  10,077. 

Car'-dj-gan,  a  seaport  t.  of  Wales,  cap.  of  Cardiganshire.  Lat.  52° 
5'  N.,  Lon.  4°  38'  W.     Pop.  2,925. 

Car'-dj.-gan-shire,  a  co.  of  S.  Wales,  bordering  on  Cardigan  Bay. 
Pop.  68,766.' 

Carx-ib-be'-an  Sea.,  that  part  of  the  Atlantic  which  lies  between  the 
principal  W.  India  Islands  and  S.  America. 

Car/-ib-beev  Islands,  are  a  series  of  small  islands,  extending  from 
Porto  Rico  to  Trinidad,  which  is  included.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  CarMbs  or  Carf-ib-bees\  a  tribe  of  S.  American  aborigines,  who, 
when  Columbus  discovered  America,  were  in  possession  of  the  smaller 
W.  India  Islands;  from  which,  however,  they  have  been  nearly  extir- 
pated by  the  Europeans. 

Car-in/-th7.-a,  (Ger.  Karnthen,  kahinf-ten,)  a  country  in  the  S.  part 
of  the  Austrian  empire,  intersected  by  the  r.  Drave.  It  is  about  120  m. 
in  length,  and  40  m.  in  breadth. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Car-in'-thx-an. 

Carlisle,  kar-luV,  an  ancient  city  and  port  of  England,  cap.  of  Cum- 
berland co.,  on  the  little  r.  Eden,  260  m.  N.  N.  W.  from  London.  It  is 
connected,  by  a  ship  canal,  with  Bowness  (bo-ness')  on  Sol  way  Frith, 
by  which  vessels  of  100  tons  can  come  up  to  the  town.  It  communi- 
cates also  with  Newcastle  by  a  railroad.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of 
10  sq.  m.,  23,012. 

Carlisle,  a  t.  of  Pa.,  the  cap.  of  Cumberland  co.,  and  the  seat  of 
Dickinson  College,  founded  in  1783.     Pop.  4,500. 

Car^-low,  an  inland  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Leinster.  Pop. 
in  1831,  81,649.     (P.  C.) 

Carlow,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  43  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  10,612.     (P.  C.) 

Carlowitz  or  Karlowitz,  karMo-vits,  (Hung.  Karlovacz,  kaR-lo- 
vaats,)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  the  military  fron- 
tiers of  Slavonia.     Lat.  45°  12'  N.,  Lon.  20°  3'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Carlsbad  or  Karlsbad,  kaRls'-bat,  a  t.  of  Bohemia,  celebrated  for  its 
warm  springs  and  baths,  said  to  have  been  founded  about  the  year  1370, 
by  Charles  IV.,  whence  its  name,  which  signifies  "  Charles's  bath." 
Lat.  50°  13'  N.,  Lon.  12°  52'  E.     Permanent  pop.  about  2,600.     (B.) 


148  CAR-CA& 

Fkte,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n5t;  06  as  in  good, 

Oarlscrona,  karls-kroc/-na,  frequently  written  in  English  Carls- 
croon,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Sweden ;  cap.  of  the  district  (or  Ian)  of 
Blekingen  (blek/-ing-en),  remarkable  for  its  admirably  built  citadel,  its 
extensive  dry-docks,  and  its  fine  harbour,  which  is  the  station  of  the 
Swedish  navy.     Lat.  56°  10'  N.,  Lon.  15°  30'  E.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Carlsruhe  or  Karlsruhe,  kaids^-roo,  the  cap.  of  the  grand-duchy 
of  Baden,  Germany,  situated  about  4  m.  from  the  E.  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
It  has  nourishing  manufactures  and  considerable  commerce.  Among' 
its  numerous  literary  institutions  is  a  public  library  of  70,000  vols. 
Lat.  49°  N.,  Lon.  8°  27'  E.     Pop.  above  20,000.     (B.) 

Car-natAic,  a  prov.  in  the  S.  of  Hindostan,  between  8°  and  16°  N. 
Lat.,  and  77°  and  81°  E.  Lon.  It  borders  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and 
extends  along  the  coast  560  m. 

Car-nj.-o'-la  (Ger.  Krain,  krine%  formerly  a  duchy  in  the  S.  part  of 
the  Austrian  empire,  N.  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice. — 
Adj.  Car-nj.-o'-lan  and  Car/-nicv — Inhab.  Carniolan. 

Carolina,  kar-o-Ii/-na,  the  name  of  a  colonial  settlement  in  N.  Ame- 
rica, made  by  the  English,  about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  North 
and  South  Carolina  originally  constituted  but  one  colony ;  they  were, 
however, ^divided  in  1729,  and  since  the  Revolution  have  formed  two 
separate  states. — Inhab.  Car-chlin'-i-an. 

North  Carolina  extends  from  33°'  50'  to  36°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  from 
75°  25'  to  84°  30'  W.  Lon,  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Virginia,  E. 
and  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  by  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  W. 
by  Tennessee,  and  divided  into  79  counties.*'  Extreme  length,  mea- 
suring from  Cape  Hatteras  on  the  E.,  about  500  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
180  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  50,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  868,903,  of  whom 
553,295  are  whites,  27,196  free  coloured  persons,  and  288,412  slaves. 
Raleigh  is  the  seat  of  government. 

South  Carolina  extends  from  32°  to  35°  8"  N.  Lat.,  and  from  78° 
24'  to  83°  30'  W.  Lon.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  by  North 
Carolina,  S.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  W.  and  W.  by  Georgia,  and  divided 
into  29  districts.f  Length  about 260  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.y 
215  m.      Area  estimated  at  33,000  sq.m.      Pop.   668,507,  of  whom 

*Anson,  Ashe,  Beaufort,  Bertie,  Bladen,  Brunswick,  Buncombe,  Burke,  Cabarras, 
Caldwell,  Camden,  Carteret,  Caswell,  Catawba,  Chatham,  Cherokee,  Chowan, 
Cleveland,  Columbus,  Craven,  Cumberland,  Currituck,  Davidson,  Davie,  Duplin, 
Edgecombe,  Franklin,  Gates,  Granville,  Greene,  Guilford,  Halifax,  Haywood, 
Henderson,  Hertford,  Hyde,  Iredell,  Johnson,  Jones,  Lenoir,  Lincoln,  Macon, 
Martin,  McDowell,  Mecklenburg,  Montgomery,  Moore,  Nash,  New  Hanover, 
Northampton,  Onslow,  Orange,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Person,  Pitt,  Randolph 
Richmond,  Robeson,  Rockingham,  Rowan,  Rutherford,  Sampson,  Stanly,  Stokes 
Surry,  Tyrrel,  Union,  Wake,  Warren,  Washington,  Alamance,  Alexander,  For- 
syth, Gaston,  Watauga,  Wayne,  Wilkes,  Yancey. 

f  Abbeville,  Anderson,  Barnwell,  Beaufort,  Charleston,  Chester,  Chesterfield, 
Colleton,  Darlington,  Edgefield,  Fairfield,  Georgetown,  Greenville,  Horry,  Ker- 
shaw, Lancaster,  Laurens,  Lexington,  Marion,  Marlborough,  Newberry,  Orange- 
burg, Pickens,  Richland,  Spartanburg,  Sumter,  Union,  Williamsburg,  York. 


CAR— CAR  149 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

274,623  are  whites,  8,900  free  coloured  persons,  and  384,984  slaves. 
Columbia  is  the  capital. 

Caroline,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  Del.  Pop.  9,692. 
Co.  t.  Denton. 

Caroline,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Rappahan- 
nock.    Pop.  18,456.     Co.  t.  Bowling  Green. 

Car-pa/-thj-an  Mountains,  a  chain  which  bounds  Hungary  on  the 
N.  W.,N.,  and'N.  E.,  and  Transylvania  on  the  N.  E.,  E.,  and  S.  E. 
Mount  Ruska  (roos^-ka),  in  that  branch  of  the  chain,  which  separates 
the  above  countries,  is  the  highest  of  the  Carpathian  system,  and  has 
an  elevation  of  1,550  toises,  or  9,913  English  ft.     (B.) 

Carpentras,  kaRN-paNv-tras^,  a  walled  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vaucluse.     Lat.  44°  3'  N.,  Lon.  5°  4'  E.     Pop.  6,294.    (P.  C.) 

Carrara,  kar-ra/-ra,  a  small  t.  and  territory  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mediterranean,  which  belongs  at  present  to  the  Duke  of 
Modena.  It  is  important  on  account  of  its  extensive  and  valuable  mar- 
ble quarries. 

Car^-rick-on-Suir  (-shure),  a  t.  of  Ireland,  situated  on  the  r.  Suir, 
partly  in  the  co.  of  Tipperary,  and  partly  in  that  of  Waterford,  about 
85  m.  S.  S.  W.  from  Dublin.     Pop.  9,626.     (P.  C) 

Car'-rick-fer^-gus,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  on  the  W. 
side  of  the  little  bay  called  Belfast  Lough,  9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Belfast. 
This  town,  together  with  its  liberties,  forms  what  is  called  the  county 
of  the  town  of  Carrickfergus.  The  castle  stands  on  a  rocky  penin- 
sula, whence  the  name,  which  signifies  the  "rock  of  Fergus" — an 
Irish  king,  who  was  drowned  there.  Pop.  of  the  co.  in  1831,  8,706. 
(P.  C.) 

Car^-roll,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  H.,  "bordering  on  Me.  Pop. 
20,150.    Co.  t.  Ossipee. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  Pa.  Pop.  20,616. 
Co.  t.  Westminster. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bord'gon  N.  C.  p.  5,909. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Ala.  and  the  r. 
Chattahoochee.     Pop.  9,357.     Co.  t.  Carrollton. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.W.  central  part  of  Miss.,  on  the  Yalabusha  r. 
Pop.  18,491.    Co.  seat,  Carrollton. 

Carroll,  a  parish  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  La.     Pop.  8,789. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  Mo.  Pop. 
4,614.    Co.  t  Carrollton. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  15,967.    Co.  t.  Huntingdon. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
5,526. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Sandy  and 
Beaver  Canal.     Pop.  17,685.     Co.  t.  Carrollton. 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  tha 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  11,015.  Co.  t.  Delphi. 
31* 


150  CAR— CAS 

Fate,  far,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  gooa  ; 

Carroll,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Mis- 
souri.    Pop.  5,441.     Co.  t.  Carrollton. 

Cartagena,  kar-ta-jV-na,  (Sp.  pron.  kaR-ta-Ha/-na,  Anc.  Cartha/go 
No^va,)  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  in  Murcia,  with  one  of  the  finest 
harbours  on  the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  37°  36'  N.,  Lon.  1°  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  37,000.     (B.) 

Cartagena,  a  seaport  in  the  republic  of  New  Granada,  on  the  north- 
ern coast  of  S.  America,  with  one  of  the  safest  and  most  convenient 
harbours  in  all  America.  The  entrance  is  so  narrow  that  only  one 
vessel  can  come  in  at  a  time.  It  is  defended  by  two  strong  castles. 
Among  the  institutions  for  education,  may  be  mentioned  a  university,  a 
school  of  navigation,  and  a  college.  Its  commerce  is  considerable, 
though  less  than  it  was  before  the  war  of  independence.  Lat.  10°  25' 
48"  N.,  Lon.  75°  30'  W.     Pop.  about  18,000.     (B.) 

Carter,  a  co.  near  the  N-  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  N.,C 
Pop.  6,296.     Co.  t.  Elizabethtown. 

Carter,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ky.  Pop.  6,241.  Co.  t. 
Grayson. 

Car'-ter-et,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  6,803.     Co.  t.  Beaufort. 

Casale,  ka-saMa,  a  fortified  t.  of  the  continental  Sardinian  states ; 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Po,  35  m.  E.  of 
Turin.     Pop.  16,000.     (P.  £.) 

Casal  Maggiore,  ka-seuV  mad-jV-ra,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italv,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Po,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Cremona.  Lat.  about  45°  N.,  Lon. 
10°  26'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Cas/-bin*  or  Kazbin  (Pers.  pron.  kasv-been^  whence  the  name  is 
sometimes  written  Casbeen),  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  city  of 
Irak,  Persia,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  country  rendered  very  fertile  by 
an  extensive  system  of  irrigation,  which  is  carried  on  by  means  of  sub- 
terranean aqueducts.  The  grapes  of  Casbin  are  considered  to  be  the 
finest  in  Persia.     Lat.  36°  12'  N.,  Lon.  49°  33'  E.     Pop.  60,000.    (B.) 

Caserta  or  Caserta  Nuova,  ka-seR^-ta  nwo/-va,  a  t.  of  Naples,  with 
a  royal  palace,  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in  Europe,  and  a  superb 
aqueduct,  27m.  long.  It  is  17  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  about 
5,000.     (B.) 

Ca'-sey,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r 
Pop.  6356.     Co.  t.  Liberty. 

Cash^-el,  an  ancient  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tipperary,  108  ra 
S.  W.  of  Dublin.  It  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Mun 
ster.     Pop.  in  1831,  6,971.     (P.  C.) 

*  "  And  Casein's  luscious  grapes  of  amber  hue." 

Southey's  Thaldba.     Book  VI. 

"  With  grapes  of  gold,  like  those  that  shine 

On  Casbin's  hills". 

Moore's  Lalla  Rookh. 


CAS— CAS  151 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Cash-mere'*  or  Kashmire,  an  extensive  valley  in  the  southern  part 
of  Asia,  surrounded  by  high  mountains  of  the  Himalaya  range,  between 
33°  20'  and  35°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  74°  30'  and  77°  E.  Lon.  This  coun- 
try is  remarkably  well  watered  and  productive.  As  it  is  6,000  or  7,000 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  the  climate  is  cool  for  the  latitude. 
Cashmere  was  not  long  since  in  the  possession  of  the  Afghans,  but  more 
recently  formed  a  part  of  the  extensive  dominions  of  Runjeet  Sing,  the 
sovereign  of  the  Seiks.  (See  Lahore.)  The  chief  t.  is  Sirinagur. — 
Adj.  and  Inhab.  Cash-me'-rj-an. 

Cas'-pj-an  Sea  (the  Kaff^ta  0caa<jtfa  of  the  Greeks),  a  large  inland 
sea,  situated  on  the  boundary  between  Europe  and  Asia,  extending 
from  47°  20'  to  30°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  54°  10'  to  46°  50'  E.  Lon. 
Its  length,  following  the  curve  of  the  sea,  is  about  900  m.;  its  average 
breadth  about  210  m.  The  waters  of  this  sea  are  much  less  salt  than 
those  of  the  Atlantic.  Gmelin  estimates  the  proportion  as  1  to  4. 
Though  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Volga  and  several  other  rivers  of 
considerable  magnitude,  the  Caspian  has  no  outlet.  The  surface  of  this 
sea  is  stated  to  be  more  than  300  ft.  below  that  of  the  ocean. 

Cass,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Etowah  r. 
Pop.  13,300.  Co.  t.  Cassville. 

Cass,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Ind.  P.  10,907. 
Co.  t.  Cassopolis. 

Cass,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Wabash 
and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  11,021.  Co.  t.  Logansport. 

Cass,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Illinois  r. 
Pop.  7,253.     Co.  t.  Beardstown. 

Cas'-sel,  a  t.  of  Germany,  the  cap.  of  the  electorate  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
on  the  Fulda,  about  108  m.  N.  E.  of  Coblentz.  It  has  numerous  institu- 
tions for  the  promotion  of  the  arts  and  sciences,  among  which  we  may 
mention  the  Museum,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  place,  the  Ob- 
servatory, the  Academy  of  Antiquities,  the  Academy  of  Painting,  Sculp- 
ture, and  Architecture,  and  the  Lyceum.  Lat.  51°  18'  N.,  Lon.  9°  30' 
E.     Pop.  above  26,000.     (B.) 

Castelnaudary,  kasv-ter-n6x-dav-re',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Aude.  Lat.  about  43°  19'  N.,  Lon.  1°  53'  E.  Pop.  in  1832,  8,471. 
(P.  C.) 

Castel  Vetrano,  cas-teV  va-tra/-no,  a  t.  of  Sicily,  remarkable  for  its 

*  In  familiar  discourse,  we  very  often  hear  this  name  accentuated  on  the  first 
syllable;  e.g.  in  the  phrase,  "  a  Cashmere  shawl."  Cashmere,  in  such  cases, 
may  be  considered  simply  as  an  English  word,  having  become  thoroughly  angli- 
cized. (See  Int.  XII.,  Obs.  2.)  When,  however,  the  country  itself  is  spoken  of, 
the  almost  invariable  practice  of  the  best  speakers,  as  well  as  the  usage  of  the 
poets,  will,  we  believe,  be  found  to  justify  the  pronunciation  above  given. 
"  Who  has  not  heard  of  the  Vale  of  Cashmere, 

With  its  roses  thebrightestthat  earth  ever  gave  ? 
Its  temples,  and  grottos,  and  fountains  as  clear 

As  the  love-lighted  eyes  that  hang  over  their  wave  ?" 

Moore's  Lalla  Rodhk. 


152  CAS— CAT 

Fate,  far,  f Ml,  fat ;  m6,  m§t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

manufactures  of  coral,  and  for  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Selinus  found  in 
its  vicinity.     Lat.  37°  40'  N.,  Lon.  12°  46'  E.     Pop.  about  13,000.  (B.) 

Castiglione,  cas-teel-yo^-na,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  about  20  m.  N.W. 
of  Mantua.     Pop.  above  5,000.     (B.) 

Castile,  kas-teeF,  (Sp.  Castilla,  kas-teeF-ya,)  an  ancient  kingdom 
of  Spain,  which  has  been  divided  into  Old  Castile  (Castilla  la  Vieja, 
la  ve-a'-Ha),  and  New  Castile  (Castilla  la  Nueva,  -iiwa/-va).  Old  Castile 
borders  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  and  extends  in  a  south-westerly  direction 
about  250  m.  Its  greatest  breadth  is  about  110  m.  Burgos  is  the  capi- 
tal. New  Castile  is  S.  of,  and  borders  on  the  above ;  it  is  about  200  m. 
from  N.  to.  S.,  and  230  m.  from  E.  to  W.  Capital,  Madrid.— Adj.  and 
inhab.  Castilian,  kas-tiF-yun. 

Castine,  kas-teen',  a  port  of  entry  of  Me.,  in  Hancock  co..  on  the  E. 
side  of  Penobscot  Bay,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  Lat.  44°  22'  30" 
N.,  Lon.  68°  45'  W.     Pop.  of  the  township,  1,188. 

Castlebar,  kasv-sel-bar',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  the  cap.  of  Mayo  co.,  128  m. 
W.  N.  W.  from  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1830,  6,373.     (P.  C.) 

Castleton,  kas^-sel-ton,  a  village  of  Rutland  co.,  Vt.,  the  seat  of  the 
Vermont  Academy  of  Medicine,  founded  in  1818. 

Cajstres,  kastr,  the  largest  and  most  important  town,  though  not  the 
capital,  of  the  French  dep.  of  Tarn.  Lat.  43°  37'  N.,  Lon.  2°  15'  E. 
Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Castro  Giovanni,  kas^-tro  jo-van^-ne,  (Anc.  En^na,)  a  t.  of  Sicily, 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  i.,  remarkable  for  its  situation  on  the  sum- 
mit of  an  almost  inaccessible  mountain,  more  than  4,000  ft.  above  the 
sea.  Enua  was  celebrated,  in  ancient  times,  as  the  birth-place  of 
Ceres,  and  the  site  of  her  most  sacred  temple.  Lat.  37°  31'  N.,  Lon. 
14°  18'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Casvveen.     See  Casbin. 

Cas'-well,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
15,269.     Co.  t.  Yanceyville. 

Cat-.O-hoo'-la.  or  Catahoula,  a  parish  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  La.,  in- 
tersected by  the  r.  Washita.     Pop.  6,982.     Co.  t.  Harrisonburg. 

Cat-a-lo'-ni-a,  (Sp.  Catalufia,  kat-a-loon^-ya,)  a  prov.  occupying  the 
E.  extremity  of  Spain,  bordering  on  France  and  the  Mediterranean. 
It  is  about  190  m.  in  length,  and  126  m.  in  breadth.  Capital,  Barce- 
lona.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Cat^-a-lan  and  Cat-alo'-nj-an. 

Catania,  ka-ta/-ne-a  or  ka-ta/-ne-a,  (Gr.  Katavy,  Lat.  Cabana,)  the 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  and  the  handsomest  t.  in  Sicily,  is 
situated  on  the  sea-coast,  S.  of  Mount  iEtna,  near  its  base.  Here  may 
be  seen  the  remains  of  an  ancient  amphitheatre,  the  largest  of  which 
we  have  any  knowledge.  It  has  a  circumference  greater,  by  nearly 
one-third,  than  the  famous  Coliseum  of  Rome.  (B.)  Catania  has  a 
university  and  several  other  public  institutions."  Lat.  37°  29'  N.,  Lon. 
15°  5'  E.     Pop.  about  40,000.     (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Ca-ta'-nj-an. 

Catanzaro,  ka-tan-za^-ro,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  Calabria  Ultra.  Lat.  38" 
57'  N.,  Lon.  16°  31'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  11,000.     (B.) 


CAT— CAY  153 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Catn-ta-rau/-gus,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  Pa. 
Pop.  38,950.     Co.  t.  Ellicottsville. 

Ca-taw^-ba,  a  r.  which  rises  in  N.  C,  and  flowing  into  S.  C„  takes 
the  name  of  Wateree,  and  joins  the  Congaree  to  form  the  Santee. 

Catawba,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C.,  on  the  above  river,  p.  8,8G2. 

Cathay.     See  China. 

Cat-man^-doo  or  Katmandoo,  the  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Nepaul,  in 
Northern  Hindostan.  It  stands  at  an  elevation  of  4,784  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  27°  42'  N.,  Lon.  about  85°  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  20,000.     (P.  C.) 

Cats'-kill,  the  cap.  of  Green  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on  the  W.  side  of 
the  Hudson,  34  m.  below  Albany,  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name.  Pop. 
of  the  township,  5,454.  The  inhabitants  of  the  village  of  Catskill  may 
perhaps  amount  to  half  this  number. 

Catskill  Mountains,  a  branch  of  the  great  chain  of  the  Allegha- 
nies,  situated  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  W.  of  the  Hudson.  The  highest 
summit,  Round  Top,  is  about  3,800  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Cat'-te-gatn  or  Kattegat,  a  large  gulf  which  separates  Denmark 
from  Sweden  on  the  north.  This  name  is  of  Dutch  origin,  and  signi- 
fies "  cat's  hole." 

Cau^-cas-us,  (Gr.  Kavxaoof,)  an  extensive  mountain  system,  between 
the  Black  and  Caspian  Seas.  The  general  direction  of  the  range  is 
from  W.  N.  W.  to  S.  S.  E.  The  highest  summit,  Elbrooz,  is  2,800 
toises,  or  about  17,908  English  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. — Adj. 
Caucasian,  kau-ka^-she-an  or  kau-ka^-shun. 

Caubul.     See  Cabool. 

Cava,  ka'-va,  a  t.  of  Naples,  5  m.  N.  W.  of  Salerno.  Pop.  estimated 
at  19,000.  (B.)  Near  it  is  the  celebrated  Benedictine  Convent  of  La 
Trinita,  with  a  fine  library. 

Cav'-an,  an  inland  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Ulster.  Pop.  in 
1831,  228,040.     (P.  C.) 

Cavery,  sometimes  written,  and  always  to  be  pronounced  Cau^-ver-y, 
a  r.  in  the  S.  of  Hindostan,  which  rises  among  the  Western  Ghauts, 
and,  flowing  S.  easterly,  empties  itself  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  by  seve- 
ral mouths,  near  Tranquebar.     Its  whole  course  is  about  450  m. 

Cax-a-mar'-ca,  kaH-Ha-maR'-ka,  a  t.  of  Peru,  at  the  height  of  9,363  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  about  7°  9'  S.,  Lon.  78°  35'  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  7,000.     (B.) 

Caxias  or  Cachias,  ka-shee^-as,  a  t.  of  Brazil,  in  Maranham.  Lat. 
4°  52'  S.,  Lon.  43°  25'  W. 

Caxoeira  or  Cachoeira,  ka-sho-a^e-ra,  a  t.  of  Brazil,  60  m.  N.  W.  of 
Bahia,  with  a  flourishing  inland  trade.    Pop.  estimated  at  16,000.    (B.) 

Cayenne,  ki-enn',  an  island,  river,  and  town  of  S.  America,  in 
French  Guiana.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  i.,  in  Lat.  4°  56'  N.,  Lon. 
52°  15'  W.     Pop.  about  2,000.     (P.  C.) 

Cay-u'-ga,  a  co.  in  the  western  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the  Cay- 
uga Lake  and  L.  Ontario.     Pop.  55,458      Co.  t.  Auburn. 

Cayuga  Lake,  situated  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  is  about  38  m. 


154  CAZ—CEP 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 


long,  and  from  1  to  4  broad.  Near  its  N.  extremity  it  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge,  more  than  a  mile  in  length.  In  the  summer  season,  steam- 
boats ply  constantly  between  this  bridge  and  the  town  of  Ithaca,  at  the 
S.  end  of  the  lake. 

Caz-en-o'-vj-a,  a  village  of  Madison  co.,  N.  Y.,  40  m.  W.  of  Utica. 
Pop.  of  the  township,  in  1840  4,153. 

Cecil,  sis'-sil,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Md.  Pop.  18,939. 
Co.  t.  Elkton. 

Ce'-dar,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  Red  Cedar  r. 
Pop.  3,941. 

Cefalu,  chef-a-loo',  a  seaport  t.  of  Sicily,  on  the  N.  coast.  I^at.  38° 
N.,  Lon.  14°  5'  E.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (B.) 

Cel/-e-bes,  a  large  i.,  of  singular  shape,  in  the  eastern  seas,  be- 
tween 2°  N.,  and  6°  S.  Lat,  and  119°  and  125°  E.  Lon.  Its  ex- 
treme length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  near  500  m.  Celebes  is  divided  into  a 
number  of  small  independent  states.  The  inhabitants  are  included  in 
the  great  Malay  race,  though  the  different  nations  exhibit  great  diver- 
sity in  character  and  language.  The  Bugis  (boo'-ghees)  are  the  most 
numerous  and  powerful  in  the  i.,  and  are  the  most  commercial  people 
in  all  Oceanica.  They  have  the  character  of  being  very  fair  dealers, 
and  are  said  to  possess  a  high  degree  of  enterprise  and  intelligence. 
The  Dutch  have  an  extensive  establishment,  which  they  call  the  gov- 
ernment of  Macassar,  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Celebes;  and  their  influence 
extends  to  a  great  part  of  the  island. 

Celle  or  Zelle,  tselMeh,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  situated 
near  the  Aller.     Lat.  52°  37  N.,  Lon.  10°  3'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Central  America  comprehends  the  countries  which,  under  the 
dominion  of  Spain,  were  known  by  the  name  of  the  kingdom  of  Guate- 
mala. It  forms  the  central  portion  of  the  long  isthmus  which  unites  N. 
and  S.  America,  and  extends  from  about  8°  to  17°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and 
from  82°  to  94°  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  1,000  m. ;  its 
breadth  varies  from  100  to  300  m.  Area  estimated  at  185,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  1,650,000.  (B.)  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Mexican  states 
of  Oaxaca,  Chiapa,  and  Yucatan,  and  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  E.  by  this 
sea  and  the  territory  of  New  Granada,  and  S.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Exclusive  of  British  Honduras,  Central  America  forms  a  re- 
public, divided  into  six  sections,  as  follows : 

The  Federal  District,     ....     Capital,  New  Guatemala. 

The  state  of  Guatemala,    ...        "        Old  Guatemala. 
"        "      "  Salvador,  .     .         "         San  Salvador. 

"        "      "  Honduras,       ...         "         Comayagua. 
"        "      "  Nicaragua,     ...         "         Leon. 
"        "      "  Costa  Rica,    .     .     •         "         San  Jose  de  Costa  Rica. 

The  capital  of  the  Federal  District  is  also  the  seat  of  the  general 
government. 

Centre,  a  co.  occupying  the  central  part  of  Pa.  Pop.  23,355.  Co.  t. 
Bellefonte. 

Ceph-a-lo'-nj-a  (It.  pron.  chef-a-lon^-e-a,  Mod.  Gr.  Ks^a^ow'a,  kef-a- 


CER— CHA  155 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

lo-nee'-a,  Anc.  Gr.  KttyaXKrivia,  Lat.  Cephalle'nia),  the  largest  of  the 
Ionian  Islands,  situated  near  the  W.  coast  of  Greece,  between  38°  4'  and 
38°  29'  N.  Lat.,  and  20°  20'  and  20°  47'  E.  Lon.  Length,  from  N.N.  W. 
to  S.  S.  E.,  31  m.  Area  about  348  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1833,  56,447.  (P.  C.) 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Ceph-a-lo'-ni.-an. 

Ce-ram/  (Port.  pron.  sa-roung)  or  Ser-ang',  after  Gilolo,  the  largest 
of  the  Molucca  Islands,  situated  between  2°  50'  and  4°  S.  Lat.,  and 
127°  50'  and  131°  10'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  185  m. ;  its  average 
breadth  about  30  m. 

Cerjgo,  chir/-e-go,  (the  ancient  Cythe'ra ;  Gr.  Kvflijpa,)  one  of  the 
Ionian  Islands,  lying  S.  of  the  Morea,  25  m.  E.  of  Cape  Matapan. 
Length  about  20  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  10  m. 

Cervera,  s(vR-va/-ra,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  38  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Tarragona,  with  a  university.     Pop.  6,000.     (M.) 

Cervia,  chtR^-ve-a,  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  on  the  Adriatic, 
about  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Ravenna.     Pop.  estimated  at  4,000.     (B.) 

Cesena,  cha-s'i/-na,  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  34  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Urbino.     Pop.  estimated  at  12,000.     (B.) 

Cevennes,  sax-venn^,  (Anc.  Ceven'na  or  Ceben'na,)  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains in  the  S.  of  France,  in  the  deps.  of  Lozere,  Gard,  Upper  Loire,  and 
Ardeche. 

Ceylon,  sil-one^  or  seeMon,  (called  by  the  natives  Sin-ghaMa. ;  by 
the  Portuguese  Ceilao,  sae-loung/,  of  which  the  English  name  Cey- 
lon is  a  corruption :  Anc.  Taprobane,)  a  large  island  on  the  coast  of 
Hindostan,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  between  5°  54'  and  9°  50'  N. 
Lat,  and  79°  50'  and  82°  E.  Lon.  It  is  separated,  on  the  N.  W.,  from 
the  continent  of  India  by  the  Gulf  of  Manaar.  Its  length  is  about 
270  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  145  m.  Area  24,664  sq.  m.  The  vegeta- 
ble and  animal  productions  of  Ceylon,  for  the  most  part,  resemble  those 
of  the  neighbouring  continent.  This  island  contains  numerous  useful 
minerals  and  valuable  gems.  Iron  is  generally  diffused.  Plumbago 
abounds,  and  is  exported  in  considerable  quantities.  The  inhabitants 
of  Ceylon  are  composed  of  the  Singhalese,  the  original  possessors  of  the 
island,  the  Malabars,  who  came  as  invaders  from  the  opposite  coast, 
the  Mahometans  or  Moors,  and  a  small  proportion  of  Europeans  and 
other  foreigners.  The  pop.,  according  to  the  census  of  1833,  was 
1,126.808.  (P.  C.)  Colombo  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Sinx- 
g&a>le$e/  or  Cingalese,  and  Ceylonese,  silx-o-neze^.  The  former  is 
more  properly  applied  to  the  primitive  inhabitants,  and  to  that  portion 
of  the  island  which  is  at  present  occupied  by  them;  the  latter  to  the 
inhabitants  and  the  island,  in  general. 

Chalons-sur-Marne,  shaM<W  sur  maRn,  (Anc.  Catalau^ni  and  Du- 
rocatalau'ni,)  a  t.  of  France ;  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Marne,  on  the  river 
Marne,  about  90  m.  E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  48°  57'  N.,  Lon.  4°  22'  E.  Pop. 
12,930.     (B.) 

Chalons-sur-Saone,  shaMoN^  sur  sone,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Saone  and  Loire,  on  the  Saone,  at  the  termination  of  the  Central 
Canal  (canal  du  Centre).     It  is  the  most  commercial  and  populous 


156  CHA— CHA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat  j  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

place  in  the  department.  Lat.  46°  46'  N.,  Lon.  4°  52'  E.  Pop. 
12,000.     (B.) 

Chambers,  chameM>erz,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on 
the  Chattahoochee  r.     Pop.  23,960.     Co.  t.  La  Fayette. 

Chambersburg,  ehameMserz-burg^  a  thriving  t.  of  Pa.;  cap.  of 
Franklin  co.,  46  m.  S.  W.  of  Harrisburg.     Pop.  4,270. 

Chambery,  sham^-ber-re,  or  shaMx-ba'-re^,  an  archiepiscopal  town, 
the  most  important  in  all  Savoy,  and  the  cap.  of  Savoy  proper,  is  situ- 
ated about  12  m.  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhone.  Among  its  public 
institutions  we  may  mention  the  Royal  College,  and  the  Academy  of 
Sciences,  called  the  Academy  of  Savoy.  Lat.  45°  39'  N.,  Lon.  5°  53' 
E.     Pop.  about  11,000.     (P.  C.) 

Chambly,  sham'-ble,  or  So-relle',  a  r.  of  Lower  Canada,  which  forms 
the  outlet  of  L.  Champlain.  Length  above  80  m.  It  is  navigable  for 
river  barges  through  its  whole  course. 

Chamouny,  sha/-moo-ne\  sometimes  written  Chamonix,  (Fr.  pron. 
shav-moov-ne/,)  a  celebrated  and  romantic  valley  of  Savoy,  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc,  and  containing  a  village  of  the  same  name.  Lat. 
45°  56'  N.,  Lon.  6°  47'  E. 

Champagne,  shaMN-parV,  a  former  prov.  of  France,  now  divided  into 
the  deps.  of  Aisne,  Ardennes,  Aube,  Marne,  Upper  Marne,  and  Yonne. 

Champaign,  sham-pane',  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ohio.  Pop. 
19,762.     Co.  t.  Urbana. 

Champaign,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  on  the  sources  of  the  Kaskas- 
kia  r.     Pop.  2,649.     Co.  t.  Urbana. 

Champlain,  shamx-plane',  a  lake  of  the  U.  S.,  lying  between  New 
York  and  Vermont.  Length  128  m.;  greatest  breadth  about  20  m. 
The  superficial  extent  is  between  600  and  700  sq.  m.  Its  outlet  is  the 
Chambly  r. 

Chandeleur  (shanx-del-oor0  Islands  are  situated  off  the  S.  E.  coast 
of  La.,  and  separated  from  the  main  land  by  Chandeleur  Bay. 

Chantilly,  shaNx-teer-ye'  or  shaNMev-ye'  (see  Int.  XIX.,  18),  a  small 
t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  23  m.  N.  of  Paris. 

Chap'-el  Hill,  a  t.  of  N.  C,  in  Orange  co.,  27  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Raleigh,  the  seat  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  founded  in  1789. 

Charente,  sha'-RaNt',  a  r.  in  the  S.  W.  of  France,  which  flows  into 
the  Bay  of  Biscay,  opposite  the  i.  Oleron.     Its  whole  length  is  184  m. 

Charente,  a  dep.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r.  Pop. 
365,126.  (B.)     Capital,  Angouleme. 

Charente,  Lower  (Fr.Charente-Inferieure,shax-raNtf  aV-fav-re-UR0, 
a  dep,  of  France,  adjoining  the  above,  and  bordering  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay.     Pop.  449,649.  (B.)     Capital,  La  Rochelle. 

Chariton,  chaV-re-tpn,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the 
r.  Missouri.     Pop.  7,514.     Co.  t.  Keytesville,  keets'-vill. 

Charkow.     See  Kharkof. 

Charles,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac 
Pop.  16,162.     Co.  t.  Port  Tobacco. 


CHA-CHA  157 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Charles  City,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on 
James  r.     Pop.  5,200.     Seat  of  justice,  Charles  City  c.  h. 

Charles  River,  in  Mass.,  flows  into  Boston  harbour. 

Charles,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  W.  of  New  Orleans, 
and  bordering  on  L.  Pontchartrain.     Pop.  5,120. 

Charles,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  E  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Mis 
souri  r.,  at  its  mouth.     Pop.  11,454.  Co.  t.  St.  Charles. 

Charles'-ton,  a  dist.  of  S.  C,  S.  of  the  Santee  r.,  bordering  on  th& 
sea.     Pop.  72,805. 

Charleston,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  largest  city  of  S.  C. ;  cap.  of 
the  above  dist,  on  a  tongue  of  land  between  the  rivers  Ashley  and 
Cooper,  which  unite  immediately  below  the  town,  and  form  a  spacious 
harbour,  communicating  with  the  ocean  at  Sullivan's  Island,  7  m.  be- 
low. The  town  is  regularly  built,  and  many  of  the  streets  present  a 
handsome  appearance.  Charleston  is  connected  with  Hamburg,  on 
the  Savannah,  by  a  railroad,  135  m.  in  length.  Among  the  numerous 
charitable  establishments  of  Charleston,  may  be  cited  the  Orphan  Asy- 
lum, which  is  amply  endowed,  and  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
buildings  in  the  place.  Of  the  literary  institutions,  we  may  mention 
the  Charleston  College,  founded  in  1795,  and  the  Charleston  Library, 
which  contains  about  20,000  vols.  The  citizens  of  Charleston  are  dis- 
tinguished for  their  hospitality  and  refinement,  and  perhaps  no  place  in 
the  United  States  affords  more  agreeable  society.  In  winter  this  city 
is  particularly  pleasant  as  a  residence,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  per- 
sons from  other  parts  of  the  Union.  Lat.  32°  46'  N.,  Lon.  79°  57' 
W.     Pop.  42,985. 

Charles'-town,  a  t.  of  Middlesex  co.,  Mass.,  near  Boston,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  three  bridges.  It  may  not  improperly  be  regarded  as 
a  suburb  of  that  city.     Pop.  17,216.  Here  is  a  U.  S.  navy  yard. 

Charleville,  shaRlv-vil',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Ardennes,  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Mezieres.     Pop.  in  1832,  7,400.     (P.  C) 

Charlevoix,  sharv-le-voi',  (Kishkawkee,)  a  co.  of  Mich.,  bordering 
on  L.  Michigan,  near  its  N.  extremity. 

Charlotte,  sharMot,  a  co.  in  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Staunton  r 
Pop.  13,955.     Seat  of  justice,  Charlotte  c.  h. 

Charlottesville,  sharMots-vil ,  a  t.  of  Va. ;  the  cap.  of  Albemarle 
ca.,  and  the  seat  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  founded  in  1819.  Thii 
institution  was  planned  by  Jefferson,  and  is  munificently  endowed  bj 
the  state.     Distant  86  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Richmond. 

Chartres,  shaRtr,  (Lat.  Au'tricum,)  an  ancient  city  of  France,  the 
cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Eure  and  Loire,  situated  on  the  Eure,  46  m.  S.  W. 
by  W.  of  Paris.  Its  cathedral  is  the  largest  in  France,  and  one  of  the 
most  magnificent  gothic  edifices  in  Europe.  The  spire  rises  to  the 
height  of  378  French  ft.,  or  402  English  ft.  from  the  ground.  Lat.  484 
21'  N.,  Lon.  1°  29'  E.     Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

Ciia-tau'-que,  a  co.  on  L.  Erie,  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  N 
Y.     Pop.  47,975      Co.  t.  Mayville. 
14 


358  CHA— CHE 

Kite,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  me,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  65,  as  in  good , 

Chateauguay,  shats-6-gay',  a  small  r.  which  rises  in  N.  Y.,  and  joins 
the  St.  Lawrence  in  Lower  Canada. 

Chateaudun,  sha\t6'-duN^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure  and 
Loire,  on  the  r.  Loire.  Lat.  48°  5'  N.,  Lon.  1°  18'  E.  Pop.  in  1832, 
6,46L     (P.  C.) 

Chateau-Gonthier,  shaN-toN-g6Nx-tex-a/,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Mayenne,  on  the  r.  Mayenne.  Lat.  47°  50'  N.,  Lon.  0°  41  W. 
Pop.  in  1832,  6,143.     (P.  C.) 

Chateauroux,  shaN-tox-roo/,  a  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of 
Indre,  on  the  r.  Indre.  Lat.  46°  48'  N.,  Lon.  1°  40'  E.  Pop.  12,000. 
(B.) 

Chat-el- Arab.     See  Shatt-el-Arab. 

Chatellerault,  shax-teir-ro',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Vienne, 
on  the  r.  Vienne,  celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  cutlery.  Lat.  46° 
50'  N.,  Lon.  0°  32'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  9,437.     (P.  C.) 

Chat'-ham,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Kent,  about  30  m.  E.  by  S.  from  Lon- 
don. In  that  part  called  Brornpton  (brump'-ton)  are  extensive  naval  and 
military  establishments,  with  an  immense  arsenal,  and  a  dock-yard 
nearly  a  mile  in  length,  and  capable  of  receiving  vessels  of  the  largest 
size.     Pop.  of  the  t,  including  Brornpton,  21,431. 

Chatham,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  head  streams  of 
the  Cape  Fear  r.     Pop.  18,449.     Co.  t.  Pittsborough. 

Chatham,  a  co.  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  Ga.,  between  the  Sa- 
vannah and  Ogeechee  rivers,  and  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop.  23,901. 
Co.  t.  Savannah. 

Chatv-ta-hoo'-chee,  a  r.  of  Ga.,  which  joins  the  Flint  river,  to  form 
the  Appalachicola.  Its  whole  course  is  450  m.,  and  it  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  about  300  m. 

Chat-too^-ga,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ga.,  bordering  on 
Ala.     Pop.  6,815. 

Chaudiere,  shox-dex-ahV,  a  r.  of  Lower  Canada,  which  joins  the  St 
Lawrence  on  the  right,  a  few  miles  above  Quebec.  Near  its  mouth 
there  is  a  beautiful  fall,  stated  to  be  more  than  100  ft.  in  height. 

Chaumont,  sh6v-m6i^,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Upper  Marne,  in 
France,  situated  on  the  Marne.  Lat.  48°  7'  N.,  Lon."  5°  8'  E.  Pop. 
6,000.     (B.) 

Chaumont,  commonly  pronounced  sh6N-mo^,  a  village  of  N.  Y.,  in  Jef- 
ferson co.,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  L.  Ontario. 

Chelms^-ford,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Essex,  England,  28  m.  N.  E. 
by  E.  from  London.     Entire  pop.  of  the  parish,  6,789. 

Chelsea,  chel'-se,  formerly  a  village,  but  now  constituting  a  portion 
of  the  suburbs  of  London,  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Thames. 
Here  is  the  Royal  Hospital  for  invalid  soldiers. 

Cheltenham,  chelt'-num,  a  beautiful  t.  of  England,  in  Gloucester- 
shire, 88  m.  W.  by  N.  from  London,  celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs. 
Pop.  of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  6  sq.  m.,  31,411.  The  increase, 
since  1831,  is  upwards  of  8,000. 


CHE— CHE  159 

ou,  as  in  our ,  th,  as  in  thin  ,  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Chemnitz,  Kem'-nits,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  Germany, 
m  Saxony.     Lat.  50°  50'  N.,  Lon.  12°  52'  E.     Pop.  23,000.     (B.) 

Chemung,  she-mung/,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the 
Tioga  r.,  and  bordering  on  Pa.     Pop.  28,821.     Co.  t.  Elmira. 

Chenango,  she-nang'-go,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  inter- 
sected by  the  E.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  Pop.  40,311.  Co.  t. 
Norwich. 

Chep^-stow,  a  commercial  t.  and  port  of  England,  in  Monmouth- 
shire, on  the  Wye,  110  m.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,366. 

Cher,  shaite,  a  dep.  nearly  in  the  centre  of  France.  Pop.  276,853. 
(B.)     Capital,  Bourges. 

Cherbourg,  sher/-burg,  or  shaRex-booR^,  a  fortified  city  and  seaport  of 
France,  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  dep.  of  Manche,  and  one  of  the  princi 
pal  stations  of  the  French  navy.  Lat.  49°  38'  N.,  Lon.  1°  40'  W.  Pop. 
above  18,000.     (B.) 

Cherx-o-kee',  a  co.  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  N.  C.     Pop.  6,838. 

Cherokee,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Etowah  r. 
Pop.  12,800.  Co.  t.  Canton. 

Cherokee,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Ga.  Pop. 
13,884. 

Cherx-o-kee.s/,  a  noble  and  once  powerful  tribe  of  Indians,  who  for- 
merly possessed  the  southern  portion  of  the  Appalachian  mountains  and 
a  large  tract  of  country  on  both  sides  of  this  range.  In  1809  their 
number  amounted  to  12,359 ;  but  it  had  since  considerably  diminished, 
when,  at  length,  in  1838,  all  the  Cherokees  who  were  in  Georgia,  con- 
stituting a  large  majority  of  those  who  still  remained,  were  removed  to 
the  W.  of  the  Mississippi,  by  the  order  of  the  U.  S.  government.  The 
Cherokees  have  been  considered  the  most  civilized  of  all  the  American 
Indians.  They  have  a  written  language;  the  alphabet,  which  was 
invented  by  a  native  Cherokee,  consists  of  85  characters.  Previously 
to  their  expulsion  from  Georgia,  some  of  them  are  said  to  have  become 
excellent  and  thriving  farmers,  so  as  to  bear  an  advantageous  compari- 
son with  the  most  skilful  and  industrious  of  this  class,  in  the  south- 
western states. 

Cherry  Valley,  a  village  of  Otsego  co.,  N.  Y.,  53  m.  W.  by  N.  from 
Albany. 

Cherso,  keR^-so  (Anc.  Crepea)  and  Osero,  o^-sa-ro,  (Anc.  Absorus,) 
two  islands  in  the  Adriatic,  belonging  to  Illyria,  situated  between  44° 
28'  and  45°  12'  N.  Lat.,  and  14°  16'  and  14°  32'  E.  Lon.  United  area, 
95  sq.  m.  Pop.  14,000.  (M.)  The  two  islands  are  connected  by  a 
bridge. 

Ciies'-a-peake,  a  large  bay  situated  in  the  E.  part  of  Md.  and  Va. 
It  is  nearly  200  m.  in  length  ;  its  average  breadth  is  perhaps  about  18  m. 
The  Susquehanna  enters  it  at  the  N.  extremity,  and  the  Potomac 
about  70  m.  from  its  junction  with  the  Atlantic. 

Cheshire,  a  co.  in  the  W.  of  England,  celebrated  for  the  excel- 
lence of  its  cheese.  The  name  is  an  abbreviation  of  Chester  shire,  or 
county  of  Chester.     Pop.  395,660. 


160  CHE— CHI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

Cheshire,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  N.  H.  Pop.  30,144. 
Co.  t.  Keene. 

Ches'-ter,  an  ancient  walled  city  of  England,  the  co.  t.  of  Cheshire, 
situated  on  the  Dee,  near  its  mouth.  It  was  probably  an  important 
military  station,  under  the  Romans,  as  a  great  many  Roman  remains 
have  been  discovered  here.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Latin,  Cas- 
tra,  a  "  camp,"  and  there  is  reason  to  conclude  that  the  present  fortifica- 
tions rest  upon  a  Roman  basis.  Lat.  53°  11'  N.,  Lon.  2°  53'  W.  Pop., 
including  an  area  of  above  4  sq.  m.,  23,115. 

Chester,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Schuylkill 
and  on  Maryland.     Pop.  66,438.     Co.  t.  Westchester. 

Chester,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  part  of  S.  C,  on  the  Catawba  r.  Pop. 
18,038.     Seat  of  justice,  Chester  c.  h. 

Ches^-ter-field\  a  t.  of  Derbyshire,  England,  132  m.  N.  by  W.  from 
London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  6,212. 

Chesterfield,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Appo- 
mattox and  James  rivers.  Pop.  17,489.  Seat  of  justice,  Chesterfield 
c.  h. 

Chesterfield,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  S.  C,  W.  of  and  border- 
ing on  the  Great  Pedee  r.  Pop.  10,790.  Seat  of  justice,  Chesterfield 
c.  h. 

Che-sun^-cook,  a  lake  of  Maine,  communicating  with  the  Penob- 
scot r. 

Chev-tim-ach^-es,  or  shetx-mash^,  a  lake  in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  above 
30  m.  in  length,  communicating  with  the  Atchafalaya  r. 

Cheviot,  chiv^-e-ot.  The  Cheviot  Hills  run  from  N.  E.  to  S.  W., 
and  form  part  of  the  boundary  between  Scotland  and  England.  The 
highest  summit  is  2,658  ft.  above  the  sea. 

Chiari,  ke-a'-re,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy.  Lat.  45°  32'  N.,  Lon.  9°  55 
E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Chicago,  (she-kau'-go,)  the  most  populous  city  of  111.,  and  cap.  of 
Cook  co.  on  L.  Michigan  at  the  mouth  of  Chicago  r.  204  m.  N.  E. 
from  Springfield.  Lat.  42°  N.,  lon.  87°  35'  W.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation on  the  lake,  and  the  terminus  of  the  Illinois  canal,  which  cir- 
cumstances have  rendered  it  the  most  commercial  city  of  the  State, 
and  perhaps  the  greatest  lumber-market  in  the  Union.  The  quantity 
of  lumber  received  here  in  1851  was  more  than  210  million  feet. 
Chicago  is  connected  by  railroad  with  Detroit,  Toledo,  and  Galena. 
Founded  in  1831.     Pop.  in  1840,  4,470 ;  in  1850,  29,963. 

Chich'-es-ter,  an  ancient  walled  city  of  England,  the  cap.  of  the 
co.  of  Sussex,  56  m.  S.  W.  by  S.  from  London.  The  name  is  said  to 
be  a  contraction  of  Cissanceaster,  the  city  or  castle  of  Cissa,  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  chief  who  repaired  and  partly  rebuilt  it,  after  it  had  been  de 
stroyed  in  a  siege.     Pop.  8,512. 

Chtckx-a-sawJ  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  the  Oktib- 
bewha  r.     Pop.  16,368.  Co.  seat,  Houston. 

Chickasaws,  a  tribe  of  Indians  formerly  inhabiting  the  northern 
part  of  Miss,  and  Ala.,  who  have  made  considerable  progress  towards 
civilization. 


CHI— CHI  161 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Chicot,  shee^-ko,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Ark.  Pop. 
5,115.    Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Ciiiem  See,  Keem  sa,  a  lake  in  the  S.E.  part  of  Bavaria,  45m.  E.S.E. 
of  Munich.     It  is  about  10  m.  in  length. 

Chieti,  ke-a'-te,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples,  the  cap.  of  Abruzzo 
Citra,  on  the  Pescara.  Lat.  42°  22'  N.,  Lon.  14°  9'  E.  Pop.  13,000.  (B.) 

Chihuahua,  che-vva'-wa,  a  large  and  handsome  t.  of  Mexico,  the 
cap.  of  a  state  of  the  same  name<  with  a  nourishing  military  academy. 
Lat.  28°  37'  N.,  Lon.  105°  4'  W.     Pop.  about  30,000.     (B.) 

Chili,  chilMe,  (Sp.  Chile,  cheeMa,)  one  of  the  new  republics  of  S. 
America,  lying  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific,  between  25°  and  42°  S. 
Lat. ;  but  the  archipelago  of  Chiloe,  which  belongs  to  it,  extends  about 
two.  degrees  farther  S.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  desert  of  Ata- 
cama,  which  belongs  to  Bolivia,  E.  by  the  republic  of  La  Plata,  from 
which  it  is  divided  by  the  Andes,  and  on  the  S.  by  Patagonia.  But 
the  southern  limit  of  Chili,  properly  speaking,  is  the  r.  Bio-bio,  by 
which  it  is  separated  from  Araucania,  which  is  still  independent. 
Length  near  800  m.;  breadth  varying  from  90  to  200  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  130,000  sq.m.  Pop.  1,400,000.  (B.)  The  climate  of  the 
central  part  of  Chili  may,  with  respect  to  temperature,  be  compared  to 
that  of  Italy;  though  it  varies  much  in  different  districts,  it  is  every- 
where healthy.  This  country,  however,  is  subject  to  strong  periodical 
gales.  In  the  beginning  of  the  rainy  season  (May  and  June),  the  wind 
often  blows  with  great  violence  from  the  N.  W.  During  eight  or  nine 
months  it  blows  from  the  S.,  and  frequently  with  great  force,  espe- 
cially in  autumn,  that  is  from  February  to  April.  The  vegetable  pro- 
ductions of  Chili  do  not,  for  the  most  part,  materially  differ  from  those 
of  other  countries  within  similar  latitudes;  the  extreme  dryness,  how- 
ever, of  the  air  in  the  northern  districts  is  unfavourable  to  the  sugar- 
cane and  to  most  intertropical  plants.  Probably  no  country  is  more 
subject  to  earthquakes  than  this.  In  the  northern  district  slight  shocks 
are  felt  almost  every  day  ;  they  occur  more  frequently  along  the  coast 
than  in  the  interior.  This  republic  became  independent  in  1818.  The 
cap.  is  Santiago. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Chil/-i.-an.  The  Spanish  appella- 
tion Chilenos,  che-la/-noce,  is  also  employed  by  some  English  writers 
to  designate  the  inhabitants. 

Chil-h-coth'-e,  the  cap.  of  Ross  co.,  Ohio,  situated  on  the  Scioto  r. 
and  the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal,  85  m.  E.  by  N.  from  Cincinnati.  Pop. 
7,098. 

Chiloe,  cheel-o-a^,  almost  chil-way^,  an  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  S. 
America,  belonging  to  Chili,  between  41°  48'  and  43°  50'  S.  Lat.,  and 
73°  20'  and  74°  30'  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  120  m. ;  its  greatest 
breadth  60  m. 

Chimborazo,  cheem-bo-ra/-so,  a  mountain  in  Ecuador,  till  recently 
regarded  as  the  highest  in  S.  America ;  but  it  is  now  ascertained  that 
the  Nevado  de  Sorata  exceeds  it  by  nearly  4,000  ft.  The  Chimborazo 
is  about  3,350  toises,  or  21,426  English  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
Lat.  about  1°  30'  S.,  Lon.  79°  5'  W. 
14* 


162  CHI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n5t;  66  asmgood 

Chi/-na,  an  extensive  country  in  Eastern  Asia,  bordering  on  the 
Pacific,  and  constituting  the  principal  portion  of  the  Chinese  empire. 
It  lies  between  18°  and  41°  N.  Lat,  and  98°  and  124°  E.  Lon.  Its 
length,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  is  above  1,400  m. ;  breadth  from  900  to 
1,3.0  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  about  1,298,000  sq.m.  On  the 
northern  frontier,  China  is  inclosed  by  the  great  wall,  about  1,400  long, 
and  20  ft.  high ;  it  is  believed  to  have  been  built  about  200  years  before 
the  Christian  era.  Before  the  arrival  of  Europeans,  the  norther  portion 
of  China  was  called  by  the  neighbouring  nations  of  central  Asia, 
Cath-ay',  under  which  name  it  became  known  to  the  Russians,  while 
the  inhabitants  of  India  called  the  southern  part  Chin,  whence  is  de- 
rived the  ordinary  European  name.  The  Chinese  name  it  Chon-Koo, 
or  the  "centre  of  the  world."  The  climate  of  this  country  diifers 
greatly  from  that  of  Europe  within  the  same  latitudes.  The  mean  tem- 
perature is  considerably  lower,  while  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  in 
the  different  seasons  are  much  greater.  In  this  respect,  the  climate  of 
China  may  be  considered  as  bearing  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of 
the  United  States.  If  the  difference  in  temperature  in  the  same  lati- 
tudes between  the  E.  and  YV.  coast  of  N.  America,  is  less  striking*  than 
between  China  and  the  western  part  of  Europe,  it  may,  perhaps,  be 
attributed  to  the  greater  breadth  of  the  eastern  continent,  in  conse- 
quence of  which,  those  influences  that  cause  the  western  sides  of 
continents  to  be  warmer  than  the  eastern,  manifest  themselves  in  their 
fullest  force.  The  gulf  stream,  also,  in  all  probability  contributes 
something  towards  moderating  the  temperature  of  our  climate,  espe- 
cially along  the  coast.  The  soil  of  China  is,  in  general,  productive, 
and  some  parts  are  extremely  fertile.  The  country  is  watered  by  nu- 
merous rivers.  The  Imperial  Canal,  a  work  which  excites  the  admira- 
ration  of  travellers,  commences  in  about  30° -N.  Lat.,  at  Hang-tcheoo- 
foo,  and  extending,  in  a  northerly  direction,  perhaps  700  m.,  terminates 
at  Lin-tchin-cheoo.  It  appears  to  have  been  constructed  both  for  the 
purpose  of  internal  navigation  and  of  draining,  and  irrigating  some 
parts  of  the  adjacent  country.  The  vegetable  productions  of  China  are 
highly  interesting ;  among  them  we  may  mention  a  superior  species  of 
orange,  which,  when  ripe,  has  a  deep  crimson  rind,  quite  detached 
from  the  fruit;  the  Nelumbium,  a  beautiful  flower,  of  which  the  seeds 
resemble,  in  form  and  size,  acorns  without  their  cups,  and  have  the  fla- 
vour of  nuts,  while  the  root  is  sliced  and  eaten  as  fruit;  and  the  tallow 
tree,  the  Croton  sebiferum,  from  the  seeds  of  which  the  vegetable  oil 
is  obtained  ;  it  is  like  wax,  and,  in  its  natural  state,  is  of  snowy  white- 
ness. Silver  mines  are  abundant  in  China,  but  are  little  worked  ;  gold 
is  obtained  from  the  sands  of  some  of  the  rivers,  but  no  gold  or  silver 
money  is  coined.  (M.  B.)  The  government  of  China  is  an  absolute 
despotism.  The  emperors  of  the  present  or  Mantchoo  dynasty,  sprung 
from  a  union  of  the  eastern  Tartars  and  Mongols,  have  been  in  posses- 
sion of  the  sovereignty  since  the  year  1644.  Of  the  population  of  this 
great  country,  the  estimates  vary  exceedingly.  According  to  a  census 
which  is  stated  to  have  been  taken  by  the  Chinese  government  in  1812, 


CHI— CHR  163 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n.  nearly  like  ng. 

the  entire  population  of  the  empire  amounted  to  more  than  360.000,000. 
Balbi  estimates  it-at  170,000,000. 

The  Chinese  empire  comprises,  besides  China  proper,  Chinese  Tar- 
tary,  including  the  countries  of  Mongolia  and  Mantchooria,  Little  Bucha- 
ria,  Thibet,  and  the  peninsula  of  Corea.  Peking  is  the  capital  of  China 
proper,  and  of  the  whole  empire. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Chi-nese'  and  Gath- 
ay'-an  (poetical). 

Chin  India,  a  name  given  to  the  region  situated  between  China  and 
Hindostan,  comprehending  the  Birman  empire,  the  kingdoms  of  Ton- 
quin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  Laos,  Siam,  and  the  peninsula  of  Ma- 
lacca. It  is  often  called  the  Peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges.  Little  is 
known  of  these  countries,  and  their  political  divisions  and  boundaries 
are  very  uncertain. 

Chinchilla,  chin-cheeV-ya,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  prov.  of  Murcia.  Lat. 
38°  56'  N.,  Lon.  1°  47'  W.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Chippenham,  chip'-num,  a  small  t.  of  England;  in  Wiltshire,  86  m. 
W.  from  London. 

Chippewa,  chip^-pe-wa\  a  large  co.,  forming  the  N.  extremity  of 
Mich.,  and  bordering  on  L.  Superior.  Pop.  898.  Co.  t.  Sault  St. 
Mary. 

Chip/-pe-way\  a  r.  of  Wisconsin  Territory,  flowing  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

Chippeways,  written  also  Ojibbeway,  a  numerous  tribe  of  Indians, 
chiefly  inhabiting  Wisconsin. 

Chiquitos,  che-kee'-toce,  a  tribe  of  S.  American  Indians,  inhabiting 
the  E.  part  of  Bolivia. 

Chit/-ten-i>en,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Vt.,  bordering  on  L.  Cham- 
plain.     Pop.  29,036.     Co.  t.  Burlington. 

Choc'-taw,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  the 
Big  Black  r.     Pop.  11,402.  Co.  seat,  Greensborough. 

Choc'-taws,  a  tribe  of  Indians,  formerly  inhabiting  the  middle  por- 
tion of  Miss.,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Yazoo.  They  have  made  con- 
siderable progress  towards  civilization. 

Cholula,  cho-looMa,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  about  20  m.  from  Puebla.  Lat. 
19°  2'  N.,  Lon.  98°  15'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  16,000.     (B.) 

Chor'-ley,  a  t.  of  Lancashire,  England,  22  m.  N.  W.  from  Manches- 
ter.    Pop.  of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  above  4  sq.  m.,  13,139. 

Cho-wan',  a  r.  of  N.  C,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Nottaway,  Me- 
herrin,  and  Black  water  rivers,  which  falls  into  Albemarle  Sound. 

Chowan,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Chowan  r. 
and  Albemarle  Sound.     Pop.  6,721.     Co.  t.  Edenton. 

Christian,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop 
19,580.     Co.  t.  Hopkinsville. 

Christian,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  111.     Pop.  3,202. 

Christj.-an-'-a  Creek,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  flows  into  the  Dela- 
ware, below  Wilmington. 

Christiania,  kris-te-an'-e-a,  the  cap.  of  Norway,  situated  in  a  prov. 
of  the  same  name,  on  Christiania  Fiord  (fe-ord'),  a  bay  which  extends 

L 


164  CHR— CIR 

Fate,  fir,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n5t ;  66  as  in  good 

about  60  m.  inland.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  university,  founded  in  1811, 
which  has  a  library  of  10,000  vols.,  and  about  500  students.  Lat.  of  the 
Observatory,  59°  54'  5"  N.,  Lon.  10°  44'  57"  E.    Pop.  above  21,000.  (B.) 

Christiansand,  kris/-te-an-sand\  a  t.  of  Norway,  situated  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  Skager  Rack.  Lat.  58°  10'  N.,  Lon.  8°  20'  E.  Pop.  in 
1826,  7,488.     (P.  C.) 

Chuquisaca,  choo-ke-saMd,  formerly  called  La  Plata,  the  cap.  of 
Bolivia,  situated  in  a  plain  at  an  elevation  of  9,300  ft.  above  the  sea. 
Lat.  about  19°  S.,  Lon.  64°  40'  W.     Pop.  13,000. 

Cienfuegos,  se-en'-foo-&/-g6s,  or  fwa/-goce,  a  flourishing-  t.  on  the  S. 
coast  of  Cuba,  on  a  bay  called  Xagua  (Ha'-gwa),  which  forms  one  of 
the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  It  was  founded  about  the  year  1818,  and 
named  in  honour  of  Cienfuegos,  who  was  then  captain-general  of  Cuba. 
Lat.  about  22°  15'  N.,  Lon.  near  81°  W.     Pop.  3,500. 

Cincinnat'i*  the  metropolis  of  the  State  of  Ohio,  and  capital  of  Ha- 
milton Co.,  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  i\,  about  500  m.  from  its  mouth, 
116  S.  W.  from  Columbus,  and  497  m.  from  Washington.  Lat.  39°  6'  N. 
Lon.  84°  27/  W.  It  is  the  most  populous  city  of  the  Western  States, 
and  the  fifth  in  population  in  the  whole  Union.  During  the  last  forty 
years  its  growth  has  been  extremely  rapid.  In  1800  it  contained  750 
inh.;  in  1840,  46,338;  and  in  1850, 116,108  ;  exclusive  of  the  suburbs 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  river. 

It  is  beautifully  situated  near  the  extremity  of  a  valley,  enclosed 
on  the  north  by  hills,  which  rise  gently  to  the  height  of  300  feet,  and 
present  from  their  summits  delightful  views  of  the  city  and  the  river, 
which  is  here  about  800  yards  wide.  The  town  is  built  on  two  pla- 
teaus, the  highest  of  which  is  about  50  feet  above  the  other,  and  108 
feet  above  low-water  mark.  The  average  difference  between  high 
and  low  water  here  is  about  50  feet.  The  shore  is  supplied  with 
floating  wharves,  adapted  to  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  water,  which 
render  the  landing  at  all  times  convenient. 

The  corporate  limits  include  about  4  sq.  miles.  The  city  is  well 
built,  a  large  portion  of  the  houses  being  of  brick  or  stone.  The 
streets  cross  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are  wide,  straight,  and 
well  paved.  Among  the  principal  buildings  may  be  mentioned  the 
court-house,  the  edifice  of  the  Franklin  and  Lafayette  Banks,  built  on 
the  model  of  the  Parthenon  ;  the  Cincinnati  College,  with  a  marble 
front  of  the  Doric  order ;  and  several  fine  churches.  The  Observa- 
tory has  one  of  the  best  telescopes  in  the  country.  The  Catholics 
have  a  college  with  a  library  of  6300  volumes.  Lane  Seminary,  a 
Presbyterian  institution,  two  miles  from  the  city,  has  a  library  of 
10,500  volumes;  and  the  Mercantile  Library  contains  over  10,000 
volumes.  Among  the  charitable  institutions  are  two  orphan  asy- 
lums, a  hospital,  and  a  lunatic  asylum  which  will  accommodate  250 
patients. 

*  This  is  frequently  pronounced,  contrary  to  all  principles  of  correct  pronun- 
ciation, sin-sin-atf-tu'h,  an  error  which  cannot  be  too  carefully  avoided. 


CIN— CIR  165 

cm,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  Tn,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  tiff. 

Cincinnati  possesses  great  facilities  for  communication  with  the 
surrounding  country.  Besides  the  Ohio  river,  which  is  the  main 
thoroughfare  between  the  Atlantic  States  and  the  Mississippi  valley, 
the  Miami  canal  connects  it  with  Lake  Erie,  and  several  lines  of  rail- 
road are  already  completed,  which  extend  to  Columbus,  Cleveland, 
and  Sandusky.  Others  are  in  progress  which  will  connect  it  with 
St.  Louis,  Pittsburg,  and  the  Atlantic  seaports.  This  is  the  greatest 
pork-mark&t  in  the  Union.  The  value  of  the  pork  received  here  in 
a  single  year  is  about  4,000,000  dollars.  During  the  year  ending 
Sept.  1,  1851,  233  steamboats  were  employed  in  the  commerce  of 
Cincinnati,  and  the  number  of  steamboat  arrivals  in  that  year  was 
3,698. 

The  manufactures  are  various  and  important.  It  contained  in 
1851,  5  cotton-factories,  9  paper-mills,  44  iron-foundries  and  engine- 
shops,  which  produce  annually  $3,676,000 ;  34  oil  and  stearine  fac- 
tories, product  $3,015,000  ;  33  pork  and  beef  establishments,  product 
$5,760,000 ;  40  wine  manufactories ;  62  tobacco  factories,  product 
$931,000;  12  publishing  offices,  product  $1,246,000;  and  7  boat- 
yards, in  which  31  steamboats  were  built  in  that  year. 

In  ordinary  seasons,  the  navigation  is  open  all  winter,  though  par- 
tially obstructed  by  floating  ice.  The  river  was  frozen  over  in 
1838-9,  and  again  in  the  winter  of  1851-2,  when  it  remained  closed 
for  9  successive  days,  and  the  mercury  sank  to  10°  below  zero. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  is  53°.  The  climate  is  adapted  to 
the  production  of  the  finest  fruits  of  the  temperate  regions,  with 
which  the  market  is  abundantly  supplied.  The  grape  especially  is 
cultivated  extensively  in  this  vicinity. 

Cinque  Ports,  sink  ports,  ports  on  the  S.  eastern  coast  of  England, 
which,  in  return  for  the  enjoyment  of  certain  peculiar  privileges,  were 
to  furnish  a  certain  number  of  ships,  equipped  and  manned,  to  be  at  the 
disposal  of  the  sovereign  in  any  emergency.  As  their  name  implies, 
there  were  originally  but  five;  viz.,  Dover,  Sandwich,  Hithe,  Romney, 
and  Hastings.  To  these,  Rye,  Winchelsea,  and  Seaford,  were  after- 
wards added. 

Cin'-tra  or  seen'-tra,  a  small  t.  of  Portugal,  15  m.  W.  N.  W.  of 
Lisbon,  celebrated  for  its  fine  air  and  beautiful  situation.  It  is  a  place 
of  great  resort  in  summer  for  the  citizens  of  the  capital.  Many  of  the 
nobility  and  wealthy  merchants  have  villas  in  the  vicinity  of  Cintra. 
Pop.  about  4,000.     (B.) 

Cir-cars/,  Northern,  a  large  maritime  prov.  of  Hindostan,  between 
15°  and  20°  N.  Lat.,  and  80°  and  86°  E.  Lon.,  extending  along  the  W. 
side  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Circassia,  sir-kash'-e-a,  (Russ.  TchtR-kas^-ca,)  is  situated  along  the 
N.  declivity  of  Mount  Caucasus,  and  comprehends  the  whole  of  this 
tract,  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  vicinity  of  the  Caspian.  It  belongs 
nominally  to  Russia.  The  beauty  of  the  Circassian  women  is  much 
celebrated. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Circassian,  sir-kash'-e-an. 

Cirencester,  commonly  pronounced  sis'-e-ter,  a  t.  of  England,  in 


166  CIT— CLA 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fit;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Gloucestershire,  17  m.  S.  E.  of  Gloucester.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  with 
an  area  of  above  9  sq.  m.,  6,014. 

Cittadella,  chit-ta-delMa,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy.  Lat.  45°  37'  N., 
Lon.  11°  50'  E.     Pop.  above  6,000.     (B.) 

Ciudad  Real,  the-oo-DaD/  ra-aV,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile, 
the  cap.  of  La  Mancha.  Lat.  38°  57'  N.,  Lon.  3°  49'  W.  Pop.  about 
8,000.     (B.) 

Ciudad  Rodrigo,  the-oo-DdD^  roD-ree'-go,  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  in 
the  prov.  of  Salamanca.  Lat.  40°  31'  N.,  Lon.  6°  26'  W.  Pop.  4,300. 
(B.) 

Civita  Vecchia,  chee^-ve-ta  vek^-ke-a,  a  fortified  t.  and  seaport  of 
Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  36  m.  N.  W.  of  Rome.  Lat.  42°  5'  N.,  Lon. 
11°  45'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Clack-man^-nan-shire,  a  small  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Scotland,  bor- 
dering on  the  r.  Forth.     Pop.  19,155. 

Clagenfurth  or  Klageinfurth,  kla/-gen-fboRt\  a  t.  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  in  Carinthia,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  seve- 
ral important  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  46°  36'  N..,  Lon.  14°  20 
E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Clai^-borne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Big 
Black  and  the  Mississippi  rivers.    Pop.  14,941.     Co.  seat,  Port  Gibson. 

Claiborne,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  the  Red  r. 
Pop.  7,471.     Seat  of  justice,  Russelville. 

Claiborne,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Va.  and 
Ky.     Pop.  9,369.     Co.  t.  Tazewell. 

Clair,  St.,  a  lake  between  Mich,  and  Upper  Canada,  about  27  m. 
long,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  perhaps  15  m.  It  receives  the  waters  of 
L.  Huron  by  the  r.  St.  Clair,  and  discharges  itself  into  L.  Erie  by  the 
Detroit  r.  The  r.  St.  Clair  is  about  40  m.  long,  f  m.  wide,  and  is  navi- 
gable for  large  vessels. 

Clair,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ala.,  W.  of  and  bor- 
dering on  the  Coosa  r.     Pop.  6,829.     Co.  t.  Ashville. 

Clair,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  the  r.  and 
L.  St.  Clair.     Pop.  10,420.  Co.  t.  Palmer. 

Clair,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  on  the  Kaskaskia  and  Mis- 
sissippi rivers.     Pop.  20,181.     Co.  t.  Belleville. 

Clair,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the 
Osage  r.     Pop.  3,556. 

Clamecy,  klamN-se^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievre.  Lat.  47° 
27'  N.,  Lon.  3°  30'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (P.  C.) 

Clare,  a  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Munster,  bordering  on  the 
Atlantic.     Pop.  in  1831,  258,322.     (P.  C) 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  Shenan- 
doah.    Pop.  7,352. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  Oconee  r.  Pop. 
11,119.     Co.  t.  Watkinsville. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Alabama 
and  Tombigbee  rivers.     Pop.  9,786.    Co.  t.  Clarkesville. 


CLA— CLE  167 

cm,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  Tig. 


Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop.  5,477. 
Co.  seat,  Quitman.    , 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  Washita  r. 
Pop.  3,995.     Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the 
Kentucky  r.     Pop.  12,683.     Co.  t.  Winchester. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  E.  of  the 
Great  Miami  r.     Pop.  22,178.     Co.  t.  Springfield. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
15,828.     Co.  t.  Charlestown. 

Clarke,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash.  Pop. 
9,532.     Co.  t.  Marshall. 

Clarke,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Mo.  Pop.  5,527.  Co. 
t.  Alexandria. 

Clarke's  River,  in  Oregon,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  flows 
into  the  Columbia  r.     Its  length  is  about  460  m. 

Clausthal  or  Klaustiial,  klous'-taal,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover, 
remarkable  for  the  silver  and  lead  mines  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  the  seat 
of  administration  for  the  mining  districts  of  Hanover.  Lat.  51°  48'  N., 
Lon.  10°  20'  E.  Pop.  about  8,000.  (B.)  The  mines  of  Clausthal 
yield  annually  about  160,000  ounces  of  silver,  2,400  tons  of  lead  and 
litharge,  and  4  tons  of  copper.  They  employ  upwards  of  2,000  work- 
men. 

Clay,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  S.  E.  fork  of  the  Ken- 
tucky r.     Pop.  5,421.     Co.  t.  Manchester. 

Clay,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Eel  r.,  and  a 
little  E.  of  the  Wabash.     Pop.  7,944.     Co.  t.  Bowling  Green. 

Clay,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Little  Wa- 
bash.    Pop.  4,289.     Co.  t.  Maysville. 

Clay,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Missouri 
r.  Pop.  10,332.  Co.  t.  Liberty. 

Clay'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  3,873. 

Clear'-field,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Pa.  Pop.  12,586.  Co.  t. 
Clearfield. 

Cler-mont',  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  30,455.     Co.  t.  Batavia. 

Clermont-Ferrand,  klaiRx-m6N'  itjrN-rW,  (Anc.  Augustonemetum, 
afterwards  Clarus  Mons,)  the  cap.  of  the  French  dep.  of  Puy-de-dome, 
and  formerly,  of  the  prov.  of  Auvergne.  It  contains  a  number  of  lite- 
rary and  scientific  institutions;  among  which  we  may  mention  the 
Academie  Universitaire  and  the  Royal  College.  Lat.  45°  46' N.,  Lon. 
3°  5'  E.     Pop.  28,000.     (B.) 

Cleve'-land,  a  port  of  entry  of  Ohio,  the  cap.  of  Cuyahoga  co,,  situ- 
ated on  L.  Erie,  at  the  termination  of  the  Ohio  canal.     Pop.  17,034. 

Cleves,  (Ger.  Kleve,  kW-veh  ;  Fr.  CI  eves,  klave,)  a  walled  t.  of  the 
Prussian  dominions,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  51° 
47'  N.,  Lon.  6°  7  E.     Pop.  7,400.     (B.) 


L68  CLI— COB 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  ndt ;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Clifton.     See  Bristol. 

Clinch,  a  r.  of  Tenn.,  which  unites  with  the  Holston  to  form  the 
Tennessee. 

Clin'ton,  a  co.  occupying  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  N.  Y.  Pop.  40,047. 
Co.  t.  Plattsburg. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the 
Susquehanna.     Pop.  11,207. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
4,889. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  N.  E.  of  Cincinnati.  Pop. 
18,838.     Co.  t.  Wilmington. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mich.     Pop.  5,102. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  11,869.  Co.  t.  Frankfort. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Kaskas- 
kia  r.     Pop.  5,139.     Co.  t.  Carlyle. 

Clinton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Missouri  r 
Pop.  3,786.     Co.  t.  Plattsburgh. 

Clinton,  &  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  2,822. 

Clinton,  a  village  of  N.  Y.,  in  Oneida  co.,  about  9  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Utica.     It  is  the  seat  of  Hamilton  College. 

Clitheroe,  kliTH^-er-6\  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  21  m 
S.  E.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  of  the  township,  6,765. 

Clogher,  kloH'-Her,  a  small  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Tyrone,  22  m. 
W.  by  N.  of  Armagh. 

Cloghnakilty,  klonv-na-kiF-te,  or  Clon'-a-kil'-ty,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in 
the  co.  of  Cork,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  51°  38' 
N.,  Lon.  8°  51'  W.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,807.     (P.  C.) 

Clon-mell',  the  chief  t.  of  the  co.  of  Tipperarv,  Ireland,  situated 
on  the  r.  Suir.  Lat.  52°  19'  N.,  Lon.  7°  43'  W.  Pop.  in  1831, 15,134. 
(P.C.) 

Clyde,  a  r.  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Lanarkshire, 
and,  flowing  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  enters  the  Frith  of  Clyde.  Its 
whole  course  is  upwards  of  70  m.  Though  the  third  in  magnitude,  it 
is,  as  respects  navigation,  the  most  important  river  of  Scotland. 

Co-a-hV-ma,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.     Pop.  2,780. 

Cobb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chattahoochee. 
Pop.  13,843.  Co.  t.  Marietta. 

CW-lentz,*  (Ger.  Coblenz,  ko^-blents ;  Fr.  Coblence,  kov-blaNce',)  a 

*  We  often  hear  Coblentz  accentuated  on  the  last  syllable,  but  this  is  contrary 
to  the  tendency  of  our  language,  (see  Int.  XII.,  Obs.  2,)  as  well  as  to  the  native 
pronunciation.     Byron  is  right,  as  usual — 

"  By  Coblentz,  on  a  rise  of  gentle  ground, 
There  is  a  small  and  simple  pyramid." 

Childe  Harold,  Canto  III. 


COB— COD  169 

oa,  as  m  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

i.  of  the  Prussian  states,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the 
whole  prov.  of  the  Lower  Rhine ;  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mo- 
selle and  Rhine,  whence  the  city  obtained  its  ancient  name,  Confluens 
or  Confluentes,  of  which  Coblenz  is  probably  a  corruption.  This  place 
is  strongly  fortified,  and  is  an  important  military  post.  (See  Ehren- 
BREiTSTEtN.)  Lat.  50°  21/  N.,  Lor.  7°  30'  E.  Pop.,  exclusive  of  the 
military,  above  12,000.   (B.) 

Co'-burg  (Ger.  prcn.  ko'-booRG)  or  Saxe-Cobtjrg,  the  most  southern 
of  the  independent  principalities  of  Saxony,  forming  a  part  of  the  duchy 
of  Saxe-Coburg  Gctha.  and  situated  between  50°  9'  and  50°  24'  N.  Lat. 
and  10°  40'  and  11°  15'  E.  Lon.  Its  area  is  about  200  sq.  m.  Pop. 
38,000.     (P.  C.) 

Cgburg,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  a  walled  t,  and  has  about  8,000 
inhabitants.     (B.)     Lat  50°  15'  N„  Lon.  10°  58'  E. 

Cochabamba,  kov-cha-bamf-ba,  a  t  of  Bolivia,  the  cap.  of  a  dep.  of 
the  same  name.  Lat  17°  25'  S.,  Lon.  65°  50'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at 
30,000  (B.);  by  others,  at  20,000. 

Cochin,  ko-cheen',  a  prov.  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  between 
10°  10'  and  10°  50'  N.  Lat 

Co'-chin  China,  or  the  empire  of  An-nam,  is  situated  in  Chin-India, 
of  which  it  forms  the  eastern  portion.  It  extends  from  8°  40'  to  about 
23°  N.  Lat,  and  from  102°  to  109°  20'  E.  Lon.  Its  length,  from  N.  to 
S.,  is  about  980  m.;  its  breadth  varies  from  100  m.  to  300  m.  Area 
estimated  at  147,000  sq.  m.  The  name  Cochin  China  is  unknown  to  the 
inhabitants,  having  been  bestowed  by  the  Portuguese.  The  natives 
call  it  Drang-Trong,  f.  e.  "  the  central  country.*'  This  appellation,  how- 
ever, is  restricted  to  Cochin  China  Proper;  Tonkin  is  called  the  "  ex- 
ternal country."  These  two  countries  are  named  by  the  inhabitants 
An-nam  or  Anam.  Tonkin  occupies  the  northern,  and  Cochin  China 
Proper  the  southern  region;  the  boundary  line  between  them  is  in 
about  19°  N.  Lat.  The  most  southern  portion  of  Cochin  China  Proper 
once  formed  a  separate  country,  under  the  name  of  Tsiampa,  tse-am'-pi 
or  Chiampa.  The  empire  of  An-nam  comprehends  a  part  of  Cambodja 
and  several  other  territories.  Little,  however,  is  known  respecting 
them.  The  pop.  is  estimated,  by  Balbi,  at  12,000,000.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  Cochin  China  belong  to  the  same  race  as  the  Chinese  and  Mon- 
gols. They  have  made  some  progress  in  most  of  the  arts  of  civilized  life, 
and,  in  their  mode  of  living  and  general  character,  appear  to  resemble 
the  Chinese.  They  are  said  to  excel  in  naval  architecture,  and  the 
lacker-ware  made  at  Tonkin  is  considered  by  some  as  preferable  to  that 
of  Japan.  Hue  is  the  cap.  of  Cochin  China  and  of  the  whole  empire. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Cochin  Chinese,  which,  however,  should  be  restricted 
to  Cochin  China  Proper.  An-nam-ese'  or  Anamese  is  the  more  gene- 
ral appellative. 

Cocrr,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  N.  C.  Pop.  8,300. 
Co.  t.  Newport.  ^ 

Codogno,  ko-done'-yo,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  in  the  prov.  of  Lodi, 
15 


170  COF— COL 

F&te,  far,  f&U,  fat  \  me,  me.t;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  qood ; 

35  m.  S.  E.  of  Milan,  noted  as  a  market  for  the  Parmesan  cheese.  Fop. 
above  8,000.     (B.) 

Cof'-fee,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Term.,  on  the  head  waters 
of  Duck  r.     Pop.  8,351. 

Cognac,  konex-yak>,  a  t  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Charente,  on  the  r. 
Charente,  famous  for  its  manufacture  of  brandy.  Lat.  45°  42'  N.,  Lou. 
0°  19'  W. 

Coimn-b.\-toor'  or  Coimbatore,  a  prov.  in  the  S.  of  India,  about  the 
11th  degree  of  N.  Lat.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  Mysore. — Also  the  cap, 
of  the  above,  containing  about  2,000  houses.  Lat.  10°  52"  N,,  Lor*. 
77°  5'  E. 

Co-im^-bra  or  ko-eem^-bra,  a  t.  of  Portugal,  in  Beira,  of  which  it  is 
considered  the  cap.,  situated  on  the  right  side  of  the  r.  Mondego,  about 
120  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  It  has  a  richly  endowed  university,  with 
the  faculties  of  theology,  law,  and  medicine,  besides  the  academical 
department.  The  lectures  are  generally  gratuitous.  The  average 
number  of  academical  students  is  said  to  be  about  1,200.  The  palace 
of  the  university,  once  the  residence  of  the  kings,  is  one  of  the  finest 
buildings  in  the  place. — ConimHsrica,  the  ancient  Coirobra,  was  situated 
at  some  distance  from  the  site  of  the  present  town.  Lat.  40°  12'  30" 
N.,  Lon.  8°  24'  W.     Permanent  pop.  about  15,000.     (B.) 

Coire,  kwaR,  (Ger.  Chur,  koor,}  a  t.  of  Switzerland,  cap.  of  the 
canton  of  Grisons,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine.  Lat.  46°  51'  N., 
Lon.  9°  31'  E.     Pop.  4,750.     (P.  C.) 

Colberg,  koF-beRG,  a  seaport  and  fortress  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania, 
situated  on  the  Persante  (peR-san'-tc/i),  about  a  mile  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Baltic.  Lat.  54°  9y  N.,  Lon.  15°  34'  E.  Pop.  nearly  6;0(X).  (B.) 

Coe/-chks-ter,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  ca  of  Essex, 
51  m.  N.  E.  by  E.  from  London.  Pop.  of  the  borough  and  liberties, 
17,790  ;  that  of  the  town  may  be  estimated  at  about  14,000. 

Cole,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Missouri  r. 
Pop.  6,696.     Co.  t.  Jefferson  city. 

Coles,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Kaskaskia  r. 
Pop.  9,335.     Co.  t.  Charleston. 

Colleton,  a  dist.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  S.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Edisto  r.     Pop.  39,505.     Seat  of  justice,  Walterborough. 

Col-lump/-ton,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  11  m.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Exeter. 

Colne,  a  r.  of  England,  in  Hertfordshire,  which  flows  into  the 
Thames. 

Cologne,  ko-lone^,  (Fr.  pron.  koMoiV,  Ger.  Koln,)  an  archbishopric 
of  Rhenish  Prussia,  the  cap.  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  and  of 
the  prov.  of  the  Rhine,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine.  It  is 
enclosed  by  a  lofty  wall,  about  6  m.  in  circuit,  defended  by  83  tow- 
ers, and  surrounded  with  ramparts  and  deep  ditches,  and  has  24  gates. 
Cologne  was  a  Roman  station,  and  afterwards  a  colony  named  Colonia 
Claudia  Agrippineyisis.  From  Colonia  the  modern  name  is  derived.  Co- 
logne was  formerly  one  of  the  most  wealthy  and  powerful  cities  of  the 


COL— COL  171 

Wl,  tis  in  mar;  th,  as  in  thin ;  tit,  as  in  this ;  y,  nearly  like  ng. 

Hstnseatic  league,  when  its  pop.  amounted  to  150,000.  It  ceased  to  be 
s.  free  town  in  1792.  A  bridge  of  boats,  1,250  paces  .in  length,  con- 
nects Cologne  with  Deutz  (doits),  which  is  regarded  as  one  of  its 
suburbs.  The  town  has  been  declared  a  free  port,  and  carries  on  an 
active  commerce.  Besides  other  articles,  it  manufactures,  on  a  very 
-extensive  scale,  the  aromatic  water  which  bears  its  name,  Lat.  50° 
55'  N.,  Lor.  6°  55'  E.  Pop.,  including  that  of  Deutz  and  the  military, 
78,500.     Adjective  and  inhab.  Colognese,  koP-o-neze^. 

Colombia,  ko-lom'-be-a  is  the  name  which  was  adopted  by  the  north- 
ern countries  of  S.  America  in  1819,  when  New  Granada  and  Vene- 
zuela united,  and  established  one  central  government,  for  the  purpose 
of  resisting  the  power  of  Spain.  In  1829,  Venezuela  renounced  the 
union,  and  constituted  itself  a  separate  republic.  After  the  resignation 
of  Bolivar,  in  1830,  it  again  joined  New  Granada,  but  this  union  lasted 
only  a  shoTt  time.  In  November,  1831,  a  new  separation  took  place  :  at 
the  same  time  it  was  decided  that  the  former  prov.  of  Quito  should  con- 
stitute a  separate  government,  under  the  name  of  Ecuador.  Thus  Co- 
lombia was  divided  into  the  three  republics,  Venezuela,  New  Granada, 
and  Ecuador. 

Cg-lom'-bo  or  Columbo,  the  cap.  of  the  i.  of  Ceylon,  situated  on  the 
W.  coast.  It  is,  for  the  most  part,  well  built,  and  resembles  a  European 
rather  than  an  Indian  town.  Though  its  harbour  is  very  insecure 
•during  some  seasons  of  the  year,  it  is  the  centre  of  the  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  whole  island.  Lat.  6°  59'  N.,  Lon.  79°  55'  E.  Pop.,  ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1832,  31,519.     (P.  C.) 

CoiZ-on-sa  or  Col'-on-say\  a  small  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland, 
N.  of  Isla. 

Coloraoo,  koT-o-r&'-do,  a  r.  of  Mexico,  which  flows  into  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Gulf  of  California.  Its  length,  according  to  Humboldt, 
is  230  leagues,  or  about  640  English  miles,  but  the  quantity  of  water 
carried  down  its  channel,  during  the  dry  season,  is  extremely  small. 
It  is  called  Rio  Colorado,  or  Red  River,  because,  owing  to  the  fall  of 
rains  upon  a  soil  of  red  clay,  its  waters  often  assume  that  colour. 

Colorado  or  Cobu  ko-boo',  a  r.  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of 
La  Plata,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic,  near  40°  S.  Lat.,  and  62°  W. 
Lon.     Its  length  is  above  600  m. 

Colorado  (Texas).     See  Rio  Colorado. 

Co-lum'-bj.-a,  District  of,  a  tract,  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Potomac,  120  m.  from  its  mouth.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  federal 
government,  and  under  the  particular  jurisdiction  of  Congress.  This 
district  was  till  recently  divided  into  two  counties,  Washington  and 
Alexandria.  It  was  ceded  to  the  general  government  by  the  states 
of  Maryland  and  Virginia,  in  1790.  Pop.  51,070.  Alexandria  city 
and  county,  including  the  whole  of  that  portion  of  the  District  lying 
on  the  right  side  of  the  Potomac,  were  retraced ed  to  Virginia,  during 
the  Congress  of  1845-6. 

Columbia,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Hudson  r.     Pop.  43,073.     Co.  t.  Hudson. 

Columbia,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the 
E.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  17,710.     Co.  t.  Bloomsburg. 


172  COL— COM 

Tate, far,  fall,  f&t;  me,  m£t;  pine  of  pine,  pin;  n&,  not;  oo  as  in  good} 

Columbia,  a  co.  in  (he  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Savannah  r. 
Pop.  11,961.     Co.  t.  Applingville. 

Columbia,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  the  Suwanee  r. 
Pop.  4,808. 

Columbia,  the  cap.  of  S.  C,  and  seat  of  justice  of  the  dist.  of  Rich- 
land, situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Broad  and  Saluda  rivers.  It  is 
the  seat  of  the  South  Carolina  College,  founded  in  1804.  Lat.  33°  57 
N.,  Lon.  81°  T  W.     Pop.  4,340. 

Columbia  River.     See  Oregon. 

Co-lum-bj-an'-a,  a  co.  in  the  N.E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the 
Ohio  r.     Pop.  33,621.     Co.  t.  New  Lisbon. 

Co-lum'-bus,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  S.  C.  Pop, 
5,909.     Co.  t.  Whitesville. 

Columbus,  the  co.  t.  of  Franklin  co,,  Ohio*  anxl  the  cap.  of  the  state. 
It  is  situated  on  the  Scioto  r.,  about  100  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N,  E.  of 
Cincinnati,  and  350  m.  from  Washington.  Lat.  39°  57  N.,  Lon.  83°  & 
W.     Pop.  18,183. 

Columbus,  the  cap.  of  Muscogee  co.,  Ga.,  situated  on  the  Cattahoo- 
chee,  close  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation.  It  is  a  flourishing 
and  rapidly  increasing  town.  The  Muscogee  R.  R.>,  70  m.  long,  con- 
nects it  with  the  South-Western  R.  R.     Pop.  5,942. 

Comayagua,  ko-rni-a'-gwa,  called  also  New  Valladolid,  the  cap.  of 
the  state  of  Honduras,  in  Central  America.  It  has  a  edlege,  and 
about  18,000  inhabitants.  (B„)     Lat.  14°  32'  N.,  Lon.  87°  35'  W. 

Co^-mo  (Lat.  Co^rnum),  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Aus- 
trian Italy,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  the  S.  W. 
extremity  of  the  Lake  of  Como,  22  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Milan.  Its  cathe- 
dral, built  in  the  middle  ages,  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  churches 
in  the  N.  of  Italy.  Comum  was  the  birth-place  of  the  two  Plinys.  Lat. 
45°  48'  N.,  Lon.  9°  &  E.    Pop.,  including  that  of  the  suburbs,  16,000.  (B.) 

Como,  Lago  di,  la'-go  de  ko^-mo,  or  Lake  of  Como,  (Anc.  La'rius,)  a 
lake  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  intersected  by  the  46th  parallel  of  N.  Lat  It 
is  long,  narrow,  and  of  very  irregular  and  tortuous  shape. 

Com/-o-rinv  Cape,  the  S.  extremity  of  Hindostan.  Lat.  8°  4'  N., 
Lon.  77°  37'  E. 

Co'-morn  or  Komorn  (Hung.  Kornarom,  ko-maa-roro,) a  royal  free  t. 
and  fortress  of  Hungary,  the  cap.  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  situated  on 
the  i.  of  Scbiitt,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Waag  into  the  Danube.  Lat 
47°  45'  N.,  Lon.  18°  8'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Com'-o-ro  Islands  are  situated  in  the  channel  of  Mozambique,  be- 
tween 11°  20'  and  13°  10'  S.  Lat.,  and  43°  10'  and  45°  30'  E.  Lon. 
They  are  four  in  number,  of  which  Comoro  is  the  largest.  The  most 
important,  and  the  only  one  visited  by  European  vessels,  is  Anzooan, 
which  see. 

Compiegne,  koMx-pe-ain/,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise;  on  the 
r.  Oise,  43  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris,  with  a  magnificent  royal  chateau. 
Lat.  49°  25'  N.,  Lon.  2°  47'  E.  ^  Pop.  in  1832,  8,879.     (P.  C.) 

Compostela,  Santiago  de,  san-te-a/-go  da  kom-po-staMa,  an  archi- 


CON— CON  173 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


episcopal  t.  of  Spain,  cap.  of  Galicia.  Its  university  ranks  among  the 
first  in  Spain.     Lat.  42°  49'  N.,  Lon.  8°  21'  W.     Pop.  28,000.     (B.) 

Concan,  konk'-kan,  a  dist.  of  Hindostan,  extending  along  the  Mala- 
bar coast,  between  15°  50'  and  20°  15'  N.  Lat.,  and  divided  into  North- 
ern and  Southern  Concan. 

Conception,  con-sep/-shun,  (Sp.  Concepcion,  kon-thep-the-one^,)  a  t. 
of  Chili,  situated  about  7  m.  from  the  shores  of  an  extensive  bay  of  the 
same  name.  In  1835  the  whole  town  was  laid  in  ruins  by  an  earth- 
quake. Previously  to  this  catastrophe,  the  pop.  was  estimated  at  above 
10,000.  (B.)     Lat.  36°  49'  S.,  Lon.  73°  5'  W. 

Concord,  kong'-kord,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Merrimack  co.,  N.  H., 
and  the  cap.  of  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Merrimack  r., 
62  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Boston.  Lat.  43°  12'  29"  N.,  Lon.  71°  29'  VV.  Pop. 
8,576. 

Con-cor'-dx-a,  a  parish  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  r.     Pop.  7,758.    Seat  of  justice,  Concordia. 

Conde,  kon'de  or  k6Nv-dy,  an  important  fortress  on  the  northern 
frontier  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  situated  on  the  Escaut 
(Scheldt),  124  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  50°  28'  N.,  Lon.  3°  35'  E. 
Pop.  in  1832,  3,498.     (P.  C.) 

Conecuh,  ko-nee^-kah,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  and  bordering  on  Florida.  Pop.  9,322.  Co.  t. 
Sparta. 

Congaree,  kongv-ga-ree',  a  r.  of  S.  C,  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Saluda  and  Broad  rivers,  which  unites  with  the  Wateree  to  form  the 
Santee. 

Congleton,  kongf-g'1-ton,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Cheshire,  30  m.  E.  of 
Chester.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  about  4  sq.  m.,  9,222. 

Congo,  kong/-go,  a  name  which,  in  its  most  extensive  application, 
comprehends  the  whole  region  lying  along  the  W.  coast  of  Africa, 
including  Loango,  Congo  Proper,  Angola,  and  Benguela.  Congo  Pro- 
per extends  from  the  r.  Congo,  in  about  Lat.  6°  S.,  to  the  r.  Dando,  in 
Lat.  8°  20'  S.  Its  interior  limits  are  not  known.  The  climate  of  this 
country,  though  sometimes  very  fatal  to  the  European  constitution,  ap- 
pears not  to  be  subject  to  great  extremes  of  temperature.  The  soil,  in 
some  parts,  is  represented  as  very  fertile,  and  produces  yams,  maize, 
sugar-cane,  and  other  tropical  plants. 

Congo,  otherwise  called  the  Zaire,  za-ee'-ra,  a  large  r.  in  the  S.W\ 
part  of  Africa,  flowing  into  the  Atlantic,  in  about  6°  S.  Lat.  It  was 
partially  explored  by  Captain  Tuckey  in  1816.  Its  breadth,  for  some 
distance  from  the  sea,  is  not  less  than  5  or  6  m.;  at  the  mouth,  no  bot- 
tom was  found  in  the  middle  of  the  stream  with  a  line  of  160  fathoms. 
He  ascended  it  to  the  distance  of  about  280  m.,  and  was  surprised  to 
find  that  it  did  not  receive  the  water  of  any  other  stream  in  the  whole 
distance  along  which  the  survey  extended ;  he  was  inclined  to  believe 
that  there  must  be  some  under-ground  communication,  by  which  it  waa 
supplied  with  water. 

Connaught,  kouf-naut,  a  prov.  in  the  W.  of  Ireland,  comprising  the 
15* 


174  CON— CON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6fc ;  oo  as  in  good; 

counties  of  Galway,  Mayo,  Roscommon,  Leitriro,  and  Sligo.  Pop.  in 
1831,  1,340,914.     (P.  C.) 

Connecticut,  kon-netf-e-kut,  the  largest  r.  of  New  England,  rises 
on  the  borders  of  Canada,  and,  running  S.,  divides  New  Hampshire 
from  Vermont,  then  passing  through  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut, 
flows  into  Long  Island  Sound.  Its  whole  length  is  about  400  m,;  it  is 
navigable  for  sloops  to  Hartford,  about  50  m. 

Connecticut,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  states  of  the  Union,  situ- 
ated between  41°  and  42°  3'  N.  Lat.,  and  71°  55'  and  73°  50'  W.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Massachusetts,  E.  by  Rhode  Island,  S.  by  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  W.  by  New  York;  and  divided  into  8  counties.*  Its 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  93  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to 
S.,  about  68  m.  Area,  4,664  sq.  m.  Pop.  370,791.  The  seat  of  go- 
vernment is  divided  between  Hartford  and  New  Haven. 

Con'-stance,  (Ger.  Constanz,  kon'-stasts ;  Lat.  Constan^tiaT)  an  an- 
cient fortified  t.  in  the  S.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Baden,  situated  on 
the  S.  bank  of  the  Lake  of  Constance.  It  was  a  very  important  place 
in  the  middle  ages,  but  is  now  much  decayed.  The  name  is  derived 
from  Constantius  (father  of  Constantino  the  Great),  bv  whom  it  is  said 
to  have  been  founded.     Lat.  47°  36'  N.,  Lon.  9°  &  E.  "  Pop.  5,300.    (B.) 

Constance  or  Constanz,  called  also  Bodensee,  bo'-den-sa/,i.  e.  the 
lake  or  sea  of  Bodmann,  (an  ancient  castle  on  its  banks,)  a  large  lake 
lying  between  Switzerland  and  Germany,  extending  from  47°  28'  to  47° 
47'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  9°  2'  to  9°  45'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  45  m.; 
its  greatest  breadth  about  13  m.  It  is  1,283  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  its  greatest  depth  is  stated  at  964  ft.  It  was  anciently  called 
La'eus  Briganti^nus,  from  the  Brigand  tii  who  dwelt  on  its  banks.  There 
was  a  Roman  station  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  lake,  called  Bri- 
gantium  or  Brigantia ;  the  modern  name  is  Bregenz  (bra/-gents). 

Con-stan-tx-ng/-ple,  (Turk.  Stain-boo)/  in  common  language,  an<3 
Constantinieh,  kon-stan-te-nee'-e/i ,  in  documentary  writing;  Gr.  Kwv- 
o-tavT?tvo7to*.i$ ;  Lat.  Constantinop'olis;  i.  e.  the  "city  of  Constantine  ;") 
a  great  and  celebrated  city,  the  imperial  seat  of  the  Ottoman  govern- 
ment, situated  between  the  Euxine  and  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  on  a  trian- 
gular promontory  which  projects  from  Europe  into  the  Bosporus.  Its 
situation  combines  the  advantages  of  great  strength  as  a  fortress,  with 
great  convenience  and  security  as  a  seaport,  and  is,  at  the  same  time, 
healthy  and  beautifully  picturesque.  Constantinople  is  built  upon  the 
site  of  the  ancient  Byzantium,  having  been  founded  about  the  year  328, 
by  Constantine  the  Great,  who  made  it  his  own  residence  and  the  cap. 
of  the  Eastern  Empire.  It  was  taken  by  the  Turks,  under  Mahomet 
II.,  in  1453,  since  which  time  it  has  been  the  cap.  of  the  Ottoman 
dominions.  Among  a  great  number  of  magnificent  edifices  which  this 
city  contains,  the  Mosque  of  St.  Sophia  is  perhaps  the  most  deserving 

*  Fairfield,  Hartford,  Litchfield,  Middlesex,  New  Haven,  New  London,  Tot 
land,  Windham. 


CON— COP  175 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

notice.  It  was  a  church,  founded,  more  than  13  centuries  ago,  by  the 
emperor  Justinian,  but  afterwards,  when  the  Turks  acquired  possession 
of  Constantinople,  was  converted  into  a  mosque.  It  is  an  immense 
building-,  and  will  conveniently  contain,  it  is  said,  100,000  persons.  Its 
cupola  has  served  as  a  model  for  those  which  have  since  been  erected 
at  Venice,  Pisa,  and  Rome.  The  mosque,  however,  of  the  sultan 
Ahmed  surpasses  that  of  St.  Sophia,  both  in  beauty  and  grandeur,  and 
is  regarded  as  altogether  the  most  magnificent  structure  in  the  Turkish 
metropolis.  Constantinople  is  protected  on  the  land  side  by  walls, 
which  are  so  lofty,  that  from  the  road,  which  passes  under  them,  the 
eye  can  scarcely  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  mosques  and  minarets  of  the 
city.  On  this  side  there  are  six  gates.  The  town  was  formerly  de- 
fended, it  is  said,  by  180  towers,  of  which  not  more  than  120  are  now 
standing.  The  harbour  of  Constantinople,  called  the  port  of  the  Golden 
Horn,  is  safe,  capacious,  and  beautiful.  It  is  formed  by  an  arm  of  the 
Bosporus,  which  projects  on  the  European  shore,  between  the  city  and 
its  suburbs,  Galata  (gaMa-ta),  and  Pera  (pa'-ra).  The  Mosque  of  St. 
Sophia  is  in  Lat.  41°  1'27"  N.,  and  Lon.  28°  55'  24"  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated by  Balbi  at  600,000. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Con-stan-ti-no-poi/-i.- 
tan,  Byzantine,  and  Byzantian.  (See  Byzantium.)  (Turk.  StanV- 
bool-lee/.) 

Constantinople,  Strait  of.     See  Bosporus. 

Con'-way  or  Con'-wy,  a  r.  of  Wales,  which  flows  into  the  Irish  Sea, 
at  Aberconway,  in  Lat.  53°  18'  N.,  Lon.  3°  50'  W. 

Conway,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Arkansas  r. 
Pop.  3,583.     Co.  t.  Lewisburg. 

Cooch  Bahar  (ba-har/),  a  principality  of  Hindostan,  occupying  the 
N.  E.  extremity  of  the  prov.  of  Bengal. 

Cook,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  L.  Michigan.  Pop. 
43,385.     Co.  t.  Chicago. 

Coo-mas'-sie,  a  large  t.  in  the  W.  of  Africa,  cap.  of  the  empire  of 
Ashantee.  It  is  nearly  4  m.  in  circuit.  The  streets  are  wide,  regular, 
and  very  clean,  but  the  houses  are  for  the  most  part  built  of  reeds.  Lat. 
6°  51'  N.,  Lon.  1°  42'  W.  Pop.  estimated  by  the  Ashantees  at  above 
100,000,  but  this  is  probably  an  exaggeration.     (P.  C.) 

Cooper,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
souri r.     Pop.  12,950.     Co.  t.  Booneville. 

Coos,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  extremity  of  N.  H.  Pop.  11,$53.  Co.  t. 
Lancaster. 

Coo'-sa,  a  r.  of  Ala.,  which  unites  with  the  Tallapoosa  to  form  the 
Alabama  r. 

Coosa,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Coosa. 
Pop.  14,543.  Co.  t.  Rockford. 

Co-pen-ha'-gen  (Dan.  Kjobenhavn,  ky6M)en-houn';  Lat.  Haf ^nia) ; 
the  metropolis  of  Denmark,*  is  situated  partly  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  i 
of  Zealand,  and  partly  on  the  N.  coast  of  the  i.  of  Amager.  This  por- 
tion is  called  Christianshavn  (kris'-te-ans-houn').  That  on  the  i.  of 
Zealand,  called  Kjobenhavn,  or  Copenhagen  proper,  is  divided  into  the 


176  COP— COR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n&,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Old  and  New  Town.  The  latter,  named  also  Frederikstad,  is  truly 
superb,  and  may  be  compared  to  the  most  magnificent  portions  of  the 
finest  capitals  of  Europe.  Among  the  multitude  of  remarkable  build- 
ings which  Copenhagen  contains,  we  may  cite  the  royal  palace  of 
Christiansborg,  equally  extraordinary  for  its  architecture  and  its  vast 
dimensions.  It  contains  a  magnificent  palace-church,  the  royal  galle- 
ries of  paintings,  natural  history,  &c,  and  a  library  of  400,000  vols. 
Among  the  great  number  of  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  for 
which  the  Danish  capital  is  distinguished,  may  be  mentioned  its  cele- 
brated university,  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed  and  most  flourishing 
in  Europe.  It  is  attended  on  an  average  by  700  students.  Copenha- 
gen is  well  fortified,  being  surrounded  by  ramparts  and  ditches,  and 
defended  by  24  bastions,  besides  outworks,  and  on  the  side  towards  the 
sea  by  a  very  strong  citadel.  It  has  an  admirable  harbour  which  is  the 
great  naval  station  of  Denmark,  and  is  capable  of  containing  above  500 
ships.  Kjobenhavn  signifies  "buying  or  trading  port;"  this  place, 
however,  no  longer  possesses  that  commercial  distinction  which  for- 
merly rendered  its  name  so  appropriate.  Its  general  trade  has  much 
declined  of  late,  principally  in  consequence  of  Altona  being  a  free  port, 
which  Copenhagen  is  not.  The  observatory  of  the  university  is  in  Lat. 
55°  40'  53"  N.,  Lon.  12°  34'  57"  E.     Pop.  above  115,000.     (B.) 

Co-pi'-ah,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Pearl  r. 
Pop.  11,794.  Co.  seat,  Gallatin. 

CV-pj-a-po',  a  t.  in  the  N.  part  of  Chili,  with  rich  copper-mines. 
Lat.  27°*  20'  S.,  Lon.  70°  30'  W. 

Copper  Mine  River,  a  r.  of  N.  America,  which  flows  into  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  in  Lat.  65°  50'  N.,  Lon.  near  116°  W. 

Coquet,  kok'-et,  a  small  r.  of  England,  in  Northumberland,  which 
rises  on  the  Scottish  border,  and  flows  into  the  German  Ocean,  oppo- 
site a  little  island  of  the  same  name. 

Coquimbo,  ko-keem'-bo,  a  commercial  t.  of  Chili,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of 
the  same  name.  It  is  sometimes  called  La  Serena  (la  sa-ra/-na).  Lat. 
29°  55'  S.,  Lon.  71°  19'  W.  Pop.  estimated  from  7,000  to  12,000.  (B.) 

Cor-dil/-ler-as  or  koR-deel-ya/-ras,  the  name  given  to  the  Mexican 
portion  of  the  great  mountain  chain  which  traverses  the  American  con- 
tinent from  N.  to  S.  The  highest  summits  are  Popocatepetl  and  the 
peak  of  Orizaba,  which  see. 

CoR^-Dp-VA*  (Sp.  Cordova  or  Cordoba,  koR^-do-va;    Anc.  Cor'duba 


the  resal  seat 


Of  Abdalazis,  ancient  Cordoba." 


till  they  saw 


The  temples  and  the  towers  of  Cordoba 
Shining  majestic  in  the  light  of  eve." 

Southey's  Roderick     Book  V. 

'  And  strangers  were  received  by  thee 
Of  Cordova  the  chivalry."  Byron. 


COR— COR  177 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

and  Colo'nia  Patricia,  or  simply  Patricia) ;  an  ancient  and  celebrated 
city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Guadalquivier,180  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Madrid.  While  in  the  possession  of  the  Moors,  from  755 
to  1234,  it  was  a  distinguished  seat  of  learning,  and  the  terror  and  ad- 
miration of  Europe.  It  then  contained  300,000  inhabitants.  It  was 
also  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade,  and  noted  for  the  preparation  of 
the  goat  skins  called  cordoban*  Since  the  expulsion  of  the  Moors, 
Cordova  has  fallen  into  decay,  though  it  still  ranks  among  the  impor- 
tant places  of  Spain.  Corduba  was  the  birth-place  of  the  two  Senecas, 
andofthepoetLucan.  Lat.  37°  52'  N.,  Lon.  4°  45'  W.  Pop.  57,(100. 
(B,) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Corn-do-ve,se';  and  Corv-du-bese',  when  the 
ancient  town  is  referred  to. 

Cordova,  an  important  t.  of  S.  America,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
republic  of  La  Plata ;  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  its  own  name,  on  the  r.  Primero 
(pre-ma/-ro).  It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade.  Lat.  about  31°  20' 
N.,  Lon.  64°  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  15,000.     (B.) 

Co-re'-a,  a  large  peninsula  on  the  E.  coast  of  Asia,  whose  sovereign 
is  tributary  to  the  emperors  of  China  and  Japan,  but  otherwise  inde- 
pendent. The  country  subject  to  the  sovereign  of  Corea  extends  from 
about  34°  to  43'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  124°  to  134°  E.  Lon.  Its  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  is  near  630  m. ;  the  average  breadth  may  be  about  150  m. 
Kingkitao  (king-ke-ta'-o),  the  cap.,  is  said  to  be  a  large  city.  Lat. 
about  37°  15'  N.,  Lon.  127°  25'  E.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Co-re'-an. 

Corfu,  korN-foo'  or  kor'-fu,  (Mod.  Gr.  Kop$ot,  korphoi,  pronounced 
kor-fee';  Anc.  Gr.  Kopxvpa;  Lat.  Corey ^ra ;)  an  i.  which  lies  off  the 
coast  of  Albania,  extending  from  39°  51'  to  39°  21'  N.  Lat,  and  19° 
36'  to  20°  8'  E.  Lon.  The  length  is  about  38  m. ;  greatest  breadth 
nearly  20  m.     The  area  is  about  227  sq.  m. 

Corfu,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  as  well  as  of  the  whole  Ionian  repub- 
lic, is  situated  on  a  promontory,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  island.  It  is 
surrounded  with  walls,  and  strongly  fortified.  This  town  is  the  resi- 
dence of  an  archbishop,  and  the  seat  of  a  university,  first  opened  in 
1824,  with  the  four  faculties  of  theology,  law,  medicine,  and  philosophy, 
and  fourteen  professors.  The  lectures  are  given  in  modern  Greek. 
The  harbour  of  Corfu  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  Levant.  Lat.  39°  38 
N.,  Lon.  19°  56'  E.     Pop.  of  the  town  and  suburbs,  15,800.     (P.  C.) 

Cor'-inth,  (Anc.  Corin^thos,)  a  small  t.  of  Greece,  near  the  isthmus 
which  connects  the  Morea  with  the  main  continent.  In  the  early  part 
of  the  present  century,  its  population  and  commerce  were  considerable, 
but  it  was  almost  destroyed  during  the  war.  A  few  scattered  ruins  are 
the  only  relics  of  that  magnificence  which  was  once  the  admiration  of 
the  civilized  world.  Lat.  37°  56'  N.,  Lon.  22°  53'  E.— Adj.  and  inhab. 
Cor-in'-thx-an. 

Cork,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  extremity  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of 
Munster.     Pop.  in  1831,  703,716.     (P.  C.) 

*  This  word  has  been  corrupted  into  our  cordtoain,  whence  shoemakers  in  Eng 
land  derived  their  old  name  or  cordtoainers,  and  in  France  that  of  cordonniers. 


178  COR— COS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  nd,  n6fc ;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Cork,  one  of  the  most  commercial  cities  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above 
co.,  on  both  sides  of  the  Lee,  4  m.  from  its  entrance  into  Cork  harbour, 
and  138  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  Lat.  51°  54'  N.,  Lon.  8°  30'  W.  Pop. 
in  1831,  including  the  liberties,  107,016.     (P.  C.) 

Corn'-wall,*  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  England.  Pop. 
341279. — Adj.  Cor'-nish;  inhab.  Cor'-nish-man. 

Corn-o-man/-del,  a  name  applied  to  the  E.  coast  of  Southern  Hindos- 
tan,  extending  from  Point  Calimere,  in  10°  18'  N.  Lat.,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  r.  Krishna,  in  15°  45'  N.  Lat. 

Correze,  korv-raze^,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  France,  which 
derives  its  name  from  the  r.  Correze,  a  branch  of  the  Vezere,  which  is 
a  tributary  of  the  Dordogne.    Pop.  302,433.  (B.)     Tulle  is  the  capital. 

Cor'-rib,  a  L.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Galway,  22  m.  in  length,  con- 
taining numerous  islands. 

Cor/-si-ca,  (Fr.  Corse,)  an  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  between  Sardi- 
nia and  the  Genoese  coast,  extending  from  about  41°  21'  to  43°  1'  N. 
Lat.,  and  from  8°  32'  to 9°  34'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  116  m. ;  its  great- 
est breadth  about  51.  Area  about  3,380  sq.  m.  Pop.  207,889.  (B.) 
The  i.  of  Corsica  forms  one  of  the  departments  of  France.  Ajaccio  is 
the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Cor^-si-can. 

Corte,  koR^-ta,  a  t.  of  Corsica,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  i.,  which, 
during  the  short  period  of  Corsican  independence,  about  the  middle  of 
the  last  century,  was  the  seat  of  government.  Lat.  42°  18'  N.,  Lon.  9°  9' 
E.     Pop.  in  1832,  3,282.     (P.  C.) 

Cort^-land,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  S.  W.  of  Utica.  Pop. 
25,140.     Co.  t.  Cortlandville. 

Cortona,  koR-to'-na,  (Anc.  Cor^ytum,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  re- 
markable for  its  public  and  private  collections  of  Etruscan  antiquities. 
Corytum  was  one  of  the  principal  cities  of  ancient  Etruria.  Lat.  43° 
17  N.,  Lon.  11°  59'  E.     Pop.  3,500.     (B.) 

Co-run'-na  (Sp.  Corufia,  ko-roon'-ya;  Anc.  Adro^bicum  and  Con/- 
nium),  a  fortified  commercial  and  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Betanzos,  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of 
the  Spanish  peninsula.  The  name  is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  ancient 
columna,  or  tower  of  Hercules,  which  still  exists,  having  been,  in  1791, 
converted  into  a  light-house.  The  harbour  of  Corunna  is  spacious,  and 
one  of  the  best  in  Spain.  Lat.  43°  23'  N.,  Lon.  8°  20'  W.  Pop.  about 
23,000.     (B.) 

Cor^-vo,  the  smallest  i.  of  the  Azores,  situated  near  40°  N.  Lat.,  and 
intersected  by  the  31st  meridian  of  W.  Lon.     Length  only  about  5  m. 

Cosenza,  ko-sen^-za,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples,  the  cap.  cf  Cala- 
bria Citra.     Lat.  39°  20'  N.,  Lon.  16°  16'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Ccsh-oc'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  25,674.     Co.  t.  Coshocton. 

*  Corrupted  from  Cornu  Gallia?,  i.  e.  the  "the  horn  or  extremity  of  Gaul."  In 
like  manner,  Wales  (called  Grilles  by  the  French)  is  derived  from  Gallia ;  the 
Welsh  nation  being  a  remnant  of  the  ancient  Gauls.  See  page  232  :  note. 


COS— COV  179 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this :  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Coslin,  Coeslin  or  Koslin,  kos-leen',  a  walled  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Po- 
merania,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  principality 
of  Cam  in  (ka-meen/).  Lat.  54°  13'  N.,  Lon.  16°  12'  E.  Pop.  near 
6,(KJ0.     (B.) 

Cosne,  kone,  (Anc.  Conda'te,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nievres, 
remarkable  for  its  manufactures  in  iron.  Lat.  47°  24'  N.,  Lon.  2°  56' 
E.     Pop.  in  1832,  5,123.     (P.  C.) 

Cos^-sacks,  a  people  inhabiting  the  southern  parts  of  the  Russian 
empire,  particularly  those  bordering  on  Poland,  Turkey  and  Tartary. 
The  name  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Tartar  word  Kasak,  or 
Kaisak,  signifying  light-armed  mercenary  horsemen.  They  are  very 
warlike,  and  are  extensively  employed  in  the  Russian  military  service. 
They  are  said  to  be,  in  general,  very  honest  and  hospitable. 

Cosseir,  kos-sare',  a  small  t.  of  Egypt,  on  the  Red  Sea,  with  exten- 
sive storehouses,  where  the  caravans  which  trade  with  Arabia  deposite 
their  goods.     Lat.  26°  7'  N.,  Lon.  34°  13'  E. 

Costarica,  kos'-ta-ree'-ka,  or  "rich  coast,"  the  most  southerly  of  the 
united  states  of  Central  America.  Its  territory  borders  on  New  Gra- 
nada.    S.  Jose  is  the  capital. 

Cote  d'Or,  kote  doR,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  part  of  France,  intersected  by 
the  r.  Saone.     Pop.  385,624.     (B.)     Capital,  Dijon. 

Cotes  du  Nord,  kote  dii  noR,  (?*.  e.  literally  "  coasts  of  the  north,") 
a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  of  France,  bordering  on  the  English  Channel.  Pop. 
605,563.  (B.)     Capital,  St.  Brieux. 

Cotopaxi,  ko-to-pax'-e  or  ko-to-pa'-He,  a  celebrated  volcanic  moun- 
tain of  S.  America,  in  the  territory  of  Ecuador,  nearly  40  m.  S.  by  E. 
from  Quito.  In  1738,  the  flames  rose  900  metres  (nearly  3,000  Eng- 
lish ft.)  above  the  sides  of  its  crater ;  and,  in  1748,  its  roaring  was 
heard  at  Honda,  in  New  Granada,  at  the  distance  of  near  500  m. 
Heioht,  2,950  toises,  or  18,868  English  ft.  (B.)  Lat.  0°  44'  S.,  Lon. 
78°  40'  W. 

Cottbus  or  Kottbus,  kott'-boos,  a  walled  t.  of  Prussia,  on  the  Spree, 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  51°  45'  N.,  Lon.  14°  22'  E. 
Pop.  6,600.     (B.) 

CoURLAND.   See  KOORLAND. 

Courtray  or  Courtrai,  kooRx-tra/,  (Flem.  Kortryk,  kort^-rike,)  a 
fortified  manufacturing  t.  of  W.  Flanders,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same 
name,  situated  on  the  r.  Lys,  25  m.  S.  of  Bruges.  This  town  existed 
in  the  time  of  the  Romans,  under  the  name  of  Cortoriacum.  Lat.  50° 
50'  N.,  Lon.  3°  16'  E.     Pop.  nearly  19,000.     (B.) 

Coutance,  kooN-taNce^,  (Lat.  Constan^tia,)  a  city  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Manche.  This  town  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  emperor 
Constantius,  (father  of  Constantine  the  Great,)  and  called  after  his  own 
name,  Constantia,  of  which  Coutance  is  a  corruption.  Lat.  49°  3'  N. 
Lon.  1°  26'  W.     Pop.  in  1832,  8,957.     (P.  C.) 

Coventry,  kuv'-en-tre,  a  city  of  England,  situated  within  the 
limits  of  Warwickshire,  but  constituting,  with  several  adjacent  vil- 
lages, a  separate  county,  called  the  County  of  the  City  of  Coventry ;  the 


180  COV— CRA 

Kite,  far,  fS.ll,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  nd,  not;  oo  as  in  good; 

area  of  which  is  above  23  sq.  m.  The  town  is  situated  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  kingdom,  10  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Warwick.  Coventry  has  been 
the  seat  of  two  parliaments,  one  held  during-  the  reign  of  Henry  IV., 
in  1404,  the  other  in  the  time  of  Henry  VI.,  in  1459.  Pop.  of  the  city, 
with  an  area  of  8  sq.  m.,  30,743 ;  that  of  the  co.,  exclusive  of  the  city, 
30,664. 

Covington,  kuvMng-ton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on 
Florida.     Pop.  3,645.     Co.  t.  Montezuma. 

Covington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Miss.,  a  little  E.  of  Pearl  r.  Pop. 
3,338.     Co.  seat,  Williamsburg. 

Cowes,  kouz,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  r.  Medina,  at  its  mouth,  with  a  safe  and  commodious 
harbour.  It  is  sometimes  called  West  Cowes,  to  distinguish  it  from  a 
hamlet  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Medina.  Lat.  50°  46'  N.,  Lon.  1°  18' 
W.     Pop.  4,107. 

Covv-e'-ta,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chattahoo- 
chee r.     Pop.  13,635.     Co.  t.  Newman. 

Cracow,  knV-co,  a  republic  of  Europe,  formerly  constituting  a  part 
of  the  kingdom  of  Poland.  Its  existence,  as  an  independent  state,  dates 
from  the  congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  when  the  three  great  powers, 
Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,  not  being  able  to  agree  to  which  of  them 
it  should  be  assigned,  determined  to  form  it  into  an  independent  repub- 
lic, under  their  joint  protection,  guaranteeing  to  it  perpetual  neutrality 
and  inviolability  of  its  territory,  except  in  the  case  of  its  affording  an 
asylum  to  deserters,  or  offending  against  any  of  the  three  protecting 
powers.  It  lies  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Vistula,  and  contains  an 
area  of  about  490  sq.  m.     Pop.  114,000.     (B.) 

Cracow  (Polish,  Krakow,  kra'-koof ;  Lat.  Craco^via) ;  the  chief  t. 
of  the  above,  is  situated  on  the  Vistula,  at  its  confluence  with  the 
Radeva  (ra-da'-va).  This  ancient  capital  of  Poland  received  its  name 
from  Kracus,  duke  of  the  Poles  and  Bohemians,  who  is  said  to  have 
founded  it,  about  the  year  700.  Formerly  the  limits  of  the  city  were 
much  more  extensive  than  now,  and  the  pop.  amounted  to  thrice  the 
present  number.  The  most  striking  of  its  ancient  monuments  is  the 
cathedral,  the  finest  in  Poland.  Here  the  kings  of  Poland  were 
crowned,  and  here  are  the  tombs  of  most  of  the  Polish  monarchs  and 
heroes ;  among  others,  we  may  mention  those  of  Sobieski  and  Kos- 
ciusko. Lat.  of  the  Observatory,  50°  3'  49"  N.,  Lon.  19°  58'  6"  E. 
Pop.  above  25,000.  (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Cra-co'-vi.-an. 

Cra'-ven,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Neuse. 
Pop.  14,709.     Co.  t.  Newbern. 

Craw'-ford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop. 
37,849.     Co.  t.  Meadville. 

Crawford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the 
Flint  r.     Pop.  8,984.     Co.  t.  Knoxville. 

Crawford,  a  co.  on  the  western  border  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the 
Arkansas  r.     Pop.  7,960.     Seat  of  justice,  Crawford  c.  h. 


CRA— CRO  181 

.    ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Crawford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  San- 
dusky r.     Pop.  18,177.     Co.  t.  Bucyrus. 

Crawford  (Shawano),  a  co.  in  the  N.  or  N.  central  part  of  Mich. 

Crawford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  6,524.     Co.  t.  Fredonia. 

Crawford,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  7,135.     Co.  t.  Palestine. 

Crawford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the 
Maramec  r.     Pop.  6,397.     Co.  t.  Steelville.     ,  , 

Crawford,  a  co.,  or  rather  territory,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  2,498. 

Creek  Indians,  formerly  a  numerous  and  powerful  tribe  dwelling  in 
Ga.  and  Ala.  Their  number  was  much  reduced  by  the  war  of  1814 ; 
and  of  those  who  survived,  most  have  removed  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Some  of  them  have  made  considerable  progress  in  civilization. 

Crefeld,  kra'-felt,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Prussia, 
the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is  a  handsome  and  nourishing 
place,  and  has  extensive  manufactories.  Lat.  51°  20'  N.,  Lon.  6°  32'  E. 
Pop.  about  19,000.     (P.  C.) 

CREMA,kra/-ma,  a  commercial  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  25  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Milan.     Lat.  45°  21'  N.,  Lon.  9°  42'  E.     Pop.  near  9,000.     (B.) 

Cre-mo'-na  (It.  pron.  kra-mo'-na),  an  ancient  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  the 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Po, 
and  surrounded  by  walls,  flanked  with  towers.  This  town  was  known 
to  the  ancient  Romans  under  its  present  name,  and  is  mentioned  by 
Virgil  in  his  Bucolics  (Eclogue  IX.)  It  was  the  birth-place  of  the 
poet  Vida,  who  flourished  during  the  reign  of  Leo  X.  Lat.  45°  8'  N., 
Lon.  10°  2'  E.  Pop.  about  27,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Cremn-o- 
nese'. 

Creese,  kruz,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  France,  deriving  its 
name  from  the  r.  Creuse,  a  small  stream  which  rises  near  the  S.  border, 
and,  flowing  through  almost  the  whole  length  of  the  dep.,  falls  into  the 
Vienne.     Pop.  276,234.  (B.)     Capital,  Gueret. 

Creutznach.     See  Kreuznach. 

Crim-e'-a  (Russ.  Krim;  Anc.  Chersone^sus  Tau'rica);  a  four-sided 
peninsula  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  European  Russia,  formed  by  the  Black 
Sea  and  the  See  of  Azof,  between  44°  22'  and  46°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  32° 
36'  and  36°  30'  E.  Lon.  Its  extreme  length  is  -above  190  m. ;  its  great- 
est breadth  about  130.  The  area  is  estimated  at  8,600  sq.  m.  Pop. 
estimated  at  near  300,000.  (P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Crim-e'-an. 

Crit^-ten-den,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.     Pop.  2,648.     Co.  t.  Marion. 

Crittenden,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio. 
Pop.  0,351.  F  h 

Croatia,  kro-a/-she-a,  (called  by  the  natives  Horvath  Orszag,  hoR- 
vaat  0R-saag.)  a  country  of  Europe,  belonging  to  the  empire  of  Austria, 
and  constituting  the  S.  W.  division  of  Hungary.  It  lies  between  44°  5' 
and  46°  25'  N.  Lat.,  and  14°  20'  and  17°  25'  E.  Lon.  The  Croatians 
are  a  rude  and  warlike  people,  but  are  said  to  possess  great  fidelity 


182  CRO— CUL 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  In  good; 

towards  their  sovereign. — Adj.  Croatian,  kro-a'-she-an.  -Inbab.  Croa- 
tian and  Cro/-at. 

Croix,  St.     See  Santa  Cruz. 

Croix,  St.,  sent-kroi',  or  Pasv-sa-ma-quod^-dy,  a  r.  which  forms  a 
part  of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick. 

Croix,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Wisconsin,  on  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  the  Mississippi.     Pop.  809. 

Crom^-ar-ty,  a  co.  of  Scotland,  formed  of  several  detached  portions 
within  the  co.  of  Ross,  which  see. 

Cromarty,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  the  above,  on  the  S.  side 
of  a  frith  of  the  same  name,  about  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Inverness.  Pop. 
1,938. 

Cronstadt,  kron'-statt,  or  Kruh^-nen,  the  largest  and  most  commer- 
cial t.  in  Transylvania,  and  the  cap.  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name.  It  is 
well  built  and  strongly  fortified,  being  surrounded  with  towers,  walls, 
and  ditches.    Lat.  45°  41'  N.,  Lon.  25°33/E.    Pop.  above  25,000.  (B.) 

Cronstadt,  a  town,  fortress,  and  port  of  Russia,  situated  on  an  island 
in  the  Bay  of  Cronstadt,  about  20  m.  W.  by  N.  of  St.  Petersburg.  It 
is  the  great  naval  station  of  the  Russian  fleet ;  and  vessels  which  are 
too  large  to  ascend  to  St.  Petersburg,  here  unload  their  cargoes,  to  be 
transported  in  smaller  craft.  Lat.  60°  N.,  Lon.  29°  49'  E.  Pop.,  during 
the  summer,  upwards  of  40,000,  (P.  C.)  ;  but  the  town  seems  almost 
deserted  in  winter. 

Crooked  Lake,  a  small  lake  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  situ- 
ted  in  the  counties  of  Steuben  and  Yates. 

Crouton,  a  r.  of  N.  Y.,  which  rises  on  the  borders  of  Conn.,  and, 
running  south-westerly,  fells  into  that  part  of  the  Hudson  which  is 
called  the  Tappan  Sea.  The  waters  of  this  stream  have  been  recently 
employed  for  supplying  the  city  of  New  York.     (See  New  York.) 

Croy^-don,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Surrey,  10m. 
S.  of  London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  13,627. 

Csaba,  chob'-b6&\  a  large  and  flourishing  market  t.  of  Hungary, 
63  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Debreczin.     Pop.  above  20,000.     (B.) 

Csongra'd,  chon-graauV,  a  t.  of  Hungary,  formerly  cap.  of  the  county 
of  this  name,  31  m.  N.  of  Szegedin.     Pop.  10,613.     (M.) 

Cu'-ba  (Sp.  pron.  koo'-M),  the  largest  of  the  West  India  islands,  is 
situated'between  19°  47'  and  23°  9'  N.  Lat.,  and  74°  and  85°  W.  Lon. 
Length,  following  the  curve  of  the  island,  about  790  m.;  greatest 
breadth  127  m.  The  area  is  computed  at  42,212  sq.  m.  Cuba  was  dis- 
covered by  Columbus,  on  his  first  voyage,  in  1493 ;  in  1511  the  Spaniards 
made  their  first  settlement,  since  which  time  it  has  remained  in  their 
possession.  Population  in  1841,  1,007,624.  Havana  is  the  chief  t., 
and  seat  of  government. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Cu^-ban.  (Sp.  Cubano,  koo- 
ba'-no.) 

Cuenca,  kwen'-ka,  a  walled  t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  the  cap.  of 
a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  40°  4'  N.,  Lon.  2°  12'  W.  Pop. 
9,000.     (B.) 

Culm,  koolm,  a  walled  t.  of  West  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the 
15* 


CUL— GUM  183 

OU,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

same  name,  situated  near  the  riffht  bank  of  the  Vistula.  Lat.  53°  21  N., 
Lon.  18°  25'  E.     Pop.  5,300.     (B.) 

Cui/-pep-per,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  head  waters  of 
the  Rappahannock.     Pop.  12,282.     Seat  of  justice,  Culpepper  c.  h. 

Cul-ross',  a  small  t.  of  Scotland,  on  the  N.  shore  of  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  5  m.  W.  of  Dunfermline. 

Cumana,  koo-ma-na',  a  fortified  t.  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of 
Venezuela,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Maturin.  It  is  situated  above  a  mile 
from  the  sea,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Cariaco,  with  a  capacious 
and  safe  harbour.  Lat.  10°  28'  N.,  Lon.  64°  9'  W.  Though  it  is  much 
decayed,  its  pop.  still  amounts  to  near  10,000.     (B.) 

Cu-ma^-n-ia,  Great,  (see  Int.  XI.)  or  Rumania,  (Hung.  Nagy  Kunsag, 
nody*  koon-shaag,)  an  independent  dist.  of  Hungary,  in  the  prov. "  beyond 
the  Theiss,"  between  47°  and  47°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  20°  30'  and  21°  10' 
E.  Lon.  (P.  C.)  The  area  is  about  424  sq.  m.  The  whole  surface  is  a 
low  plain,  and  rendered  so  swampy  by  the  inundations  of  the  rivers, 
that  nearly  one-half  of  Cumania  is  a  mere  bog.  There  are  here  no 
large  land  proprietors  or  feudal  lords,  as  in  most  parts  of  Hungary ; 
the  people  have  an  independent  jurisdiction  of  their  own,  and  send 
representatives  to  the  Hungarian  diet.  The  Cumanians  are  a  robust, 
athletic  race,  and  very  fond  of  rural  pursuits,  and  are  altogether  a  rich, 
happy,  and  independent  people.  The  pop.  amounts  to  about  43,000,  of 
whom  37,000  are  Protestants.  Great  Cumania  contains  one  market 
town,  Kardzag-uj-Szallas  (koRd-zog-oo-e-saal-laas).  Lat.  47°  20'  N., 
Lon.  20°  55'  E.     Pop.  11,100.     (P.  C.) 

Cumania,  Little,  (Hung.  Kis  Kunsag,  kish  koon-shaag,)  \  dist.  of 
Hungary,  in  the  prov.  "  this  side  the  Theiss."  It  consists  of  several 
detached  portions  of  land,  with  an  aggregate  area  of  about  1,000  sq.  m., 
so  that  it  is  more  than  twice  as  large  as  Great  Cumania. f  Pop.  about 
53,000.  (P.  C.)  The  general  character  of  the  country,  as  well  as  of 
the  inhabitants,  corresponds  with  that  given  under  the  head  of  Great 
Cumania.  Their  largest  town  is  Felegyhaza  (fa-lady*-haa-zo/i).  Lat. 
about  46°  43'  N.,  Lon.  19°  54'  E.  Pop.  12,970.  (P.  C.)— Adj.  and 
inhab.,  relating  to  both  districts,  Cu-ma'-njl-an. 

Cum'-ber-land  (Lat.  Cumbria),  a  co.  in  the  N.  of  England,  bordering 
on  Scotland  and  Solway  Frith.     Pop.  178,038. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Cum'- 

BRJ-AN. 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Me.,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  79,549.     Co.  t.  Portland. 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware Bay.     Pop.  17,189.     Co.  t.  Bridgetown. 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Susque- 
hanna r.     Pop.  34,327.     Co.  t.  Carlisle. 

*  See  Introduction,  XXII.,  16  and  17. 

t  The  origin  of  the  distinctive  epithets  of  Little  and  Great,  as  applied  to  these 
districts,  is  not  known.  The  relative  size  of  the  two  territories  may  possibly  have 
changed  since  the  names  were  first  bestowed. 


184  CtfM— CITY 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good ; 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Appomattox 
and  James  r.     Pop.    9,751.     Seat  of  justice,  Cumberland  c.  h. 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  Cape 
Fear  r.     Pop.  20,610.     Co.  t.  Fayetteville. 

Cumberland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Cumber- 
land r.,  and  bordering  on  Tenn.     Pop.  7,005.     Co.  t.  Burkesville. 

Cumberland  Mountains,  a  chain  which  extends  along  the  S.  E. 
border  of  Kentucky,  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  that  state 
and  Virginia,  and  afterwards  running  across  Tennessee,  terminates 
near  its  southern  border.  It  divides  the  state  into  two  sections,  called 
E.  and  W.  Tennessee. 

Cumberland  River  rises  in  the  Cumberland  Mountains  of  Ky.,  and, 
passing  into  Tenn.,  makes  a  circuit,  and,  returning  into  Ky.,  empties 
itself  into  the  Ohio.  It  is  about  600  m.  in  length,  and  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  of  the  largest  size  to  Nashville.  Small  boats  can  ascend 
300  m.  further. 

Cupar,  koo'-per,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  the  cap.  of  Fifeshire.  Lat.  56° 
19'  N.f  Lon.  3°  W.     Pop.  3,567. 

CuRAgOA  commonly  pronounced  in  English,  kuv-ra-so';  (Sp.  Curasao, 
koo-ra-sa^-o) ;  an  i.  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  situated  in  Lat.  about  12° 
6'  N.,  and  Lon.  69°JW.  Its  length  is  35  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  6  m. 
Curacjoa  was  originally  settled  by  the  Spaniards,  but  at  present  it  be- 
longs to  Holland. 

Curische  Haff.     See  Kurische  Haff. 

Cur^-rx-tuck,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  N.  C  Pop.  7,236. 
Co.  t.  Currituck. 

Curzola,  koord-zoMa,  an  i.  in  the  Adriatic,  belonging  to  Dalmatia. 
The  area  is  about  231  sq.  m. :  the  pop.  6,500.  Curzola,  the  chief  town, 
is  in  42°  57'  N.  Lat,  and  16°  50'  E.  Lon.,  and  has  about  1,800  inhabi- 
tants.    (P.  C.) 

Custrin  or  KiIstrin,  kus-treen',  a  t.  and  fortress  of  Prussia,  in  Bran- 
denburg, the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Wart/m  and  Oder,  and  encompassed  on  all  sides  by 
marshes  and  water.     Pop.  4,700.     (B.) 

Cutch,  a  principality  in  the  W.  part  of  Hindostan,  between  22°  and 
25°  N.  Lat.,  and  68°  and  72°  E.  Lon.,  and  bordering  on  a  gulf  of  the 
same  name. 

Cutn-tack/,  (from  the  Sanscrit  Catak,  a  "  royal  residence,")  a  t.  of 
Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of  Orissa,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name. 
Lat.  20°  25'  N.,  Lon.  85°  51'  E.     Pop.  in  1822,  40,000.     (P.  C.) 

Cuxhaven,  k66xN-haMen,  a  small  t.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  the 
free  city  of  Hamburg,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe,  at  its 
entrance  into  the  German  Ocean.  It  is  chiefly  important  on  account 
of  its  secure  and  capacious  harbour.  It  has,  by  means  of  packets  and 
steamboats,  regular  communication  with  England.  Lat.  53°  52'  N., 
Lon.  8°  43'  E.     Pop.  about  800.     (B.) 

Cuyahoga,  ki-a-hc/-ga,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
J..  Erie.     Pop.  48,099.  '  Co.  t.  Cleveland. 


CITZ— DAC  185 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Cuzco,  koos'-ko,  an  ancient  t.  of  S.  America,  in  Peru,  about  250  m. 
from  the  coast  of  the  Pacific.  Before  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards,  it 
was  the  cap.  of  the  extensive  empire  of  the  Inca-s,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  built  by  the  founder  of  the  empire,  Manco  Capac,  in  the  10th  or 
11th  century  of  our  era.  Upon  a  lofty  hill,  a  little  N.  of  the  city,  are 
the  ruins  of  a  great  fortress  erected  by  the  Incas,  for  the  protection  of 
their  capital.  Many  parts  of  it  are  still  in  a  state  of  perfect  preserva- 
tion. They  consist  of  stones  of  extraordinary  size,  placed  one  upon 
another,  without  cement,  but  fitted  with  such  nicety  as  not  to  admit 
the  insertion  of  a  knife  between  them.  It  would  appear  that  Cuzco 
exceeds  Arequipa  in  population,  though  some  of  the  most  respectable 
geographers  call  the  latter  the  second  town  of  Peru.  It  is  the  seat  of 
a  university.  Lat.  13°  33'  S.,  Lon.  72°  4'  W.  Pop.  above  40,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Cy^-prus,  (Gr.  Kv7t£o$;  Turk,  Kibx-ris',)  a  large  i.  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, situated  near  the  coasts  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  between  34° 
32'  and  35°  44'  N.  Lat.,  and  32°  16'  and  34°  41'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is 
about  140  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  about  56  m.  In  1571,  Cyprus  was 
wrested  from  the  Venetians  by  the  Turks,  in  whose  possession  it  has 
remained  ever  since.  Two-thirds  of  the  inhabitants  are  Christians,  who 
are  cruelly  oppressed  by  their  Turkish  masters ;  under  whom,  Cyprus, 
from  being  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  beautiful  spots  in  the  world,  has 
been  converted  almost  into  a  desert.  Pop.  estimated  at  above  60,000. 
(E.  G.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Cyp^-ri-an  and  Cyp^-ri-ot\  The  former 
should  be  employed  only  when  ancient  Cyprus  is  referred  to. 

Czernigow.     See  Tchernigof. 

Czernowice,  clifcR'-no-vitf-seA,  or  Tschernowitz  (cheRMio-Wits*, 
sometimes  improperly  written  Czernorvicz),  a  t.  of  Austrian  Galicia, 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Pruth.  Lat.  48°  15'  N.,  Lon 
26°  10'  E.     Pop.  about  7,300.     (P.  C.) 

Czirknicz  or  Zirknitz,  teeeakZ-nits,  a  small  t.  of  Illyria,  near  a  lake 
of  the  same  name  about  20  m.  in  circumference,  and  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  45°  45'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  14°  23'  E.  Lon.  Thia 
lake  is  remarkable  for  the  great  variation  in  the  height  of  its  waters. 
The  bottom,  which  is  formed  of  limestone  rock,  is  full  of  clefts  and  fis- 
sures, through  which  the  water  passes  at  about  forty  different  openings, 
into  subterraneous  channels  and  caverns,  and  goes  to  supply  the  neigh- 
bouring streams.  Frequently,  during  the  dry  season,  the  bottom  of  the 
lake  is  covered  with  luxuriant  herbage,  which  is  made  into  hay.  Some 
parts  are  sown  with  millet  and  buckwheat.  The  depth  of  the  Lake  of 
Czirknicz,  in  the  deepest  part,  is  only  about  56  ft.  In  Jan.,  1834,  the 
waters  left  the  lake,  and  did  not  return  till  March,  1835 ;  an  occur- 
rence which,  for  the  long  cessation  of  the  waters,  is  said  to  be  unpre- 
cedented. 

Dac'-ca,  a  large  manufacturing  t.  of  Hindostan,  formerly  the  cap.  of 
Bengal,  on  a  branch  of  the  Ganges,  called  Booree  Gunga  or  Old  Gan- 
ges.    Lat.  23°  44'  N.,  Lon.  90d  29'  E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Hamilton 
16* 


186  DAD— DAN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

at  200,000 ;  but  the  Missionary  Register,  of  1828,  states  it  at  150,000. 
(B.) 

Dade,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ga.     Pop.  2,680. 

Dade,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Florida.     Pop.  159. 

Dade,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Osage  r. 
Pop.  4,246. 

Dahomey  or  Dahomay,  dah/-Ho-ma\*  a  celebrated  and  formerly  pow- 
erful kingdom  of  W.  Africa,  situated  inland  from  that  part  of  the  coast 
of  Guinea  called  the  Slave  Coast.  It  is  separated  from  the  kingdom 
of  Ashantee  on  the  W.  by  the  r.  Volta. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Dah^-o-man. 

Dahl,  dal,  a  r.  of  Sweden,  which  flows  into  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in 
Lat.  about  60°  40'  N. 

Dale,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Florida.  Pop. 
6,346.     Seat  of  justice,  Dale  c.  h. 

Dalecarlia,  da-le-karMe-a,  or  Dalarne,  daMar-na,  a  prov.  of  Swe- 
den, lying  between  60°  55'  and  62°  12'  N.  Lat.,  and  bordering  on  Nor- 
way. (P.  C.)  —  Adj.  Dal-e-cah^-h-an,  inhab.  Dalecarlian,  Dal/-e- 
carl\ 

Dal'-las,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Ala- 
bama r.     Pop.  29,727.     Co.  t.  Cahawba. 

Dalmatia,  dal-ma'-she-a,  a  kingdom  belonging  to  the  crown  of  Aus-. 
tria,  situated  between  42°  and  45°  N.  Lat.,  and  14°  30'  and  19°  E.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hungary,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Turkey,  and  S.  W.  by 
the  Adriatic.  The  area  is  estimated  at  5,098  sq.  m.  Pop.  320,000. 
(P.  C.)  Zara  is  the  seat  of  government. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Dalmatian, 
dal-ma^-she-an. 

DAl'-ton,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  about  18  m.  W.N.W. 
of  Lancaster. 

Da-mas'-cus,  (Arab.  Sham-el-Kebeer,  i.  e.  Damascus  the  Great,)  a 
celebrated  city  of  Syria,  cap.  of  a  pashalic  of  the  same  name,  situated 
in  the  fertile  plain  at  the  E.  base  of  that  chain  of  mountains  called  the 
Antilibanus  Mountains,  about  190  m.  S.  by  W.  from  Aleppo.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  ancient  towns  in  the  world,  having  existed  in  the  time  of 
Abraham  (Gen.  xiv.  and  xv.).  Besides  the  title  ofkebeer  (great),  that 
of  sher-eefr  (venerable  or  holy)  is  sometimes  given  to  it.f  Its  ancient 
name  was  Damesk.  Damascus  is  celebrated  for  the  number  of  its 
orchards,  and  the  abundance  of  exquisite  fruits  which  they  produce ; 
whence  the  Arabs  regard  it  as  one  of  their  four  terrestrial  paradises. 

*  "  Rash  adventurer,  bear  thee  back, 
Dread  the  spell  of  Dahomay, 
Fear  the  race  of  Zaharak, 
Daughters  of  the  burning  day." 

Scott's  Bridal  af  Triermain,  Canto  III. 
This,  as  we  are  informed,  corresponds  to  the  native  accentuation, 
t  In  this  and  similar  cases,  the  article  el  is  changed  in  sound  to  es,  so  as  to  cor- 
respond with  the  initial  letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is  prefixed ;  accordingly, 
Sham-el-Shereef  is  to  be  pronounced  sham-es-shereef.  When  Sham  is  used  to 
designate  the  country  of  Syria,  the  article  is  usually  employed,  e.  g.,  El  Sham,  pro- 
pounced  es-sham. 


DAM— DAN  187 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

The  streets  are  well  paved  and  famished  with  foot-walks  on  each  side. 
The  houses,  though  plain  externally,  being  built  of  earth  or  of  brick, 
often  exhibit  great  magnificence  within,  and  nearly  all  of  them  are 
refreshed  by  fountains.  Damascus  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  patri- 
arch. Lat.  33°  33'  N. ;  Lon.  36°  20'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above 
140,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Damv-as-cene>  (Arab.  Sha'-mee). 

Dam-j-et^-ta,  (Arab.  Da-mj-at/  or  Dum-yat^,)  a  t.  of  Lower  Egypt,  on 
the  right  bank  of  one  of  the  principal  branches  of  the  Nile,  about  6  m. 
above  its  mouth.  The  name  is  derived  from  Thamiatis,  which  was 
a  small  town  under  the  Byzantine  emperors.  After  the  conquest  of 
the  Saracens,  it  was  surrounded  with  strong  walls,  and  became  one  of 
the  most  commercial  and  wealthy  towns  of  Egypt.  It  was  thrice  taken 
by  the  Christians  in  the  middle  ages,  (once  by  Roger,  of  Sicily,  and 
twice  by  the  crusaders,)  and  as  often  recovered.  At  last,  to  prevent 
any  other  attacks  from  this  quarter,  the  sultans  of  Egypt  razed  it  to  the 
ground  and  removed  the  inhabitants  about  4  m.  further  inland.  Hence 
arose  New  Damietta.  This  place,  though  much  decayed,  is  one  of  the 
best  built  towns  in  Egypt;  and  its  manufactures  and  commerce  are 
still  considerable.  Lat.  31°  26'  N.,  Lon.  31°  50'  E.  The  pop.  is  esti- 
mated by  Balbi  at  about  20,000,  though  many  others  make  it  much 
higher. 

Dam'-pier's  Bay  or  Shark  Bay  is  situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  New 
Holland,  near  25°  S.  Lat.,  and  114°  E.  Lon. 

D  anbury,  dan^-ber-re,  a  t.  of  Conn.,  in  Fairfield  co.,  29  m.  in  a 
straight  line  W.  by  N.  of  New  Haven,  noted  for  its  manufacture  of 
hats.     Pop.  of  the  township,  6,9G2. 

Dane,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  Wisconsin  r. 
Pop.  16,041.    Co.  t.  Madison. 

Dant^-zic,  (Ger.  Danzig,  dant'-sia ;  Polish,  Gdansk,)  a  city  of  Prus- 
sia, the  cap.  of  a  large  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  principal  arm  of  the  Vistula,  about  3§m.  from  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic.  Dantzic  is  the  seat  of  a  number  of  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions,  among  which  we  may  mention  the  academical  gymna- 
sium, with  seven  professors,  and  the  public  library,  which  contains 
30,000  vols.  Its  manufactures  are  considerable.  It  is  one  of  the 
strongest  fortresses,  and  is  the  first  emporium  of  maritime  commerce 
in  the  Prussian  dominions.  Lat.  54°  21'  N.,  Lon.  18°  38'  E.  Pop. 
above  62,000.     (B.) 

Dan'-ube  or  Dan'-aw,  (Gr.  Itftfpoj;  Lat.  Danubius  and  Ister;  Ger.  Do- 
nau,  do'-nou ;  Hung.  Duna,  doo-noft  ;)  a  large  r.  of  Europe,  second  only 
to  the  Volga.  It  originates  on  the  E.  declivity  of  the  Black  Forest 
(Schwarzwald),  about  24  m.  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  in  48°  6'  N. 
Lat.,  and  8°  9"  E.,  at  an  elevation  of  near  3000  ft.  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Its  general  course,  to  near  Waitzen,  in  Hungary,  is  easterly , 
from  Waitzen  to  the  influx  of  the  Drave  (Lat.  45°  33'  N.,  Lon.  18°  58 
E.)  it  is  almost  due  S. ;  thence  nearly  E.  by  S.  till  it  reaches  the  28th 
degree  of  E.  Lon.,  where  it  suddenly  changes  its  direction  to  the  N., 
and,  after  a  course  of  about  90  m.,  again  flows  easterly  and  empties 


188  DAR— DAR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  po  as  in  good  ; 

Itself  into  the  Black  Sea,  by  several  mouths.  Its  whole  course  is  esti- 
mated at  about  1,770  m.  It  is  navigable  for  large  ships  as  far  as  Silis- 
tria ;  but  there  are  rapids  near  New  Orsova,  where  it  leaves  the  Austrian 
dominions,  which  it  is  impossible  for  any  vessel  to  ascend,  although 
those  drawing  not  more  than  2  2  ft.  water  may  sometimes  descend.  The 
navigation  is  also  impeded  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  by  a  great 
number  of  rocks,  and,  lower  down,  by  sand  banks.  This  river  is  re- 
markable for  its  winding  course  and  for  the  multitude  of  its  islands. 

" The  Danube"—"  winds  from  realm  to  realm, 

And  like  a  serpent  shows  his  glittering  back, 
Bespotted  with  innumerable  isles." 

Wordsworth's  Excursion,  Book  VII. 

Darn-dan-elles'.  The  Dardanelles  are  fortifications  erected  on  each 
side  of  the  Hellespont,  which  is  called,  from  them,  the  Strait  of  the 
Dardanelles.  These  fortifications  originally  consisted  of  four  castles, 
two  on  each  side  of  the  strait,  but,  since  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  they  have  been  improved  and  increased  in  number.  Some  of 
the  guns  are  very  large;  one  of  them  takes,  for  a  single  charge, 
330  lbs.  of  powder.  The  name  Dardanelles  is  in  all  probability  de- 
rived from  Dardanus  or  Dardania,  an  ancient  town  near  the  Hellespont, 
built  by  Dardanus,  the  ancestor  of  Priam. 

The  Strait  of  the  Dardanelles  or  Hel'-les-pont\  which  con- 
nects the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the  iEgean  Sea,  is  above  50  m.  in 
length,  and  from  2  to  10  m.  in  breadth. 

Dar'-foor/  (Darfur),  a  country  of  central  Africa,  situated  between 
10°  and  16°  N.  Lat.,  and  between  26°  and  30°  E.  Lon.  Its  extent  and 
real  boundaries  are  very  imperfectly  known.  It  may  be  considered  as 
a  large  oasis,  lying  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Sahara.  Foor  appears  to  be  the 
proper  name,  as  dar,  in  the  native  language,  signifies  country  in  gene- 
ral. Darfoor,  however,  seems  to  be  established  by  universal  usage. — 
The  inhabitants  are  negroes ;  in  religion  they  are  Mahometans.  The 
government  is  a  despotism.  Cobbe  is  the  capital,  and  has  a  pop.  of 
about  6,000.  (B.)— Inhab.  Foor'-x-an  (Furian). 

Darien  (da'-re-en),  Gulf  of,  the  most  southern  portion  of  the  Ca- 
ribbean Sea,  between  7°  56'  and  10°  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  and  78°  W.  Lon. 

Darien,  a  small  but  flourishing  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Ga.,  cap.  of 
Mcintosh  co.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Altamaha,  about  12  m.  from  the 
sea. 

Darien,  Isthmus  of.     See  Panama. 

Darke,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Ind.  Pop.  20,274. 
Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Dar/-ling-tqn,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Durham,  17  m.  S,  of 
Durham.     Pop.  including  the  hamlet  of  Oxneyfield,  11,033. 

Darlington,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  S.  C.,  W.  of,  and  bordering 
on  the  Great  Pedee  r.     Pop.  16,830.     Seat  of  justice,  Darlington  c.  h. 

Darmstadt,  daRm^-statt,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  the  cap.  of  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Hesse  and  of  the  prov.  of  Starkenburg,  is  situated  on  the 


DAB— DEA  189 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

banks  of  the  small  r.  Darm.  It  contains  a  number  of  institutions  for 
education,  and  a  library  of  about  100,000  vols.  Lat.  49°  56'  N.,  Lon. 
8°  35'  E.  Balbi  gives  about  20,000  for  its  pop.,  but  the  P.  C.  states  it 
at  '24,500. 

Dart'-mouth,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  situated  on 
the  coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Dart,  30  m.  S.  by  W.  from  Exeter. 
Pop.  4,417. 

Da.r/-war\  a  fortified  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  Bejapoor,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of 
the  same  name.     Lat.  15°  28'  N.,  Lon.  75°  8'  E. 

Dau'-phin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the 
Susquehanna  r.     Pop.  35,754.     Co.  t.  Harrisburg. 

Dauphine,  dc^-fe'-na',  formerly  a  prov.  of  France,  bordering  on  the 
S.  E.  frontier.  It  now  forms  the  three  deps.,  Isere,  Drome,  and  the 
Upper  Alps. . 

Davids,  St.,  an  ancient  city  of  Wales,  in  the  W.  extremity  of  Pem- 
brokeshire, situated  near  a  rocky  promontory,  called  St.  David's  Head, 
21  m.  N.  VV.  of  Pembroke.  It  was  once  large  and  populous,  but  it  now 
presents  the  appearance  of  a  poor  village. 

Da^vid-son,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Yadkin.     Pop.  15,320.     Co.  t.  Lexington. 

Davidson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by  the 
Cumberland  r.     Pop.  38,881.     Co.  t.  Nashville. 

Da'-vie,  a  co.  in  the  N.  VV.  central  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  Yadkin. 
Pop.  7,866.     Co.  t.  Mocksville. 

Da^-viess,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  and 
Green  rivers.     Pop.  12,362.  Co.  t.  Owensborough. 

Daviess,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  part  of  Ind.,  between  the  E.  and  W. 
forks  of  the  White  r.     Pop.  10,352.  Co.  t.  Washington. 

Daviess,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  a  branch  of 
the  Grand  r.     Pop.  5,298.     Co.  t.  Gallatin. 

Da'-vis's  Strait,  between  Greenland,  on  the  E.,  and  Cumberland 
Island,  on  the  W.,  unites  Baffin's  Bay  with  the  Atlantic.  In  the  nar- 
rowest part  it  is  about  200  m.  wide. 

Dax,  dax,  (Anc.  A'quse  Augus^tse,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Landes,  on  the  Adour,  celebrated  for  its  warm  springs,  the  tempera- 
ture of  which  is  above  180°  Fahrenheit;  but  they  appear  to  possess  no 
medicinal  virtues.  They  are  sometimes  used  for  washing  clothes.  In 
the  middle  ages  the  town  was  called  Civitas  Akensis  or  Aquensis ; 
i.  e.  the  "  city  of  Aquge,"  whence  the  French  Ville  cVAcqs  (town  of 
Acqs),  or  simply  d'Acqs,  d'Ax,  or  Dax.  Lat.  43°  43'  N.,  Lon.  1°  4' 
W.     Pop.  4,776.     (M.) 

Day'-ton,  a  t.  of  Ohio,  the  cap.  of  Montgomery  co.,  situated  on  the 
Miami  r.,  46  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  N.  by  E.  of  Cincinnati.     Pop.  10,976. 

Dead  Sea  (Anc.  La'cus  Asphalti'tes;  Arab.  Bahr  Loot;  i.e.  the 
"  Sea  of  Lot") ;  is  situated  in  Palestine,  between  31°  8'  and  31°  47' 
30"  N.  Lat,  and  35°  25'  and  35°  38'  30"  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about 
45  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  12  m.  The  towns  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha 
are  said  to  have  been  on  its  western  bank,  wb^ere  some  few  ruins  occur. 


190  DEA— DEK 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fit;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

The  waters  of  the  Lake  Asphaltites  are  pungent  and  bitter.  Asphal- 
tum  floats  upon  its  surface,  and  covers  the  whole  extent  of  its  shores. 
The  Jordan  flows  into  it  at  its  N.  extremity,  but  the  lake  has  no  out- 
let. Near  the  southern  portion  of  the  Dead  Sea  is  a  low  mountain 
ridge,  about  150  feet  high,  which  is  one  mass  of  solid  rock-salt,  covered 
with  layers  of  soft  limestone  and  marl.  Several  of  the  streams  which 
flow  into  the  sea  in  this  part,  are  salt  as  the  saltest  brine.  It  appears 
from  the  researches  of  a  late  writer,  Russegger,  that  the  Dead  Sea  is 
1,341  French,  or  1,429  English  feet  below  the  level  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean !     (P.  C.) 

Deal,  a  t.  and  seaport  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  15  m.  S.  E.  of 
Canterbury.     Pop.  6,688. 

Dear/-born,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
and  the  state  of  Ohio.     Pop.  20,166.     Co.  t.  Lawrenceburg. 

Debreczin,  da-brets'-in,  (Ger.  Debretzin,)  a  royal  free  t.  of  Upper 
Hungary,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Bihar,  and  with  the  exception  of  Pesth, 
the  largest  t.  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  situated  in  the  centre  of  an  exten- 
sive sandy  plain,  which  being  almost  destitute  of  stone,  the  streets  are 
unpaved,  and  the  foot-passenger  is  obliged  to  wade  either  through  mud 
or  sand,  according  to  the  season  of  the  year,  with  the  aid  of  a  few 
planks  laid  down  for  crossing  the  streets.  Debreczin  is  the  first  manu- 
facturing town  in  Hungary ;  it  is  also  a  place  of  considerable  trade. 
More  than  nineteen-twentieths  of  its  inhabitants  are  Protestants.  Its 
Protestant  college,  with  a  library  of  20,^00  vols.,  is  the  principal  insti- 
tution of  the  kind  which  the  Calvinism  possess  in  the  Austrian  empire. 
Lat.47°32/N.,Lon.21°36/E.     Pop.  45,370.     (P.  C.) 

De-ca/-tur,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ga.  Pop.  8,262. 
Co.  t.  Bainbridge. 

Decatur,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  W.  N.W.  of  Cincinnati. 
Pop.  15,107.     Co.  t.  Greensburg. 

Deccan.     See  Dekkan. 

Dee,  a  r.  in  the  N.  part  of  Wales,  flowing  into  the  sea,  about  10  m. 
S.  W.  of  Liverpool. 

De  Kalb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  sources  of 
the  Ocmulgee.     Pop.  14,328.     Co.  t.  Decatur. 

De  Kalb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Ga.  Pop. 
8,245. 

De  Kalb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the 
Cumberland  r.     Pop.  8,016. 

De  Kalb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop. 
8,251. 

De  Kalb,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  III,  a  little  E.  of  Rock  r.  Pop. 
7,540. 

Dek'-kan  or  Deccan  (from  Daks-hina,  i.  e.  "  the  south"),  was  an- 
ciently understood  to  comprehend  the  whole  of  the  peninsula  of  India 
S.  of  the  r.  Nerbudda,  and  the  southern  boundaries  of  Bengal  and  Bahar. 
At  present  it  comprises  those  countries  which  lie  between  the  limits 
just  mentioned  and  the  r.  Krishna. 


DEL— DEL  191 

OU,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Del'-a-ware,  an  important  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in  N.  Y.,  on 
the  western  declivity  of  the  Catskili  Mountains,  and  afterwards,  flow- 
ing in  a  general  southerly  direction,  forms  the  boundaries  of  the  states 
of  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  on  one  side,  and  Pa.  and  Del.  on  the  other,  and  emp- 
ties itself  into  Delaware  Bay,  about  40  m.  below  Philadelphia.  Its 
whole  course  is  about  300  m.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  the  largest 
size  to  Philadelphia,  and  for  steamboats  to  Trenton. 

Delaware  Bay,  a  bay  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  the  states  of 
N.  J.  and  Del.  Its  entrance  is  about  20  m.  wide,  from  Cape  May  to 
Cape  Henlopen  ;  its  length  is  above  60  m. 

Delaware,  the  smallest  of  the  U.  S.,  excepting  Rhode  Island, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  the  Delaware  r.,  Bay,  and 
the  Atlantic,  S.  and  W.  by  Maryland.  It  lies  between  38°  28'  and  39° 
50'  N.  Lat.,  and  75°  and  75°  45'  W.  Lon.  Length  96  m.;  greatest 
breadth  37  m.  Area  2,120  sq.  m.  Delaware  is  divided  into  three  coun- 
ties; viz.,  Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Sussex.  Pop.  91,535,  of  whom  2,289 
are  slaves,  and  17,957  free  coloured  persons.  Dover  is  the  seat  of  go- 
vernment. 

Delaware,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Del- 
aware.    Pop.  39,834.     Co.  t.  Delhi. 

Delaware,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Pa.,  bordering  on 
the  Delaware  r.     Pop.  24,679.     Co.  t.  Media. 

Delaware,  a  co.  in  the  centre  of  Ohio,  N.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  21,817. 
Co.  t.  Delaware. 

Delaware,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  White  r.     P.  10,843. 

Delaware,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  a  little  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi.    Pop.  1,759. 

Delawares,  a  once  numerous  and  powerful  tribe  of  Indians,  whose 
territory  occupied  a  portion  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  New 
Jersey.     They  are  now  almost  extinct. 

Delft,  an  ancient  t.  of  S.  Holland,  situated  on  the  high  road  between 
Rotterdam  and  the  Hague,  near  the  canal  of  Schie  (sKee).  It  is  noted 
as  the  seat  of  the  manufacture  of  a  species  of  pottery,  to  which  it  has 
given  its  name.  Delft  was  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Grotius. 
Lat.  52°  N.,  Lon.  4°  21'  E.     Pop.  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

Delhi  or  Dehli,  deP-le,  a  prov.  of  Hindostan,  lying  between  28° 
and  31°  N.  Lat.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Lahore,  E.  by  Oude  and  North- 
ern Hindostan,  S.  by  Ajmeer  and  Agra,  and  W.  by  Ajmeer  and 
Lahore. 

Delhi,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  on  the  Jumna.  According 
to  tradition,  it  was  founded  300  years  before  the  Christian  era,  by  Delu. 
It  was  formerly  much  larger  than  at  present;  its  pop.,  at  the  close  of 
the  17th  century,  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  two  millions,  and  the  ex- 
tent of  the  ruins  seems  to  justify,  in  a  great  degree,  this  estimate. 
Among  these  ruins,  there  are  a  number  of  beautiful  mosques  and  mag- 
nificent mausolems,  in  good  preservation.  Lat.  28°  40'  N.,  Lon.  77° 
16'  E      Pop.  estimated  at  200,000.     (P.  C.) 

Dkl/-ta,  a  triangular  portion  of  Lowe  Egypt,  comprised  between 


192  DEL— DER 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n&t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

the  two  main  branches  of  the  Nile  ;  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to 
the  Greek  letter  (a)  of  this  name.  It  is  also  applied  to  similar  tracts 
of  country  at  the  mouths  of  other  rivers,  as  the  Ganges,  Indus,  &c. 

DelZ-vi-no,  a  t.  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  cap.  of  an  inferior 
pashalic  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  about  39°  55'  N.,  Lon.  20°  10'  E.  Pop. 
estimated,  a  few  years  ago,  at  8,000.    (P.  C.) 

Dem'-be-a,  a  large  L.  of  Abyssinia,  in  a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  Its 
length  is  about  65  m. 

Demarara,  dem-er-a'-ra,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  in  English  Guiana, 
which  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  in  about  6°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  58°  7'  W. 
Lon.     Its  length  is  above  200  m. 

Denbigh,  den^-be,  the  cap.  of  Denbighshire,  Wales.  Lat.  53°  11'  N., 
Lon.  3°  24'  W.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,405. 

Den'-bjgh-shire,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Wales,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  88,866. 

Den'-der-ah,  (Anc.  Ten^tyra,)  a  ruined  t.  in  Upper  Egypt,  celebrated 
for  its  temple,  which  is  the  best  preserved  and  one  of  the  most  splendid 
in  all  Egypt.  Here  was  discovered  the  celebrated  zodiac  which  led 
several  of  the  French  savans  to  suppose  that  the  temple  must  have 
been  erected  at  a  period  immensely  remote ;  not  less,  according  to  Du- 
puis,  than  15,000  years  ago!     (See  Esne.) 

Dendermonde,  Jenx-der-m6n'-de/i,  or  Dendermond,  denN-der-m6nt^, 
(Fr.  Termonde,  teRv-m6Nd',)  a  fortified  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  E. 
Flanders,  on  the  Scheldt,  16  m.  E.  of  Ghent.  Lat.  51°  36'  N.,  Lon.  3° 
58'  E.     Pop.  7,652.     (M.) 

Denis,  Saint,  often  called,  in  English,  sent  den'-ne,  (Fr.  pron.  saN 
d'nee,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine,  about  5  m.  N.  of  Paris.  It 
dates  its  rise  from  the  erection  of  a  church  over  the  tomb  of  St.  Denis 
(Dionysius),  supposed  to  have  been  built  by  Dagobert,  in  the  7th  cen- 
tury.    Pop.  in  1832,  9,686.     (P.  C.) 

Den'-mark  (Dan.  Dan'-e-mark^),  a  kingdom  of  Europe,  between  53° 
20'  and  57°  45'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  5'  and  12"°  46'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Skager  Rack,  N.  E.  by  the  Cattegat,  S.  E.  by  the  Baltic,  S. 
by  Liibeck,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg  and  Hanover,  and  W.  by  the  N. 
Sea.  It  comprises  continental  Denmark,  which  may  be  termed  the 
north-western  peninsula  of  Germany,  and  the  large  islands  of  Zealand 
and  Fiinen,  besides  several  smaller  ones  lying  near  them.  The  length  of 
the  continental  portion  is  about  304  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  106  tn. 
The  entire  area  of  the  kingdom  is  computed  at  21,472  sq.m.  Pop. 
1,950,000.  (B.)     Capital,  Copenhagen. — Adj.  Da'-nish;  inhab.  Dane. 

Deptford,  ded'-ford,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  on  the 
Thames,  4  m.  S.  E.  of  London,  remarkable  for  its  fine  docks  and  royal 
dock-yard,  and  its  numerous  buildings  for  the  manufacture  and  preser- 
vation of  naval  stores.     Pop.  23,165. 

Derv-bend'  or  dcW-bend',  a  t.  of  the  Russian  empire,  in  Georgia,  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  It  is  defended  on  the  W.  by  a  precipi- 
tous mountain  ridge,  on  the  N.  and  S.  by  massive  stone  walls,  not  less 


DER— DET  193 

twa,  us  m  vur ;  th,  as  in  thin  ,•  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  n?. 

than  30  ft.  high,  and,  in  many  places,  10  ft.  thick,  which  are  continuous 
to  the  sea.  There  are  two  large  gates,  (through  which  the  road  passes 
along  the  shore  of  the  Caspian,)  that  may  be  shut  at  pleasure.  Hence 
the  name  of  the  town,  which  signifies  the  "shut-up  gates."  Lat.  42° 
12'  N.,  Lon.  48°  20'  E.  Klaproth  supposes  it  to  contain  4,000  families 
(B.),  but  others  estimate  the  population  much  lower. 

Der'-by  or  dar/-be,  (the  latter  pronunciation  w7as  formerly  universal,) 
the  cap.  of  Derbyshire,  England,  on  the  r.  Der/-went,  an  affluent  of  the 
Trent,  114  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop,  32,741*. 

Derbyshire,  der/-be-shir,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  England. 
Pop.  272,217. 

Derr,  dv'R,  a  t.  of  Africa,  in  Lower  Nubia,  -of  which  it  is  regarded 
as  the  capital,  on  the  right  bank  of  the1  Nile.  Lat.  22°  47'  N.,  Lon.  32° 
2-0' E.  Estimated  pop.  3,-000.  (B.)  In  the  vicinity  are  the  ruins  of  an 
Egyptian  temple,  cut  in  the  rock,  the  construction  of  which  Champol- 
lion  attributes  to  Sesostris. 

De  Ruyter,  de-rioter,  a  township  of  Madison  co.,  N.  Y. 

Desaguadero.  dts-a-gwa-oV-ro,  L  e.  "outlet,"  a  r.  of  Bolivia,  which 
forms  the  only  outlet  of  L.  Titicaca.  After  traversing  a  long  valley  of 
its  own  name,  it  loses  itself,  by  evaporation,  in  a  small  rake  called  Lago 
del  Desaguadero,  or  sometimes  the  L.  of  Ullagas  (ool-ya'-gas), 

Desha,  desh-a',  -a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Arkansas  r.     Pop.  2,900, 

Des  Moines,  de-moin^,  a  r.  of  Iowa,  which  flows  into  the  Missis- 
sippi r, 

Des  Moines,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  12,987. 

De  So'-to,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Miss.  Pop.  19,042. 
Co.  seat,  Hernando. 

Des'-sau,  (Ger.  pron.  des'-sou,)  a  t.  of  Germany,  the  cap.  of  the  duchy 
of  Anhalt-Dessau,  on  the  Mulde,  two  miles  above  its  junction  with  the 
Elbe.  De?sau  is  well  supplied  with  institutions  for  public  instruction; 
among  which,  we  may  mention  its  college  for  young  iadies,  its  admira- 
ble gymnasium  or  high-school,  and  its  school  for  the  education  of  Jews, 
which  is  much  celebrated.  Lat  51°  48'  N.t  Lon.  12°  17'  E.  Pop.  about 
10,000.     (B.) 

Detmold.     See  Lippe. 

De-troit',  (Fr.  Detroit,  da^-trwa',  i.  e.  **  strait"  or  **  narrow  pass* 
age,")  a  name  given  by  the  French  to  the  river  which  connects  L.  St. 
Cilair  with  L.  Erie,  and  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Mich, 
and  Canada.     It  is  28  m.  long,  and  is  navigable  for  large  vessels. 

Detroit,  cap,  of  Wayne  co.  and  formerly  of  the  state  of  Mich,  is  situ  - 
atcd  on  the  Detroit  r.,  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  By  its  position 
on  the  great  chain  of  lakes,  and  by  means  of  the  connecting  rivers  and 
canals,  it  has  a  ready  communication,  by  water,  with  all  the  more  irn< 
portant  places  in  the  union.  As  might  be  expected,  its  growth  has 
recently  been  very  rapid.  Its  pop.  in  1819,  was  only  1,110;  in  1830, 
about  double  that  number;  in  1850,  it  amounted  to  21,019.  Detroit  was 

17 


194  PEU—  BIJ 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  mU;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  voas  in  good; 

founded  by  the  French,  in  1670,  and  has  ever  since  been  a  military 
post.     It  is  also  a  port  of  entry.     Lat.  42°  24'  N.,  Lon.  82°  56'  W. 

Deutz,  doits,  (the  Tui'tium  of  the  Romans,)  a  village  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  connected,  by  a  bridge  ©f  beats,  with  Cologne,  of 
which  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  suburb.     Pop.  3,700.     (B.) 

Deux-ponts,  dug'-poi^,  (Ger.  Zweibnicken,  tswi-briiy-ken,)  a  t.  of 
Germany,  the  cap.  formerly  of  a  dachy,  now  of  a  bailiwick  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Bavarian  prov.  of  the  RhineT  about  50m,  W.  ©f  8peyer 
(Spire).  The  French  name  Deux-ponts,  and  the  German  Zweibruck- 
en,  signifying  "two  bridges,"  are  derived  from  the  circumstance  of 
its  old  castle  being  situated  between  two  bridges,  Lat.  49°  10'  N., 
Lon.  7°  20/  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Deventer  or  Dewenter,  da'-ven-ter,  a  fortified  t  of  Holland,  in 
the  prov.  of  Overyssel,  on  the  r.  Yssel,  about  54  m.  25.  by  S.  from  Am- 
sterdam.    Pop.  10,00a     (B.) 

De-vV-zes,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Wiltshire,  16  m.  E,  by  S,  from  Batb. 
Pop.  4,631.  ' 

Dev^-on-p6rt\  a  fortified  seaport  t  of  England,  with  a  royal  dock- 
yard, in  Devonshire,  1|  m.  W.  of  Plymouth,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Tamar.  The  dock-yard,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  comprises  an 
area  of  71  acres.     Pop.^  including  Stone-house  parish,  43.532. 

Dev^-on-shire,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the 
English  and  the  Bristol  channels.     Pop.  533,460. 

De  Witt,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  111.     Pop.  5,002. 

Dhawalaghiri,  da-woPa-gher'-re.     See  Himalayas. 

Diabbekir,  dee-arx-bek-eer^,  or  Di-ar'-bekr,  a  walled  t.  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  in  Mesopotamia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Tigris.  It  was  for- 
merly much  more  flourishing  than  at  present,  and  carried  on  an  exten- 
sive commerce  with  India,  through  Bagdad,  and  with  Europe,  through 
Aleppo  Lat.  about  37°  55'  N.^Lon.  39°  54' E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
above  60,000.     (B.) 

Dick/-son,  a  co.  m  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Teno..  bordering  on  the 
Cumberland  r.     Pop.  8,404.     Co.  t.  Charlotte. 

Die  or  Djez,  Saint,  sSn  de*-a',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Vosges.     Lat.  48°  17'  N.,  Lon.  6°  57'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  5,560.    (P.  C.) 

Dieppe,  dyepp,  orde-epp/,  a  seaport  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  on  the  coast  of  the  English  channel  (La  Manche),  92  m.  N.  W. 
of  Paris.  It  has  a  fine  establishment  for  sea-bathing.  Lat.  48P  55'  N., 
Lon.  1°  5'  E.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Diest,  deest,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  in  S.  Brabant,  32  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Brus- 
sels     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Djone,  deen  (Anc.  Dinia),  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Alps,  with  a  college.  In  its  vicinity  are  warm  mineral  springs,  which 
yearly  attract  to  this  place  many  strangers.  Lat.  44°  5"  N.,  Lon.  6°  14' 
E.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Dijon,  deN-zh<W,  (Anc.  Dibio  or  Divio,)  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Cote  d'Or,  and  formerly  of  the  prov.  of  Burgundy,  on  the 
r.  Ouche  (oosrf),  a  branch  of  the  Saone,  162  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Dijon 
16* 


BIL— DOA  195 

<>«.,  as  in.  ®vcr  ?  th,  as  in  thin  j  tk,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  «^. 

has  feag  been  eruinent  for  the  cultivation  of  literature  and  science.  Il 
has  an  acadhme  imiversit&iFC^  with  the  Faculties  of  law,  science,  and 
literature;  also  a  ffittseaoi  of  painting,  and  a  tetanic  garden.  Lat.  47a 
10'  N.,  Lsn.  5°  2'  E.     Pop,  36,000.  "(B.) 

Di&'-r*XNG~£N,  a  t  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube.  Lat  48°  34'  N.f  Lon. 
10°3G'E.     Pop,  3,300.    (B.) 

Dinan,  dev-naN^  a  t  of  Prance,  in  the  dep.  of  Cotes  du  Nord,  on  the 
r.  Ranee,  at  the  entrance  of  the  canal  of  the  Ille  and  Ranee,  200  m. 
W.  by  a  from  Pada  Lat  48°  2?'  N.,  Lon,  2°  4'  W.  Pop.  in  1832, 
6,044.    (P.  C.) 

D*nant,  de^-n'M,  or  de-nant^,  an  ancient  t  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov. 
of  Narnur,  on  the  Me«se,  aboat  12  m.  S.  fey  E.  of  the  city  of  Namur.  Its 
name  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  a  temple  dedicated  to  Diana, 
which  once  st«od  en  this  spot  Lat  50°  15'  N.,  Lon.  4°  54'  E.  Pop. 
about  4,000.     (B.) 

Dingle,  ding^gle,  a  seaport  t  of  Ireland,  in  Kerry  co.,  on  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  Lat  52°  9'  N„  Lon.  10°  16'  W.  Pop.  in  1831, 4,327. 
(P.C) 

Din-wis^-ste,  a  co.  in  the  ?3.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Appo- 
mattox r.     Pop.  26,118.     Seat  of  justice,  Dinwiddie  c  h. 

Dismas,  Swamp,  a  tract  of  marshy  land,  between  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  It  is  about  30  m.  long  and  10  m.  broad.  In  the  centre  is 
DrummoncPs  Pond,15  m.  in  circumference,  in  about  36°  35'  N.  Lat,  and 
76°  30'  W.  Lon. 

Dixmude,  dixv-muoV,  (Fleni.  Dixmuyden,  dix-moi^-den  or  dix-moi'- 
de£,)  a  fortified  t  of  Belgium,  in  W.  Flanders,  20  ra.  S.  W.  of  Bruges. 
Lat  51°  2  N.,  Lon.  2°  52  E.    Pop.  3,189.    (P.C.) 

Dizxee,  Saint,  saw  de^-re-a^,  a  t  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper 
Marne,  situated  on  the  r.  Mame,  which,  at  this  place,  begins  to  be  na- 
vigable.    Lat  48°  38'  N.,  Lon.  4°  56'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  5,957.  (P.  C.) 

Djidba.     See  Jidda. 

Dnieper,  nee'-per,  (Russ.  pron.  dnyep^-er,  or  dne-a^-per ;  Anc.  Borysf- 
thenes,)  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  European  Russia,  which  rises  in 
the  N.  part  of  the  government  of  Smolensk,  and,  Sowing  in  a  general 
southern  direction,  unites  with  the  Bog,  and  forms  a  large  liman  (le-man') 
or  swampy  lake  at  the  N.  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  Black  Sea,  nearly 
50  m.  long,  and  from  1  to  6  broad.  The  whole  length  of  the  Dnieper 
is  perhaps  1,^)0  m. 

Dniester,  neesUer,  (Russ.  pron.  dnyes'-ter  or  dne-ace'-ter :  Anc. 
Ty'ras,  afterwards  Danas'tris,)  an  important  r.  of  European  Russia, 
which  commences  from  a  small  lake  in  Austrian  Galicia,  in  about  49° 
N.  Lat,  and  23°  E.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  south-easterly  direc- 
tion, enters  the  Black  Sea  by  a  broad  liman  (see  Dnieper),  about  19  m. 
long  and  5  m.  wide.     Its  whole  length  is  not  less  than  510  m. 

Doab  or  Dooab,  doo-euV,  signifying  "two  waters,"  is  employed  in 
flindostan,  to  denote  any  tract  of  land  included  between  two  rivers,  and 
is  equivalent  to  the  Greek  Mesopotamia.  There  are  several  Doabs  in 
India,  but  the  dist.  to  which  the  name  is  most  generally  applied,  is  situ- 

N 


196  DOD— DON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  p$n ;  n&,  n6t ;  ooas  in  gsod / 

ated  between  the  Ganges  and  the  Jumna.     This  tract  is  above  500  m. 
long-,  and,  on  an  average,  about  55  m.  broad. 

Dodge,  r.  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Wisconsin.     Pop.  19,1 3&, 

DoFRAFIELD.       See  DoVREFIELD. 

Dole,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Jura,  on  the  r.  Doubs  and  the 
canal  which  connects  the  Rhone  with  the  Rhine.  It  has  a  college  and 
several  other  scientific  and  literary  institutions.  Lat.  47°  7'  N.T  Lon. 
5°  28'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  7,304.     (P.  C-) 

Do5xjell¥,  dol-gethMe,  the  largest  t.  of  Merionethshire,  in  Wales, 
I.at.  52Q  44'  N.,  Lon.  3°  51' W.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,695. 

Doi/-e.\rt,  a  small  gulf,  situated  in  the  N.  extremity  of  Holland,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  r.  Ems. 

Domingo,  Saint.     See  Haytj. 

Dominica,  domN-in-ee'-ka,  or,  more  usually,  d©mx-in-eek',  one  of  the 
W.  India  Islands  belonging  to  the  English.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  15°  18'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  61°  2&  W.  Lon.,  and 
is  28  m.  long.  The  area  is  computed  at  260  sq.m.  Pop.  in  1833, 
18,660.     (P.  C.) 

Don,  (Anc.  Tan'ais ;  Tartar  Doo^-na ;  Calmuck  Ton-gool',)  a  r.  of 
European  Russia,  which  rises  from  a  small  lake  in  the  government  of 
Toola,  in  about  54°  N.  Lat.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  southerly  course, 
empties  itself  into  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the  Sea  of  Azoph,  by  several 
mouths,    its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  900  m. 

Don'-Cos^-sacks.  The  territory  of  the  Don-Cossacks  is  a  free  coun- 
try, which  acknowledges  the  Russian  sovereign  as  its  chief,  but  is  not 
reduced  to  the  condition  of  a  province,  or  organized  as  a  government, 
like  other  parts  of  the  empire.  It  lies  between  46°  5'  and  51°  12'  N. 
Lat,  and  37°  23'  and  44°  42'  E.  Lon.  Agriculture,  c  ttle-breeding,  the 
fisheries,  and  the  cultivation  of  the  vine,  constitute  t  ie  principal  occu- 
pation of  the  Don-Cossacks.  Their  mode  of  life  is  in-  general  vevy 
simple  and  frugal,  and  the  enjoyment  of  civil  freedon  has  given  them 
an  independence  of  mind,  which  places  them  far  big  ler  in  the  social 
scale  than  the  abject  Russian.  They  are  proverbial  y  hospitable  and 
cheerful,  but  violent  when  excited,  and,  although  ti  ey  consider  the 
plunder  of  their  enemy  lawful  in  war,  theft  is  almost  unknown  among 
them.  Pop;  529,083.  (P.  C.)  New  Tcherkask  is  their  capital.  Lat. 
47°  24'  N.,  Lon.  39°  57'  E.     Pop.  between  11,000  and  12,000.  (P.  C.) 

Donaghadee,  donv-a-Ha-dee',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Down,  cm 
the  coast  of  the  Irish  Channel,  where  packets  are  established  for  the 
conveyance  of  the  mails  to  and  from  Port  Patrick,  in  Scotland,  which 
is  21  m.  distant.  Lat.  54°  38'  N.,  Lon.  5°  34'  W.  Pop.  in  1831, 2,986. 
(P.  C.) 

Donc'-as-ter,  (Lat.  Damnum  ;  Saxon  Dona  Ceaster,)  a  handsome  t. 
of  England,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Don,  a  branch  of 
the  Aire,  32  m.  S.  by  W.  of  York.     Pop.  10,455. 

Dons-e-gal/,  a  co.  in  the  prov.  of  Ulster,  occupying  the  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Ireland.     Pop.  in  1831,  289,149.     (P.  CA 


DON— DOU  107 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Donegal,  a  t.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  near  the  head  of  a  bay  of  the 
same  name.     Lat.  54°  39'  N.,  Lon.  8°  6'  W. 

Don'-go-la,  a  prov.  of  Upper  Nubia,  extending  along  the  banks  of 
the  Nile,  from  about  18°  to  19°  30'  N.  Lat.  (P.  C.)  Its  length  is  about 
150  m. ;  its  breadth  may  be  considered  as  extending  no  farther  than  the 
strip  of  productive  land  on  each  side  of  the  river,  which  is  from  1  m.  to 
3  m.  wide ;  beyond  this  is  the  desert.  The  principal  town  is  Mar-agf- 
ga  or  New  Dongola*  in  Lat.  19°  9'  N.  Old  Dongola  is  farther  S. ;  it 
was  formerly  a  considerable  town,  but  is  now  almost  deserted. 

Dor'-ches-ter,  (called  by  the  Romans  Durnovaria  and  Durinum ; 
Saxon  Dornceaster,  probably  a  corruption  of  Durini  Castra,  i.  e.  the 
"  Station  of  Durinum,")  a  t.  of  England,  cap.  of  Dorsetshire,  112  m.  S. 
by  W.  from  London.  Lat.  50°  43'  N.,  Lon.  2°  26'  W.  Pop.,  including 
an  area  of  3  sq.  m.,  3,249. 

Dorchester,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Md.t  bordering  on  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay  and  state  of  Del.     Pop.  18,877.    Co.  t.  Cambridge. 

Dor-dogne',  (Fr.  pron.  doRs-don7,)  a  r.  in  the  S.  of  France,  which 
rises  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de  Dome,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  westerly 
direction,  unites  with  the  Garonne,  at  Bourg  (door),  about  15  m.  below 
Bordeaux,  to  form  the  Gironde.  Its  whole  length  is  nearly  250  m.,  for 
more  than  130  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

Dordogne,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  France,  deriving  its  name 
from  the  above  river,  by  which  it  is  intersected.  Pop.  487,502.  (B.) 
Capital,  Perigueux. 

Dordrecht,  doRt^-reKt,  or  Dort,  an  ancient  city  of  S.  Holland,  on  an 
i.  formed  by  the  Meuse,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Rotterdam.  It  was  the  birth- 
place of  Gerard  Vossius  and  the  brothers  Dewit  Lat.  51°  49'  3Y., 
Lon.  4°  40'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  17,000.     (B.) 

Dornoch,  dorf-noK,  a  small  t  in  the  N.  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of 
Sutherland,  on  a  frith  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  57°  52'  N.,  Lon.  4° 
2'  W. 

Dorpat,  doR'-pat',  or  Dorpt,  a  t.  in  the  Russian  government  of  Li- 
vonia, the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Great  Embach 
(em'-baK),  which  is  navigable  from  this  place  to  its  entrance  into  the 
Peipus.  It  has  several  institutions,  among  which  may  be  cited  its 
flourishing  university,  attended  by  about  580  students,  and  possessing 
a  library  of  near  60,000  vols.  Lat.  58°  22'  N.,  Lon.  26°  43'  E.  Pop. 
in  1833,  10,802.     (P.  C.) 

Dor'-set-shire,  a  co.  in  the  S.  of  England,  bordering  on  the  English 
Channel.     Pop.  175,043. 

Douai  or  Douay,  doo'-a',  an  ancient  fortress  and  commercial  t.  of 
France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  on  the  r.  Scarpe,  a  branch  of  the  Scheldt, 
and  on  a  canal,  by  which  it  communicates  with  the  principal  places  of 
the  dep.  and  of  the  Low  Countries.  It  has  an  academie  universitaire, 
a  royal  college,  and  several  other  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  50° 
21'  N.,  Lon.  3°  4'  E.     Pop.  19,000.     (B.) 

Doubs,  doobz,  a  r.  in  the  E.  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  dep.  to 
17* 


198  DOU— DOW 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m&,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n6fc;  oo  as  in  good; 

which  it  gives  its  name,  and,  after  a  very  circuitous  course  of  about 
210  m.,  falls  into  the  Saone,  at  Verdun. 

Doubs,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  part  of  France,  on  the  above  r.,  and  border- 
ing on  Switzerland.     Pop.  276,274.  (B.)     Capital,  Besangon. 

Doug^-las,  a  seaport,  and  the  largest  t.  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  on  the 
S.  E.  coast!     Lat.  54°  W  N.,  Lon.  4°  26'  W.     Pop.  8,647. 

Douro,  doo'-ro,  (Port.  pron.  do^-Ro;  Sp.  Duero,  doo-a/-ro;  the  Du^- 
rius  of  the  ancient  Romans ;)  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  the  Spanish 
peninsula,  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  prov.  of  Soria,  in  Old  Cas- 
tile, and  flowing,  for  the  most  part,  in  a  westerly  direction,  passes 
through  Portugal,  and  empties  itself  into  the  Atlantic,  in  about  41 5  10' 
N.  Lat.     Its  whole  course  is  nearly  500  m. 

Do'-ver  (Lat.  Du^bris;  Saxon,  Dwyr;  Fr.  Douvres,  doom);  a  t.  of 
England,  and  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  situated  in  the  co.  of  Kent,  72  m. 
E.  S.  E.  of  London.  From  its  proximity  to  the  continent,  Dover  has 
long  been  the  usual  port  of  embarkation  or  landing,  for  persons  going 
to,  or  coming  from  France.  (See  Calais.)  Lat.  51°  8'  N.,  Lon.  1°  1&* 
E.  »  Pop.  13,872. 

Dover,  the  cap.  of  Strafford  co.,  N.  H.,  on  the  Coche'co  r.,  an  affluent 
of  the  Piscataqua,  12  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Portsmouth.  Lat.  43°  13'  N., 
Lon.  70°  54'  W.     Pop.  8,186. 

Dover,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Delaware,  on  Jones's  Creek,  about 
9m.  from  its  entrance  into  Delaware  Bay.  Lat.  39°  10"  N.,  Lon.  75° 
30' W. 

Dover,  Strait  of.     See  English  Channel. 

Do'-vre-fi-eld^  (Norw.  Daavrefield,  d6x-vre-fyeld0,  a  ridge  of  moun- 
tains in  Norway,  situated  between  62°  and  63°  N.  Lat.  Commencing 
on  or  near  the  boundary  between  Norway  and  Sweden,  it  runs  south- 
westerly, and,  along  with  another  chain,  divides  Norway  into  North 
and  South.  The  name  is  derived  from  Daavre  (do^-vrefr),  a  small  vil- 
lage, near  62°  N.  Lat,  and  9°  20' E.  Lon.,  &ndjield  or  fj 'eld,  a  "moun- 
tain ridge."  The  appellation  of  Dovrefield  is  often  incorrectly  applied 
to  the  whole  chain  of  mountains  which  divide  Norway  from  Sweden. 
The  highest  peak  of  these  mountains,  the  Skagstols  Tind,  has  an  ele- 
vation of  about  8,400  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Dowlatabad,  douMa-ta-Md',  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of  Hindostan,  in 
the  prov.  of  Aurungabad.  The  fort  consists  of  an  enormous  insulated 
mass  of  granite,  standing  a  mile  and  a  half  from  any  hill,  and  rising  to 
the  height  of  500  ft.  The  passage  into  the  fort  is  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock,  and  can  be  entered  by  only  one  person  at  a  time,  in  a  stooping 
posture.  From  this  entrance,  the  passage,  still  cut  throug-h  the  rock, 
is  winding  and  very  narrow,  and  is  obstructed  by  seve"  \  doors.  Al- 
together, the  place  is  so  strong,  that  a  very  small  numoer  of  persons 
within,  might  bid  defiance  to  a  numerous  army.  Lat.  19°  54' N.,  Lon. 
75°  5'  E. 

Down,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop, 
in  1831,  352,012.    (P.  C.) 


DOW— DRO  199 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Down-pat'-rick,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  72  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Dublin.     Lat.  54°  19'  N.,  Lon.  5°  43'  W.     Pop.  in  1831,  4,784. 

Draguigjvan,  dra'-gheen'-yaV,  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Var, 
about  60  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Marseilles.  Lat.  43°  32  N.,  Lon.  6°  30'  E. 
Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Drammen,  dram^-men,  a  seaport  t.  of  Norway,  situated  on  a  broad 
and  impetuous  r.  of  the  same  name,  which  discharges  its  waters  into 
the  Gulf  of  Christiania.  It  has  an  extensive  trade  in  timber,  and  a 
greater  number  of  vessels  enter  its  port  than  any  other  in  Norway.  (B.) 
Lat.  59°  44'  N.,  Lon.  10°  12'  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Drave  (Lat.  Dra/vus  ;  Ger.  Drau,  drou  ;  Slavonian,  Drava,  dra^-va); 
a  r.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  which  rises  in  the  eastern  part  of  Tyrol, 
and,  flowing  south-easterly,  falls  into  the  Danube,  about  13  m.  below 
Eszek,  in  Croatia.     Its  whole  length  is  near  400  m. 

Drenthe,  dren'-teh,  a  small  prov.  in  the  E.  part  of  Holland,  border- 
ing on  the  kingdom  of  Hanover. 

Dres^-den,  the  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  one  of  the  hand- 
somest towns  of  Europe,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe,  about 
225  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Vienna,  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  and  delightful  coun- 
try. It  is  divided  into  three  parts;  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Elbe  is 
Dresden  Proper,  or  the  Old  Town  (Alt-stadt),  and  Fredericstown  (Frie- 
derichs-stadt),  separated  from  it  by  the  Weiseritz  (wi'-zer-its),  a  small 
stream  which  flows  into  the  Elbe  at  this  place :  the  New  Town  (Neu- 
stadt),  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  which  is  here  480  ft.  wide. 
Among  the  remarkable  buildings  which  Dresden  contains,  may  be  men- 
tioned the  new  Catholic  church,  which  is  regarded  as  the  finest  edifice 
in  the  place,  and  one  of  the  handsomest  churches  in  Germany.  Dres- 
den is  distinguished  by  the  number  and  character  of  its  institutions  for 
the  promotion  of  the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature.  The  gallery  of 
paintings,  in  this  city,  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  most  costly  in 
the  world;  and  the  Royal  Public  Library  contains  more  than  220,000 
vols.  There  is  also  a  college  of  medicine  and  surgery,  founded  in 
1816;  an  academy  of  painting  and  architecture;  a  superb  collection 
of  precious  stones,  pearls,  works  in  jewelry,  &c,  which  is  valued  at 
nearlv  a  million  sterling;  and  a  collection  of  ancient  and  modern  wea- 
pons,' &c.  Lat.  51°  3/  N.,  Lon.  13°  43/  E.  Pop.  according  to  Balbi, 
70,000.     By  the  census  of  1843,  it  was  90,200. 

Dreux,  druft,  (Anc.  Durocas'ses,  afterwards  Dro'ca?,)  a  t.  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Eure  and  Loire,  41  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Paris.  Lat.  48° 
43'  N.,  Lon.  1°  21'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  5,166.     (P.  C.) 

Drin,  dreen,  or  Drtno,  dree'-no,  a  r.  of  Albania,  which  flows  into  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name,  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  in  Lat.  41° 
42'  N.     Its  length  is  about  150  m. 

Drogheda,  droh^-He-da,  a  seaport  t.  near  the  E.  coast  of  Ireland,  in 
the  prov.  of  Leinster,  situated  on  the  Boyne,  about  30  m.  N.  of  Dublin. 
The  town,  with  its  liberties,  forms  what  is  called  the  county  of  the  town 
of  Drogheda.  It  was  formerly  a  place  of  considerable  importance,  and 
many  of  the  Irish  parliaments  were  held  here,  particularly  during  the 


200  DRO— DUB 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t ;  60  as  in  good; 

15th  century.  The  pop.  of  the  co.,  which  contains  an  area  of  above 
9  sq.m.,  was,  in  1831,  17,365.     (P.  C.) 

Drohobicz,  dro'-ho-bich\  or  Dro'-ho-vitsch\  a  flourishing1 1.  of  Aus- 
trian Galicia,  with  extensive  salt-works.  Lat.  49°  22'  N.,  Lon.  23°  35' 
E.     Pop.  in  1826, 11,290.     (B.) 

Droitwich,  droitMcb,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Worcestershire,  6  m, 
N.  N.  E.  of  Worcester,  important  on  account  of  its  salt  springs.  A 
canal,  6  m.  in  length,  connects  it  with  the  Severn. 

Drome,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Rhone, 
and  intersected  by  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name.  Pop.  305,499. 
(B.)     Capital,  Valence. 

Drontheim,  dront'-im,  (Norw.  Troniem,  tro^-ne-em,  and  Trondhiem 
or  Trondjem,  tr6nd^-yem,)  a  city  of  Norway,  formerly  cap.  of  a  prov. 
of  the  same  name,  and  once  the  residence  of  the  Norwegian  kings,  on 
the  bay  of  Trondhiem,  by  which  it  is  almost  surrounded.  The  houses 
are  chiefly  built  of  wood.  Drontheim  has  a  college,  a  royal  academy 
of  sciences,  a  public  library,  &c.  Lat.  63°  26'  N.,  Lon.  10°  23'  E. 
Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Dru'-ses  (Arab.  Do-rooz'),  a  people  who  inhabit  the  chain  of  Libanus, 
in  Syria,  being  under  the  government  of  their  own  chiefs,  and  possess- 
ing a  religion  peculiar  to  themselves.  Their  vernacular  tongue  is 
Arabic.  Little  is  known  of  their  religion,  as  many  of  its  doctrines  and 
rites  are  kept  profoundly  secret.  Should  any  one  of  the  Druses  reveal 
the  mysteries  of  his  religion,  he  would  incur  the  penalty  of  death.  All 
agree  in  representing  these  people  as  industrious,  brave,  and  hos- 
pitable. 

Dub'-lin,  a  co.  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Leinster,  and  bordering  on 
the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  exclusive  of  the  city,  176,012. 

Dublin,  (Anc.  Ebla^na),  the  chief  city  of  Ireland,  forming,  by  itself, 
a  county,  called  the  county  of  the  city  of  Dublin.  It  is  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  r.  Liffey,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Bay  of  Dublin.  This  town 
may  be  ranked  among  the  handsomest  in  the  United  Kingdom,  both  as 
regards  the  character  of  its  buildings  and  its  situation,  which  is  in  a 
high  degree  picturesque.  Among  the  various  scientific  and  literary 
institutions  of  Dublin,  may  be  mentioned  the  University,  which  is  one 
of  the  most  richly  endowed  in  Europe ;  the  number  of  students  on  the 
books  in  1838,  was  about  2,000:  the  School  of  Natural  Sciences,  in 
which  six  different  professors  give  gratuitous  lectures  on  various  scien- 
tific subjects :  and  the  Royal  Hibernian  Society  of  painting,  sculpture, 
and  architecture.  There  are  few  cities  in  which  charitable  institutions 
are  more  numerous,  or  better  supported,  than  in  Dublin.  Besides  the 
various  establishments  for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and  indigent,  there  are 
199  charitable  schools,  in  34  of  which  the  scholars  are  lodged,  boarded, 
clothed,  &c.  Dublin  is  the  seat  of  an  archbishopric  both  of  the  church 
of  Rome  and  of  England.  Lat.  of  the  Observatory  53°  23'  13"  N.,  Lon. 
6°  20'  30"  W.     Pop.  in  1851  254,850. 

Di'GxVo,  doob'-no,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  in  Volhynia,  the  cap.  of  a 


BUB— DUM  201 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th.  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

circle  of  the  same  name.     Lat.  50°  25'  N.,  Lon.  25°  40'  E.     Pop.  about 
5,700,  of  which  a  great  number  are  Jews.     (P.  C.) 

Du-bois',  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  E.  fork  of  the 
White  r.     Pop.  6,321.     Co.  t.  Jasper. 

Du  Buque,  du  book^,  [oo  as  in  moon,']  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa, 
bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r.     Pop.  10,841.  Co.  t.  Dubuque. 

Duck  River,  a  r.  in  Tenn.,  which  flows  into  the  Tennessee  r.  from 
the  E. 

Dud'-ley,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Worcestershire,  26  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Wor- 
cester. This  town  derives  its  origin  and  name  from  Dodo,  a  Saxon 
prince,  who  built  here  a  strong  castle,  about  the  year  700.  The  prin- 
cipal occupation  of  the  inhabitants  consists  in  the  smelting  and  working 
of  iron  ore,  with  which  the  whole  neighbourhood  abounds,  as  well  as 
with  coal.     Pop.  17,077. 

Duisburg,  doo'-is-b66RGx,  a  t.  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Prussia, 
the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  near  the  right  bank  of 
the  Rhine,  which  once  washed  its  walls.  It  is  said  to  derive  its  name 
from  the  Teutones,  who  had  a  camp  on  this  spot ;  it  was  called,  by  the 
Romans,  Castrum  Deusonis.  A  forest,  in  the  vicinity,  is  mentioned 
by  Tacitus,  under  the  name  of  Saltus  Teutoburgensis.  Duisburg  has 
recently  been  declared  a  free  port.  Lat.  51°  26'  N.,  Lon.  6°  46'  E. 
Pop.  4,400.     (B.) 

Duke's,  a  co.  of  Mass.,  comprising  Martha's  Vineyard  and  the  adja- 
cent islands.     Pop.  4,540.     Co.  t.  Edgartown. 

Dulce,  Rio,  ree^-o  dool^-sa,  or  dool'-tha,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  in  the  re- 
public of  La  Plata,  which  flows  into  the  Lake  of  Porongos,  in  about 
30°  10'  S.  Lat.,  and  62°  W.  Lon.  The  name  Dulce  (sweet)  is  given 
to  it  in  contradistinction  to  the  neighbouring  salt  rivers,  the  Saladoand 
Saladillo  (which  see). 

Dulcigno,  dool-cheen^-yo,  sometimes  written  Dolcigno,  (Anc.  Olcin^- 
ium ;  Turk.  OP-goon')  a  seaport  t.  of  Albania,  situated  on  the  coast  of 
the  Adriatic.  Lat.  41°  55'  N.,  Lon.  19°  12'  E.  The  pop.,  according 
to  Balbi,  is  about  2,000,  but  some  other  writers  estimate  it  much 
higher. 

Dulwich,  dulMch,  a  village  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Surrey,  5  m. 
S.  E.  of  London,  remarkable  for  a  college  founded  by  Edward  Allen,  a 
comedian,  in  the  reign  of  James  I.,  which  was  opened  in  1619.  A  costly 
collection  of  pictures  was  added  to  the  college  in  1810,  by  the  bequest 
of  the  late  Sir  Francis  Bourgeois.  , 

Dum-bar'-ton,  a  t  of  Scotland,  the  cap.  of  Dumbartonshire,  is  situ- 
ated at  the  confluence  of  the  Leven  with  the  Clyde,  14  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Glasgow.  It  is  defended  by  a  strong  castle,  which  is  garrisoneu, 
Pop.  3,782. 

Dum-bar^-ton-shire,  a  maritime  co.  in  the  W.  of  Scotland,  consist 
ing  of  two  detached  portions.     Pop.  44,296. 

Dumfries,  dum-freece^,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Scotland,  border- 
ing on  Solway  Frith.     Pop.  72,830. 

Dumfries,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  and  the  seat  of  a 


202  DUN— DUR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

presbytery  and  synod,  is  beautifully,  situated  on  the  r.  Nith,  about  9  m. 
from  its  inliux  into  Sohvay  Frith.     Pop.  10,069. 

Dun-bar/,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of  Haddington,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  27  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Edinburgh.  It 
has  a  secure  harbour,  which  is  defended  by  a  battery.  The  name  sig- 
nifies the  "  Castle  of  Bar,"  and  originated  from  its  having  been  be- 
stowed, in  the  9th  century,  by  Kenneth,  king  of  Scotland,  on  Bar,  a 
vdiant  captain  who  had  signalized  himself  in  the  war  against  the 
Picts.     Pop.  3,013. 

Dun-dalk',  a  seaport  t.  of  Ireland,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Louth,  on 
a  bay  of  the  same  name,  46  m.  N.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  10,078.     (M.) 

Dun-dee',  a  seaport  t.  and  royal  burgh  of  Scotland,  in  the  shire  of 
Forfar,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Tay,*  about  36  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Edinburgh.  This  town  is  the  chief  seat  of  the  British  linen  manufac- 
ture ;  the  business  commenced  about  the  middle  of  last  century,  from 
which  time  to  the  present,  its  increase  has  been  astonishing.  Lat.  56° 
27'  N.,  Lon.  2°  58'  W.  Pop.  60,553,  exceeding  that  of  1831  by  more 
than  15,000. 

Dunfermeline,  dum-ftV-lin,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  15  m.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh,  and  2£m.  N.  of  the  Frith  of  Forth. 
Pop.  of  the  parish,  20,217,  of  which  7,865  belong  to  the  town. 

Dun-gan'-non,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  Tyrone  co.  Lat.  54°  31'  N.,  Lon. 
6°  46'  E. 

Dunkeld,  ordinarily  pronounced  dun-kelK,  a  small  t.  of  Scotland,  in 
Perthshire,  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  r.  Tay,  about  25  m.  W.  N.  W. 
of  Dundee.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  capital  of  ancient  Caledonia. 
Pop.  1,096. 

Dun'-kirk,  (Fr.  Dunkerque,  diiNv-keRk',)  a  seaport  t.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Nord,  about  150  m.  N.  of  Paris.  It  is  said  to  owe  its  origin  to 
a  chapel  founded  by  St.  Eloi,  which,  from  its  situation  among  the  sandy 
downs  of  the  coast,  took  the  name  of  Dun-kirk,  i.  e.  the  "church  of  the 
downs."  This  place  was  declared  a  free  port  in  1816,  which  has  con- 
siderably increased  its  commercial  prosperity.  By  means  of  the  canal 
of  Furnes,  it  communicates  with  the  several  canals  which  intersect 
Belgium.     Lat.  51°  2'  N.,  Lon.  2°  23'  E.     Pop.  25,000.     (B.) 

Du  Page,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  111.,  W.  of  Chicago.  Pop. 
9,290. 

Du'-plin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  N.  branch 
of  Cape  Fear  r.     Pop.  13,514.     Co.  t.  Kenansville. 

Durance,  diiv-raNce',  (Anc.  Druen'tia,)  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of 
France,  which  flows  into  the  Rhone  a  little  below  Avignon. 

Durango,  doo-rang'-go,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  the  cap.  of  a  state  of  the 
same  name,  situated  in  a  wide  plain.  Lat.  about  24°  28'  N.,  Lon.  105° 
W.     Pop.  estimated  at  25,000.     (B.) 

*  The  name  is  not  improbably  a  corruption  of  Dun-Tay,  or  the  "Castle  of  the 
fay."     Buchanan  calls  it,  in  Latin,  Taodunum,  which  is  equivalent  to  Dun-Tay. 


DUR— EAS  203 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Durazzo,  doo-rat'-so,  or  Duras,  doo-ras',  (Anc.  DyrraclVium,)  a  t.  on 
the  coast  of  Albania,  in  European  Turkey.  Lat.  41°  19s'  N.,  Lon.  19° 
27'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  5,000. 

DD/-ren,  formerly  called  Mark-DiIren,  (the  Marcodu'rum  of  the 
Romans,)  a  walled  t.  in  the  Prussian  prov.  of  the  Rhine,  cap.  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  with  flourishing'  manufactures.  Lat.  50°  46'  N.f 
Lon.  6°  30'  E.     Pop.  near  6,000.     (B.) 

Dur'-ham,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  sea 
Pdp.  324,284. 

Durham,  a  city  of  England,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  on  the  banks  of 
the  r.  Wear,  67  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  York.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  university. 
Lat.  54°  46'  N.,  Lon.  1°  34'  W.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  16  sq.  m., 
14,151. 

Durlach,  dooRMaii,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Mar- 
graves of  Baden,  is  situated  about  4  m.  S.  E.  of  Carlsruhe.  Lat.  48° 
59'  N.,  Lon.  8°  30'  E.     Pop.  4,400.     (B.) 

Dus'-sel-dorf\  a  t.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Prussia,  the  cap.  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name,  and,  formerly,  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Berg,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Rhine,  at  the  point  where  the  Diissel 
flows  into  that  river,  whence  the  name  Diisseldorf,  i.  e.  "village  of  the 
Diissel."  It  was  raised  from  the  rank  of  a  village  to  that  of  a  munici- 
pal town,  by  Adolphus  V.,  duke  of  Berg,  in  1288.  It  is  one  of  the  best 
built  and  handsomest  towns  on  the  Rhine,  and  possesses  a  number  of 
literary  and  scientific  institutions,  besides  a  public  library,  containing 
about  30,000  vols.    Lat.  51°  14'  N.,  Lon.  6°  47  E.    Pop.  above  24,000. 

(B.) 

Dutch'-ess,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  E.  of  and  bordering  on 
the  Hudson  r.     Pop.  58,992.     Co.  t.  Poughkeepsie. 

Du-vai/,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  4,539.     Co.  t.  Jacksonville. 

Duyveland,  doi'-vel-ant,  a  small  i.  of  Holland,  forming  a  part  of  the 
prov.  of  Zealand,  E.  of  Schouwen. 

Dwi'-na,  (Russ.  Dzwina  or  Dzvee'-na,)  a  large  r.  in  the  N.  of  Rus- 
sia, which  rises  in  the  government  of  Vologda,  and,  flowing  north- 
westerly, empties  itself  into  the  White  sea,  below  Archangel,  by  several 
mouths.  Its  whole  length  is  computed  at  736  m. ;  it  is  navigable  fcr 
240  m. 

Dy^er,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  6,361.     Co.  t.  Dyersburg. 

Dyl,  generally  written,  and  always  to  be  pronounced,  Dyle,  a  r.  of 
Holland,  which  flows  into  the  Scheldt,  about  9  m.  above  Antwerp. 

Early,  erMe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochie  r.     Pop.  7,246.     Co.  t.  Blakeley. 

East  Indies.     See  India. 

East'-on,  the  cap.  of  Northampton  co.,  Pa.,  situated  at  the  influx  of 
the  Lehigh  r.  into  the  Delaware,  opposite  to  the  termination  of  the 


204  EAS— ECU 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Morris  canal,  about  50  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  from  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
in  1840  4,865,  it  is  now  probably  above  8,000. 

East^-port,  a  port  of  entry  of  Maine,  on  the  W.  side  of  Passama- 
spioddy  Bay,  near  its  junction  with  the  sea.  Lat.  44°  54'  N.,  Lon.  6(5° 
56' W. 

East  River.     See  Long  Island  Sound. 

East'-ville,  a  port  of  entry  of  Va.,  cap.  of  Northampton  co.,  85  m.  in 
a  straight  line  E.  by  S.  from  Richmond. 

Eat^-on,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Grand  r.  Pop. 
7,058.     Co.  t.  Bellevue. 

E'-bro,  (Sp.  pron.  a'-bro ;  Lat.  Ibe^rus,)  a  r.  of  Spain,  which  rises 
at  the  foot  of  the  Asturian  mountains,  in  Old  Castile,  and,  flowing  in  a 
south-easterly  direction,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  in  about  40°  42' 
N.  Lat,  and  0°  52'  E.  Lon.     Its  whole  course  is  above  400  m. 

Eccloo,  ek-klo',  a  t.  of  E.  Flanders,  13  m.  N.  W.  of  Ghent.  Pop 
above  7,000.     (B.) 

Ecija,  a'the-Ha,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  situated  on  the  r.  Genii 
(Ha-neel/),  a  branch  of  the  Guadalquivir,  about  40  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Seville. 
Pop.  34,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ecuador,  ek-wa-doRe',  (i.  e.  "  Equator,"  so  named  from  its  situation, 
being  intersected,  through  its  whole  length,  by  the  equinoctial  line,)  one 
of  the  three  republics  which,  previously  to  1831,  constituted  the  repub- 
lic of  Colombia.  (See  Colombia.)  It  is  situated  between  1°  36'  and 
4°  55'  S.  Lat.,  and  70°  20'  and  81°  W.  Lon.* ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
New  Granada,  E.  by  Brazil,  S.  by  Peru,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific.  The 
area  is  calculated  at  360,000 sq.  m.  The  climate  of  Ecuador,  as  might 
be  expected,  varies  considerably  in  different  regions.  In  the  valley  of 
Quito  the  seasons  are  scarcely  distinguishable.  The  mean  temperature 
of  the  day,  all  the  year  round,  is  between  60°  and  67°,  and  that  of  the 
night  between  48°  and  52°  of  Fahrenheit.  The  winds  blow  continu- 
ally, but  never  with  great  violence.  During  the  whole  morning,  till  1 
or  2  o'clock,  the  weather  is  generally  delightful,  and  the  sky  serene ; 
but,  after  this,  the  vapours  begin  to  rise,  which  are  followed  by  dreadful 
tempests  of  thunder  and  lightning,  with  torrents  of  rain.  At  sunset, 
the  weather  usually  clears  up,  and  the  nights  are  as  serene  as  the 
mornings.  Sometimes,  however,  the  rain  continues  several  days.  The 
season  between  September  and  May  is  called  the  winter,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  year  the  summer.  The  winter  is  only  distinguished  by 
a  somewhat  greater  quantity  of  rain,  and  the  summer  by  a  greater 
number  of  fine  days.  The  valley  of  Quito  has  a  mean  elevation  of 
about  9,600  ft.  above  the  sea,  which  may  account  for  the  climate  being 
comparatively  so  cool.  In  those  parts  of  Ecuador,  which  lie  near  the 
sea,  the  thermometer  ranges  much  higher.  The  animal  and  vegetable 
productions  of  this  country  do  not  appear  to  differ  from   those  of  the 

*  The  limits  of  this  country  appear  not  to  be  accurately  defined.  We  have  given 
the  latitudes  and  longitudes  according  to  the  maps  published  by  the  Society  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge. 


EDE— EDI  205 

OU,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this :  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

neighbouring  regions  of  S.  America.  The  most  common  fruit-trees  are 
cherimoyers,*  pine-apples,  and  papayas.  There  are  also  extensive 
plantations  of  sugar-cane,  cotton,  tobacco,  and  cocoa.  Among  the 
forest-trees  is  the  cinchona,  which  yields  the  Peruvian  bark.  The  pop. 
of  Ecuador  is  stated,  by  Balbi,  at  630.000.     Quito  is  the  capital. 

E'-den-ton,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  C,  cap.  of  Chowan  co.,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Chowan  r.,  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay  to  which  it  gives 
its  name. 

Ed'-foo,  (Anc.  Apollinop^olis  Mag'na,)  a  small  t.  of  Upper  Egypt, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  remarkable  for  its  temple,  which  is  one 
of  the  finest  and  best  preserved  in  Egypt.  Lat.  25°  N.,  Lon.  32° 
52' E. 

Ed/'-gar,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Indiana.  Pop. 
10,692.  Co.  t.  Paris. 

Ed'-gar-ton.  a  port  of  entry  of  Mass.,  cap.  of  Duke's  co.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

Edgecombe,  ej'-kum.  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  centra]  part  of  N.  C,  inter- 
sected by  the  Tar  r.     Pop.  17,189.     Co.  t.  Tarborough. 

Edge'-field,  a  dist.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  the  Sa- 
vannah r.     Pop.  39,262.     Seat  of  justice,  Edgefield  c.  h. 

Edinburgh,  edMn-burv-uft,  the  metropolis  of  Scotland,  is  situated  in 
the  northern  part  of  a  co.  of  the  same  name,  about  11  m.  from  the 
Frith  of  Forth,  and  337  m.  N.  by  W.  from  London.  Edinburgh  is 
divided,  by  a  valley,  into  two  parts,  the  Old  and  the  New  Town.  The 
former  is  irregularly  built,  the  streets  are  narrow,  and  some  of  them 
are  very  dirty.  In  this  part,  the  houses  have  sometimes  12  and  even  14 
stories.  The  New  Town,  on  the  other  hand,  is  built  with  great  regu- 
larity, with  wide  and  handsome  streets,  and  will  bear  a  comparison 
with  the  finest  capitals  of  Europe.  Among  the  remarkable  edifices  of 
Edinburgh,  we  may  mention  the  palace  of  Holyrood,  the  ancient  resi- 
dence of  the  Scottish  kings;  and  the  castle,  situated  at  the  western 
extremity  of  the  Old  Town,  on  a  rugged  rock  which  rises  on  three 
sides,  from  a  level  plain,  abruptly,  to  a  height  varying  from  150  to 
200  ft.  In  some  parts,  the  precipice  is  perpendicular,  and  even  over- 
hangs its  base.  The  summit  is  crowned  with  military  works,  which, 
contrasted  with  the  sublime  and  rocky  scenery  beneath,  give  an  aspect 
to  the  whole  inexpressibly  grand  and  romantic.  The  castle,  with  its 
works,  occupies  an  area  of  7  acres,  and  is  separated  from  the  town  by 
an  open  space  nearly  300ft.  square.  Edinburgh  has  several  noble  charita- 
ble institutions,  among  which  may  be  cited  the  Royal  Infirmary,  Heriot'a 
Hospital,  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  the  Asylum  for 
the  Blind.  The  multitude  of  its  learned  societies,  its  celebrated  uni- 
versity, one  of  the  first  in  Europe,  the  various  and  important  publica- 
tions which  are  continnally  issuing  from  its  presses,  and  its  numerous 

*  The  cherimoyer  is  the  anona  cherimolia  of  naturalists,  a  downy-leaved  species 
of  anona,  said  to  bear  a  great  resemblance  to  the  custard-apple  of  the  West 
Indies. 

18 


206  EDI— EGY 

Fite,  far,  fell,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  do  as  in  good; 

periodicals,  among  which  the  "Edinburgh  Review"  is  especially  dis- 
tinguished, appear  fully  to  justify  the  appellation  of  "  the  modern 
Athens."  which  has  frequently  been  bestowed  upon  the  Scottish  capi- 
tal. The  name  of  Edinburgh  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  derived  from 
Edwin,  a  king  of  Northumberland,  in  the  time  of  the  Heptarchy.  This 
derivation  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  the  town  was  anciently  called 
Edwinesburg  or  Edwinesburch.  The  castle  of  Edinburgh  was  long 
called  by  the  name  of  Castellum  or  Castrum  Puellarum.  i.  e..  the 
"  maidens'  castle,"  in  consequence,  it  is  said,  of  its  having  been  the 
residence  of  the  daughters  of  the  Pictish  kings.  Lat.  of  the  Observa- 
tory, 55°  57'  23"  N..  Lon.  3°  10'  54"  W.  Pop.  of  the  city  and  suburbs 
in  1841 ;  138,182  ;  in  1848  about  190,000. 

Edinburgh  or  Mid-Lothian,  mid-lo'-THe-an,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  cen- 
tral part  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Entire  pop. 
225,454. 

Ed'-is-to,  a  r.  of  S.  C,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic,  through  two 
channels,  called  the  S.  and  N.  Edisto  inlets.  The  former,  which  is  the 
principal  one,  joins  the  sea  in  Lat.  32°  27'  N.  Edisto  Island  is  situated 
between  these  two  arms  of  the  r.  Edisto. 

Ed'-mond-son,  a  co.  in  the  S,  W.  central  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by 
Green  r.     Pop.  4,088.     Co.  t.  Brownsville. 

Ed'-wards,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Little 
Wabash.'    Pop.  3,524.     Co.  t.  Albion. 

Ef^-fing-ham,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ogeechee 
and  Savannah  rivers.     Pop.  3,864.     Co.  t.  Springfield. 

Effingham,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the 
Little  Wabash.     Pop.  3,799.     Co.  t.  Ewington. 

Eg'-er  (Ger.  pron.  a/-Ger),  a  r.  of  Bohemia,  which  flows  into  the 
Elbe. 

Eger  (in  Bohemian  Cheb,  Keb).  the  third  t.  in  point  of  pop.  in  the 
kingdom  of  Bohemia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 
It  contains  a  gymnasium,  and  several  other  institutions  for  education. 
About  3  m.  from  this  place  are  some  warm  mineral  springs,  and  an 
establishment  for  bathing,  which  are  much  frequented  during  summer. 
Many  thousand  bottles  of  the  water  are  annually  exported.  The  cele- 
brated Wallenstein  was  assassinated  in  Eger,  in  1634.  Lat.  50°  5'  N., 
Lon.  12°  24'  E.     Pop.  above  9.000.     (B.) 

E/-gypt  (Gr.  Aiyvrttof;  Lat.  iEgyp'tus;  Hebrew,  Mizr  or  Mizraim  ; 
Arab.  Masr  or  Musr ;  Coptic,  Cham  or  Khem) ;  a  country  occupying 
the  N.  E.  part  of  Africa,  situated  between  24°  8'  and  31°  32'  N.  Lat, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  the  little  r.  El  Arish, 
on  the  border  of  Palestine,  the  desert  of  Idumea  and  the  Red  Sea,  S. 
by  Nubia,  its  southern  limit,  from  the  oldest  time,  having  been  fixed  at 
the  cataracts  of  Asswan  (Assouan),  and  W.  by  the  Libyan  desert.  Its 
length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  520  m. ;  its  breadth  is  difficult  to  deter- 
mine ;  if  it  be  considered  to  extend  from  the  Red  Sea  to  the  most  west- 
erly of  the  oases  belonging  to  Egypt,  it  will  amount  to  between  300 


EGY  207 

on,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  tJiis  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

and  400  m.  Egypt  may  be  regarded  as  essentially  consisting  of  the 
valley  of  the  Nile  and  the  Delta,  as  these  are  the  only  parts,  except 
the  oases,  where  there  is  a  settled  population.  Following  the  windings 
of  the  river,  the  length  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  from  Asswan  to  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  Delta,  is  about  500  m.  The  breadth  varies 
considerably,  but  it  is  seldom  more  than  ten  miles,  and  in  many  places, 
especially  in  Upper  Egypt,  is  not  two,  including  the  breadth  of  the 
river,  which  varies  from  2,000  to  4.000  ft.  This  valley  is  bounded  on 
both  sides  by  a  ridge  of  rocky  hills,  which  rise  in  some  places  more 
than  1.000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  river.  The  cultivable  land  does 
not  extend  on  either  side  of  the  Nile  to  the  base  of  this  ridge.  Between 
the  narrow  tract,  which  is  fertilized  by  the  overflowing  of  the  river,  or 
by  artificial  irrigation,  and  the  neighbouring  mountains,  there  is  a  strip 
of  drifting  sand,  which,  in  many  places,  appears  to  encroach  upon  the 
cultivated  ground.  The  mountain  ridges,  which  enclose  the  Nile,  as 
above  described,  separate  near  Cairo ;  the  eastern  one  leaves  the  valley 
first  and,  turning  off  abruptly,  runs  towards  the  N.  extremity  of  the 
Red  Sea.  Afterwards  the  r.  enters  a  wide  and  low  plain,  which,  from 
its  triangular  form,  received  from  the  Greeks  the  name  of  Delta.  (See 
Delta.)  Here  the  Nile  divides  into  two  branches,  that  of  Roscttaand 
that  of  Damiat.  Anciently  the  right  side  of  the  Delta  was  formed  by 
the  Pclusiac  branch,  which  detaching  itself  from  the  river  higher  up, 
flowed  to  Pelusium,  at  the  E.  extremity  of  Lake  Menzaleh.  This 
branch  is  now,  in  a  great  measure,  choked  up.  though  it  still  serves 
partly  for  purposes  of  irrigation.  The  river  at  Rosetta  is  1,800  ft. 
wide,  and  at  Damietta  (Damiat),  about  800.  The  extreme  length  of 
the  Delta,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  100  m. ;  the  distance  from  Rosetta  to 
the  Damiat  mouth  is  about  84  m.  The  Delta,  however,  must  be  re- 
garded as  extending  in  breadth  considerably  beyond  these  limits,  and 
may  properly.be  said  to  include  all  that  tract  below  the  termination  of 
the  valley  of  the  Nile,  which  is  irrigated  by  that  river,  or  by  the  various 
canals  which  are  connected  with  it. 

Egypt  is  commonly  divided  by  geographers  of  the  present  day  into 
three  regions ;  viz.,  Bahari  (baH'-ree),  or  Maritime,  Vostani  (vos-ta^- 
nee),  or  Wustanee,  or  Middle,  and  Said  (sa'-eedO;  or  Upper  Egypt. 
Bahari  corresponds  with  the  division  ordinarily  called  Lower  Egypt, 
which  comprises  the  whole  of  the  Delta,  including  Cairo  and  its  envi- 
rons. Vostani  or  Middle  Egypt  is  understood  to  extend  from  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Cairo  to  near  27°  30'  N.  Lat. ;  while  Said  comprehends  all 
the  remainder  of  the  country,  as  far  S.  as  the  cataracts  of  the  Nile. 
The  entire  area  of  that  portion  of  Egypt  which  is  susceptible  of  culti- 
vation, is  computed  at  17.000  sq.m.  The  climate  of  this  country, 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  is  salubrious.  The  exhalations 
however,  which  rise  from  the  soil  after  the  inundations,  render  the 
latter  part  of  autumn  less  healthy  than  the  other  seasons  of  the  year. 
Rain  is  a  very  uncommon  occurrence  in  Middle  and  Upper  Egypt;  the 
only  supply  of  water  for  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  which  can 
be  relied  on,  being  derived  from  the  Nile.     In  Lower  Egypt,  along  the 


208  EHR— EIC 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m6,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Mediterranean  coast,  showers  are  not  unfrequent  during  the  winter 
season. 

Without  attempting  to  give  even  an  outline  of  the  history  of  this 
country,  the  most  ancient  abode  of  civilization  respecting  which  we 
have  any  distinct  and  satisfactory  information,  and  which  holds  so  im- 
portant a  place  in  the  history  of  all  the  more  powerful  nations  of  anti- 
quity, we  will  merely  state,  that  Egypt  was  conquered  by  the  Saracens, 
under  the  caliphate  of  Omar,  about  the  year  638 ;  afterwards,  in  1517, 
it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Turks,  to  whom  it  was  subject,  at  least 
nominally,  till  the  French  invasion  in  1798.  Bonaparte  took  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  under  the  pretence  of  delivering  it  from  the  tyranny 
of  the  Memlooks.  These  constituted  a  sort  of  military  aristocracy, 
formidable  to  their  Turkish  rulers,  and  most  oppressive  towards  the 
common  people.  After  the  French  were  expelled  by  the  English,  in 
1801.  Egypt  again  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Turks,  and  again 
the  Memlooks  displayed  their  insubordination,  and  exercised  their 
tyranny.  At  last  the  present  pasha,  Mehemet  Ali,  contrived  to  collect 
most  of  the  beys,  with  their  principal  officers,  within  the  citadel  of 
Cairo,  under  pretence  of  an  entertainment,  where  he  had  them  all  mas- 
sacred, in  March,  1811.  The  power  of  the  present  ruler,  though 
founded  in  perfidy  and  violence,  has,  on  the  whole,  been  exercised  with 
justice  and  wisdom.  That  ambition  and  those  abilities  which  have 
raised  him  to  the  independent  sovereignty  of  Egypt  and  the  neighbour- 
ing parts  of  Asia,  have  been  laudably  directed  towards  the  political  and 
intellectual  amelioration  of  his  people.  He  is  said  to  administer  impar- 
tial justice  to  all  his  subjects,  without  regard  to  race  or  religion.  He 
has  established  regular  judicial  courts  and  a  good  police,  has  done 
away  with  torture  and  other  barbarous  punishments,  and  has  promoted 
instruction,  by  establishing  schools  and  colleges  for  the  arts  and 
sciences,  and  for  military  and  naval  tactics.  He  has  endeavoured, 
with  some  success,  to  remove  the  prejudices  of  his  subjects  against  the 
arts  and  learning  of  Europe,  and  to  introduce  the  European  improve- 
ments in  manufactures  and  machinery.  The  government  of  Egypt, 
however,  is  still  absolute,  in  the  strictest  sense  of  the  word,  though  the 
present  pasha  has  chosen  to  govern,  for  the  most  part,  according  to 
forms  and  regulations  which  he  himself  has  established.  The  pop.  is 
estimated  at  2,000,000.  (P.  C.)  Cairo  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Egyptian,  e-jip'-shun;  (Arab.  Mus'-ree.) 

Ehrenbreitstein,  a/-ren-brite'-stine,  an  important  and  celebrated 
fortress  of  Germany,  in  the  Prussian  prov.  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  th  $  Rhine,  opposite  to  Coblentz,  on  the  summit  of 
a  rugged  and  precipitous  rock,  which  rises  772  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
river.  At  its  base  stands  the  little  t.  of  Thal-Ehrenbreitstein  (taal 
aN-ren-brite'-stine) ;  i.  e.  the  "  Ehrenbreitstein  of  the  valley,"  with  a 
pop.  of  2,400.  (B.)  Ehrenbreitstein  is  connected  with  Coblentz,  by  a 
bridge  of  boats,  and  is  usually  regarded  as  one  of  the  suburbs  of  that 
city. 

Eichstadt,  iKe'-stett,  a  walled  t.  of  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Alt- 


BIL— ELB  '      209 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  nq. 

muhl.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  in  the  middle  of  the  eighth  cen- 
tury, by  St.  Willibald,  who,  in  order  to  erect  the  cathedral  and  the 
adjacent  dwellings  for  his  clergy,  cleared  an  area  covered  with  oaks; 
whence  the  name  of  Eichstadt,  or  Oaktown.  Lat.  48°  53'  N.,  Lon. 
11°  10'  E.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Eilenburg,  iMen-booRGx,  a  t.  of  Germany,  belonging  to  Prussia, 
situated  on  the  Mulde  (modl'-de/*).  Lat.  51°  28'  N.,  Lon.  12°  37'  E. 
Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Eimbeck,  ime'-bek,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover.  Lat.  51° 
48'  N.,  Lon.  9°  51'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Eisenach,  i'-zen-aK,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  cap.  of  a  principality 
of  the  same  name,  belonging  to  the  grand-duchy  of  Saxe- Weimar :  it 
has  a  gvmnasium  and  several  other  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  50° 
59' N., 'Lon.  10°  20' E. 

Eisenstadt,  i'-zen-statt\  (Hung.  K  is- Mar  tony,  kish  maaR-tofi,)  a 
royal  free  t.  of  Hungary,  about  26  m.  S.  E.  of  Vienna,  remarkable  for 
the  handsome  palace  of  Prince  Esterhazy,  and  for  its  magnificent 
botanic  garden,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Lat.  47°  50'  N.,  Lon. 
16°  32'  E.     Pop.  about  3,000.     (B.) 

Eisleben,  iceMa-ben,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  formerly  the  cap.  of 
the  earldom  of  Mansfeld,  situated  about.  40  m.  W.  N.  VV.  of  Leipsic. 
Luther  was  born  here,  in  1483,  and  died  here,  in  1546 ;  but  neither  his 
parents  nor  himself  had  a  permanent  residence  in  this  place.  Lat.  51° 
33'  N.,  Lon.  11°  32'  E.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Ekatarinburg,  ek-a/-ta-reen-booRg\  (Catharine's  burg,)  an  important 
t.  of  Russia,  in  the  government  of  Perm,  founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  in 
1723,  and  named  in  honour  of  his  consort.  It  is  on  the  high  road  from 
Russia  into  Siberia.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  this  town  are  situated  a 
great  number  of  gold  mines,  which,  together  with  those  of  the  govern- 
ment of  Orenburg,  yield  a  greater  quantity  of  this  precious  metal  than 
the  mines  of  any  other  country  in  the  known  world.  (B.)  Considerable 
quantities  of  platinum  are  also  found  in  these  regions.  Ekatarinburg 
is  fortified  and  regularly  built,  though  the  houses  are  mostly  of  wood; 
it  has  several  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  and  a  number  of  hand- 
some stone  edifices.  Lat.  56°  50'  N.,  Lon.  60°  48'  E.  Pop.  about 
11,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ekatarinoslaf,  ek-a^-ta-reen^-os-laf,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Russia, 
cap.  of  a  government  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Dnieper.  The  first  stone  was  laid  by  the  empress  Catharine  II., 
in  1787.     Lat.  48°  27'  N.,  Lon.  35°  E.     Pop.  1 2,000.     (P.  C.) 

Elatma,  el-at'-ma,  or  Yel-at'-ma,  a  t.  of  Euro  pean  Russia,  in  the  go- 
vernment of  Tambof,  situated  on  the  r.  Oka.  la  its  vicinity  are  exten- 
sive iron  works.  Lat.  about  54°  50'  N.,  Lon.  41°  20.  Pop.  about 
6,000.     (P.  C.) 

El/-ba  (the  IFva  of  the  Romans),  an  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  near 
the  coast  of  Tuscany,  situated  between  42°  43'  and  42°  52'  N.  Lat., 
and  between  10°  6'  and  10°  27'  E.  Lon.  Length  about  18  m. ;  great- 
est breadth  about  10  m.  This  island  is  remarkable  for  having  been  the 
18* 


210  ELB— ELI 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  m6,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  nd,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good; 

residence  of  Napoleon,  after  his  first  abdication,  from  May,  1814,  to 
February,  1815.  Elba  belongs  to  the  grand-duchy  of  Tuscany.  The 
pop.  is  about  13,500.  (P.  C.)  Porto  Ferrajo  (fer-ri'-o),  on  the  N.  coast, 
the  cap.  of  the  island,  is  a  strongly  fortified  town,  and  has  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  42°  49'  N.,  Lon.  10°  20'  E. 

Elbe  (Gerpron.elM3e/&;  Anc.AVbis),ar. of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the 
Riesengebirge  or  Giant  Mountains  of  Bohemia,  and,  flowing  in  a  gene- 
ral north-westerly  direction,  falls  into  the  North  Sea,  in  about  Lat.  54° 
N.,  and  Lon.  8°  40' E.  Its  whole  length  is  about  710  m.,  and  it  is 
navigable  about  470  m.  The  average  breadth  is  computed  at  900  fit. ; 
near  its  mouth,  however,  it  is  several  miles  wide. 

Elberfeld,  eF-ber-felt',  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  manufacturing  and  commercial  towns  in  the 
Prussian  dominions,  is  situated  on  the  Wupper,  a  tributary  of  the  Rhine, 
25  m.  N.  by  E.  from  Cologne.  Among  its  public  institutions,  we  may 
mention  a  gymnasium,  a  museum,  a  societv  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
&c.  Lat.  51°  15'  N.,  Lon.  7°  10'  E.  In  the"  middle  of  the  last  century, 
Elberfeld  was  an  insignificant  place ;  at  present  it  contains  a  pop.  of 
about  24,200.     (P.  C.) 

El'-bert,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Savannah  r. 
Pop.  12,959.     Co.  t.  Elberton. 

Elbeuf,  eP-buf ,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  on  the  r. 
Seine.     Lat.  49°  17  N.,  Lon.  0°  59'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

El/-bing,  a  commercial  t.  of  W.  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Elbing,  about  6  m.  S.  of  its  entrance  into  the 
Frische  See,  and  32  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Dantzic.  This  town  was  founded 
by  the  Teutonic  knights  about  the  year  1229;  and  in  the  14th  and  15th 
centuries  it  was  a  member  of  the  Hanseatic  league.  Lat.  54°  9'  N., 
Lon.  19°  23'  E.     Pop.  above  20,000.     (B.) 

Elche,  eV-cha,  (Anc.  Il'ici,)  a  t.  of  Valencia,  Spain.  Lat.  38°  15' 
N..  Lon.  0°  44'  W.     Pop.  19,000.     (B.) 

El-e-phan'-ta,  a  small  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  between 
Bombay  and  the  Mahratta  shore,  remarkable  for  a  colossal  image  of 
an  elephant,  cut  out  of  the  solid  rock.  This  image  has  been  split  in 
two,  apparently  by  means  of  gunpowder.  At  some  distance  from  it,  a 
cave  has  been  discovered,  which  is,  in  fact,  a  temple  cut  out  of  the 
rock.  At  what  time,  or  by  whom  these  works  were  executed,  is  not 
known. 

Elg^-in,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Elginshire,  situated  near  the  little  r. 
Lossie,  about  5  m.  above  its  influx  into  the  German  Ocean.  Lat.  57° 
B9'  N.,  Lon.  3°  22'  W.     Pop.  3,911. 

Elg'-in-shire  or  Morayshire,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Scotland, 
bordering  on  Moray  Frith.     Pop.  35,012. 

Elisabetgrad,  a-liz'-a-bet-grad',  or  Yel-isN-a-vet-grad/7  a  t.  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  in  the  prov.  of  Kherson,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name,  important  on  account  of  its  fortifications  and  arsenal.  Lat.  48° 
B0'  N.,  Lon.  32°  28'  E.     Pop.  about  12,000.     (P.  C.) 


ELI— EMS  211 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Elizabeth  City,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
at  the  mouth  of  James  r.     Pop.  4,586.     Co.  t.  Hampton. 

Elizabeth  City,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  C,  cap.  of  Pasquotank  co.,  on 
Ihe  r.  Pasquotank,  20  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Elk,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  sources  of  the  W. 
branch  of  the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  3,531. 

Elk/-hart,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Michigan.  Pop. 
12,690.  Co.  t.  Goshen. 

Ells'-worth,  a  port  of  entry  of  Maine,  cap.  of  Hancock  co.,  on 
Union  r.,  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  22  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  E.  of 
Castine. 

Elv -sin-ore^  or  Elsineur  (Dan.  Her-sing-6/-er),  an  important  seaport 
t.  of  Denmark,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  island  of  Zealand,  at  the  nar- 
rowest part  of  the  strait  between  the  Cattegat  and  the  Baltic.  It  is 
at  this  place  that  the  Danish  government  collects  certain  dues  on  every 
vessel  passing  through  the  sound.  Lat.  56°  2'  N.,  Lon.  12°  33'  E. 
Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

El'-vas,  a  fortified  t.  of  Portugal,  in  Alentejo,  about  11  m.  W.  of 
Badajoz,  in  Spain.  Lat.  38°  53'  N.3  Lon.  6°  57  W.  Pop.  about 
10,000.     (B.) 

E^-ly,  a  small  t.  named  the  City  of  Ely,  in  Cambridgeshire,  England, 
in  a  fenny  district  called  the  Isle  of  Ely,*  16  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cambridge. 

E-man'-u-el,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ogeechee  r. 
Pop.  4,577.     Co.  t.  Swainsborough. 

Em^-brunv  or  aM'-bruN^,  (Anc.  Ebrodu'num,)  a  fortified  t.  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Alps.  Before  the  French  revolution,  it  was  the 
seat  of  an  archbishopric.  Lat.  44°  34'  N.,  Lon.  6°  26'  E.  Pop.  in 
1832,  2,392.     (P.  C.) 

Em'-den  or  Embden,  a  fortified  and  walled  t.  of  Hanover,  a  little 
below  the  entrance  of  the  Ems  into  the  Dollart,  a  bay  of  the  German 
Ocean,  and  connected  with  that  river  by  a  canal  two  miles  long, 
called  the  Delf  canal.  It  is  the  principal  commercial  place  in  Hanover. 
Among  its  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  may  be  mentioned  a  gym- 
nasium and  a  society  of  natural  history.  Lat.  53°  22'  N.,  Lon.  7°  11' 
E.  Pop.  about  12,500.     (P.  C.) 

Emesa.     See  Homs. 

Emmerich,  enV-mer-iK,  or  Emrich,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  belong- 
ing to  Prussia,  on  the  Rhine.  It  was  formerly  in  the  Hanseatic  league, 
and  has  recently  been  declared  a  free  port.  Lat.  51°  50'  N.,  Lon.  6° 
15'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Emmet  (Tonedagana),  a  co.  at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  southern 
peninsula  of  Mich. 

Ems,  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Germany,  which  flows  into  the  Dollart. 
Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  210  m. 

*  The  name  island  appears  to  have  formerly  been  applied  to  any  spot  elevated 
above  the  general  level  of  the  fens,  in  this  and  other  parts  of  England. 

O 


212  ENG— ERF 

Kite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  So  as  in  good ; 

Enghien,  &Nx-ghex-aN,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  Hainault,  22  m. 
S.  W.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  near  4,000.     (B.) 

England,  ing'-gland,  (originally,  Engla-land,  i.  e.  the  land  of  the 
Angles,  Aengles,  or  Engles,)  the  S.  part  of  the  island  of  Great  Britain, 
situated  between  55°  47'  and  49°  57i'  N.  Lat.,  and  between  1°  46'  E. 
and  5°  42'  W.  Long. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Scotland,  N.  E.  and  E.  by 
the  North  Sea,  S.  by  the  English  Channel,  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic, 
Wales,  and  the  Irish  Channel.  Its  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  from  Ber- 
wick to  St.  Alban's  Head,  is  about  368  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from 
Land's  End  to  the  most  eastern  part  of  Kent,  is  about  311  m.  The 
area  amounts  to  50,387  sq.m.  The  pop.,  according  to  the  census  of 
1841,  was  14,995,138.  England  is  divided  into  40  counties.  The  capi- 
tal is  London.  (See  Great  Britain.) — Adj.  English,  ing^-glish :  inhab. 
Eng^-lish-man. 

English  Channel,  the  narrow  sea  which  separates  England  from 
France.  It  is  above  300  m.  long;  at  its  narrowest  part,  in  the  strait  of 
Dover,  it  is  only  about  20  m.  wide ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  near  140  m. 

Enkhuizen,  enk-hoi^-zen,  a  t.  of  Holland,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the 
Zuyderzee.  Lat.  52°  43'  N.,  Lon. 5°  17'  E.  The  inhabitants,  amount- 
ing to  7,000,  are  engaged,  for  the  most  part,  in  the  herring  fishery.  (B.) 

Enx-nis-cor/-thy,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Wexford,  about  60  m. 
S.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  5,955.     (P.  C.) 

Env-nis-ktl'-len,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Fermanagh,  in  Ireland,  situ- 
ated on  an  island  in  the  narrow  channel  which  connects  the  upper  and 
lower  lakes  of  Lough  Erne,  89  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1831, 
6,056.     P.  C.) 

Ens,  a  r.  of  Austria,  which  flows  into  the  Danube. 

Ens,  the  provinces  of  the,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  arch- 
duchy of  Austria.     (See  Austria,  Archduchy  of.) 

Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  en'-tra  do-ro  (or  doo^-ro)  a  meen'-yo,  i.  e. 
"  between  the  Douro  and  the  Minho,"  a  prov.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Por- 
tugal, named  from  its  situation,  being  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Minho, 
and  S.  by  the  Douro;  length  73m.;  greatest  breadth  46m.  It  is 
sometimes  simply  called  "  the  province  of  the  Minho." 

Eperies,  a-p(V-e-es,  (Hung.  pron.  a-per-e-esh,)  a  fortified  royal  free 
t.  of  Upper  Hungary,  cap.  of  the  circle  "on  this  side  of  the  Theiss  and 
of  the  co.  of  Saros  (shM'-rosh").  In  its  vicinity  is  a  celebrated  opal 
mine.     Lat.  48°  58'  N.,  Lon.  21°  15'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Epernay,  ax-peRx-na^,  a  handsome  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Marne, 
situated  on  the  r.  Marne,  73  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Paris.  The  ancient  name 
is  said  to  have  been  Aquse  Perennes,  which  was  first  corrupted  into 
Aixperne,  and  afterwards  into  Epernay.     Pop.  in  1832,  5,318.    (P.  C.) 

Ephesus.     See  Ayasoolook. 

Erfurt,  iR'-fooRt,  a  fortified  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  cap.  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  name,  and  formerly  of  Thuringia,  situated  on  the  Gera.  It 
has  a  number  of  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  among  which  we 
may  mention  a  Catholic  and  a  Protestant  gymnasium,  a  high-school  for 
girls  (hohere  Tochterschule),  a  royal  academy  of  sciences,  and  a  public 


ERI— ERZ  213 

OU,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th~,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

library  of  about  50,000  vols.     Lat.  50°  59'  N.,  Lon.  11°  4'  E.     Pop. 
above  25,000.     (B.) 

Ericht,  er/-iKt,  a  narrow  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Perthshire,  about  14  m. 
long-. 

E'-rie,  a  lake  of  N.  America,  situated  between  41°  25'  and  42°  55 
N.  Lat.,  and  78°  55'  and  83°  34'  W.  Lon.  Its  extreme  length  is  about 
245  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  near  60  m.  The  circumference  is  com- 
puted at  658  m.  The  surface  of  the  lake  is  565  ft.  above  the  level  of 
the  sea,  and  its  greatest  depth  is  about  100  ft.  It  is  connected,  by  the 
r.  Detroit,  with  L.  Huron,  and  by  the  Niagara,  with  L.  Ontario. 

Erie,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Erie.  Pop. 
100,993.  Co.  t.  Buffalo. 

Erie,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Pa.,  and  bordering  on 
L.  Erie.     Pop.  38,742. 

Erie,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  is  situated  on  L.  Erie, 
with  a  good  harbour.     Pop.  5,850. 

Erie,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  L.  Erie.  Pop.  18,568. 
Co.  t.  Sandusky  city. 

Erivan,  er-e-van',  a  fortified  t.  in  the  Russian  government  of  Georgia, 
formerly  belonging  to  Persia,  near  the  frontiers  of  Persia  and  Turkey, 
situated  on  the  Zanga  or  Zengin,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erivan,  which 
flows  into  the  river  Arras.  Lat.  40°  5'  N.,  Lon.  44°  30'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  14,000.     (B.) 

Erlangen,  eRMang-en,  a  walled  t.  of  Bavaria,  with  a  celebrated 
protestant  university,  founded  in  1743.  There  are,  connected  with  this, 
an  ecclesiastical  seminary,  a  polytechnic  school,  a  fine  chemical  labo- 
ratory, a  library  of  above  100,000  vols.,  besides  other  literary  and  sci- 
entific establishments.  The  newer  portion  of  Erlangen  may  vie  with 
the  best-built  towns  of  Germany.  Lat.  49°  36'  N.;  Lon.  11°  4E.  Pop. 
about  12,000.     (B.) 

Erlau,  6rMou,  (Hung.  Egf-er;  Lat.  Ag^ria,)  a  fortified  archiepisco- 
pal  t.  of  Upper  Hungary,  cap  of  the  co.  of  Heves  (hev-esh),  is  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  and  richly- cultivated  country,  rather  more 
than  70  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Pesth.  Lat.  47°  55'  N.,  Lon.  20°  23'  E.  Pop. 
above  17,000.     (B.) 

Erne,  Lough,  16h  em,  a  L.  of  Ireland,  situated  principally  in  the 
co.  of  Fermanagh.  It  is  usually  considered  as  divided  into  the  Upper 
and  Lower  Lake.  The  two  are  connected  by  a  narrow  channel,  per- 
haps 7  m.  long,  which  might  properly  be  called  the  river  Erne.  The 
lower  lake  is  about  10m.  long  and  5m.  wide;  the  other  is  not  above 
lb  m.  long. 

Erzroom  (Erzrum)  or  Ardz-Room;  i.  e.  the  "land  of  Rome,"*  an 

*  The  name  was  probably  given  by  the  Turks,  in  contradistinction  to  other  con- 
quests made  near  the  same  time,  among  nations  who  had  no  connexion  with 
Rome.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  Byzantine  empire,  from  which  this  part  of 
Asia  was  wrested,  was  originally  a  portion  of  the  great  Roman  empire;  and  it  ap« 
pears  to  have  been  still  regarded  in  that  character  by  the  surrounding  nations. 


214  ERZ— ESN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

important  commercial  t.  of  Turkish  Armenia,  cap.  of  a  pasbalic  of  the 
same  name,  situated  in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  not  far  from  the 
Kara  Soo,  or  W.  branch  of  the  Euphrates.  In  the  early  part  of  the  pre- 
sent century,  the  pop.  of  this  city  was  estimated  at  100;000,  but,  after 
being1  occupied  by  the  Russians,  a  few  years  ago,  it  was  almost  deserted 
by  its  inhabitants.  Since  its  restoration  to  the  Turks,  however,  it  has 
been  gradually  recovering  its  population  and  prosperity.  Lat.  39°  57' 
N.,  Lon.  41°  15;  E. 

Erzgebirge,  tRts^-ga-beeV-Geh,  i.  e.  u  ore  mountains,"  a  chain  of 
mountains  in  Germany,  which  extend  along  the  boundary  line  between 
Bohemia  and  Saxony.  It  is  rich  in  metals  of  almost  every  kind.  Sil- 
ver is  obtained  in  considerable  quantities :  lead  and  cobalt  are  abundant. 
The  tin  mines  of  Saxony,  in  this  region,  are  the  most  valuable  on  the 
continent  of  Europe,  and  yield  annually  140  tons.  Arsenic,  antimony, 
bismuth,  manganese,  calamine,  copper,  and  mercury,  are  found  here. 
Gold,  also,  occurs,  but  in  very  small  quantities.  The  length  of  the 
chain  is  about  100  m. 

Es-cam'-bj.-a,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Ala.,  and,  passing  into  Florida,  joins 
the  Conecuh.  The  river  thus  formed,  falls  into  Pensacola  Bay.  It  is 
usually  called  the  Escambia,  though  above  the  junction  the  Conecuh  is 
the  principal  stream. 

Escambia,  a  co.  forming  the  W.  extremity  of  Florida,  bordering  on 
the  above  r.     Pop.  4,351.     Co.  t.  Pensacola. 

Escurial,  es-koo-re-al',  a  small  t.  of  Spain,  situated  in  the  kingdom 
of  Toledo,  27  m.  N.  W.  of  Madrid,  remarkable  for  a  vast  and  magnifi- 
cent edifice,  founded  by  Philip  II.,  in  commemoration  of  the  victory 
g-ained  over  the  French,  at  St.  Quentin,  in  1557.  It  is  laid  out  in  the 
form  of  a  gridiron ;  the  royal  residence  forms  the  handle,  which  is  at- 
tached to  a  rectangle  640  ft.  long,  and  580  wide :  in  this  part  the  ave- 
rage height,  to  the  roof,  is  60  ft.  At  each  angle,  there  is  a  square 
tower,  200  ft.  high.  The  whole  number  of  windows  in  the  establish- 
ment is  not  less  than  4,000.  The  Escurial  comprises  a  royal  residence, 
a  monastary,  a  college,  a  rich  library,  and  a  noble  church,  of  which  the 
dome  is  330  ft.  in  height,  besides  several  other  minor  compartments.  It 
was  built  in  the  form  of  a  gridiron,  it  is  said,  because  St.  Lawrence,  o'A 
whose  anniversary  the  victory  was  won,  suffered  martyrdom  on  an 
instrument  of  that  kind.     Lat.  40°  36'  N.,  Lon.  4°  8'  W. 

Esnje,  es!-nehs  or  es'-na^,  (Anc.  Latop^olis,)  a  commercial  t.  of  Upper 
Egypt,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile,  remarkable  for  its  ruins,  especially 
for  those  of  an  ancient  temple,  with  a  supposed  representation  of  the  Zo- 
diac, which  (as  the  position  of  the  constellations  therein  figured  does 
not  at  all  correspond  to  the  present  appearance  of  the  heavenly  bodies) 
has  led  some  philosophers  to  infer,  that  it  must  have  been  constructed 
at  an  extremely  remote  epoch.  One  celebrated  savant,  M.  Dupuis, 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  this  temple,  as  well  as  that  of  Denderah, 
could  not  be  less  than  15,000  years  old.  It  was,  however,  supposed 
that  the  Zodiac  of  Esne  was  the  more  ancient  by  several  centuries. 
But  M.  Champollion,  who  is  so  justly  distinguished  for  having-  unlocked 


ESQ— EST  215 

CM,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  mysteries  so  long-  concealed  in  the  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  consi- 
ders himself  authorized,  by  a  number  of  facts,  to  infer  that  this,  on  the 
contrary,  is  the  newest  of  all  the  ancient  temples  which  still  exist  in 
Egypt. "  It  is  probably  not  2,000  years  old.  Lat.  25°  19'  39"  N.,  Lon. 
32°  34'  30"  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  4,000.     (B.) 

Esquimaux,  es'-ke-mo\  a  nation  consisting  of  various  tribes,  who 
inhabit  the  northern  portions  of  America.  They  differ  greatly  from  the 
other  savage  tribes  of  this  continent,  both  in  language  and  personal  ap- 
pearance. In  stature  they  are  diminutive,  seldom  exceeding  five  feet. 
Their  faces  are  broad,  and  approach  more  to  the  rounded  form  than 
those  of  Europeans.  They  have  high  cheek  bones,  large  mouths,  and 
thick  lips.     They  are  said  not  to  be  deficient  in  mechanical  ingenuity. 

Es'-sen,  a  t.  of  the  Prussian  states.  Lat.  51°  28'  N.,  Lon.  about  7° 
E.     Pop.  5,300.     (B.) 

Es'-sex,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  England,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Thames.     Pop.  344.979. 

Essex,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Vt.  Pop.  4,650.  Co.  t. 
Guildhall. 

Essex,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Mass.  Pop.  131,300.  Co. 
towns,  Salem,  Newburyport,  and  Ipswich.  ' 

Essex,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Champlain. 
Pop.  31,148.     Co.  t.  Elizabeth  town. 

Essex,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Passaic  r. 
Pop.  73,950.     Co.  t.  Newark. 

Essex,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Rappahannock. 
Pop  10,206.     Co.  t.  Tappahannock. 

Es-Sioot.     See  Sioot. 

Ess'-ling-en,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Wurtemberg,  in  Germany.  Lat 
48°  44'  N.,  Lon.  9°  19'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Es'-te  or  es'-ta  (Anc.  Ates'te),  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  15  m.  S.  W.  of 
Padua.  This  little  place,  the  pop.  of  which  does  not  exceed  9,000,  (B.), 
is  chiefly  remarkable  for  having  given  its  name  to  the  house  of  Este, 
whose  princes  subsequently  resided  at  Ferrara,  and  acted  so  conspi- 
cuous a  part  in  the  history  of  Italy  during  the  middle  ages. 

Es-tho'-nj-a,  a  prov.  of  European  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  the  Baltic,  and  Lake  Peipus. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Es-tho'-nj.-an. 

Es'-till,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Kentucky  r. 
Pop.  5,985.     Co.  t.  Irvine. 

Estremadura,  es-tra-ma-doo^-ra,  a  prov.  in  the  W.  part  of  Spain, 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Salamanca,  E.  by  New  Castile,  S.  by  Andalusia, 
and  W.  by  Portugal.  Its  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  180  m.;  its 
average  breadth  about  90  m.  Badajoz  is  the  capital.  The  name  Es- 
tremadura is  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Latin  extrema  ora  (extreme 
region),  it  being  the  farthest  and  latest  conquest  of  Alonzo  IX.  over  the 
Moors,  in  the  13th  century. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Es-tre-me'-nj.-an.  The 
Spanish  EsTREMEfios,  es-tra-mane'-yoce,  is  also  sometimes  employed  by 
English  writers  to  designate  the  inhabitants. 

Estremadura,  a  prov.  of  Portugal,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Beyra,  E. 


216  EST— EUR 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  orpine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

by  Beyra  and  Alentejo,  S.  by  Alentejo,  and  W.  by  the  Atlantic. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.  about  140  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W. 
85  m.     Capital,  Lisbon. 

Estremoz,  esN-tra-moze^,  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Portugal, 
situated  in  Alentejo.  Lat.  38°  54'  N.,  Lon.  7°  24'  W.  Pop.  about 
5,000.     (B.) 

Eszek,  es^-sek.  (Anc.  MWsa  or  Mur^sia,)  a  royal  free  t.,  the  cap.  of 
Austrian  Sclavonia,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Drave,  a  little  above  its 
entrance  into  the  Danube.  Mursia  was  founded  in  the  year  125,  by 
the  emperor  Adrian.  The  present  town  is  regularly. fortified,  and  has 
barracks  and  casemates,  capable,  it  is  said,  of  lodging  30,000  persons. 
Lat.  45°  34'  N.,  Lon.  18°  42'  E.     Pop.  10.000.     (B.) 

Etampes,  av-taMp'.  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Seine  and  Oise,  28  m.  S.  W.  of  Paris.     Pop.  in  1832,  8,109.     (P.  C.) 

Etienne,  Saint,  sa.Nt  etv-e-enn^,  an  important  t.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Loire.  Its  increase,  of  late  years,  has  been  very  great.  The 
town  owes  its  prosperity  to  its  situation  in  the  coal  district,  though  the 
colliers  belong  rather  to  the  neighbourhood,  than  to  the  t.  itself.  The 
coal  is  abundant,  and  of  good  quality.  St.  Etienne  has  some  important 
manufactures,  especially  in  hardware.  Fire-arms  are  made  here  on  a 
more  extensive  scale  than  in  any  other  town  in  France.  Lat.  45°  26s 
N.,  Lon.  4°  23' E.     Pop.,  including  that  of  the  suburbs,  52,000.  (B.) 

Et^-o-wAh  (generally  called  HI^-tow-ah,  and  sometimes  written 
Hightower),  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
Coosa. 

Eu,  vh}  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  91  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Paris.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  strong  and  flourishing  place,  but 
it  has  since  sunk  into  decay.  The  massive  ruins  of  the  walls  and  towers 
still  remain.     Pop.  in  1832,  3,356.     (P.  C.) 

Eupen,  oi'-pen,  (called  Neau,  na'-6',  by  the  French),  a  flourishing  t. 
in  the  Prussian  prov.  of  the  Lower  Rhine.  Lat.  50°  39'  N.,  Lon.  about 
6°  E.     Pop.  about  11,300.     (P.  C.) 

Euphrates,  u-fra-tez,  (Turk.  Frat,)  a  large  r.  of  W.  Asia,  which  is 
formed  near  39°  N.  Lat.,  and  39°  E.  Lon.,  by  the  union  of  two  rivers, 
to  both  of  which  the  name  of  Frat  is  occasionally  applied ;  viz.,  the 
Moorad  (Murad),  or  S.  branch,  and  the  Kara  Soo  (Su),  or  N.  branch  of 
the  Euphrates.  The  Kara  Soo.  or  the  Frat,  properly  speaking,  rises 
N.  of  Erzroom,  in  about  40°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  41°  30'  E.  Lon.  The 
upper  portion  of  the  Euphrates  has  a  very  circuitous  course,  but  its 
general  direction  is  about  S.  E.  It  joins  the  Tigris  in  about  31°  N. 
Lat.,  and  47°  E.  Lon.,  to  form  the  Shatt-el-Arab.  Its  whole  length  is 
estimated  at  1.360  m.  One  of  the  steamers  in  the  Euphrates  expedi- 
tion of  1836,  7,  and  8,  ascended  as  far  as  Beer  (Bir),  about  37°  N.  Lat, 
and  38°  E.  Lon. 

Eure,  ure,  or  itr,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on 
fhe  Seine,  and  intersected  by  the  Eure,  one  of  the  tributaries  of  that  r. 
Pop.  424,762.  (B.)     Capital,  Evreux. 

Eure  and  Loir  (Fr.  Eure-et-Loir,  UR-a-lwaR),  a  dep.  in  the  N.  W. 


EUR— EXE  217 

fla,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

central  part  of  France,  on  the  sources  of  the  Eure  and  the  Loir,  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Sarthe.     Pop.  285,058.  (B.)     Capital,  Chartres. 

Europe,  u'-rup,  one  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  globe,  forming  the 
north-western  part  of  the  old  continent,  of  which  it  occupies  a  little 
more  than  two-seventeenths.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Frozen 
Ocean ;  the  boundary  between  it  and  Asia  is  formed  by  the  r.  Kara, 
the  Uralian  Mountains,  the  r.  Ural,  the  Caspian  Sea,  Mount  Caucasus, 
the  Black  Sea,  the  Bosporus,  the  Sea  of  Marmora,  the  Strait  of  the 
Dardanelles,  and  the  Grecian  Archipelago;  on  the  S.  it  is  bounded  by 
the  Mediterranean,  which  separates  it  from  Africa;  and  on  the  W.  by 
the  North  Atlantic,  which  divides  it  from  North  America.  The  most 
northern  point  of  the  European  continent  is  Cape  Nord  Kyn,  in  Lat, 
71°  6'  N. :  Cape  North,  in  71°  10'  N.  Lat,  commonly  regarded  as  the 
nortliera  extremity  of  Europe,  is  en  the  island  Mageroe.  The  most 
southern  is  the  point  of  Tarita,  in  Spain,  Lat.  30°  2'  N. ;  the  most  east- 
ern is  on  the  Uralian  Mountains,  W.  of  Ekatarinburg,  Lon.  60°  20' E.; 
and  the  most  western  is  Cape  Roca,  in  Portugal,  Lon.  -9°  -30'  W.  Its 
extreme  length,  from  Cape  St.  Vincent,  in  Spain,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
r.  Kar$,  dees  not  much  exceed  3,000  m.  A  line  drawn  from  Cape 
Mutapan,  in  Greece,  to  Cape  Nord  Kyn,  would  measure  2,400  in.  The 
whole  area  of  this  part  of  the  globe  is  computed  at  3,708,871  sq,  m.; 
the  pop.  at  252,589,972.      Adjective  and  inhab.  Eu-ro-pe'-an. 

Eutin,  oi-teen',  a  small  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Olden- 
burg, on  a  Jake  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  54°  8'  N.,  Lon.  10°  39'  E. 
Pop.  2,700.     (B.) 

EuxiNE.     See  Blacjk  Sejl. 

Eve.s/-ham,  a  t  of  England,  in  Worcestershire,  15  m.  S.  E.  of  Wor- 
cester.    Pop.,  including  an  area  of  above  3  sq.  m.,  4,245. 

Ev'-o-ra,  or  -i/-vo-ra  (Anc.  Eb'ora),  an  archjepiseopal  t.  of  Portugal; 
in  Alente^o,  interesting  for  its  antiquity  and  historical  remembrances. 
Lat.  38°  38' N.,  Lon.  7°  58'  E.     Pop.  9.000.     (R) 

Evreux,  ts^-rvh'  (Anc.  Medie4a'num,  afterwards  Eburovices,)  a  t 
of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Eure,  57  m,  W.  by  N.  of  Paris.  I>, 
was  anciently  the  capital  of  the  Aulerci  Eburovices,  whence  it  was 
afterwards  called  Eburovices  and  Ebroicse,  from  which  the  present 
name  is  derived.  Here  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  aqueduct,  and 
some  otl>er  Roman  antiquities,  Lat.  49°  2'  N.,  Lon.  1°  T  E.  Pop 
10,000.     (B.) 

Ex'-e-ter  (Anc.  Is'ca),  a  city  of  England,  the  cap.  of  Devonshire, 
situated  on  the  little  r.  Ex,  44  m.  N.  E.  of  Plymouth.  It  appears  to 
have  been  a  Roman  station  of  some  importance.  In  the  reign  of  i\lfred 
it  was  called  Exan-cestre  (the  castle  of  the  Ex),  of  which  the  present 
name  is  a  corruption.  Before  the  Norman  conquest,  this  place  wTas  the 
residence  of  the  West  Saxon  kings,  Exeter  forms  a  county  of  itself. 
containing  only  1,800  acres,  Lat.  50°  44'  N.,  Lon.  3°  32'  W.  Pop. 
31,312. 

Exeter,  a  t.  of  N.  H.,  in  Rockingham  co.,  12  m.  S.  W,  of  Ports- 
19 


218  EYA— FAL 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  p!n ;  no,  not ;  oo  as  In  good ; 

mouth,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Piscataqua, 
Lat.  42°  58'  N.,  Lon.  70°  55'  W.    Pop.  3,329. 

Eyalet,  I-ya7-let,  ^sometimes  written  ejalet7)  a  Turkish  name,  equiva- 
lent to  a  principality,  used  to  designate  a  pashalic  of  the  most  extensive 
kind. 

Faenza,  fa-en'-za,  (Anc.  Faven/tia)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State, 
19  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Ravenna,  connected  by  a  naviglio  (na-veey-yo),  or 
navigable  canal,  with  the  southernmost  branch  of  the  Po.  Among  its 
various  manufactures,  we  may  mention  a  species  of  coloured  and  glazed 
earthenware,  formerly  in  great  repute,  called  by  the  French  FaienceT 
from  the  name  of  this  town.  Lat.  44°  17'  30"  N.;  Lon.  11°  52'  E.  Pop. 
14,000.     (B.) 

Fahlun.     See  Falun. 

FiEROE  (fV-ro,  or  fa'-ro-e)  Islands,  a  group  of  small  islands,  about 
200  m.  N.  W.  of  the  Shetland  Isles,  between  61°  and  63°  N.  Lat..  and 
6°  and  8°  W.  Lon.  There  are  in  all  22,  with  an  aggregate  area  of 
about  494  sq.  m.     Pop.  about  58,000.     (P.  C.) 

Fa'j(oom,  f  i-oom^,  a  prov.  of  Egypt,  between  29°  and  30°  N.  Lat. , 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  Valley  of  the  Nile,  and  on  the  N.W.  by- 
Lake  Birket-el-Keroon. 

Fair/-fax,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  District 
of  Columbia.     Pop.  10,682.  Seat  of  justice,  Fairfax  c.  h. 

Fair'-field,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Conn.,  bordering 
on  Long  Island  Sound.  Pop.  59,775.  Co.  towns.  Fairfield  and  Dan- 
bury. 

Fairfield,  a  port  of  entry  and  seat  of  justice  of  the  above  co.,  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  Long  Island  Sound,  21  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  New 
Haven.     Pop.  3,614. 

Fairfield,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Broad  and  Wateree  rivers.     Pop.  21,404.     Co.  t.  Winnsborough. 

Fairfield,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  30,264.     Co.  t.  I^aneaster. 

Falaise,  fa'-laze',  a  manufacturing  I.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Cal- 
vados.    Lat.  48°  53'  N.,  Lon.  0°  14'  W.     Pop.  9,419.     (P.  C.) 

Fal'-kirk,  a  t.  of  Stirlingshire,  Scotland,  24  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Edin- 
burgh.    Pop.  8,209. 

Falk'-land  Islands  are  situated  in  the  S.  Atlantic,  between  51°  10' 
and  52°  25'  S.  Lat.,  and  57°  40'  and  61°  20'  W.  Lon.  There  are  two 
large  ones,  and,  it  is  said,  above  90  smaller  ones.  They  are  in  posses- 
sion of  the  English. 

Fall  River,  a  port  of  entry  of  Mass.,  in  Bristol  co.,  on  Fall  r.,  at  its 
entrance  into  an  arm  of  Narragansett  Bay.     Pop.  13,200. 

Fal'-mouth,  a  seaport  t.  of  Cornwall,  England,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  r.  Fal  or  Fale,  whence  it  derives  its  name.  Lat.  50°  8'  N.,  Lon. 
5°  3'  W.     Pop.  4,844. 

Fal'-ster,  a  fertile  i.  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Denmark.     It  lies 


FAL— FAY  219 

Oft,  %s  m  ®ur  ;  tb,,  as  in  tlim  ,•  tk,  as  in  #iw  ;  n,  nearly  like  w^r. 

S.  of  Zealand,  between  54°  30'  and  54°  58'  N.  Lat..  and  11°  45'  and 
12°  11'  E.  Lon.  It  is  about  25  m.  long  and  16  m,  wide.  Area  177  sq.  m. 
Pop.  about  17,500.     (R  C.) 

Falun  or  Fahlun,  faMoon,  a  t.  of  Sweden,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Dalecarlia.  In  the  middle  of  this  town  is  the  famous  copper-mine  of 
Falun,  which  is  an  immense  abysS,  1.200  ft.  across,  and  as  many  in 
depth.  The  daylight  from  above  is  sufficient  for  the  operations  of  the 
(miners,  se  that  they  are  not  obliged  to  use  lamps  or  -candles,  as  in  other 
deep  mines.  Not  only  copper,  but  also  silver  and  gold  are  obtained 
here.     Lat.  60°  35'  N.,  Lon.  15°  35'  E.     Pop.  about  4,000.     (B.) 

Fano,  t¥-no,  a  seaport  t  of  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  with  an  extensive 
commerce.     Lat  43°  51'  N.,  Lon.  13°  E.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Faro,  fa'-ro,  a  seaport  t.  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Portugal,  in  the 
prov.  of  Algarve.    Lat.  36°  59'  N.,  Lon.  7°  5i'  W.    Pop.  above  8,000. 

(BO 

Faro.     See  F^eroe. 

Fars  or  Farsistan,  farsN-is-tan',  a  prov.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Persia, 
bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf     Shiraz  is  the  chief  town. 

Fauquier,  feu-keer',  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  oart  of  Va.,  VV.  of  Washing- 
ton.    Pop.  20,868.     Co,  t.  VVarrenton. 

Fayal,  f  i-iVj  one  of  the  Azores,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38° 
35'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  28°  40'  W.  Lon.  It  is  about  15  m 
long,  and  nearly  as  broad.  Its  chief  town,  Horta,  sometimes,  but  im- 
properly, called  Fayal,  is  in  38°  31'  N.  Lat.,  and  28°  42'  W.  Lon.,  and 
has  near  10,000  inhabitants.     (B.) 

Fav-ette',  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
39,112.     Co.  t  Union. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Great  Kanawha  r.  Pop. 
3,955.     Seat  of  justice,  Fayette  c.  h. 

Favette.  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ga..  on  the  sources  of 
Flint  r.     Pop.  8,709.     Co.  t.  Fayette ville. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Mississippi 
Pop.  9,681.     Seat  of  justice,  Fayette  c.  h. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Mississippi. 
Pop.  26,719.     Co.  t.  Somerville. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the 
Kentucky  r.     Pop.  22,735.     Co.  t.  Lexington. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  Ohio,  S.  W.  of  Columbus.  Pop.  12,726.  Co.  t. 
Washington. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  White 
WTater  r.     Pop.  10,217.  Co.  t.  Connersville. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  I11.7  intersected  by  the  Kas- 
kaskia  r.     Pop.  8,075.     Co.  t  Vandalia. 

Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  a  little  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  825. 

Fay'-ette-villex,  a  flourishing  t.  of  N.  C,  the  cap.  of  Cumberland 
co.,  situated  on  Cape  Fear  r.,  near  the  head  of  navigation,  about  50  m. 
S  by  W.  of  Raleigh.     Pop.  about  6,000. 


220  FAY— FEZ 

F&te,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ,  oo  ag  m  good ; 

Fayoum  or  Fyum.     See  Fajqom. 

Feejee  Islands.     See  Fiji. 

Feliciana,  fe-lis'-se-an'-a,  East,  a  parish  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  La,> 
bordering-  on  Mississippi.     Pop.  13,598.     Seat  of  justice,  Jackson. 

Feliciana,  West,  a  parish  of  La.,,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  La.,  lying 
W.  of  the  above,  and  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r.  Pop.  1-3,245,  Seat 
of  justice,  St.  Francisville. 

Fem'-ern,  a  small  i.  of  Denmark,  in  the  Baltic,  opposite  to  the  coast 
of  Holstein,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  54°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  the 
meridian  of  11°  10^  E.  Lon.     Pop.  7-600.     (E.  G.) 

Fen^-tress,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E,  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ken- 
tucky.    Po.  4454.     Co.  t.  Jamestown. 

Fere  la,  la  faRe,  a  fortified  1  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  on 
the  Oise,  with  an  ancient  school  of  artillery,  and  an  arsenal.  Lat.  49° 
40'  N..  Lon.  3°  20'  E. 

Fer-man'-agh,  an  inland  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ireland,  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  the  prov.  of  Ulster.     Pop.  149,763.     (P.  C.) 

Fermo,  fcR^-mo,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State, 
built  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Firmnm,  with  a  university  and  7,000 
inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  43°  10'  N.,  Lon.  13°  42'  E. 

Fer-moy^,  a  t.  and  military  station  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Cork, 
situated  on  the  Blackwater  r.  Lat.  52°  8'  N.,  Lon.  8°  18'  W.  Pop., 
including  the  garrison,  6,976.     (P.  C.) 

Ferrara,  fer-ra'-ra,  the  most  northern  prov.  of  the  Papal  State,  bor- 
dering on  the  Adriatic.     Pop.  205,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ferrara,  a  fortified  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Italy,  the  cap.  of  the  above 
prov.,  is  situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Po.  Among  its  scientific  and  lite- 
rary establishments,  the  university,  with  its  library  of  above  80,000  vols., 
deserves  particular  mention.  Here  are  reposited  the  autographs  of 
Ariosto,  Tasso,  and  Guarini.  The  first  of  these  celebrated  poets  was 
born  in  this  town.  Ferrara  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  inde- 
pendent princes  of  the  house  of  Este,  and  was  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished seats  of  literature  in  Italy.  Its  population  then  exceeded 
60,000.  Lat.  44°  50'  N.,  Lon.  11°  36'  E.  Present  pop.  about  24,000. 
(B.) 

Fer^-ro  (Sp.  Hierro,  yeV-ro),  a  small  i.  belonging  to  the  group  of 
Canaries,  with  an  area  of  about  10  sq,  leagues.  It  is  important  from 
the  circumstance  that  longitudes  were  formerly  reckoned  from  a  meri- 
dian drawn  through  its  western  extremity.  At  present,  however,  what 
is  called  the  meridian  of  Ferro,  is  placed  about  30'  E.  of  the  island  of 
Ferro,  and  20°  W.  of  the  meridian  of  Paris.  Lat.  of  the  centre  of  the 
island,  about  27°  45'  N.,  Lon.  18°  10'  W. 

Ferrol,  fer-role',  a  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  an  arm  of  the 
bay  of  Betanzos.  This  place  is  one  of  the  three  royal  dock-yards  of 
Spain.  The  entrance  of  its  harbour,  which  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Eu- 
rope, is  defended  by  strong  batteries.  Lat.  43°  29'  30"  N.,  Lon.  8°  15 
W.    Pop.  about  13,000.     (B.) 

Fez  or  Fas.  a  kingdom  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Africa,  subject  to  Mo- 


FEZ— FIN  221 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  tii,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

rocco.  Also  the  cap.  of  the  above,  the  most  important  t.  in  the  empire 
of  Morocco,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  r.  Seboo  (Sebou).  The  houses 
are  mostly  of  brick ;  the  streets  are  paved,  but  narrow,  crooked,  and 
very  dirty.  Its  schools  are  much  celebrated.  The  river  Seboo  is 
navigable  for  boats  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Fez.  Lat.  34°  6'  N.,  Lon. 
5°  1'  W.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi,  at  80,000. 

Fezzan,  fez-zan',  a  prov.  of  N.  Africa,  belonging  to  Tripoli,  situated 
between  24°  and  31°  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  and  18°  E.  Lon.  It  consists  of 
an  assemblage  of  oases,  which  present  the  largest  population  of  any 
part  of  the  Great  Desert     Moorzook  is  the  capital. — Inhab.  Fezv- 

ZAN-EER^. 

Fichtelgebirge,  fiKMel-ga-beeV-Ge&,(i.  e.  Pine  Mountains)  an  irre- 
gular mountain  mass,  situated  principally  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Bavaria. 

Fiesole,  fyes'-o-la*  (Anc.  Fse^sulse,)  a  small  t.  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany, 
4  m.  E.  of  Florence,  remarkable  for  its  magnificent  view  of  the  Val 
d'  Arno,  and  for  its  remains  of  antiquity. 

Fife'-shire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Scotland,  between  the  Frith  of 
Forth  and  the  Frith  of  Tay.     Pop.  140,140. 

Fur,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Fee'-jee,  but  called,  by  the 
natives,  Viti,  vee'-tee.  The  Fiji  Islands  are  a  group  in  the  Pacific, 
situated  between  16°  and  20°  S.  Lat.  and  near  the  180°  meridian ;  the 
largest  is  the  Sandalwood  Island.  These  islands  abound  in  fruits  and 
timber.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  of  mixed  races,  are  represented  as 
perfidious  and  daring. 

Finistkre,  fin'-is'-taRe^,  a  dep.  occupying  the  W.  extremity  of 
France,  lying  N.  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  The  name  is  from  the  Latin 
finis  terrcB,  which  is  equivalent  to  the  English  "  Land's-end."  Pop. 
546.955.  (B.)     Capital,  Quimper. 

Finistere,  (Sp.  Finistierra,  fm-is-te-er'-ra,)  a  cape  forming  the  W. 
extremity  of  Spain.  Lat.  42°  54'  N.,  Lon.  9°  16'  W.  The  name  Fi- 
nistere is  French,  and  should  be  pronounced  like  that  of  the  above 
department. 

Fin'-land,  a  country  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Russia  ;  bounded  on  the 
S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  and  on  the  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia.  The 
Russian  government  of  Finland  extends  considerably  beyond  the  limits 
of  Finland  proper,  and  includes  a  part  of  Lapland. — Adj.  Fin-nish  and 
Fin'-nic  :  inhab.  Fin,  and  sometimes  Fin'-lan-der. 

Finland,  Gulf  of,  an  arm  of  the  Baltic, '  which  extends  in  an 
easterly  direction.  It  is  about  260  m.  long ;  its  greatest  breadth  is 
about  75  m. 


*  "  And  let  us  from  the  top  of  Fiesole, 

Whence  Galileo's  glass,  by  night  observed, 
The  phases  of  the  moon,  look  round  below, 

On  Arno's  vale — ." 

Rogers'  Italy,  Part  First,  XXII. 

Milton  writes  it  Fesole.    See  Paradise  Lost,  Book  I.,  line  289. 

19* 


222  FIN— FLO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good ; 

Fin'-mark,  a  prov.  occupying  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Scandinavian 
peninsula. 

Fish  River,  Great,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Africa,  which  flows  into 
the  Indian  Ocean,  in  Lat.  about  33°  26'  S.,  Lon.  27°  4'  E. 

Fiume,  fyoo'-ma,  a  t.  and  free  port  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Illyria, 
the  cap,  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Fiumara  (fyoo-ma'-ra)  into  the  Gulf  of  Quarnaro,  in  the  Adriatic. 
Lat.  45°  20'  N.,  Lon.  14°  26'  E.     Pop.  above  9,000.     (B.) 

Flan'-ders,  (Fr.  Flandre,  flaNdr,)  a  country  of  Europe,  constituting 
the  western  portion  of  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  and  divided  into  two 
provinces,  East  and  West  Flanders.  The  latter  borders  on  the  North 
Sea.  It  contained,  in  1836,  615,904  inhabitants.  Bruges  is  the  chief 
town.  East  Flanders  is  E.  of  the  above,  and  bordering  on  it;  its  popu- 
lation, in  1832,  was  742,793.  Capital,  Ghent. — Adj.  Flem'-ish,  inhab. 
Flem'-ing. 

Fleming,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Licking  r. 
Pop.  13,914.     Co.  t.  Flemingsburg. 

Flens^-burg  or  Flensborg,  flensMxmg,  a  seaport  t.  of  Denmark, 
situated  on  an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  near  the  centre  of  the  duchy  of  Sles- 
wig.  Its  manufactures  and  commerce  are  more  flourishing  than  those 
of  any  other  town  in  Jutland.  Lat.  54°  47'  N.,  Lon.  9°  28'  E.  Pop. 
about  16,000.     (B.) 

Flint  River,  a  r.  of  Ga.,  which  unites  with  the  Chattahoochee  to 
form  the  Appalachicola.  It  is  about  300  m.  long,  and  is  navigable  for 
boats  about  50  m. 

Funt'-shire,  a  co.  occupying  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Wales,  and 
bordering  on  the  r.  Dee.     Pop.  66,919. 

Flor'-ence,  (It.  Firenze,  fe-ren'-za,  or  Fiorenza,  fe-o-ren^-za :  Anc. 
Floren'tia.)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Italy,  the  cap.  of  the  grand-duchy  of 
Tuscany,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  r.  Arno,  in  the  midst  of  the 
delightful  and  highly  cultivated  Valdarno  (or  Val  d'  Arno,  i.  e.  "  Vale 
of  the  Arno"),  about  145  m.  N.  by.  W.  from  Rome.  It  is,  on  the  whole, 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  Europe,  though  many  of  the  streets 
are  narrow,  and  the  architecture  of  several  of  its  palaces  reminds  one 
of  the  fortresses  built  in  the  middle  ages.  The  churches  of  Florence 
are  among  the  most  magnificent  in  Christendom ;  Santa  Maria  del 
Fiore,  (sanM,a  ma-ree^-a  del  fe-o'-ra)  called  also  the  Duomo,*  (doo-o^- 
mo,)  deserves  particular  mention.  Its  dome  will  bear  a  comparison 
with  that  of  St.  Peters,  at  Rome,  and  actually  served  as  a  model  to 
Michael  Angelo  for  erecting  the  magnificent  cupola  of  that  far-famed 
cathedral.  The  Tuscan  capital  contains  numerous  institutions  for  the 
promotion  of  the  arts,  sciences,  and  literature,  among  which  we  may 
cite  the  Imperial  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Medical  and  Surgical 
College  attached  to  the  Hospital  of  Santa  Maria  Nuova  (nooV-va),  and 
the  gallery  of  paintings  and  the  library,  in  the  palace  Pitti  (pit'-te), 


*  i  e.  "  cathedral.' 


FLO— FLO  223 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  residence  of  the  grand-duke.  This  library  contains  70,000  printed 
vols,  and  1,500  manuscripts;  among  others,  the  correspondence  of  Ma- 
chievelli  and  Galileo.  There  is  another  library  in  the  Palazzo  Vech- 
chio*  (pa-lat'-so  vek'-ke-o)  or  the  town-house,  which  was  anciently  the 
seat  of  the  government  of  the*Florentine  republic,  containing  150,000 
printed  vols,  and  12,000  manuscripts.  In  the  same  building  there  is 
contained  one  of  the  richest  existing  collections  of  sculptures,  paint- 
ings, medals,  and  other  works  of  art.  Florence  holds  a  conspicuous 
place  in  the  history  of  modern  Italy.  It  was  founded  by  a  colony  of 
soldiers,  sent  out  by  Octavius,  afterwards  the  first  Roman  emperor.  It 
does  not  appear  to  have  attained  to  any  very  great  importance  till  in  the 
early  part  of  the  12th  century,  when,  like  the  other  towns  of  Tuscany, 
it  began  to  govern  itself  as  an  independent  republic.  Soon  after  it 
became  distinguished  as  the  principle  theatre  of  the  famous  contest 
between  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibelines.  It  remained  in  the  enjoyment 
of  a  precarious  and  turbulent  liberty,  interrupted  occasionally  by  tem- 
porary subjection  to  some  of  the  more  powerful  neighbouring  states,  till 
about  the  year  1434,  when  the  house  of  Medici  began  to  exercise  the 
chief  authority  in  the  commonwealth.  The  republican  forms,  however, 
continued  to  be  respected  during  the  administration  of  the  first  house 
of  Medici ;  but  the  foreign  wars,  which  desolated  Italy  in  the  16th  cen- 
tury, at  length  effected  the  fall  of  the  Florentine  republic;  and  the  first 
line  having  become  extinct,  a  member  of  a  lateral  branch  of  the  Medici 
was  placed  by  Charles  V.  as  duke  of  Florence.  The  Observatory  of 
Santo  Giovanni  (san'-to  jo-van'-ne)  is  in  43°  46'  41"  N.  Lat,  and  11°  15' 
54"  E.  Lon.  The  pop.  of  Florence,  including  the  whole  commune, 
amounts  to  106,890.  Adjective  and  inhab.  Flor'-en-tine,  (It.  Fioren- 
tino,  fe-o-ren-tee^-no). 

Fix/-res,  an  i.  belonging  to  the  Azorian  group,  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  39°  36'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  31°  7'  W.  Lon.  It  is 
about  13  m.  long,  and  7  m.  wide.  Its  name  is  derived  from  the  multi- 
tude of  flowers  with  which  it  abounds. 

Flores,  sometimes  called  En'-de,  an  i.  of  Malaisia,  situated  between 
8°  and  9°  20'  S.  Lat.,  and  119°  30'  and  123°  E.  Lon.  It  is  above  200  m. 
long,  and  about  50  m.  wide.  Little  is  known  to  Europeans  respecting 
the  aboriginal  inhabitants.  The  coast  is  mostly  colonized  by  the  Bugis 
and  Malays. 

Flour,  Saint,  s3nx  Aoor^,  (rhyming  with  poor,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Cantal.  Lat.  45°  2'  N.,  Lon.  3°  6'  E.  Pop.  in  1832,  5,813. 
(P.  C.) 

Flor'-x-da,  lately  a  territory,  but  admitted  during  the  present  session 
of  Congress  (1844-5)  into  the  Union  as  a  sovereign  state,  is  situated 
between  24°  40'  and  31°  N.  Lat.,  and  79°  56'  and  87°  46'  W.  Lon. , 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Alabama  and  Georgia,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  and 

*  Literally,  the  "  old  palace." 


224  FLO— FON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

S.  and  W.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico ;  it  contains  28  counties.*  Its  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  from  Cape  Sable  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  r.5  is  about 
400  m.;  breadth  of  the  northern  part,  354  m. ;  greatest  breadth  of  the 
peninsula,  172  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  55,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  87,401, 
of  whom  47,167  are  whites,  925  free  coloured,  and  39,309  slaves.  Ponce 
de  Leon  discovered  this  country  in  1512,  on  Palm  Sunday  (called  in 
Spanish  Pasqua  Florida),  and  from  this  circumstance  bestowed  upon  it 
its  present  appellation.  During  a  great  part  of  the  16th  century,  the 
name  was  applied  indefinitely  to  the  S.  E.  coast  of  N.  America,  but 
was  finally  restricted  to  what  now  constitutes  the  state  of  Florida. 
That  portion  which  lies  W.  of  the  r.  Appalachicola,  was  formerly  de- 
signated West  Florida;  the  remainder,  including  the  peninsula,  East 
Florida. 

Floyd,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Blue 
Ridge.     Pop.  6,458.     Seat  of  justice,  Floyd  c.  h. 

Floyd,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Alabama.  Pop. 
8,205.     Co.  t.  Rome. 

Floyd,  a  co.  near  the  E.  extremity  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  W. 
Fork  of  the  Sandy  r.     Pop.  5,714.     Co.  t.  Prestonsburg. 

Floyd,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  14,875.  Co.  t.  New  Albany. 

Flush'-ing  (Dutch  Vlis'-sing-en),  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Holland, 
in  the  prov.  of  Zealand,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  i.  of  Walcheren,  remark- 
able for  its  harbour,  its  extensive  dock-yards,  and  its  fine  basins,  one  of 
which  is  sufficiently  deep  to  receive  the  largest  ships  of  war.  Lat.  51° 
27'  N.,  Lon.  3°  35'  E.     Pop.  above  6;000.     (P.  C.) 

Flu-van^-na,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r. 
Pop.  9,487.     Co.  t.  Palmyra. 

Fohr,  or  Fosr^-de,  a  Danish  i.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Sleswick.  with  an 
area  of  25  sq.  m.  and  5,000  inhabitants.     (P.  C.) 

Foggia,  foj7-j-a,  an  important  commercial  t.  of  Naples,  the  cap.  of  the 
prov.  of  Capitanata,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  vast  plain,  78  m.  N.  E.  of 
Naples.     Lat.  41°  27  N.,  Lon.  15°  30'  E.     Pop.  about  21,000.     (B.) 

Foix,  fwa,  a  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Ariege,  and  the 
ancient  residence  of  the  counts  of  Foix,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Ariege. 
Lat.  42°  58'  N.,  Lon.  1°  36'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Fond  du  Lac.  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  L.  Winnebago.     Pop.  14,468. 

Fondi,  fon'-de,  (Anc.  Fun'di,)  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Terra 
di  Lavoro,  remarkable  for  its  antiquities.  Parts  of  the  pavement  of 
the  celebrated  Appian  Way  (via  Appia),  which  forms  the  principal 
street  of  Fondi,  are  here  preserved  in  their  primitive  state.  Lat.  41° 
21'  N.,  Lon.  13°  25'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Fontainebleau,  f6Nv-taneN-bl6'?  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine 

*  Alachua,  Benton,  Calhoun,  Columbia,  Dade,  Duval,  Escambia,  Franklin, 
Gadsden,  Hamilton,  Hillsborough,  Holmes,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  St.  John's,  Leon, 
Levy,  Lucia  St.,  Madison,  Marion,  Monroe,  Nassau,  Orange,  Putnam,  Santa 
Rosa,  Wakulla,  Walton,  Washington. 


TON— FOR  225 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  tliis  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

and  Marne,  35  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  noble 
forest,  (called,  from  the  name  of  the  town,  the  Forest  of  Fontainebleau,) 
which  occupies  an  extent  of  more  than  41,000  acres.  Here  is  a  mag- 
nificent royal  chateau,  erected  by  Francis  I.,  and  considerably  embel- 
lished by  succeeding  princes.  Lat.  48°  24'  N.,  Lon.  2°  42'  E.  Pop. 
about  8,000.     (B.) 

Font  Arabia,  fonN-ta-ra/-be-a,  (Sp.  Fuenterabia,  fwen^-ta-ra-bee^-a,)  a 
small  fortified  t.  of  Biscay,  in  Spain,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Bid-as-so'-a,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  France  and 
Spain.  It  is  chiefly  interesting  on  account  of  its  historical  associa- 
tions.    Lat.  43°  22'  N.,  Lon.  1°  47'  W.— Adj.  Fon-ta-ra'-bj-an. 

Fontenay,  foNtN-n-y,  the  largest  and  most  commercial  t.  in  the  dep. 
of  Vendee,  in  France,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Vendee.  Lat.  46°  29'  N., 
Lon.  0°  47'  W.     Pop.  in  1832,  6,388.     (P.  C.) 

Foo^-lah  (or  Foulah).  The  Foolahs  are  a  nation  widely  spread  along 
the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  occupying  the  countries  N.  of  C.  Palmas  as  far 
as  the  banks  of  the  r.  Senegal.  Their  principal  kingdoms  are  Foota  Torof 
Bondoo,  Fooladoo,  Kaarta  Ludamer,  and  Casson.  The  Foolahs,  especially 
those  who  inhabit  the  countries  which  border  on  the  Moorish  territories, 
approach  nearer  to  Europeans  in  their  complexion  and  general  features, 
than  any  of  the  other  tribes  of  W.  Africa,  except  the  Moors.  Those  of 
Bondoo  are  described  as  being  of  the  middle  size,  well  made,  and  very 
active,  with  hair  less  short  and  woolly  than  that  of  the  negroes.  In 
speaking  of  the  negro  nations,  they  always  rank  themselves  with 
the  white  people. 

For'-far,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Forfarshire,  situated  in  the  great 
valley  of  Strathmore,  15  m.  N.  by  E.  from  Dundee-  Lat.  56°  39'  N., 
Lon.  2°  50'  W.     Pop.  8,362. 

For'-far-shire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the 
sea  and  the  Frith  of  Tay.     Pop.  170,520. 

Forli,  foR-lee',  (Anc.  Folium  Liv/ii,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State, 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  44°  13' N.,  Lon.  12°  3'E.  Pop. 
16,000.     (B.) 

Formentera,  foR-men-t&/-ra,  (Anc.  Ophiu^sa,)  one  of  the  Balearic 
islands,  lying  S.  of  Ivica,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  channel  5  m. 
broad.     Its  length  is  about  14  m. 

For-mo^-sa  (called,  by  the  Chinese,  Tai'-wan  or  Taywan,  ti-w&n'), 
a  large  i.  in  the  Chinese  Sea,  lying  between  21°  50'  and  25°  30'  N. 
Lat,  and  120°  20'  and  122°  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  250  m.;  its 
greatest  breadth  about  70  m.  It  is  important,  on  account  of  its  fine 
harbours,  its  timber,  and  other  productions.  On  the  W.  coast  is  the 
Chinese  town  of  Tai-wan ;  the  eastern  part  is  inhabited  by  independent 
savages. 

Forsyth,  for-sim',  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee.    Pop.  8,850.     Co.  t.  Gumming. 

FORTAVENTURA.       (See  FUERTA VENTURA.) 

Forth,  a  r.  of  Scotland,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  between  Loch 
Katrine  and  Loch  Lomond,  and,  flowing  in  an  easterly  direction,  falls 


226  FOR— FRA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good; 

into  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Its  length,  following-  all  its  sinuosities,  is 
stated  to  be  above  60  m. 

Forth.  Frith  of.  After  the  r.  Forth  is  joined  by  the  Devon,  on  the 
N.  it  begins  to  widen,  and  gradually  assumes  the  appearance  of  a  bay. 
This  bay,  called  the  Frith  of  Forth,  is  about  50  m.  long,  and,  where 
"widest,  is  near  15m.  broad. 

Fossano,  fos-sa'-no,  a  walled  t.  of  Piedmont,  situated  near  the  r. 
Stura,  on  the  Naviglio  Nuovo  (na-veel^yo  noo-o^-vo).  or  new  canal, 
which  connects  the  Stura  with  the  Po.  It  has  a  royal  academy  of 
Belles  Lettres.     Lat.  44°  36'  N.,  Lon.  7°  51'  E.     Pop.  12,500.     (P.  C.) 

Fougeres,  fbov-zhaRe^,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Ilk  and  Vilaine,  160  m.  VV.  by  S.  of  Paris.  Pop.  in  1832,  7,446.  (P.  C.) 

Foulah.     See  Foolah. 

Foun'-tain,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  13,253.     Co.  t.  Covington. 

Fourche.     See  La  Fourche. 

Fowey,  foy,  sometimes  written  Fawey,  a  small  r.  of  England,  in 
Cornwall,  which  flows  into  the  sea. 

Fowey,  a  fortified  seaport  of  Cornwall,  situated  on  the  above  r.,  near 
its  mouth.  It  was  anciently  a  place  of  much  greater  importance  than 
at  present.  Fowey  furnished  more  ships  to  the  fleet  of  Edward  III., 
when  he  was  besieging  Calais,  than  any  other  port  in  England.  Lat. 
50°  20'  N.,  Lon.  4°  37'  W.     Pop.  1,643. 

Fox  Islands.     See  Aleutian  Islands. 

Foyers,  often  written,  and  always  pronounced  Fy^-ers,  a  small  r. 
of  Inverness-shire,  in  Scotland,  which  flows  into  Loch  Ness,  remarka- 
ble for  its  stupendous  fall  of  207  ft.  in  perpendicular  height.  From  the 
top  of  the  adjoining  rocks  to  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  abyss  be- 
low the  fall,  the  depth  is  470  ft. 

Foyle,  Lough,  16h  foil,  a  bay  on  the  northern  coast  of  Ireland,  about 
15  m.  long,  and  8  m.  wide  in  the  middle,  which  is  connected  with  the 
sea  by  a  strait,  less  than  a  mile  in  breadth.  The  r.  Foyle,  which  flows 
into  its  southern  extremity,  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  400  tons  as  far 
as  Londonderry. 

France  (Anc.  Gal'lia  or  Gaul ;  Fr.  La  France,  la  fraNce) ;  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  powerful  countries  of  Europe,  occupying  the  W.  part 
of  the  continent,  is  situated  between  42°  20'  and  51°  5'  N.  Lat.,  and 
4°  49'  W.  and  8°  16'  E.  Lon.  Bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  the 
English  Channel  and  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  E.  by  Germany,  Swit- 
zerland, and  the  Sardinian  states,  S.  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
Pyrenees,  which  separate  it  from  Spain,  and  W.  by  the  Bay  of  Bis- 
cay and  the  Atlantic.  Its  extreme  length,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  is 
about  680  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  E.  to  S.W.  is  about  630  m. 
The  area  is  computed  at  200,925  sq.  m.,  and  if  we  include  the- Island  of 
Corsica,  which  is  now  incorporated  with  France,  it  will  amount  to  about 
204,711.  The  entire  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1846,  was 
35,401,700.  France  is  divided  into  86  departments  or  prefectures, 
which  are  again  divided  into  363  sub-prefectures  or  arrondissements  ; 
19 


FRA— FRA  227 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

these  are  still  further  sub-divided  into  cantons  and  communes.  Each  de- 
partment is  under  the  administration  of  an  officer  called  a  prefect  (pre- 
fet,  praMa') ;  the  arrondissements  are  under  sub-prefects  (sous-prefets, 
soov-pravfa/).     Paris  is  tb,e  seat  of  government. 

The  surface  of  France  is  very  diversified.  The  northern  and  western 
regions  are  occupied  by  a  plain  of  vast  extent,  interrupted  only  by 
small  elevations.  There  are  several  chains  of  mountains  near  the 
eastern  border,  among  which  are  the  Vosges,  Mt.  Jura,  and  the  Cottian 
Alps.  The  highest  mountain  of  France  is  one  of  the  latter  group, 
which  has  an  altitude  of  2,163  toises,  or  13,700  feet,  above  the  level 
of  the  sea.  (B.)  In  the  south,  the  Cevennes  extend  along  the  western 
side  of  the  basin  of  the  Rhone.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  the 
climate  affords  in  perfection  the  finest  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone. 
The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  rye,  maize,  oats,  potatoes,  and 
the  grape.  ^  The  olive  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  south,  and  the 
rearing  of  silk-worms  forms  an  important  branch  of  industry.  Among 
the  indigenous  trees  are  the  apple,  pear,  chestnut,  oak,  ash,  elm, 
beech,  poplar,  and  fir.  The  forests  occupy  scarcely  one-seventh  part 
of  the  surface.  There  is  probably  no  country  in  which  the  landed 
property  is  divided  into  smaller  parcels.  Manufacturing  industry 
has  made  great  progress  in  France,  and  the  arts  are  brought  to  a 
high  state  of  perfection.  The  most  important  productions  of  this 
department  are  cotton,  silk,  and  woollen  stuffs,  hardware,  jewelry, 
porcelain,  and  chemical  substances.  The  French  excel  particularly 
in  the  manufacture  of  broadcloth,  silks,  paper,  and  fancy  articles. 

Considered  in  relation  to  commerce,  France  is  the  second  state  of 
Europe.  In  1850  the  value  of  the  imports  was  $151,162,880,  and  that  of 
the  exports,  $217,509,600.  Among  the  chief  articles  of  export  are  silks, 
muslins,  woollens,  wine,  brandy,  madder,  and  leather.  The  products 
of  the  soil  and  of  manufactures  supply  the  objects  of  an  immense  in- 
ternal trade,  which  is  facilitated  by  numerous  canals  and  railways. 
The  aggregate  length  of  the  latter,  in  1850,  was  more  than  1800 
miles.  A  large  majority  of  the  people  are  Roman  Catholics,  but  there 
is  no  religion  established  by  law. 

The  government,  which  for  many  years  has  been  very  unsettled,  is 
at  present  nominally  a  republic,  but  in  reality  a  self-constituted  dic- 
tatorship. The  last  monarchy  ended  on  the  24th  of  February,  1848, 
when  a  revolution  occurred  by  which  Louis  Philippe  was  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  crown.  A  provisional  government  was  formed,  of 
which  Lamartine  and  Arago  were  prominent  members,  under  whose 
auspices  a  republic  was  proclaimed,  and  a  national  assembly  convened 
by  universal  suffrage.  The  union  of  church  and  state  was  dissolved, 
and  titles  of  nobility  abolished.  A  constitution  was  adopted  by  which 
the  legislative  power  was  vested  in  a  single  chamber  of  deputies.  Louis 
Napoleon,  in  December,  1848,  was  elected  president  for  four  years ; 
and,  according  to  the  constitution,  was  not  eligible  for  a  second  term. 
On  the  second  of  December,  1851,  the  president,  by  the  aid  of  a  venal 
soldiery,  and  by  a  flagrant  act  of  usurpation,  dissolved  the  legislative 
assemblv,  imprisoned  and  banished  manv  of  the  members,  and  as- 

r 


228  FRA— FRA 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met:  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Burned  the  part  of  absolute  dictator.  The  freedom  of  the  press  and 
of  speech  were  suppressed,  and  hundreds  were  massacred  in  the 
streets  of  Paris.  A  new  constitution  has  since  been  imposed  on  the 
nation,  which  retains  some  republican  forms,  but  subverts  the  founda- 
tions and  chief  defences  of  public  liberty.  The  legislative  power  is 
exercised  jointly  by  the  president,  the  senate,  which  is  appointed  by 
him,  and  the  legislative  body,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  for 
six  years,  and  receive  no  salary.  The  president  alone  appoints  to 
all  offices,  has  the  initiative  of  all  laws,  declares  war,  concludes 
treaties,  and  claims  the  right  to  designate  the  citizen  whom  he  thinks 
most  worthy  to  succeed  him.  The  name  of  France  is  derived  from 
the  Franks,  (i.e.  freemen,)  a  confederacy  of  various  German  nations, 
who  overran  Gaul,  on  the  decline  of  the  Roman  power,  and  who  after- 
wards were  united  under  one  head  by  Clovis,  about  the  beginning 
of  the  6th  century. — Adj.  French  ;  inhab.  French'man. 

France,  Isle  of,  (Fr.  He  de  France,  eel  Aeh  fraNce ;)  formerly  a 
prov.,  is  now  divided  into  the  deps.  Aisne,  Oise,  Seine,  Seine  and 
Oise,  and  Seine  and  Marne.  It  received  its  appellation  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  its  being-  almost  surrounded  by  the  rivers  which  give 
name  to  the  above  deps.,  and  by  some  other  smaller  streams. 

France,  Isle  of.     See  Mauritius. 

Francis,  St.,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  K  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  and,  flow- 
ing" southerly  into  Ark.,  joins  the  Mississippi,  near  34°  40'  N.  Lat. 

Francis,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the 
above  r.     Pop.  4,479.     Co.  t.  Madison. 

Francis,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  sources  of  the 
r.  St.  Francis.     Pop.  4,964.     Co.  t.  Farmington. 

Fran-cis'-co,  St..  a  large  r.  of  S.  America,  in  Brazil,  which  rises 
near  20°  S.  Lat.,  and  47°  W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  at  first  south-easterly, 
and  then  easterly^  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  in  about  10°  30'  N.  Lat,  and 
36°  20'  W.  Lon.  Length  above  1,300  m.  It  is  navigable  to  Caninde 
(ca-neen^-da),  more  than  150  m.  from  its  mouth ;  above  this  point  there 
are  a  number  of  falls,  the  most  considerable  of  which  is  said  to  be  50  ft. 
in  perpendicular  height. 

Franche  Comte,  fraNsh  k6Nv-ta',  or  Upper  Burgundy,  a  former  prov. 
of  France,  now  divided  into  the  deps.  of  Doubs,  Jura,  and  Upper  Saone. 

Fran-co'-nj-a  (Ger.  Franken  and  Frankenland,  frank'-en-land\  i.e. 
the  "  land  of  the  Franks"),  formerly  a  circle  of  the  German  empire, 
intersected  by  the  r.  Main.  Nearly  the  whole  of  it  has  been  trans- 
ferred by  various  treaties  to  the  crown  of  Bavaria. 

Franeker,  frW-ek-er,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Holland,  in  Friesland, 
on  the  canal  from  Leeuwarden  to  Haarlingen,  formerly  the  seat  of  a 
university,  which  was  suppressed  some  years  since,  and  replaced  by 
an  athensoum,  or  high  school.  Lat.  53°  11'  N.,  Lon.  5°  30'  E.  Pop. 
4,200.     (P.  C.) 

Frankenstein,  frank'-en-stine\  a  walled  t.  of  Prussia,  the  cap.  of  a 
circle  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  50°  36'  N.,  Lon.  16°  50'  E.  Pop. 
5,500.     (B.) 

Frankenthal,  frank^-en-taar,  a  t.  in  the   Bavarian  circle  of  the 


FRA— FRA  „  229 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Rhine,  16  m.  N.  by  W.  from  Speyer.     A  small  canal  connects  it  with 
the  Rhine.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Frank'-fort  (Ger.  Frankfurt,  frank'-fboRt,)  on  the  Main,  a  cele- 
brated city  of  Germany,  the  cap  of  a  small  republic  of  the  same  name, 
and  of  the  whole  Germanic  confederation,  is  situated  about  270  m. 
W.  S.  W.  from  Berlin,  and  50  m.  E.  by  S.  from  Coblentz.  It  stands  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  r.  Main,  across  which  there  is  a  bridge,  connect- 
ing it  with  Sachsenhausen  (sak'-sen-hou'-zen),  one  of  its  suburbs. 
Among  the  more  remarkable  edifices  of  Frankfort,  may  be  mentioned 
the  ancient  cathedra],  where  the  German  emperors  were  formerly 
crowned ;  and  the  Roemer  (now  usually  written  Romer),  in  which  is 
contained  the  Wahlzimmer  (Waal'-tsim'-mer),  or  Hall  of  Election, 
where  the  electors  were  wont  to  assemble  for  the  purpose  of  electing 
the  emperors  of  Germany  :  next  to  the  Wahlzimmer,  is  the  Kaisersaal 
(ki'-zer-sair),  or  Imperial  Hall,  in  which  the  emperor,  after  his  elec- 
tion, held  his  public  dinner.  Frankfort  possesses  a  medical  institute, 
founded  in  1763,  by  the  liberality  of  Dr.  Senkenberg,  to  which  is  at- 
tached a  botanic  garden ;  the  Senkenberg  Society  of  Naturalists,  with 
an  extensive  museum,  is  united  to  the  above  institution  :  a  philosophi- 
cal society :  Stcsdel's  Institute  of  the  Fine  Arts,  which  contains  a  choice 
collection  of  paintings  :  a  public  library,  of  60,000  vols.,  &c.  The  ter> 
ritory  of  the  republic  of  Frankfort  contains  an  area  of  about  91  sq.  m. 
The  entire  population  is  estimated  at  about  60,000  (B.)  ;  that  of  the 
town  51,000,  if  we  include  the  suburb  of  Sachsenhausen,  with  its 
5,000  inhabitants.     Lat.  50°  7'  30"  N.,  Lon.  8°  36'  E. 

Frankfort  or  Frankfurt  on  the  Oder,  a  walled  t.  of  Prussia,  cap. 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  about  48  m.  S.  E.  of  Berlin.  It  possesses 
a  gymnasium,  and  several  other  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  52°  22' 
NM  Lon.  14°  33'  E.     Pop.  22,000.     (B.) 

Frankfort,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Kentucky,  and  the  seat  of  justice 
of  Franklin  co.,  is  situated  on  the  Kentucky  r.,  64  m.,  in  a  direct  line, 
S.  by  W.  from  Cincinnati.  The  railroad  which  connects  Lexington 
with  the  Ohio,  at  Louisville,  passes  by  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  14'  N.,  Lon. 
84°  40'  W.     Pop.  about  4,000. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Me.,  bordering  on  Canada. 
Pop.  20,027.    Co.  t.  Farmington. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Vt.,  bordering  on  L.  Champlain 
and  Canada.     Pop.  28,586.     Co.  t.  St.  Albans. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mass.,  intersected  by  the  Con- 
necticut r.,  and  bordering  on  Vt.  and  N.  H.  Pop.  30,867.  Co.  t.  Green- 
field. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  Canada. 
Pop.  25,102.     Co.  t.  Malone. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Pa.,  S.  W.  of  Harrisburg,  and  bor- 
dering on  Md.     Pop.  39,904.     Co.  t.  Chambersburg. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the   S.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  head  waters  of  the 
Staunton  r.     Pop.  17,430.     Co.  t.  Rocky  Mount. 
20 


230  FRA— FRE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Tar  r. 
Pop.  11,713.     Co.  t.  Louisburg. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  head  waters  of  the 
Savannah.     Pop.  11,513.  Co.  t.  Carnesville. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  Florida,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola.  Pop. 
1,561.     Co.  t.  Appalachicola. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  state 
of  Mississippi  and  the  Tennessee  r.     Pop.  19,610.     Co.  t.  Russellville. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Miss.  Pop.  5,904.  Co. 
seat.  Meadville. 

Franklin,  a  port  of  entry  of  La.,  cap.  of  St.  Mary's  parish,  on  the 
W.  side  of  Bayou  Teche. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  Arkan- 
sas r.     Pop.  3,929. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
13,768.     Co.  t.  Winchester. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Kentucky  r. 
Pop.  12,462.  Co.  t.  Frankfort. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Scioto  r.     Pop.  42,910.     Co.  t.  Columbus. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop. 
17,968.     Co.  t.  Brookville. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  111.,  about  equidistant  from  the 
Mississippi  and  Wabash  rivers.     Pop.  5,681.     Co.  t.  Frankfort. 

Franklin,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mo..  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Missouri  r.     Pop.  11,021.  Co.  t.  Union. 

Frascati.  fras-ka'-te,  (Anc.  Tus'culum,)  a  small  but  delightfully 
situated  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  Rome.  It  is  much 
resorted  to  in  the  hot  season  by  the  nobility  of  the  capital.  Permanent 
pop.  about  4,300.     (M.) 

Frauenburg,  frou'-en-bo6Rg\  a  small  t.  of  Prussia,  remarkable  as 
containing  the  tomb  of  Copernicus,  who  died  here  in  1543.  Lat.  54° 
21'  N,  Lon.  19°  4L  E.     Pop.  2,000.     (B.) 

Fraustadt,  frou'-statt,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussia,  in  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Posen.  46  m.  S.  S.  W  of  Posen.     Pop.  5,800.     (B.) 

Fred'-er-ick,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  Pa.  and  the 
r.  Potomac.     Pop.  40,987. 

Frederick,  formerly  Fredericktown,  a  city  of  Md.,  the  seat  of  jus- 
tice of  the  above  co.,  is  43  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N.  N.  W.  of  Washing- 
ton. It  is  a  pleasant  and  regularly  built  town ;  its  commercial  pros- 
perity will  doubtless  be  considerably  promoted  by  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad,  which  passes  near  it,  and  with  which  it  is  connected. 
Lat.  39°  24'  N.,  Lon.  77°  18'  W.     Pop.  about  6,028. 

Frederick,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  a  little  to  the  left  of  the 
Shenandoah  r.     Pop.  15,975.     Co.  t.  Winchester. 

Fred'-er-icks-burg,  the  cap.  of  Spottsylvania  co.,  Va.,  situated  on 
the  Rappahannock,  about  50  m..  in  a  straight  line.  N.  of  Richmond, 


FRE— FRE  231 

ou,  as  in  our  /  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  Lat.  38°  34'  N.,  Lon.  77°  38 
VV.     Pop.  4,062. 

Fred'-er-ic-ton,  the  cap.  of  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  the  r.  St. 
John,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  College  of 
New'  Brunswick.  Lat.  46°  3'  N.,  Lon.  66°  45'  W.  Pop.  about  3,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Freiberg,  friZ-btRG,  a  walled  t.  of  Germany,  cap.  of  the  Saxon  cir- 
cle of  Erzgebirge,  or  Ore-mountains,  and  the  centre  of  administration 
for  the  Saxon  mines.  It  is  situated  near  the  east  branch  of  the  r. 
Mulde  (mool'-de/i),  about  1,200  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Frei- 
berg has  a  mining  academy  of  considerable  celebrity,  with  a  museum, 
which  takes  its  name  from  the  illustrious  Werner,  by  whom  it  was 
founded,  and  a  most  valuable  collection  of  models  relative  to  the  art  of 
mining.  Lat.  50°  55'  N.,  Lon.  13°  19'  E.  Pop.  12,000.  (B.)  In  1540 
it  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  40.000.     (P.  C.) 

Frei'-burg  or  fri'-booRG,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand- 
duchy  of  Baden,  cap.  of  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine,  and  the  seat  of 
a  celebrated  university,  is  situated  about  100  m.  S.  W.  of  Carlsruhe. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  objects  in  this  town  is  the  Miinster,  or 
Cathedral,  probably  the  most  beautiful  and  perfect  specimen  of  Gothic 
architecture  in  Germany.  Freiburg  contains  a  great  number  of  lite- 
rary and  scientific  institutions,  and  several  charitable  establishments. 
Lat.  48°  N.,  Lon.  7°  53'  E.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Freising,  frizzing,  or  Freisingen,  fri^-zing-en,  a  t.  of  Bavaria,  about 
20  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Munich,  chiefly  remarkable  on  account  of  its  school 
for  the  blind,  and  other  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  48°  24'  N.,  Lon. 
11°45,E.     Pop.  3,200.     (B.) 

Freistadt,  fri'-statt,  a  t.  of  Upper  Austria,  important  on  account  of 
its  position  on  the  railroad  which  connects  Gmund  with  Budweis,  in 
Bohemia.     Lat.  48°  29' N.,  Lon.  14°  22' E.     Pop.  2,000.     (B.) 

Frejus,  frav-zbiice',  (Anc.  Fo'rum  JVlii,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Var,  situated  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  r.  Argens  (aR^-zha^).  In  the  time  of  Augustus  it  was  a  large  and 
handsome  city,  and  was  then  the  ordinary  station  of  the  Roman  fleet 
in  Gaul.  There  are  some  remains  of  the  ancient  ramparts,  which  ap- 
pear to  have  enclosed  a  site  five  or  six  times  as  large  as  that  occupied 
by  the  present  town.  Two  of  the  Roman  gates  still  remain,  besides 
many  other  ruins.  The  name,  Frejus,  is  a  corruption  of  Forum  Julii; 
in  the  dictionary  of  Expilly,  published  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
it  is  spelled  Frejuls.  Lat.  43°  26'  N.,  Lon.  6°  44'  E.  Present  pop. 
about  2.500.  In  the  time  of  the  first  Roman  emperor  it  amounted  to 
100,000.     (B.) 

French  Broad  River,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Tr--. lessee,  rises  in 
N.  C,  and,  passing  into  Tenn.,  unites  with  the  Holston,  a  few  miles 
above  Knoxville. 

Freyburg.     See  Freiburg. 

Freyburg,  fri^-booRG,  in  French  Fribourg,  frev-booR^,  a  canton  in 
19* 


232  FRE-FRI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

the  N.W.  part  of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  the  L.  of  Neufchatel.    The 
area  is  computed  at  588  sq.  m.     Pop.  in  1834,  89,192.     (P.  C.) 

Freyburg  or  Fribourg,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  situated  on  the  Sarine 
(sav-reen'),  or  Saane  (sW-neh),  a  tributary  of  the  Aar^  about  17  m. 
S.  W.  of  Bern.  A  part  of  the  town  is  built  upon  a  steep  declivity  of 
rock,  where  the  roofs  of  several  houses  serve  as  a  pavement  for  the 
street  above.  There  is  an  iron  suspension  bridge  over  the  Sarine, 
885  ft.  in  length,  and  170  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  river.  It  was 
erected  in  1834,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  Among  the 
scientific  and  literary  institutions  of  Freyburg,  the  Lyceum  with  a  pro- 
fessorship of  common  and  civil  law ;  the  Gymnasium  ;  the  College  of  the 
Jesuits ;  the  Public  Library  ;  and  the  Cabinet  of  Natural  Historv  ;  mav 
be  mentioned.  Lat.  46°  48'  N.,  Lon.  7°  9'  E.  Pop.  in  1834,'  8,535. 
(P.  C.) 

Freystadt.     See  Freistadt. 

Friedland,  freedMand  or  freetMant,  a  small  t.  in  the  N.  extremity 
of  Bohemia,  from  which  the  celebrated  Wallen^tein  took  the  title  of 
duke.  Lat  50°  57'  N.,  Lon.  15°  8'  E.— Also,  a  town  of  E.  Prussia, 
on  the  Alle,  remarkable  for  a  victory  gained  by  Bonaparte  over  the 
Russians  and  Prussians,  in  1807,  which  led  to  the  peace  of  Tilsit.  Lat.' 
54°  26'  N.,  Lon.  21°  1'  E. 

Friendly  or  Tonga  (tongf-a)  Islands,  a  group  in  the  Pacific,  situ- 
ted  between  18°  and  23°  S.  Lat,  and  173°  and  176°  W.  Lon.  The 
inhabitants  belong  to  the  Malayan  race.  They  are  represented  as  an 
industrious,  ingenious,  and  brave,  but  treacherous  people'.  Their  num- 
ber is  estimated  at  200,000.  (P.  C.)  The  name  of  these  islands  was 
bestowed  by  Cook,  because  the  inhabitants  received  him  in  so  friendly 
a  manner,  though  it  is  now  known  that  they  intended  to  kill  him,  and 
seize  his  vessels. 

Friesland,  freezMand,  or  Vriesland,  or  Friesia,  free^-zhe-a,  a  prov. 
occupying  the  N.  N.  W.  extremity  of  Holland.  It  is  sometimes  called, 
though  not  by  Hollanders,  West  Friesland,  in  order  to  distinguish  it 
from  East  Friesland,  in  Hanover.  The  area  of  Friesland  is  about  1,030 
sq.  m.  The  pop.  is  estimated  at  221,000.  (P.  C.)  Leeuwarden  is  the 
chief  town. — Adj.  Friesic,  free^-zik,  and  Friesian  or  Frisian,  free^- 
zhe-an ;  inhab.  Fries'-land-er,  and  Frisian*  or  Friesian. 

Friesland,  East,  or  Aurich,  ou^-riK,  a  principality  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  Hanover.     Emden  is  the  chief  town. 

Frio,  free'-o,  a  cape  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  Brazil.  Lat.  22°  54'  S. 
Lon.  41°  36'  W. 

*  Frisian  properly  relates  to  the  nation  who  formerly  inhabited  this  and  th«j 
neighbouring  regions,  and  who  are  mentioned  by  Tacitus  under  the  name  of 
Frisii.  They  appear  to  have  been  a  tribe  of  Germans.  Those  of  their  descend 
ants  who  are  settled  among  the  small  islands  on  the  western  coast  of  Sleswick, 
preserve  not  only  the  name  of  Frisians,  but  many  vestiges  of  their  customs  and 
dress.  The  Friesic  language,  which  is  quite  distinct  from  the  Dutch,  in  many 
points  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  English. 


FRI— FUN  233 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Frische  Haff,  frisW-eh  naff,  i.  e.  "  fresh  bay ;"  or  Frische  See 
(.say),  i.e.  "fresh  sea,"  an  arm  of  the  Baltic,  lying-  between  54°  14' 
and  54°  43'  N.  Lat.,  and  19°  10'  and  20°  30'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  near 
60  o. ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  13  m.  A  number  of  rivers  fall  into 
this  Haffj  among-  which  are  two  arms  of  the  Vistula.  It  is  connected 
with  the  sea  by  a  strait  called  the  Gatt,  only  about  12  ft.  deep,  and 
3,000  ft.  wide,  and  is  separated  from  the  Baltic  by  a  strip  of  land  called 
the  Frische  Nehrung-  (nV-roong).  Its  name  appears  to  have  been 
given  to  it  on  account  of  the  freshness  of  its  waters — the  necessary  con- 
sequence of  its  receiving  so  many  considerable  streams,  while  the  pas- 
sage by  which  it  communicates  with  the  Baltic  is  so  limited  that  it  is 
impossible  for  the  salt  waters  of  that  sea  to  be  mingled  with  the  con- 
tents of  the  Frische  Haft' to  any  considerable  extent. 

Friuli,  fre-ooMe,*  (It.  pron.  free'-oo-le,)  the  most  eastern  prov.  of 
Northern  Italy,  forming  a  part  of  the  Venetian  territory.  Friuli  ap- 
pears to  be  derived  from  the  ancient  Forum  Julii,  a  Roman  colony  said 
to  have  been  founded  here  by  Julius  Csesar. 

Frome  or  Frome  Selwood,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  on  the 
r.  Frome,  a  branch  of  the  Avon.  93  m.  YV.  by  S.  from  London.  Pop. 
of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  10  sq.  m.,  11,849. 

Fuertaventura,  fwcRx-ta-ven-too^-ra,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands, 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  28°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  by  the  14th  meridian 
of  W.  Lon.  It  is  about  60  m.  long,  and  contains  an  area  of  79  sq. 
leagues.     Pop.  13,885.     (P.  C.) 

Fulda,  fodl'-da,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Cassel,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  little  r.  Fulda,  a  branch  of  the  Weser.  It  has 
a  lyceum,  and  several  other  establishments  for  education.  Lat.  50°  34' 
N.,  Lon.  9°  44'  E.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (B.) 

Fulton,  fool'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  E.  or  E.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  N.  W. 
of  Albany.     Pop.  20,171.     Co.  t.  Johnstown. 

Fulton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  N.  of  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  5,982.     Co.  t.  Rochester. 

Fulton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Illinois  r.  Pop. 
22,508.     Co.  t.  Lewistown. 

Funchal,  foon-shal',  the  cap.  of  the  i.  of  Madeira,  is  pleasantly  situ- 
tted  on  the  S.  coast,  and  defended  by  several  forts.  Lat.  32°  37'  N., 
Lon.  16°  56' W.  Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.  (B.)  Its  commerce  is  ex- 
tensive, but  unfortunately  it  has  no  harbour,  and  its  road  is  unsafe  in 
winter. 

Fun^-dy,  Bay  of,  situated  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick, 
is  about  180  m.  long ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  above  50  m.  It  is  remark- 
able for  the  height  to  which  its  tide  rises,  which  sometimes  amounts  to 
70  ft. 

Fe'-NEX  (Dan.  Fyen,  fu/-en),  a  fertile  i.  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to 


Of  glory  streams  along  the  Alpine  height 
Of  blue  Friuli's  mountains."— Childe  Harold.    Canto  IV. 
20* 


234  FUN— GAL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Denmark,  situated  between  55°  2'  and  55°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  9°  40'  and 
10°  51/  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  50  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  near 
40.  The  area  is  about  1,176  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  144,000.  (P.  C.)  Odense 
is  the  capital. 

FOnfkirchen,  fiinf-keeV-Ken.  (Hung.  Pecs,  paich,)  an  ancient  t.  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  Hungary,  105  m.  S.  by  W.  from  Buda.  Lat.  46°  5' 
N.,  Lon.  18°  16'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Furnes,  fiiRn,  a  small  t.  of  YV.  FJanders,  situated  at  the  termination 
of  a  canal,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  Lat.  51°  4'  N.;  Lon.  2°  40'  E. 
Pop.  in  1830,  4,253.     (P.  C.) 

Furruckabad,  furx-ruk-a-bad',  a  t.  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the 
same  name,  which  lies  between  the  Jumna  and  the  Ganges.  ~~  Lat.  27° 
24'  N.,  Lon.  79°  27'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  67,000.     (B.) 

Forth,  fuRt,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  a  Jewish  university, 
about  4  m.  N.  W.  of  Nuremburg.  Lat.  49°  29'  N.,  Lon.  11°  V  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  17,000.     (B.) 

Fyne,  Loch,  Iok  fine,  a  small  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  in 
Argyleshire,  communicating  with  the  Frith  of  Clyde. 

Gads^-den,  a  co.  of  Florida,  E.  of  and  bordering  on  the  Appalachi- 
cola  r.     Pop.  8,783.     Co.  t.  Quincy. 

Gaeta,  ga-a/-ta,  (Anc.  Caieta,)  a  strongly  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Na- 
ples, in  the  prov.  of  Terra  di  Lavoro.  Lat.  41°  13'  N.,  Lon.  12°  34'  E. 
Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  military,  3,000.     (B.) 

Gaillac,  ga/iv-yak^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Tarn,  situated  on 
the  r.  Tarn,  31  m.  N.  E.  of  Toulouse.     It  is  celebrated  for  its  wines. 

G  aillon,  ga/i'-y6N',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Eure,  50  m.VV.  N.W. 
of  Paris,  remarkable  for  its  once  magnificent  palace,  belonging  to  the 
archbishops  of  Rouen,  which  is  now  converted  into  a  prison. 

Gairloch,  gareMoK,  a  bay  on  the  W.  coast  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland, 
which  gives  name  to  a  parish  lying  on  it. 

Ga-le'-na,  a  small  t.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  111.,  the  cap.  of 
Jo  Daviess  co.,  remarkable  for  the  rich  lead  mines  in  its  vicinity.  The 
name  is  taken  from  galena,  a  species  of  lead  ore.    Pop.  6,004. 

Galicia,  gal-ish'-e-a,  (Ger.  Galizien,  ga-litf-se-en,)  the  kingdom  of, 
forms  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  Austrian  dominions,  being  situated  be- 
tween 47°  and  50°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  18°  54'  and  26°  37'  E.  lon.  Its 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  350  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N. 
to  S.,  near  230  m.  The  area  is  computed  at  32,949  sq.  m.  Pop.  about 
4,600,000.  (P.  C.)  Lemberg  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Galician, 
gal-ish^e-an. 

Galicia,  (Sp.  pron.  ga-lee^-the-a :  Anc.  Gallae/cia,)  a  prov.  occupying 
the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  Spanish  peninsula.  Its  greatest  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  125  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  120  m. 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Gal-le'-gan  (from  the  Spanish  Gallego,  gal-la'-go) 
and  Galician. 

GAll,  Saint,  (Fr.  pron.  sSn  gall ;  Ger.  Sancte  Gallen,  sank'-te^-gaV- 


GAL— G  AN  235 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


len,)  a  canton  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  the  Rhine 
and  Lake  Constance.  Area  computed  at  780  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1831, 
165,740.     (P.  C.) 

Gall,  St.,  an  important  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Switzer- 
land, cap.  of  the  above  canton,  situated  about  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Lake  Con- 
stance. It  contains  numerous  literary  institutions.  Lat.  47°  26'  N., 
Lon.  9°  22'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Gal'-la-tin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  5,137.     Co.  t.  Warsaw. 

Gallatin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  and 
Wabash  rivers.     Pop.  5,448.      Co.  t.  Equality. 

Gal'-lx-a,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  17,063.     Co.  t.  Gallip'-olis. 

Gallipoli,  gal-lip'-o-Ie,  (Anc.  Callip'olis,)  an  important  t.  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  situated  at  the  entrance  of  the  Hellespont,  about  130  m. 
in  a  direct  line,  W.  by  S.,  from  Constantinople.  It  is  interesting  in 
history,  as  the  first  place  in  Europe  where  the  Turks  acquired  domi- 
nion. Lat.  40°  26'  N.,  Lon.  26°  38'  E.  The  pop.  is  variously  esti- 
mated from  17,000  to  80,000.  According  to  the  P.  C,  it  somewhat 
exceeds  20,000. 

Gallipoli,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Ttaly,  in  Terra  di  Otranto.  Lat. 
40°  2'  N.,  Lon.  17°  57'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Gal'-lo-way,  a  dist.  in  the  S.  W.  of  Scotland,  comprising  the  shire 
of  Wigtown  and  parts  of  some  other  shires.  The  small  horses  known 
by  the  name  of  Galloways,  are  bred  here. 

Gal'-ves-ton,  the  largest  t.  in  Texas,  situated  on  an  island  of  its 
own  name.  Its  commerce  is  represented  as  very  flourishing.  Lat.  29° 
10'  N.,  Lon.  94°  50'  W.     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Galveston  Bay,  a  considerable  bay  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Texas,  N. 
of  the  island  of  Galveston. 

GAl'-way,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Connaught, 
bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop.  in  1831,  exclusive  of  the  co.  of  the  town  of 
Galway,  381,564.     (P.  C.) 

Gal  way,  the  co.  of  the  town  of,  lies  in  the  above,  and  contains 
an  area  of  near  36  sq.  m,  The  town  of  Galway,  which  is  the  cap.  of 
this,  as  well  as  the  preceding  country,  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Lough 
Corrib,  near  its  entrance  into  Galway  Bay.  Its  harbour  is  large,  but 
not  deep.  It  has  a  pretty  extensive  trade ;  its  chief  manufacture  is 
flour.  Entire  pop.  of  the  co.  in  1831,  33,120.  (P.  C.)  The  pop.  of  the 
town  is  stated,  by  the  Edinburgh  Gazetteer,  to  be  above  15,000. 

Gam'-bl-a,  a  r.  of  W.  Africa,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic,  between 
13°  and  14°  N.  Lat,  and  near  16°  W.  Lon.  Its  upper  course  has  not 
been  explored  by  Europeans,  but,  from  information  obtained  from  the 
natives,  it  is  probable  that  its  whole  length  exceeds  500  m.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  near  Medina  (med-ee'-na),  in  about  14°  W.  Lon.,  a  distance, 
by  water,  of  perhaps  250  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Gand.     See  Ghent. 

Ganges,  gan'-jez,  (Hindoo  Gun'-ga,)  a  large  r.  of  India,  the  two 


236  GAP— GAR 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  p'ne  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

principal  branches  of  which  rise  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  near  31° 
N.  Lat,  and  between  78°  30'  and  80°  E.  Lon.  One  of  these,  the  Bag- 
haret'tee,  which  is  considered  the  true  Ganges,  rises  from  the  side  of 
a  mountain  13,800  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  In  the  first  part  of 
its  course  it  runs  south-westerly,  but  gradually  changes  towards  the 
S.  E.,  and,  after  its  union  with  the  Jumna,  in  about  25°  20'  N.  Lat., 
and  82°  E.  Lon.,  it  flows  easterly,  and  continues  in  this  direction  to  near 
88°  E.  Lon.,  when  it  again  changes  to  the  S.  K,  and  falls  into  the  Bay  of 
Bengal,  by  many  mouths.  The  whole  length  of  the  Ganges  is  estimated 
at  near  1,500  m.  It  is  navigable,  for  small  boats,  almost  to  its  source, 
during  the  rainy  season,  and  the  greater  portion  of  it  is  navigable  all 
the  year  round,  but  not  for  vessels  of  the  same  size.  Even  some  of  the 
principal  branches  are  impassable  for  large  boats  during  six  months 
of  the  year. — Adj.  Gangetic,  gan-jetMk. 

Gap,  gap,  a  city  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of 
Upper  Alps.  It  had,  in  the  16th  century,  more  than  twice  its 
present  number  of  inhabitants.  Lat.  44°  34'  N.,  Lon.  6°  5'  E.  Pop. 
7,000.     (B.) 

Gard,  gaR,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  the  r.  Rhone.     Pop.  366.259.  (B.)     Capital,  Nimes. 

Garda,  gaR^-da,  Lake  of,  (Anc.  Bena'cus,)  the  largest  lake  in  Italy, 
situated  between  45°  26'  and  45°  56'  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  32'  and  10°  50' 
E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  35  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  about  10  m. 
The  r.  Mincio  forms  its  outlet.  A  steamboat  plies  between  Desenzano 
(da-sen-za^-no)  on  its  S.  coast,  and  Riva  (ree'-va)  at  its  N.  extremity,  in 
Tyrol. 

Gardon,  gaRx-d6jy',  a  small  r.  in  the  S.  of  France,  which  intersects 
the  dep.  of  Gard,  and  flows  into  the  Rhone.  Over  the  valley  of  this 
stream  is  the  celebrated  Pont  du  Gard  (p6n  dii  GaR),  a  magnificent 
Roman  aqueduct,  895  ft.  long,  and  about  160  ft.  above  the  waters  of  the 
river,  which  was  constructed  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  ancient 
Nemausus  (now  Nimes)  with  water  from  the  fountain  of  Aure. 

Gard'-tner,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Maine,  in  Kennebeck  co.,  situated  on 
the  r.  Kennebeck,  about  8  m.  S.  of  Augusta.  Pop.  of  the  township, 
6,486. 

Garfagnana,  gaR-fan-ya'-na,  a  highland  dist.  of  the  northern  Apen- 
nines, situated  on  the  borders  of  the  states  of  Tuscany,  Genoa,  and 
Modena. 

Garigliano,  ga-reel-ya^-no,  a  small  r.  of  Naples,  which  flows  into 
the  Mediterranean,  about  10  m.  E.  of  Gaeta. 

Garx-onnf/  (the  GarunVna  of  the  Romans),  a  r.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of 
France,  which  rises  a  little  beyond  the  frontier,  in  the  kingdom  of 
Spain,  and,  flowing  in  a  north-westerly  direction,  unites  with  the  Dor- 
dogne,  about  15  m.  below  Bordeaux,  to  form  the  Gironde.  Its  length 
is  about  360  m.  It  is  navigable  above  200  m.,  though  there  are  many 
impediments  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course. 

Garonne,  Upper,  (Fr.  Haute  Garonne,  ote  gav-ronn',)  a  dep.  in  the 


GAR— GEL  237 

Ott,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q  like./. 

S.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  r.  Garonne.  Pop.  454,727.  Capital, 
Toulouse. 

Gar'-rard,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  r. 
Kentucky'.      Pop.  10,237.     Co.  t.  Lancaster. 

Gar'-rows,  a  mountainous  dist.  bordering  on  the  N.  E.  frontier  of 
Bengal,  tributary  to  the  British. 

Gasv-co-nade',  a  r.  of  Mo.,  which  flows  into  the  Missouri  r. 

Gasconade,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the 
above,  and  bordering  on  the  Missouri  r.  Pop.  4,996.  Co.  t.  Mount 
Sterling. 

Gas'-co-ny,  (Fr.  Gascogne,  gasx-con7,)  formerly  a  prov.  in  the  S.W. 
part  of  France,  now  constituting  thedeps.  of  the  Upper  Pyrenees,  Gers, 
and  Landes,  and  part  of  the  Lower  Pyrenees,  Upper  Garonne,  Lot  and 
Garonne,  and  Ariege. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Gas'-con. 

Gaspe,  gasv-pa',  a  co.  of  Lower  Canada,  surrounding  a  bay  of  the 
same  name  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Lat.  of  the  latter,  about  48° 
47'  N.,  Lon.  64°  20'  W. 

Gates,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va.  and  the 
Chowan  r.     Pop.  8,426.     Co.  t.  Gatesville. 

Gateshead.     See  Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 

Ga'-za,  an  ancient  t.  of  Palestine,  situated  near  the  borders  of  the 
desert  which  separates  this  country  from  Egypt,  about  3  m.  from  the 
Mediterranean.  Lat.  31°  27'  N.,  Lon.  34°  27'  E.  Pop.  between  3,000 
and  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

Qe-au/-ga,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ohio.  Pop.  17,827. 
Co.  t.  Cbardon. 

Geel,  gheel,  (Dutch  pron.  Hale,)  a  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  Ant- 
werp, remarkable  for  the  great  number  of  persons  afflicted  with  in- 
sanity, who  are  sent  thither  from  the  surrounding  country,  to  board  in 
private  families.  The  inhabitants,  generally  speaking,  appear  to  pos- 
sess great  skill  in  the  treatment  of  this  malady,  which  forms  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  their  occupation.  Lat.  51°  10'  N.,  Lon.  4°  58'  E.  Pop. 
about  7,000.    (P.  C.) 

Gefle,  yevMa,  a  seaport  t.  of  Sweden,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
little  stream  which  flows  into  the  Baltic,  important  on  account  of  its 
commerce,  its  dock-yards,  and  the  number  of  its  merchant  vessels.  It 
is  regarded  as  the  third  seaport  of  Sweden.  Here  is  a  celebrated 
gymnasium.     Lat.  60°  40'  N.,  Lon.  17°  8'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Gei/-der$  or  Guelders,  (Dutch,  Geldern,  Hel'-dern,)  called  also  Gei/- 
der-land,  a  prov.  in  the  E.  part  of  Holland,  bordering  on  the  Prussian 
dominions.  The  area  scarcely  exceeds  2,000  sq.  m..  Pop.  in  1824, 
279,226.  Capital,  Arnhern.  The  ancient  duchy  of  Gelders  was  con- 
siderably larger  than  the  present  province.  One  division  of  it,  called 
Upper  Gelders,  remained  subject  to  Spain  after  the  successful  revolt 
of  the  maritime  provinces  of  the  Netherlands;  and  a  part  of  this,  in- 
cluding the  town  of  Gelders,  now  belongs  to  Prussia. 

Gelders  or  Geldern,  a  small  t.  and  once  an  important  fortress  of 
the  Prussian  dominions,  in  the  circle  of  Diisseldorf,  48  m.  N.  W.  of 


238  GEN— GEN 

Fate,  far,  f 411,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

Cologne.  From  it  the  above-mentioned  duchy  took  its  name.  'Lat.  51° 
31'  N.,  Lon.  6°  19'  E.     Pop.  3,600.     (B.) 

Qen'-e-see',  a  r.  which  rises  in  Pa.,  and,  flowing  across  the  W.  part 
of  N.  Y.,  empties  itself  into  L.  Ontario.  Its  whole  length  is  about 
125  m. 

Genesee,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  a  little  to  the  W.  of  the 
above  r.     Pop.  28,488.     Co.  t.  Batavia. 

Genesee,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Mich.,  S.  of  Saginaw 
Bay.     Pop.  12,031.  Co.  t.  FJint. 

(^ env-es-e^-o,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Livingston  co.,  N.  Y.,  situated  on 
the  r.  Genesee,  about  25  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Rochester. 

(^en-e^-va,  (Ger.  Genf,  ghenf ;  Fr.  Geneve,  zhen-ave' ;  It.  Ginevra, 
jin-a/-vra,)  a  celebrated  city  of  Switzerland,  the  cap.  of  a  canton  of  the 
same  name,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhone,  where  it  issues  from 
L.  Leman.  The  larger  part  of  the  town  is  on  the  S  side,  but  a  por- 
tion is  built  on  an  island  in  the  river,  which  is  joined  to  the  two 
banks  by  bridges.  A  smaller  island,  at  the  very  point  where  the  Rhone 
issues  from  the  lake,  is  planted  with  trees,  and  forms  a  public  prome- 
nade. A  handsome  suspension  bridge  has  recently  been  thrown  across 
the  river.  The  town  is  regularly  fortified,  with  ramparts,  ditches,  and 
bastions.  As  a  seat  of  learning,  Geneva  holds  a  distinguished  rank 
among  the  European  cities.  Its  academy,  or  rather  university,  founded 
by  Calvin,  has  the  four  faculties  of  theology,  law,  science,  and  belles 
lettres,  with  forty  professors.  The  Botanic  Garden  is  considered  as  the 
first  establishment  of  the  kind  in  Switzerland.  Our  limits  will  not 
permit  us  to  mention  even  the  principal  among  its  numerous  literary 
and  scientific  institutions  ;  yet  we  may  briefly  notice  the  various  collec- 
tions in  the  sciences  of  mineralogy,  entomology,  botany,  &c,  especially 
the  botanical  library,  and  the  magnificent  herbarium  of  M.  De  Can- 
dolle,  which  contains  not  less  than  58,000  different  species,  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  finest  collection  of  the  kind  which  has  ever  been  made. 
The  manufacturing  industry  of  Geneva  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  con- 
struction of  clocks  and  watches,  and  to  works  in  jewelry.  It  would  be 
difficult  to  name  another  town  of  equal  size  which  has  produced  so  many 
distinguished  persons  as  Geneva ;  among  these  may  be  mentioned  Saus- 
sure,  Rousseau,  Madame  de  Stael,  and  Sismondi.  Geneva  is  one  of 
the  oldest  cities  in  Western  Europe,  and  is  mentioned  under  its  present 
name,  in  Csesar's  Commentaries  on  the  Gallic  war.  (Lib.  I.,  7  and  8.) 
After  the  reformation,  it  became,  under  the  auspices  of  John  Calvin, 
one  of  the  principal  rallying  points  of  the  reformed  communion,  so  as 
to  be  styled  by  some  "  the  Rome  of  the  Protestants."  Much  of  its  pre- 
sent moral  and  intellectual  elevation  must  be  ascribed  to  the  strong 
impression  which  Calvin  stamped  upon  it  three  centuries  ago.  The  Ob- 
servatory is  in  46°  IF  59"  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  9'  22"  E.  Lon.  Pop.  in  1834, 
27,177.  (P.  C.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Q!env-e-vese'. 

Geneva,  Canton  of,  occupies  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Switzerland. 
The  area  is  computed  at  about  93  sq.  m.     The  entire  pop.  in  1834 


GEN— GEO  239 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q  like^;. 

amounted  to  56,655.  (P.  C.)     This  is  the  smallest  canton  of  the  Swiss 
confederation. 

Geneva,  Lake  of.     See  Leman. 

Geneva,  a  village  of  N.  Y.,  beautifully  situated  at  the  N.  end  of 
Seneca  Lake,  on  the  R.  R.  between  Albany  and  Buffalo. 

Genevieve  (jenv-e-veev/)  St.,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bor- 
dering on  the  Mississippi.     Pop.  5,313.     Co.  t.  St.  Genevieve. 

(JJen'-o-a*  (the  Gen'ua  of  the  ancient  Romans;  It.  Genova,  jen'-o-va; 
Fr.  Genes,  zhain) ;  an  archiepiscopal  city  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Italy, 
formerly  the  cap.  of  the  celebrated  republic  of  this  name,  situated 
at  the  foot  of  the  Northern  Apennines,  in  the  recess  of  a  wide 
gulf  on  the  Mediterranean,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  It  is  strongly 
fortified  on  the  land  side,  being  enclosed  by  a  double  line  of  fortifica- 
tions. Though,  in  general,  irregularly  and  badly  built,  it  contains 
many  fine  edifices;  the  palace  Durazzo,  and  that  of  Andrew  Doria 
are  among  the  most  remarkable.  Genoa  has  several  important  lite- 
rary and  scientific  institutions;  the  University,  with  its  twenty-nine 
professors,  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb,  are  perhaps  the  most  deserving  notice.  The  territory  of 
the  old  republic  now  forms  a  part  of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  under  the 
name  of  the  duchy  of  Genoa.  The  climate  of  this  region  is  healthy, 
and  the  atmosphere  remarkably  pure.  The  Genoese  are  a  shrewd, 
active,  frugal,  industrious,  and  still  eminently  commercial  people.  The 
town  is  in  Lat.  44°  25'  N.,  Lon.  8°  58'  E.  Population  about  100,000. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Qenv-o-ese'. 

George,  Lake,  a  lake  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  situated  between 
the  counties  of  Washington  and  Warren ;  it  is  33  m.  in  length,  and 
about  2  in  breadth.  Its  outlet,  which  is  3m.  long,  flows  into  Lake 
Champlain.  It  is  studded  with  small  islands,  and  its  waters  are  re- 
markably pure  and  transparent :  these  circumstances,  together  with 
the  wild  and  lofty  hills  by  which  it  is  surrounded,  render  it  almost  un- 
equalled for  picturesque  and  romantic  beauty. 

George,  St.,  (Port.  Sam  Jorge,  soung  zhonZ-zha,)  an  i.  of  the  Azores, 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  28th  meridian 
of  W.  Lon.     Length  above  30  m. ;  mean  breadth  only  4  or  5  m. 

George'-town,  formerly  Stabroek  (sta'-brook),  the  cap.  of  British 
Guiana,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Demerara.  It  formerly  be- 
longed to  the  Dutch.  Lat.  about  6°  48'  N.,  Lon.  58°  7'  W.  Pop.  about 
10,000.     (B.) 

Georgetown,  a  dist.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  S.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Great  Pedee  r.,  and  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop.  20,647.  Co.  t.  George- 
town. 

Georgetown,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above  situated  on  Win- 
yaw  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Pedee  r.  Lat.  33°  21'  N.,  Lon 
79°  17'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  3,000. 

*  See  Introduction,  I. 


240  GEO— GER 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Georgetown,  a  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Washington  co.,  in  the  Dist. 
of  Columbia,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Rock  Creek  with  the  Poto- 
mac, 24  m.  above  the  capitol.     Pop.  8,366. 

Georgia,  jor'-je-a,  (called  by  the  Russians  Grusia,  groo'-se-a,)  a  con- 
siderable country  of  Asia,  situated  between  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Cas- 
pian, and  extending  from  38°  18'  to  43°  52'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  39°  43 
to  50°  14'  E.  Lon.  These,  however,  are  to  be  understood  as  the  limits 
of  the  Russian  prov.  of  this  name.  Georgia  Proper  is  considerably  less 
extensive.  There  is  some  diversity  among  geographers  respecting  its 
boundaries ;  but  it  appears  to  have  included  originally  nearly  the  whole 
of  the  southern  declivity  of  the  Caucasus,  from  the  Caspian  to  the  Black 
Sea.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  unknown:  some  derive  it  from  the  r. 
Koor  (Kur),  which  intersects  nearly  the  whole  extent  of  this  fine  coun- 
try. The  Persians  call  it  Goorgistan.  The  climate  of  Georgia  is  mild 
and,  in  general,  very  healthy.  The  Georgian  girls,  like  those  of  Cir- 
cassia,  are  celebrated  for  their  beauty,  though  their  complexion  is  said 
to  be  less  delicate,  and  their  figure  less  graceful.  This  country  pro- 
duces many  excellent  fruits,  among  which  are  peaches,  apricots,  and 
figs.  The  vines  are  abundant,  and  of  a  good  quality  ;  the  wine  that  is 
made  from  them  is  mostly  sent  to  Persia.  The  pop.  of  Georgia  Proper 
is  estimated  at  300,000.  (M.  B.)  Capital,  Tiflis.— Adj.  and  inhab. 
Geor'-gi-an. 

Georgia,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  between  30°  21'  and 
35°  N.  Lat.,  and  81°  and  85°  50'  W.  Lon ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  N.  E.  by  South  Carolina,  E.  and  S.  E. 
by  the  Atlantic,  S.  by  Florida,  and  W.  by  Alabama;  and  divided  into 
94  counties.*  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  300  m.  ;  greatest,  breadth, 
from  E.  to  W.,  near  250  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  62,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  905,999,  of  whom  521,438  are  whites,  2,880  free  coloured,  and 
381,681  slaves.     Milledgeville  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Gera,  ga'-ra,  a  t.  of  Germany,  the  seat  of  government  for  the  Reuss 
principalities,  which  are  on  the  W.  border  of  Saxony.  It  is  also  the 
seat  of  a  Protestant  consistory.  Lat.  50°  53'  N.,  Lon.  12°  4'  E.  Pop. 
about  9,000.     (B.) 

(^er-main^,  Saint,  (Fr.  pron.  sIn  zhcRv-maN0,  a  town  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Seine  and  Oise,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine, 
about  14  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Paris,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  rail- 

*  Appling,  Baker,  Baldwin,  Bibb,  Bryan,  Bullock,  Burke,  Butts,  Camden,  Camp- 
bell, Carroll,  Cass,  Chatham,  Chattooga,  Cherokee,  Clarke,  Cobb,  Columbia, 
Coweta,  Crawford,  Dade,  Decatur,  De  Kalb,  Dooly,  Early,  Effingham,  Elbert, 
Emanuel,  Fayette,  Floyd,  Forsyth,  Franklin,  Gilmer,  Glynn,  Green,  Gwinnett,  Ha- 
bersham, Hall,  Hancock,  Harris,  Heard.  Henry,  Houston,  Irwin,  Jackson,  Jasper, 
Jefferson,  Jones,  Laurens,  Lee,  Liberty,  Lincoln,  Lowndes,  Lumpkin,  Macon, 
Madison,  Marion,  Mc  Intosh,  Meriwether,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Mur- 
ray, Muscogee,  Newton,  Oglethorpe,  Paulding,  Pike,  Pulaski,  Putnam,  Rabun, 
Randolph,  Richmond,  Scriven,  Stewart,  Sumter,  Talbot,  Taliaferro,  Tatnall, 
Telfair,  Thomas,  Troup,  Twiggs,  Union,  Upson,  Walker,  Walton,  Ware,  Warren, 
Washington,  Wayne,  Wilkes,  Wilkinson,  Gordon. 


GER— GER  241 

«tt,  as  In  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q7  like  j. 

road.  It  was  formerly  a  favourite  residence  of  the  French  kings.  The 
forest  of  St.  Germain,  in  the  vicinity,  is  still  a  frequent  resort  of  the 
royal  family,  with  their  hunting  parties.  To  distinguish,  it  from  other 
places  of  this  name,  the  town  is  often  called  St.  Germain  en  laye  (te 
la),  i.e.  "m  the  lane  or  passage,"  probably  referring  to  its  position  on  ^-< 
one  of  the  roads  leading  to  the  forest.     Pop.  in  1831,  10,671.    (P.  C.) 

German  Ocean.     See  North  Sea. 

Qer-ma-ny  (Lat.  Germa^nia;  Ger.  Deutschland,  doichMant;  Fr. 
Allemaene,  air-marl');  an  extensive  country  of  Europe,  situated  be- 
tween 45°  SO'  and  55°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  4°  45'  and  22°  54'  E.  Lon. 
These  limits  have  reference  to  all  the  territories  comprised  in  the  Ger- 
manic confederation,  including  some  districts  which  do  not  belong  to 
Germany  Proper;  e.g.  Luxemburg,  and  Friuli.  According  to  the  more 
strict  application  of  the  name,  Germany  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Baltic,  E.  by  Poland,  Gaiieia,  and  Hungary,  S.  hy  Croatia,  Illyria, 
Italy,  and  Switzerland,  and  YV.  by  France,  Belgium,  and  Holland.  Ita 
length,  from  the  Netherlands 'to  the  E.  part  of  Prussia,  is  upwards  of 
700m.;  its  'breadth  is  very  unequal;  measuring  from  N.  to  S.,  from 
the  Baltic  to  the  southern  limit  of  Tyrol,  it  amounts  to  near  600  m. 
The  area  is  stated  at  284,000  sq.m.  Before  the  French  Revolution, 
the  German  empire  was  divided  into  nine  circles;  namely,  those  of 
Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Suabia,  in  the  S.  ;  Franconia,  Upper  Rhine,  and 
Lower  Rhine,  in  the  middle  ;  and  Westphalia,  Upper  Saxony,  and  Lower 
Saxony,  in  the  N.-  Other  countries,  however,  were  considered  as  forming 
parts  of  the  empire,  of  which  the  principal  were  Bohemia,  Silesia,  Mora- 
via, and  Lusatia.  The  present  Germanic  confederation,  as  established  by 
an  act  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna,  on  the  8th  of  June,  1815,  consists  of 
thirty-eight  independent  states.  The  central  point  and  organ  of  the 
confederation  is  the  Federative  Diet,  which  sits  at  Frankfort  on  the  v 
Main.  It  exercises  its  authority  in  a  double  form  :  1st,  as  a  general 
assembly,  termed  Plenum  ;  and,2dly,  as  a  minorcouncil,  called  the  Fede- 
rative Diet  Ordinary.  The  Plenum  meets  only  when  an  affair  relating 
to  all  the  confederation  is  to  be  decided.  It  has  seventy  votes,  of  which 
four  belong  to  Austria,  and  as  many  to  each  of  the  five  German  king- 
doms; the  other  states,  according  to  their  respective  importance,  have 
three,  two  or  one  vote  each.  The  Federative  Diet  Ordinary  possesses 
in  all  seventeen  votes,  cut  of  which  eleven  principal  states  have  each  a 
single  vote,  and  the  remaining  twenty-seven  only  six  joint  votes. 
Austria  presides  in  both  assemblies,  and  decides  in  case  of  equality. 
The  objects  of  the  Germanic  confederation  are  mutual  defence  against 
a  common  enemy,  and  the  preservation  of  internal  security  and  peace 
among  the  confederated  states,  which  have  no  right  to  declare  war  on 
each  other,  but  must  submit  their  differences  to  the  decision  of  the 
Diet.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  states,  with  the  number  of  votes 
which  each  possesses  in  the  general  assembly. 

I    States  having  each  four  votes : 


%\ 


1.  Austria, 

2.  Prussia, 

3.  Bavaria, 


4.  Saxony, 

5.  Hanover, 

6.  Wiirtemberg. 


242 


GER 


Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,r  not ;  66,  as  m  gocdf 

II.  States  having  each  three  votes: 

7  Baden, 

8  The  electorate  of  Hesse, 
9.  The  grand-duchy  of  Hesse, 

III.  States  having  each  two  votes : 

12.  Brunswick, 

13.  Mecklenburg-Sehwerin, 

IV.  States  having  each  one  vote : 

15.  Saxe- Weimar, 

16.  Saxe-Coburg,     / 

17.  Saxe-Meiningen, 

18.  Saxe-Hildburghausen, 

19.  Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 

20.  Holstein-Oldenburg, 
Anhalt-Dessau, 
Anhalt-Bernburg, 
Anhalt-Ccethen, 
Seh  warzburg-Sondershausen, 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, 
IIohenzollern-Hechingen, 


21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 


10.  Holstein  and  Lauenburg, 

11.  Luxemburg. 


14.  Nassau. 


27.  Lichtenstein, 

28.  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringea 

29.  Waldeck, 

30.  Reuss,  elder  branch, 

31.  Reuss,  younger  branch, 

32.  Lippe-Schauenburg, 

33.  Lippe-Detmold, 

34.  Hesse-Hornburg, 

35.  Liibeck, 

36.  Frankfort, 

37.  Bremen, 

38.  Hambursf. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Austrian,  Prussian,  Dutch,  and 
Danish  possessions  comprised  in  the  Germanic  confederation: 

Austrian. — The  archduchy  of  Austria,  the  duchies  of  Salzburg, 
Styria,  Carinthia,  Carniola,  Austrian  Friuli,  the  territory  of  Trieste, 
the  county  of  Tyrol,  with  Vorarlberg,  the  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  the 
margraviate  of  Moravia,  and  Austrian  Silesia. 

Prussian. — The  provinces  of  Brandenburg,  Pomerania,  Silesia, 
Prussian  Saxony,  Westphalia,  and  the  provinces  of  the  Rhine. 

Dutch. — The  grand-duchy  of  Luxemburg. 

Danish. — The  duchies  of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  early  history  of  Germany,  except  what  we 
derive  from  the  Romans.  In  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar,  the  Germans 
(Germani)  were  regarded  as  the  most  formidable  and  warlike  of  all 
the  European  barbarians.  To  this  character  they  appear  to  have  been 
indebted  for  the  appellation  by  which  they  were  known  among  the  sur- 
rounding nations.  Wehrman,  i.e.  "war-man,"  was  changed  by  the 
Romans  into  German,  as  they  probably  had  no  other  mode  in  which 
they  could  indicate  more  nearly  the  sound  of  the  barbarian  name.*  In 
the  early  part  of  the  third  century  the  Alemanni  or  Al.emanni  ap- 
pear as  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  powerful  of  the  German  na« 


*  It  is  curious  to  observe  how  often  w,  in  a  Teutonic  language,  is  changed  tc 
g-in  a  Romanic.  Among  many  other  instances,  we  may  cite  the  following:  Ger. 
wekr,  Sp.  guerra,  Fr.  guerre  ;  Eng.  ward,  Sp.  guarda,  Fr.  garde  ;  Eng.  waste,  Sp 
guastar,  Fr.  gater  (originally  gasler) ;  Eng.  wager,  Fr.  gager  ;  Eng.  warrant,  Fr 
garantir.     (See  note  to  Cornwall,  page  lG9;"also,  Int.  XXVII.,  10.) 


GER— GIIE  243 

©a,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  Jfttn ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  (^,  likej. 

?.k>ns,  if  they  were  not  rather  a  union  of  various  nations,  as  their  name 
(Allemannen,  all  men,  or  all  sorts  of  men\  would  seem  to  imply. 
Though  often  defeated,  the  Allemanni  harassed  almost  continually  the 
Roman  frontier  on  the  side  of  Germany,  during  the  decline  of  the 
Western  empire.  But  having1,  in  a  sanguinary  battle,  been  utterly 
routed  by  tlve  Franks,  under  Clodwig,  in  496,  they  were  afterwards 
united  to  the  Suevi,  and  with  them  consolidated  into  a  dukedom,  called 
the  Duchy  of  Allemannia.  From  the  Allemanni  the  French  and  Spa- 
nish names  of  Germany,  Aliemagne  and  Alemania,  are  derived.  The 
Germanic  empire  dates  from  the  time  of  Charlemagne,  by  whom  it  was 
founded,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  8th  century.  Conrad,  the  first  duke 
of  Franconia,  was  elected  emperor  about  the  year  911,  from  which  time 
the  crown  of  Germany  remained  elective  till  1806,  when  Francis  II. 
abdicated  the  imperial  crown  of  Germany,  and  declared  the  dissolution 
of  the  Germanic  empire.  After  the  dethronement  of  Napoleon,  in  1815, 
the  new  system  of  general  government,  called  the  Germanic  confedera- 
tion, was  established,  as  already  explained. — Adj.  Ger'-man  and  Qer 
man'-ic;  inhab.  German. 

Gerona,  Ha-ro'-na,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia.,  the  cap.  of  a  dist.  of 
the  same  name,  and  formerly  important  on  account  of  its  fortifications. 
Lat.  42°  2'  N.,  Lon.  2°  47'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Gers,  zhaRe,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  intersected  by  a  small  r.  of 
the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Garonne,  Pop.  312,882.  (B.) 
Capital,  Auch. 

Gex,  zhex,  a  small  t.  of  France,  near  the  frontiers  of  Switzerland, 
11  m.  N.  by  W.  from  Geneva,  in  a  dist.  of  the  same  name,  which  forms 
a  part  of  the  dep.  of  Ain. 

Ghadamis,  gha-da'-mis,  or  gha-dams',  a  commercial  t.  of  N.  Africa, 
in  an  oasis  of  the  same  name,  which  is  tributary  to  Tripoli.  It  is  a 
rendezvous  for  caravans  travelling  from  Tripoli  to  Timbuctoo.  Lat. 
about  29°  50'  N.,  Lon.  near  11°  E. 

Ghauts,  Mountains  of  Hindostan,  which  are  usually  divided  into  the 
Western  and  the  Eastern  Ghauts.  The  Western  Ghauts  extend  along 
the  W.  coast  of  Hindostan,  from  the  r.  Tapty,  on  which  Surat  stands, 
to  about  11°  N.  Lat.,  and  form  the  boundary  of  the  table  land  of  the 
Dekkan  on  the  side  towards  the  Indian  Ocean.  The  Eastern  Ghauts, 
which  separate  the  table  land  of  the  Dekkan  from  the  low  and  level, 
country  along  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  extend  from  about  12°  to  18°  N.  Lat. 
To  another  mountain  ridge,  which  bounds  the  table  land  of  the  Dekkan 
on  the  S.,  and  which  has  only  been  explored  within  the  last  twenty-five 
years,  the  name  of  Southern  Ghauts  has  recently  been  applied.  The 
word  Ghaut  literally  signifies  a  u  mountain  pass." 

Gheel.     See  Geel. 

Ghee'-zeh  (Gizeh  or  Jizeh),  a  smaW  t.  of  Egypt,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Nile,  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  vicinity  to  the  pyramids.  Lat.  30° 
2'  N.,  Lon.  31°  15'  E. 

Ghent,  (Flem.  Gent  or  Gend,  nent ;  Fr.  Gand,  gaN,)  a  city  of  Belgium, 
cap.  of  E.  Flanders,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Lys  with  the 


244  GHO-GIB 

Fate,  far,  f a]},  fat ;  me,  met ;  puie  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  65  as  in  gmd 

Scheldt,  31  m.  VV.  S.  W.  from  Antwerp,  and  30  m.  N.  W.  from  Brus 
sels.  It  is  intersected  by  a  great  number  of  navigable  canals,  through 
which  it  communicates  with  most  of  the  important  towns  of  the  Low 
Countries.  The  Sas-van-Ghent  Canal  (first  opened  for  use  in  1828), 
which  runs  towards  the  N.  into  Zealand,  connects  Ghent  with  the  W. 
Scheldt,  and  allows  vessels  from  the  sea,  drawing  18  ft.  of  water,  to 
fcnter  the  city.  In  the  centre  of  the  town  a  magnificent  basin  hag 
lately  been  excavated,  which  is  connected  with  the  above  canal, 
and  is  capable  of  containing  400  vessels,  of  900  tons  each.  Ghent 
is  a  handsome  and  well-built  city,  and  is  surrounded  by  walls  with 
seven  gates.  This  town  appears  to  have  existed  as  early  as  the  5tb 
century.  It  was  formerly  much  more  populous  than  at  present.  During 
the  reign  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  who  was  born  here,  Ghent  con- 
tained 175,000  inhabitants  (P..  C.)  Towards  the  end  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, it  is  said  to  have  exceeded  the  capital  of  France,  in  extent  and 
population.  Besides  the  University  and  the  College,  Ghent  possesses  a 
royal  academy  of  drawing,  sculpture,  and  architecture;  a  royal  society 
of  agriculture  and  botany ;  and  various  other  establishments  for  the 
promotion  of  literature,  science,  and  the  arts.  Lat.  5-1°  3'  N.,  Lorn 
a°  44'  E.     Pop,  84,000.     (R) 

Ghool-ghoo'-ia,  a  valley  in  Afghanistan,  30  or  40  m.  N.  W.  of  Ca- 
bool,  remarkable  for  two  rude  colossal  statues,  one  of  a  male,  about 
120  ft.  m  height;  the  other  of  a  female,  about  70 ft 
.  Gibraltar,  je-brauV-ter,  (Sp.  pron.  He-bral-taR^:  Anc.CaFpe,)a  for- 
tified rock  in  the  S.  extremity  of  Spain,  which  is  connected  with  the 
gontinent  by  an  isthmus  of  low  sand,  and  almost  surrounded  by  the 
waters  of  the  Mediterranean,  forming  a  promontory,  3  m.  in  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  and  from  1,200  to  1,400  ft.  fh  height.  Towards  the  S., 
it  terminates  in  what  is  called  Europa  Point.  In  the  early  part  of  tb* 
8-th  century,  an  army  of  Saracens,  under  the  command  of  Tarif,  landed 
here,  and  erected  a  castle  on  the  shoulder  of  the  roek,  which  was  called 
by  the  invaders  Gibel-Tarif  (i.  ft  the  "mountain  of  Tarif"),  whence, 
in  all  probability,  the  present  name  is  derived.  The  ruins  of  the 
Moorish  castle  are  still  to  be  seen.  At  present,  Gibraltar  is  perhaps 
the  strongest  and  most  remarkable  fortress  in  the  world.  Besides  other 
fortifications,  of  extraordinary  strength,  there  are  two  excavations, 
called  galleries,  wrought  in  the  solid  rock,  which  are  sufficiently  capa- 
cious to  contain  the  whole  garrison  in  time  of  siege.  They  are  nar- 
row, and  extend  from  two  to  three  miles  in  length.  Along  these 
galleries,  at  intervals  of  every  twelve  yards,  are  port-holes,  bearing  on 
the  isthmus  and  bay.  Gibraltar  is  a  free  port,  and  forms  a  convenient 
entrepot  for  merchandise  destined  for  the  neighbouring  provinces  of 
Spain  and  Africa.  The  Bay  of  Gibraltar,  lying  W.  of  the  promontory, 
is  commodious,  and  secure  from  all  the  more  dangerous  winds.  It  is 
near  8m.  in  length;  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  5  m.;  its  depth,  in 
the  centre,  exceeds  100  fathoms.  The  town  of  Gibraltar  is  situated 
near  the  foot  of  the  hill,  at  its  N.  W.  side.  Lat.  36°  6'  30"  N.,  Lon. 
5°  19'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  16>000.     (P.  C.) 


GIB— GLA  245 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Qr  likej. 

Gibraltar,  Strait  of,  situated  between  Spain  and  Africa,  and  con- 
necting the  Mediterranean  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  In  the  narrowest 
place,  its  breadth  does  not  exceed  12  m.  Its  length,  from  Cape  Trafal- 
gar to  Europa  Point,  is  near  40  m. 

Gib'-son,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  19,548.    Co.  t.  Trenton. 

Gibson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash 
and  White  rivers.     Pop.  10,771.  Co.  t.  Princeton. 

Giessen,  ghees^-sen,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Hesse, 
about  33  m.  N.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main.  It  has  a  university,  attended 
by  about  400  students.     Lat.  50°  34'  N.,  Lon.  8°  34'  E.  Pop.  7,000.  (B.) 

Gihon  or  Jihon.     See  Oxus. 

Gijon,  He-Hone',  a  small  t.  of  Spain,  on  the  coast  of  Asturia,  re- 
markable for  its  college  or  high-school,  called  the  Instituto  Asturiano 
Lat.  43°  35  N.,  Lon.  5°  45'  W. 

Gila,  HeeMa,  a  r.  of  Mexico,  which  flows  into  the  Colorado. 

(^iles,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  New  River 
Pop.  6,570.     Co.  t.  Parisburg. 

Giles,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop.  25,949. 
Co.  t.  Pulaski. 

Gil'-mer,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
8,440.     Co.  t.  Ellejay. 

Gilolo,  je-lo'-lo,  the  largest  of  the  Molucca  islands,  between  1°  S. 
and  2°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  127°  and  129°  E.  Lon.  In  shape,  it  somewhat 
resembles  a  bird's  foot;  consisting  of  four  lobes,  of  which  the  northern 
is  considerably  the  largest.  Its  length,  from  N.  to.  S.,  is  about  220  m. ; 
the  greatest  breadth  of  the  northern  lobe  is  near  50  m.  Like  the  other 
Moluccas,  it  is  dependent  on  the  Dutch.  (See  Moluccas.) 

Girgeh,  jeeV-jeh  (written  by  the  French,  Djirdjeh),  a  considerable 
t,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Upper  Egypt,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Nile.     Lat:  26°  22'  N.,  Lon.  31°  55'  E.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Giroenti,  jeeR-jen^-te  (Anc.  Agrigen'tum),  a  t.  of  Sicily,  the  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  near  the  S.  W.  coast,  about  a 
mile  from  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  Agrigentum.  Lat.  37°  19'  N.,  Lon. 
13°  34'  E.  Pop.  about  15,000.  (B.)  On  the  site  of  the  ancient  town, 
called,  by  the  present  inhabitants,  Girgenti  Vecchio  (vek'-ke-o)  or  Old 
Girgenti,  are  to  be  seen  a  great  number  of  interesting  ruins;  the  tem- 
ple of  Concord,  having  been  converted  into  a  Christian  church,  is  still 
almost  entire. 

Gironde,  je-rond',  (Fr.  pron.  zhev-r6Nd'),  a  r.  or  estuary  of  France, 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Garonne  and  Dordogne,  flowing  into  the 
Bay  of  Biscay.  Its  length  is  about  45  m.;  its  breadth  varies  from 
about  2  to  7  m. 

Gironde,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  France,  lying  on  both  sides  of 
the  r.  Gironde,  and  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Pop.  555,809. 
(B.)     Capital,  Bordeaux. 

Gizeh.     See  Giieezeh. 

Glad'-win,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mich.,  W.  of  Saginaw  Bay. 
21* 


246  G1,A— GRO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6;  not;  66  as  in  good; 

Glam-or/-gan-shire,  a  co.  in  S.  Wales,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop. 
171,188. 

Glar/-us,  in  Fr.  Glaris,  glav-reece',  a  canton  in  the  E.  part  of  Swit- 
zerland, bordering  on  the  lake  of  Wallenstadt  and  the  Linth  Canal, 
which  connects  the  above  lake  with  the  lake  of  Ziirich.  The  area  is 
about  469  sq.m.     Pop.  28,000.     (B.) 

Glarus,  the  cap.  of  the  above  canton,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Linth, 
which  flows  into  the  lake  of  Wallenstadt.  It  contains  a  Protestant  col- 
lege, and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  47°  2' N,,  Lon.  9° 
2'E. 

Glas'-gow,  a  city  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire,  situated  on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Clyde,  43  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Edinburgh.  In  extent  and 
population,  as  well  as  in  commerce  and  manufactures,  it  is  the  first 
town  of  Scotland.  Three  different  canals  terminate  in  Glasgow; 
through  one  of  them,  the  Forth  and  Clyde  Canal,  it  has  communica- 
tion with  Falkirk,  Grangemouth  and  Edinburgh.  The  town  is,  in 
general,  regularly  and  handsomely  built;  the  streets  are  large,  clean, 
and  well  paved,  and  adorned  with  a  number  of  fine  edifices,  both  pub- 
lic and  private.  The  ancient  cathedral  stands  in  the  highest  part  of 
the  city,  and  is  considered  as  the  finest  specimen  of  Gothic  architecture 
among  the  churches  of  Scotland.  Among  the  various  scientific  and 
literary  institutions  of  Glasgow,  we  may  mention  the  University,  which 
was  attended,  in  1826-7,  by  1,027  students;  the  Hunterian  Museum, 
with  a  superb  collection  of  anatomical  preparations,  and  the  institu- 
tion founded  by  Professor  Anderson,  of  which  it  is  the  object  to  fur- 
nish, at  a  very  moderate  expense,  a  regular  course  of  instruction,  by 
popular  lectures,  to  persons  not  wishing,  or  not  able,  to  enter  any  of 
the  universities.  Glasgow  exhibits  an  astonishing  augmentation  in  the 
number  of  inhabitants,  of  late  years.  The  pop.  of  1841,  which,  in- 
cluding the  suburbs,  amounted  to  274,324,  exceeded  that  of  1831  by 
more  than  72,000.  In  1780,  the  town  contained  only  42,832  inhabi- 
tants. (E.  G.)  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  55°  51'  32"  N.,  Lon.  4° 
IT  54"  W.     (P.  C.) 

Port-Glasgow  is  situated  in  Renfrewshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
about  20  m.  below  Glasgow.  The  citizens  of  the  latter  town  having 
experienced  great  inconvenience  from  the  want  of  a  seaport,  founded 
a  harbour  here  in  1668,  and  afterwards  obtained  a  charter  from  the 
crown,  constituting  it  a  free  port.     Pop.  6,973. 

Glatz  (Polish,  Klodz'-ko),  a  fortified  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  cap.  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name  on  the  Neisse  (x\V-cch).  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  double  wall.  Lat.  50°  25'  N.,  Lon.  16°  37'  E.  Pop.,  exclusive 
of  the  military,  6,400.     (B.) 

.Glauchau,  glouMvou,  a  t.  of  Saxony,  in  the  co.  of  Schonburg,  6  m. 
N.  of  "Zwickau.     Pop.  5,300.     (B.) 

Glogau,  glo'-gou,  a  circle  of  Prussian  Silesia,  S.  of  Posen. 

Gross-Glogau,  groce'-glo'-gou  (i.  e.  Great  Glogau),  the  chief  town 
of  the  above,  is  a  strong  fortress,  situated  on  the  Oder.  Lat.  51°  40* 
N.,  Lon.  16°  7  E.     Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  garrison,  11,000.     (B.) 


GLO— GbL  247 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  (jr,  like^ 

Glommen,  glum'-men,  the  largest  r.  of  Norway,  rises  in  the  high 
mountains  to  the  S.  E.  of  Drontheim,  and  flows  into  the  Skager-Rack 
It  traverses  several  small  lakes  in  its  course. 

Gloucester,  glos'-ter,  (the  Gle'vum  of  the  Romans;  Saxon,  Gleau 
Cester,  whence  the  present  name  is  derived,)  a  city  in  the  W.  of  Eng- 
land, the  cap.  of  Gloucestershire,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Severn,  90  m.  W.  N.  W.  from  London.  There  are  two  stone  bridges, 
each  of  a  single  arch,  over  the  two  channels  of  the  Severn.  Glouces- 
ter is  remarkable  for  its  superb  cathedral,  and  for  its  immense  manu- 
facture of  pins,  which,  however,  was  formerly  much  more  extensive 
than  at  present.  Lat.  51°  52'  N.,  Lon.  2°  16'  W.  The  city  forms  a 
little  co.  of  itself,  with  an  area  of  only  680  acres.     Pop.  14,152. 

Gloucester,  a  port  of  entry  of  Essex  co.,  Mass.,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  peninsula  of  Cape  Ann,  about  27  m.,  in  a  straight  Jine,  N.  E.  of 
Boston.  It  has  a  commodious  harbour,  and  carries  on  extensive  fish- 
eries.    Pop.  7,786. 

Gloucester,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware r.     Pop.  14,655.     Co.  t.  Woodbury. 

Gloucester,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  at  the  mouth  of  York  r. 
Pop.  10,527.     Seat  of  justice,  Gloucester  c.  h. 

Gloucestershire,  glos'-ter-shir,  a  co.  in  the  W.  of  England,  inter- 
sected by  the  r.  Severn.     Pop.  431,383. 

Gluckstadt,  gluck'-statt,  a  t.  and  free  port  of  Denmark,  cap.  of 
Holstein  (see  Kiel),  situated  on  the  Elbe.  Lat.  53°  48'  N.,  Lon.  9°  27 
E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Glynn,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  r.  Altamaha 
and  the  sea.     Pop.  4,933.     Co.  t.  Brunswick. 

Gmund,  gmoont,  or  GmuV-den,  a  small  t.  of  Upper  Austria,  import- 
ant on  account  of  its  salt-works,  and  the  railroad  which  connects  it 
with  Linz  and  Budweis. 

Gmund,  gmiint,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg,  28  m.  E.  of  Stutt- 
gart, with  an  institute  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  for  the  blind,  and 
other  establishments  for  education. 

Gnesen,  gna^-zen,  (Polish,  Gniesno,  gne-es'-no,)  a  t.  of  Prussian 
Poland,  30  m.  by  E.  by  N.  from  Posen,  considered  as  the  most  ancient 
town  in  all  Poland.     Pop.  5,600.     (B.) 

Go'-a,  the  cap.  of  the  Portuguese  possessions  in  India,  situated  in  the 
prov.  of  Bejapoor,  on  an  island  formed  by  the  r.  Mandova.  The  ancient 
city  is  now  almost  deserted.  The  new  town,  which  stands  5  m.  nearer 
the  sea,  is  called  Pandjim  (pan-jeem').  (P.  C.)  Lat.  15°  31'  N.,  Lon. 
73°  45'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  18,000  to  20,000. 

God avery,  go-da'- ver-e,  a  large  r.  of  India,  which  rises  in  the 
Western  Ghauts,  and  flowing,  at  first  easterly,  and  afterwards  south- 
easterly, empties  itself  into  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  640  m. 

Goes,  nooce,  a  seaport  t.  of  Holland,  on  the  island  of  S.  Beveland 
Lat.  51°  30'  N„  Lon.  3°  53'  E.     Pop.  4,500.     (B.) 

Gol-con'-da,  an  ancient  and  decayed  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of 


248  GOL— GOO 

Fate,  far,  fall, -fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  asing-oo^; 

Hydrabad,  celebrated  for  its  diamond  mines.  It  appears,  however,  that 
these  mines,  mentioned  so  frequently  by  geographers  as  well  as  others, 
have  never  had  an  existence.  The  "diamonds  of  Golconda"  are  thus 
designated,  from  having  been  wrought  in  this  town,  which  was,  for 
many  centuries,  distinguished  for  its  traffic  in  those  precious  stones. 
(B.)  Golconda  is  situated  a  few  miles  to  the  W.  of  the  city  of  Hydra- 
bad.     Lat.  17°  23'  N.,  Lon.  78°  26'  E. 

Goldberg,  goltf-beRG,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia.  Lat. 
51°  4'  N.,  Lon.  15°  56'  E,     Pop.  6,400.     (B.) 

Gold  Coast,  a  part  of  Guinea,  the  limits  of  which  are  not  exactly 
defined.  In  its  most  extensive  application,  the  name  comprises  a  mari- 
time tract  extending  from  the  little  r.  Assinee  (about  3°  20'  W.  Lon.) 
to  the  eastern  mouth  of  the  r.  Lagos,  (4°  20'  E.  Lon.)  That  portion, 
however,  which  lies  E.  of  the  r.  Volta,  is  often  called  the  Slave  Coast. 
Some  writers  describe  the  Gold  Coast  as  limited  on  the  W.  by  Cape 
Three  Points  (about  2°  10'  W.  Lon.)  ;  others  make  Cape  Apollonia  the 
western  boundary.  Of  all  parts  of  Guinea,  and  indeed  of  the  African 
coast,  this  is  the  one  where  European  settlements  and  trade  have  been 
carried  to  the  greatest  extent.  Its  name  sufficiently  indicates  the  cause. 
It  appears,  however,  that  the  gold  for  which  this  region  formerly  en- 
joyed an  exaggerated  celebrity,  was  chiefly  procured  from  other  por- 
tions of  Africa. 

Golnow,  gol'-nov,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  18  m.  N.  E.  of  Stet- 
tin.    Pop.  3,600.     (B.) 

Gom-broon',  called,  also,  Bun'-der  Ab-bas^-si.,  a  t.  of  Persia,  situated 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  opposite  to  the  far-famed  island  of 
Ormuz.  Formerly  it  carried  on  an  extensive  trade,  and  its  population 
is  said  to  have  amounted  to  30,000 ;  it  is  now  reduced  to  3,000  or  4,000. 
(P.  C.)  According  to  Balbi,  it  is  still  populous  during  the  winter  sea- 
son.    Lat.  about  27°  12'  N.,  Lon.  56°  3'  E. 

Gomera,  go-ma'-ra,  one  of  the  Canarv  Islands,  situated  between  28° 
and  28°  13'  N.  Lat.,  and  17°  15'  and  *17°  35'  W.  Lon.  It  is  about 
20  m.  long,  and  contains  an  area  of  10^  sq.  leagues.  Pop.  11,742. 
(P.  C.) 

GonaKves,  Les,  la  goN-nive^,  a  small  seaport  t.  of  Havti,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Artibonite.     Lat.  19°  20'  N.,  Lon.  72°  30'  W. 

Gon^-dar,  a  city  of  Abyssinia,  formerly  the  cap.  of  the  whole  empire  ; 
at  present  the  chief  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Amhara,  is  situated  in  a 
plain  between  20  and  30  m.  N.  of  Lake  Dembea.  The  houses  are 
mostly  covered  with  straw ;  they  are  isolated,  so  that  the  city  occupies 
a  large  space  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  inhabitants.  Lat.  about 
12°  30'  N.,  Lon.  37°  32'  E.  Pop.  6,000  (B.)  ;  others,  however,  have 
estimated  it  much  higher,  but  have  probably  been  deceived  by  the  ex- 
tent of  ground  which  the  town  occupies. 

Gooch'-iand,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  N.  of,  and  border- 
ing on  James  r.     Pop.  10,352.  Seat  of  justice,  Goochland  c.  h. 

Goold^-sha  (Guldscha),  called,  also,  Ili,  (eeMe),  an  important  com- 
mercial t.  of  Central  Asia,  situated  in  Chinese  Toorkistan.     It  is  said 


GOO— GOT  249 

oo,  as  in  our ,  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  %  w,  nearly  like  ng ;  Qr,  like  j. 

to  be  well  built,  and  to  be  surrounded  by  mud  walls,  with  six  gates ; 
and  is  estimated  to  contain  10,000  houses.  (B.)  Lat.  about  43°  30'N.5 
Lon.  82°  30'  E. 

Goom^-ty,  a  r.  of  Hindostan,  which  flows  into  the  Ganges. 

GorZ-kum,  a  fortified  t.  of  S.  Holland,  situated  on  the  Merwe.  Lat. 
51°  50'  N.,  Lon.  4°  58'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Gor/-litz,  a  fortified  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Upper  Lusatia,  situated  on  the 
Neisse  (ni'-ceA).  It  has  a  gymnasium  and  several  other  literary  and 
scientific  institutions.  Lat.  51°  9'  N.,  Lon.  15°  V  E.  Pop.  11,000.  (B.) 

Gortz  (It.  Gorizia,  go-rid'-se-a),  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  the  kingdom 
of  Illyria,  cap.  of  a  large  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  has  an  academi- 
cal gymnasium,  a  public  library,  and  various  other  institutions.  Lat. 
45°  57'  N.,  Lon.  13°  29'  E.     Pop.  9,700.     (P.  C.) 

Gos'-lar,  an  ancient  t.  of  Hanover,  in  Hildesheim,  celebrated  for  its 
mines  of  silver,  lead,  and  copper,  which  are  possessed  in  common  by 
the  king  of  Hanover,  and  the  duke  of  Brunswick.  Lat.  51°  54'  N.,  Lon. 
10°  26'  E.     Pop.  near  6,000.     (B.) 

Gos'-port,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Hampshire,  situated 
on  the  W.  side  of  Portsmouth  harbour,  68  m.  S.  by  W.  from  London. 
Pop.  of  the  chapelry,  8,862.  S.  of  the  town  stands  the  Royal  Hospital 
of  Haslar,  containing  accommodations  for  more  than  2,000  patients. 

Gosport.     See  Norfolk. 

Gotha,  goM/a,  a  handsome  t.  of  Germany,  formerly  the  cap.  of  the 
duchy  of  Saxe-Gotha,  now  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  is  situ- 
ted  78  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Leipsic.  Among  its  numerous  literary  and 
scientific  institutions,  may  be  mentioned  the  Gymnasium,  one  of  the 
best  in  Germany  ;  the  National  Library,  with  60,000,  and  the  Ducal 
Library,  with  20,000  vols. ;  and  the  celebrated  collection  of  coins,  one 
of  the  finest  in  the  world,  contained  in  the  palace  of  Friedenstein  (free^- 
den-stine),  besides  various  collections  in  natural  history  and  in  the 
arts.  Pop.  12,000.  (B.)  The  Observatory  of  Seeberg  (sa'-beRG),  in 
the  vicinity  of  Gotha,  is  in  Lat.  50°  56'  5"jv:,  Lon.  10°  44'  6"  E. 

Gotha,  Principality  of.     See  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 

Gotheborg,  go'-te-borg,  or  Got'-hen-burg,  an  important  t.  of  Swe- 
den, on  the  Gotha-elf  (or  "Gotha  River"),  about  3m.  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Cattegat.  The  river  widens  at  this  place  to  near  a  mile,  and 
forms  an  excellent  harbour.  The  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  the 
Gymnasium,  and  the  School  of  Navigation,  may  be  noticed  among  the 
literary  and  scientific  institutions  of  Gotheborg.  With  respect  to  com 
merce,  manufactures,  and  population,  this  town  is  the  second  in  the 
kingdom.     Lat.  57°  42'  N.,  Lon.  11°  58'  E.     Pop.  27,000.     (B.) 

Goth'-land  (Sw.  Gotaland,  yo'-ta-land,  or  Gothland,  yotMand,  the 
u  land  of  the  Goths ;"  Lat.  Go'thia) ;  a  name  formerly  applied  to  the 
southern  portion  of  Sweden,  which  was  divided  into  East,  West,  and 
South  Gothland.  None  of  these  appellations,  however,  are  recognised 
in  the  recent  distribution  of  Sweden  into  provinces.     (E.  G.) 

Goth'-land,  or  more  properly,  GotV-land,  (i.  e.  "  good  land,")  an 
i.  in  the  Baltic,  situated  between  56°  55'  and  58°  N.  Lat.,  and  18°  1C 


250  GOT— GRA 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good  • 

and  19°  13'  E.  Lon.  It  is  near  80  m.  in  length  ;  its  greatest  breadth 
is  above  30  m.  The  area  is  computed  at  1,118  sq.m.  The  pop.  in 
1833  was  estimated  at  39,800.     (P.  C.) 

Gottingen  or  Gcettingen,  get'-ting-en,  a  celebrated  city  of  Germany, 
in  Hanover,  the  cap.  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the 
New  Leine  QV-neh),  a  canal  derived  from  the  river  Leine,  an  af- 
fluent of  the  Aller.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  university,  founded 
by  George  II.,  of  England,  in  1734,  which  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of 
the  very  first  in  Europe,  and  which  contains  a  library  of  above  300,000 
vols.,  considered  the  richest  in  the  world  with  respect  to  modern  litera- 
ture. Among  the  numerous  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions 
of  Gottingen,  we  may  mention  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences;  the  Bo- 
tanic Garden,  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe;  the  Academical  Museum  ; 
and  the  Veterinary  School.  Lat.  of  the  Observatory,  51°  31'  48"  N., 
Lon.  9°  56'  37"  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Gou'-da  or  How/-da,  a  t.  of  Holland,  on  the  Yssel,  12  m.  N.  E.  of 
Rotterdam.  The  church  of  St.  John,  of  this  place,  is  a  handsome  edi- 
fice ;  its  painted  windows  are  esteemed  among  the  finest  in  Europe. 
Gouda,  though  not  regularly  fortified,  is  surrounded  by  wide  and  deep 
ditches;  and,  by  means  of  sluices,  the  surrounding  country  can  be  laid 
under  water  in  a  few  hours.  Lat.  52°  N.,  Lon.  4°  43'  E.  Pop.  esti-: 
mated  at  12,000.     (B.) 

Goyaz,  goN-yaz^,  a  large  prov.  in  the  central  part  of  Brazil,  extending 
from  about  6°  to  21°  40'  S.  Lat. 

Goyaz,  called,  also,  Vil'-la  Bo^-a,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated 
on  the  r.  Vermelho  (veR-meF-yo),  near  its  source,  about  170  m.,  in  a 
straight  line,  from  its  entrance  into  the  Araguay.  Lat.  about  16°  20' 
S.,  Lon.  50°  30'  W.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Gozzo,  got'-so,  (Anc.  Gau'dus,)  an  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  situated 
N.  W.  of  Malta,  to  which  it  belongs.  It  is  intersected  by  the  parallel 
of  36°  N.  Lat.,  and  by  the  meridian  of  14°  15'*E.  Lon.  The  area  is 
near  40  sq.  m.  Pop.  15,000.  Gozzo,  the  principal  town,  contains 
about  3,000  inhabitants.     (P.  C.) 

Gracias  a  Dios,  gra/-se-as  a  dee^-oce,  a  cape  on  the  E.  coast  of  Cen- 
tral America.     Lat.  about  14°  55'  N.,  Lon.  83°  12'  W. 

Graciosa,  gra-se-o^-sa,  one  of  the  Azores,  intersected  by  the  39th 
parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  28th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  It  is  only  about  20  m. 
in  circumference.     Pop.  7,500.     (P.  C.) 

Gradisca,  gra-dis'-ka,  a  small  t.  in  Austrian  Italy,  important  on  ac- 
count of  its  fortifications.     Lat.  45°  53'  N.,  Lon.  13°  25'  E. 

Grmta.     See  GrXTZ. 

Graf'-ton,  a  co.  of  N.  H.,  bordering  on  the  Connecticut  r.  Pop 
42,343.     Co.  towns,  Haverhill  and  Plymouth. 

Grammont,  grav-m6iv',  a  t.  of  E.  Flanders,  situated  on  the  r.  Dender, 
18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ghent.  Lat.  50°  41'  N.,  Lon.  3°  50'  E.  Pop.  in  1834, 
7,349.     (P.  C.) 

Cram'-pi-an  Hills,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  Scotland,  which 
stretches  like  a  mighty  wall  along  the  southern  front  of  the  Highlands, 


GRA— GRA  251 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q,  likej. 

Tunning  from  Argyleshire,  on  the  Atlantic,  across  the  island,  into  Aber- 
deenshire, on  the  German  Ocean,  and  then  forming  another  ridge  in  a 
north-westerly  direction,  extends  to  the  county  of  Moray,  and  the  bor- 
ders of  Inverness.  There  appears,  however,  to  be  considerable  diver- 
sity among  geographers  respecting  the  application  of  the  name  Gram- 
pian. The  term  is  not  used  by  the  natives  of  that  part  of  Britain.  It 
is  derived  from  the  Mons  Grampius,  mentioned  by  Tacitus  in  his 
Agricola.  In  its  most  extensive  application,  it  appears  to  comprehend 
all  the  mountain  ranges  N.  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  Frith  of  Clyde  to 
the  Frith  of  Tay,  thus  including  all  the  higher  mountains  of  Scotland. 
Ben  Ne'vis,  in  Inverness-shire,  is  the  highest  of  the  Grampian  system, 
and  of  all  the  mountains  in  Great  Britain,  rising  4,368  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Ben  Mac  Dhu,  situated  in  the  W.  part  of  Aberdeen- 
shire, is  second  only  to  Ben  Nevis,  having  an  elevation  of  4,305  ft. 
above  the  sea ;  Ben  Cruachan  (croo'-Kan),  in  Argyleshire,  S.  of  Loch 
Etive,  is  3,669  ft.  high.  Ben  Lo'-mpnd,  in  Stirlingshire,  is  perhaps 
the  best  known  of  the  mountains  of  Scotland,  on  account  of  its  forming 
the  southern  extremity  of  the  Highlands.  It  rises  3,197  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Ben  Ven-u',  in  Perthshire,  extends  along  the  south- 
ern shores  of  Loch  Katrine,  and  presents  the  most  striking  features  in 
the  picturesque  scenery  for  which  that  lake  is  so  remarkable.  Ben 
Vorlich  (vorMiK)  or  Voirlich,  in  Perthshire,  is  second  only  to  Ben  Venu, 
among  all  the  mountains  of  Scotland,  for  wild  and  variegated  scenery. 

Gran,  gran,  (Hung.  Esztergom,  es-teR-gom,)  an  archiepiscopal  and 
royal  free  t.  in  the  central  part  of  Hungary,  cap.  of  a  co.  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube.  At  the  foot  of  the 
castle,  which  stands  on  an  island  in  the  river,  connected  with  the  town 
bv  a  flying  bridge,  is  an  establishment  for  warm  baths.  Lat.  47°  47' 
N.,  Lon.  18°  45'  E.     Pop.  about  10,950.     (P.  C.) 

Granada,  gran-;V-da,*  (Sp.  pron.  gra-na/-Da,)  a  kingdom  or  prov.  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  bordering  on  Murcia  and  the  Mediterranean.  It 
is  sometimes  called  Upper  Andalusia. 

Granada,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Spain,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is 
situated  near  the  river  Genii  (Ha-neelO>in  the  midst  of  a  plain  cele- 
brated for  its  fertility  and  for  its  delicious  climate.  This  town  was 
built  by  the  Saracens,  in  the  10th  century.  After  the  overthrow  of  the 
kingdom  of  Cordova,  Granada  became,  in  1238,  the  cap.  of  the  new 
kingdom  and  the  last  bulwark  of  the  Moslems  in  Spain.  Towards  the 
close  of  the  Moorish*  dominion,  its  population  amounted  to  400,000  (B.), 
and,  in  1491,  its  walls  were  defended  against  the  armies  of  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  by  100,000  men ;  but.  it  was  at  last  reduced,  on  the  second 
day  of  the  year  1492.  The  Alhambra,  formerly  the  palace  and  fortress 
of  the  Moslem  kings,  an  edifice  of  almost  unequalled  magnificence,  is 

*  This  accentuation  not  only  corresponds  with  the  Spanish,  but  is  supported  by 
the  usage  of  nearly  all  our  best  poets  (see  Int.  T.) ;  nevertheless,  in  the  "carefully 
revised"  edition  of  Stewart's  Modern  Geography,  published  at  Edinburgh  in  1843, 
the  name  is  thrice  given  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable. 


252  GRA— GRA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me\  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  06  as  in  good ; 

justly  regarded  as  the  finest  existing-  monument  of  Moorish  architec- 
ture. Granada  possesses  a  number  of  literary  institutions,  among  which 
the  University  stands  pre-eminent.  Lat.  37°  17'  N.,  Lon.  3°  50'  W. 
Pop.  computed  at  80,000.     (B.) 

Granada,  New.     See  New  Granada. 

Grand  Isle,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Vt.  Pop.  4,145. 
Co.  t.  North  Hero. 

Grand  River.     See  Ottawa. 

Grand  River,  a  r.  of  Mich.,  which  flows  into  L.  Michigan. 

Grand  River,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Iowa,  and,  flowing  through  the 
N.  part  of  Missouri,  falls  into  the  r.  Missouri. 

Granger,  grane'-jer,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  between  the 
Holston  and  Clinch  rivers.     Pop.  12,370.     Co.  t.  Rutledge. 

Grant,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Kentuckv  r. 
Pop.  6,531.     Co.  t.  Williamstown. 

Grant,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Wa- 
bash and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  11,092.  Co.  t.  Marion. 

Grant,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Wisconsin.    P.  16,170. 

Grant^-ijam,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Lincolnshire,  about  100  m.,  in  a 
straight  line,  N.  by  W.,  from  London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  4,683. 

Gran'-ville,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Virginia. 
Pop.  21,249.     Co.  Oxford. 

Granville,  graNv-vilK,  an  important  seaport  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Manche.  Lat.  48°  50'  N.,  Lon.  1°  36'  W.  Pop.  in  1832,  7,350. 
(P.  C.) 

Grasse,  grass,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  with  a  college  and 
some  other  institutions.  Lat.  43°  39'  N.,  Lon.  6°  55'  E.  Pop.  in  1832, 
7,552.     (P.  C.) 

Gratiot,  grash/-e-ot,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mich. 

Gratz,  grets,  the  cap.  of  Styria,  as  well  as  of  a  circle  of  its 
own  name,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Mur  (moor),  a  branch  of  the  Drave, 
about  90  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Vienna.  This  place  holds  a  distinguished 
rank  among  the  towns  of  Austria,  as  a  seat  of  literature  and  science. 
Among  its  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  University,  attended  by 
from  300  to  350  students;  the  Public  Library,  one  of  the  richest  in  the 
empire;  and  an  institution  called  the  Johanneum,  named  in  honour  of 
the  Archduke  John,  by  whom  it  was  founded  in  1811.  Lat.  47°  4'  N., 
Lon.  15°  27  E.     Pop.^  above  40,000.     (B.) 

Graudenz,  grou'-dents,  a  t.  and  fortress  of  Prussia,  situated  on  the 
Vistula,  60  m.  S.  of  Dantzic.  It  has  a  progymnasium  and  a  large 
house  of  correction,  serving  for  the  whole  of  W.  Prussia.  Pop.,  ex- 
clusive of  the  military  and  the  prisoners,  5,500.     (B.) 

Gravelines,  gravMeen',  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord, 
on  the  r.  Aa,  near  its  mouth.     Lat.  50°  59'  N.,  Lon.  2°  8'  E. 

Graves,  a  co.  near  the  W.  extremity  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tennes- 
see.    Pop.  11,397.  Co.  t.  Mayfield. 

Gravesv-end',  a  t.  of  England,  in  Kent,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Thames,  about  20  m.  E.  of  London.     It  is  the  common  landing  place 


GRA— GRE  253 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  (^,  like  j, 

for  seamen  and  strangers,  in  their  passage  to  the  metropolis.  Here 
every  outward-bound  vessel  must  come  to  anchor,  to  be  examined  and 
obtain  its  clearance ;  in  like  manner,  every  vessel  coming  up  the  river 
must  be  examined  by  the  custom-house  officers,  a  number  of  whom  are 
constantly  stationed  here.     Pop.  6,414. 

Gra.y'-son,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  New  River, 
and  bordering  on  North  Carolina.  Pop.  6,677.  Seat  of  justice,  Gray- 
eon  c.  h. 

Grayson,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ky.,  a  little  N.  of  Green 
River.     Pop.  6,837.     Co.  t.  Litchfield. 

Great  Brit'-ain,  (Anc.  Albion,  afterwards  Britannia  or  Britannia 
Major — major,  i.  e.  "greater,"  being  added,  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from 
Brittany,  which  was  also  sometimes  called  Britannia  or  Britannia  Minor, 
i.  e.  "  Lesser  Britain,")  the  largest  island  of  Europe,  containing  the  coun- 
tries of  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland.  Lizard  Point,  the  most  southern 
part,  is  in  Lat.  49°  57'  30"  N;  Dunnet  Head,  in  Caithness,  the  most 
northern  point,  in  Lat.  58°  41'  N.  The  most  eastern  point  is  Lowest- 
oft, on  the  coast  of  Norfolk,  1°  46'  E.  Lon.  The  most  western,  Aird- 
namurchan  Point,  in  the  N.  part  of  Argyleshire,  Scotland,  is  in  6°  13' 
W.  Lon.  The  distance  from  Lizard  Point  to  Dunnet  Head,  is  about 
608  m.  The  greatest  breadth  of  the  island,  from  Land's-end  to  the 
most  eastern  part  of  Kent,  is  about  311  m.  Area  83,827  sq.  m.  The 
pop.,  according  to  the  census  of  1851.  amounts  to  20,919,531.  Great 
Britain  contains,  in  all,  84  counties,  of  which  40  belong  to  England* 
12  to  Wales,f  and  32  to  Scotland.]:  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  form 
together  what  is  termed  the  United  Kingdom,  of  which  London  is  the 
capital.  The  government  is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy.  The 
legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  parliament,  consisting  of  the  king, 
the  house  of  lords,  and  the  house  of  commons.  The  king  is  regarded 
as  the  fountain  of  justice  and  the  supreme  head  of  the  church.  He  is 
the  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  forces  of  the  empire,  both  on  land 
and  sea.  To  him  belongs  the  exclusive  prerogative  of  granting  par- 
dons and  of  commuting  punishments.  The  house  of  lords  consists  of 
the  temporal  peers  of  England,  who  are  hereditary,  the  elective  peers 
of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  the  bishops  of  England,  and  four  Irish  lords 

*  Bedford,  Berks,  Bucks  (or  Buckinghamshire),  Cambridge,  Chester  (or  Che- 
shire), Cornwall,  Cumberland,  Derby,  Devon.  Dorset,  Durham,  Essex,  Gloucester, 
Hereford,  Hertford,  Huntingdon,  Kent,  Lancaster  (or  Lancashire),  Leicester, 
Lincoln,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Norfolk,  Northampton,  Northumberland,  Not- 
tingham, Oxford,  Rutland,  Salop  (or  Shropshire),  Somerset,  Southampton  (or 
Hampshire),  Stafford,  Suffolk,  Surrey,  Sussex,  Warwick,  Westmoreland,  Wilts, 
Worcester,  York. 

t  Anglesey,  Brecon  (or  Brecknockshire).  Cardigan,  Caermarthen,  Caernarvon, 
Denbigh,  Flint,  Glamorgan,  Merioneth,  Montgomery,  Pembroke,  Radnor. 

t  Aberdeen,  Argyle  (or  Argyll),  Ayr,  Bnnff,  Berwick,  Bute,  Caithness,  Clack 
mannan,  Dumbarton,  Dumfries,  Edinburgh,  Elgin  (or  Moray),  Fife,  Forfar,  Had 
ding  ton,  Inverness,  Kincardine,  Kinross,  Kirkcudbright,  Lanark,  Linlithgow,  Nairn, 
Orkney  and  Shetland,  Peebles,  Perth,  Renfrew,  Ross  and  Cromarty,  Roxburgh, 
Selkirk,  Stirling,  Sutherland,  Wigtown. 

22 


254  GRE-GRE 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  good, 


spiritual.  The  house  of  lords  is  also  the  supreme  court  of  appeal  for 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The  house  of  commons  consists  of  men 
elected  by  the  different  counties,  cities,  boroughs,  and  universities,  to 
represent  them  in  parliament.  It  is  required  by  law  that  the  candi- 
dates be  possessed  of  a  certain  amount  of  property,  excepting  the  sons 
of  peers,  and  those  who  are  to  represent  the  universities.  The  number 
of  members  of  the  house  of  commons,  at  present,  amounts  to  658,  of 
whom  471  are  chosen  by  England,  29  by  Wales,  53  by  Scotland,  and 
105  by  Ireland. — Adj.  Brit'-ish  ;  inhab.  Brit'-on. 

Greece,  (Anc.  Gf.  'E%&a$,  Hellas ;  Lat.  Gra^cia,)  a  country  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Europe,  once  distinguished  above  all  others  as  the  seat 
of  civilization,  learning,  and  the  arts.  Passing  over  that  period  of 
Grecian  history  which  was  so  brilliant,  and  is  so  well  known,  we  will 
merely  observe  that,  after  undergoing  various  vicissitudes,  during  the 
decline  of  tjje  Roman  power,  Greece  at  last  became  permanently  incor- 
porated with  the  Ottoman  empire,  on  the  fall  of  Constantinople,  1453, 
and  remained  in  this  condition  till  1821,  when  the  last  successful  strug- 
gle for  Grecian  freedom  commenced.  After  a  long  and  sanguinary 
contest,  through  the  interference  of  England,  France,  and  Russia,  the 
independence  of  Greece  was  at  length  recognised  by  the  Turkish  sultan, 
in  1829.  The  present  kingdom  of  Greece  is  situated  between  36°  23' 
and  39°  14'  N.  Lat,  and  20°  43'  and  24°  35'  E.  Lon.,  including  the 
island  of  Negropont.  The  northern  boundary  of  the  continental  portion 
extends,  in  a  somewhat  tortuous  line,  from  the  Gulf  of  Volo,  on  the  E., 
to  the  Gulf  of  Arta  on  the  W.  A  considerable  part  of  it  is  formed  by 
the  mountain  ridge  called  Othrys,  which  runs  nearly  E.  and  W.,  a  little 
N.  of  the  39th  parallel.  All  the  principal  islands  of  the  iEgean  Sea 
lying  W.  of  the  26th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.,  with  the  exception  of  Crete, 
belong  also  to  the  kingdom  of  Greece.  Area  estimated  at  18,500  sq.  m. 
Pop.  700,000.  (B.)  The  government  is  a  limited  hereditary  monarchy., 
under  the  protection  of  England,  France,  and  Russia.  Athens  is  the 
capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Greek  and  Grecian,  gree'-shun. 

Green,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  Illinois. 
Pop.  933. 

Green  Bay,  a  large  bay  on  the  W.  side  of  L.  Michigan,  above  100  m. 
long,  and  from  15  m.  to  35  m.  broad. 

Green  Mountains,  a  range  which  commences  in  Vt.,  near  the  Canada 
line,  and  running  S.,  through  the  western  part  of  this  state,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Connecticut,  terminates  at  West  Rock,  near  New  Haven. 
Those  portions  situated  within  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  are  not 
usually  called  by  the  general  name. 

Green  River,  a  r.  of.  Ky.,  which  rises  in  the  E.  central  part  of  the 
state,  and,  flowing  westerly  for  more  than  half  of  its  course,  and  after 
wards  in  a  general  north-westerly  direction,  empties  itself  into  the 
Ohio  r.     It  is  navigable,  for  boats,  about  200  m. 

Green'-bri-er,  a  r.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  flowing  into  New  River. 

Greenbrier,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  above, 
and  bordering  on  New  River.     Pop.  10,022.  Co.  t.  Lewisburg. 


GRE— GRE  255 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q,  like^. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  W.  of  and  bordering  on  the 
Hudson  r.     Pop.  33,126.     Co.  t.  Catskill. 

Greene,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Pa.  Pop.  22,136.  Co. 
t.  Waynesburg. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the 
Blue  Ridge.     Pop.  4,400. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  N.  C,  a  little  to  the  N.  of 
Neuse  River.     Pop.  6,619.     Co.  t.  Snow  Hill. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  13,068.     Co.  t.  Greensborough. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Black  War- 
rior, and  bordering  on  the  Tombigbee.     Pop.  31,441.     Co.  t.  Erie. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Alabama.  Pop. 
2,018.     Co.  seat,  Leakeville. 

Greene,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the 
St.  Francis.     Pop.  2,593. 

Greene,  a  co.  near  the  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  North 
Carolina  and  the  French  Broad  r.     Pop  17,824.    Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Greene,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r.  Pop. 
9,060.       Co.  t.  Greensburg. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  to  the  E.  of 
the  Miami  r.     Pop.  21,946.     Co.  t.  Xenia. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Tnd.,  intersected  by  the  W. 
Fork  of  the  White  r.     Pop.  12,313.  Co.  t.  Bloomfield. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Illinois  r.  Pop. 
12,429.     Co.  t.  Carrollton. 

Greene,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mo.  Pop.  12,785.  Co.  t.  Spring- 
field. 

Greene-land,  (Dan.  GronMand  or  Groenland,  being  the  same  in  sia-ni- 
fication  with  the  English  name.)  It  appears  to  be  now  ascertained  that 
Greenland  is  not,  as  was  formerly  supposed,  a  peninsula  of  the  new 
continent,  but  an  insular  group,  consisting  of  two  or  three  large  islands, 
surrounded  by  several  other  smaller  ones.  (B.)  That  portion  which  is 
the  best  known  is  situated  between  Iceland  and  the  American  conti- 
nent. The  most  southern  point  is  Cape  Farewell,  Lat.  59°  49'  N., 
Lon.  43°  54'  W.  A  large  portion  of  the  eastern,  as  well  as  the  whole 
northern  coast,  is  still  unexplored.  The  whole  country  may  be  re- 
garded as  one  enormous  mass  of  rocks ;  in  many  places  it  rises  close 
to  the  water's  edge  into  precipitous  and  lofty  mountains,  crowned  with 
inaccessible  cliffs.  The  climate,  as  might  be  expected,  is  extremely 
cold,  but  is  considered  very  healthy.  Generally  speaking,  July  is  the 
only  month  in  which  there  is  no  snow.  Graah  observes  that,  on  the 
eastern  coast,  S.  of  65°  N.  Lat,  in  1830,  the  *sea  every  night  was  co- 
vered with  a  crust  of  new  ice,  as  early  as  the  close  of  August.  He 
6tates,  however,  that  in  February,  the  thermometer  did  not  sink  lower 
than  6°  below  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit.  Vegetation  must,  of  course,  be 
very  scanty  in  such  a  country  and  climate.  It  appears  that  no  kind  of 
grain  succeeds  here.     Potatoes  are  planted  only  towards  the  most 


256  GRE— GRE 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  goody 

southern  extremity.  The  only  domestic  animal  of  the  Greenlanders 
is  the  dog,  which  is  used  to  draw  the  sledges.  Rein-deer,  hares,  foxes, 
and  white  bears  appear  to  be  the  only  wild  animals  among  quadrupeds. 
Land-birds  are  not  numerous,  but  sea-fowl  are  exceedingly  abundant, 
as  are  also  many  kinds  of  fish.  Greenland  belongs  to  the  crown  of 
Denmark. — Inhab.  Green'-land-er. 

Green'-ock,  an  important  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Scot- 
land, in  Renfrewshire,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Clyde,  21  m.  W. 
by  N.  from  Glasgow.  The  harbour  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
the  largest  vessels,  and  good  anchorage.  Steamboats  run  daily  from 
this  town  to  Belfast,  in  Ireland.  Lat.  55°  58'  N.,  Lon.  4°  44'  W.  The 
pop.,  according  to  the  last  census,  amounts  to  36,135,  exceeding  that 
of  1831  by  more  than  9,000. 

Greens/-ville,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the 
Meherrin  i\,  and  bordering  on  N.  C.     Pop.  5,639.     Co.  t.  Hicksford. 

Green'-up,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ky.  Pop.  9,654. 
Co.  t.  Greenup. 

Greensville,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  N.  C. 
Pop.  20,156.     Seat  of  justice  Greenville  c.  h. 

Greenwich,  grin'-idge,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Kent,  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Thames,  5  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  London.  Here  is  a  hospital 
for  disabled  seamen,  which  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world, 
containing  accommodations  for  about  3,000  persons.  The  money  re- 
ceived from  visiters  and  from  other  sources  is  appropriated  to  the  sup- 
port of  a  school,  in  which  about  200  of  the  children  of  the  inmates  are 
instructed  in  those  branches  which  relate  to  a  seafaring  life.  Green- 
wich is  also  distinguished  as  the  seat  of  the  Royal  Observatory,  from 
the  meridian  of  which,  English  astronomers  and  geographers  com- 
pute the  longitude.  Lat.  51°  28'  39",  Lon.  0°  0'  0".  Pop.,  including 
an  area  of  about  3sq.  m.,  29,755. 

Greifswalde,  grifs'-Wal'-deft,  formerly  Gripeswold,  a  t.  of  Prussia, 
in  Pornerania,  situated  near  a  little  bay  which  projects  from  the  Baltic. 
Here  is  a  university,  the  buildings  of  which  constitute  the  chief  orna- 
ment of  the  town.  It  has  thirty  professors,  and  a  library  of  above 
32,000  vols.     Lat.  54°  4'  N.,  Lon.  13°  33'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Grenada,  gren-a'-da,  one  of  the  Lesser  Antilles,  about  20  m.  long 
and  9  m.  broad.  It  is  intersected  by  the  12th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and 
by  the  meridian  of  61°  45'  VV.  Lon.     Pop.  in  1834,  25,422.     (P.  C.) 

Grenx-oble^,  a  fortified  city  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Isere, 
and  formerly  of  Dauphine,  on  the  r.  Isere,  296  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris. 
This  place  is  famous  for  the  manufacture  of  gloves,  which,  according 
to  official  documents,  amounts  to  3,600,000  pair  annually.  Among  the 
various  literary  and  scientific  institutions  of  Grenoble,  may  be  men 
tioned  the  Academie  Universitaire,  the  College  Royal,  and  the  Society 
of  Science  and  Arts.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans  this  town  was  known 
by  the  name  of  Cularo,  which  was  afterwards,  in  the  fourth  century, 
changed,  in  honour  of  the  emperor  Gratian,  to  Gratianopolis,  of  which 


GRI— GRU  257 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  Q,  likey. 

the  modern  Grenoble  is  a  corruption.  Lat.  45°  12'  N.,  Lon.  5°  44'  E. 
Pop.  26,000.     (B.) 

Grindelwald,  grin^-del-Walt\  a  village  of  Switzerland,  in  the  can- 
ton of  Berne,  situated  in  a  romantic  valley  of  the  same  name,  which  is 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  46°  39'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  8th  meridian  of 
E.  Lon.     In  the  vicinity  is  the  immense  glacier  of  Grindelwald. 

Grisons,  greN-z<W,  (Ger.  Graubiindten,  grou'-biint-en,)  the  largest* 
canton  of  Switzerland,  occupying  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  that  country. 
Its  greatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  87  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth, 
from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  54  m.  The  area  is  computed  at  about  3,000 
sq.  in.  Pop.  96,(i00.  (P.  C.)  Capital,  Coire.  Grisons  in  French  sig- 
nifies "gray,"  and  Graubundten  in  German,  the  "gray  allies."  The 
name  originated  in  the  following  circumstance.  In  the  year  1424,  the 
chief  inhabitants  of  this  portion  of  the  country,  having  become  weary 
of  the  oppression  of  their  feudal  lords,  met  under  a  large  maple,  in  a 
forest  near  the  village  of  Trons,  and  entered  into  a  solemn  compact  to 
defend  eafch  other's  property  and  persons,  and  to  oblige  their  lords  to 
respect  the  same.  This  was  called  the  Gray  League  (Graubund, 
grou'-boont),  from  their  being  dressed  in  gray  frocks.  The  maple  tree 
of  Trons  remained  standing  till  near  the  close  of  the  last  century:  it 
was  felled  during  the  French  invasion. 

Grod'-no,  an  ancient  t.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  European  Russia,  the 
cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  Niemen,  156  m.  N.  E. 
of  Warsaw.  The  Polish  and  Lithuanian  Diets  were  formerly  some- 
times held  here.  Lat.  53°  40'  N.,  Lon.  23°  50'  E.  Pop.  above  10,000. 
(P.  C.) 

GronMng-en  or  Hro^-ning-en,  a  prov.  occupying  the  N.  extremity 
of  Holland,  bordering  on  the  kingdom  of  Hanover  and  the  German 
Ocean.     The  area  is  770  sq.  m.     Pop.  in  1824,  153,860. 

Groningen,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  and  the  most  important  town  in 
the  N.  of  Holland,  is  situated  on  the  Hun'-se,  about  12  m.  from  its  en- 
trance into  the  Lauwer  Zee  (lou'-wer  zay).  The  great  church  of  St. 
Martin  is  the  most  remarkable  edifice.  Among  the  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions  of  Groningen,  the  University  and  the  Botanic  Garden 
may  be  mentioned.  Lat.  53°  12'  N.,  Lon.  6°  31'  E.  Pop.  above 
24,000.     (B.) 

Grundy,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Illinois 
r.     Pop.  3,023. 

Grundy,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Mo.,  on  Grand  r.     Pop.  3,006. 

Gross  Wardein,  groce'-WaR-dirie\  (Hung.  Nagy  Varad,  nody  vaaR- 
6d,)  a  t.  of  Hungary,  on  the  Koros  (ko-rosh),  a  tributary  of  the  Theiss, 
with  an  academy  (which  is  a  sort  of  university),  and  other  literary 
institutions.     Lat.  47°  2'  N.,  Lon.  21°  53'  E.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Grunberg,  grun'-beRG,  or  Gru,-ne-berg\  a  walled  t.  in  the  N.  part 
of  Prussian  Silesia,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  with  flourish- 

*  Balbi  gives  1,938  geographical  sq.  m.  for  the  area  of  Grisons,  and  1,933  foi 
that  of  Berne     According  to  the  P.  C.,  Berne  has  the  greater  area. 

22* 


258  GUA— GUA 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  goof- 
ing manufactures.  Lat.  52°  3'  N.,  Lon.  15°  32'  E.  Pop.  above 
9,000.     (B.) 

Guadalajara  or  Guadalaxara,  gwav-Da-la-Ha/-ra,  a  manufacturing 
t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is 
situated  on  the  r.  Henares,  a  branch  of  the  Jamara,  33  m.  N.  E.  by  E. 
of  Madrid.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Guadalajara  or  Guadalaxara,  a  large  and  handsome  city  of  Mex- 
ico, the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Xalisco,  situated  on  the  r.  Santiago.  The 
streets  are  regular  and  spacious ;  there  are  fourteen  squares  and  twelve 
fountain^,  and  many  fine  edifices.  The  town  contains  several  convents, 
and  a  number  of  churches,  among  which  the  Cathedral  is  perhaps  the 
most  remarkable,  being  considered  one  of  the  most  magnificent  in 
Mexico.  Guadalaxara  has  a  university  and  several  other  institutions 
for  education.  Four  newspapers  were  published  here  in  1826.  Lat. 
21°  9'  N.,  Lon.  103°  2'  W.  The  pop.  is  variously  estimated ;  Balbi 
gives  45,000,  but  some  rate  it  as  high  as  70,000. 

Guadaloupe,  gauv-da-loop'  or  gax-dav-loop',  an  island,  or,  more  cor- 
rectly, two  islands,  divided  from  each  other  by  a  very  narrow  channel, 
belonging  to  the  group  of  Lesser  Antilles.  It  is  from  60  to  70  m.  in 
length  ;  its  greatest  breadth  is  about  25  m.  (P.  C.)  The  most  import- 
ant town  is  Basse  Terre,  situated  near  the  S.  W.  point  of  the  island. 
Lat.  15°  59'  N.,  Lon.  61°  45'  \V. 

Guadalquivir,  commonly  pronounced  in  English  gauN-d"l-quiv'-er, 
(Sp.  pron.  jrwaD-al-ke-veer^;  Anc.  Bse'tis;)  or  the  "Great  River,"*  a  r. 
in  the  S.  of  Spain,  which  rises  in  the  mountains  on  the  N.  E.  confines  of 
Granada,  and,  running  in  a  very  circuitous  course,  falls  into  the  Atlantic, 
in  about  36°  44'  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  20'  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  above  300  m. 
It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  100  tons  to  Seville. 

Guadiana,  gau-de-an^-a  or  gwa-De-aMia,  (Anc.  Anas,)  a  r.  of  Spain, 
which  rises  in  New  Castile,  and  flowing  easterly  into  Portugal,  and 
afterwards  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Spain  and  Portugal, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic,  in  about  37°  10'  N.  Lat,  and  7°  14'  W.  Lon. 

Guanaxuato,  gwa-na-Hwa'-to,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  cap.  of  a  state  of  the 
same  name,  situated  on  the  table  land,  6,835  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  and  surrounded  by  the  richest  silver  mines  in  the  world,  to  which 
it  owes  its  origin  and  present  magnificence.  These  mines  from  1766 
to  1820  produced  not  less  than  225,935,736  Spanish  dollars.  Lat.  21° 
N.,  Lon.  100°  55'  W.  The  pop.  of  this  place  was  exceedingly  reduced 
by  the  war  of  independence,  but  at  present  it  is  said  to  amount  to 
60,000,  including  that  of  the  suburbs.     (B.) 

Guancavelica,  gwangv-ka-va-lee'-ka,  also  written  Huancabelica,  a 
t.  of  Peru,  situated  at  the  height  of  12,312  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 

#  The  name  is  of  Moorish  origin.  Gnad,  which  forms  the  prefix  of  the  names 
of  so  many  streams  in  the  S.  of  Spain,  is  essentially  the  same  word  as  Wad  or 
Wady  (see  Int.  XXVII.,  10.),  and  signifies  "river:"  al-quivir  is  merely  a  <or 
rsption  of  the  Arabic  al-kebeer  (or  al-kebir);  i.e.  "the  great." 


GUA— GUE  259 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng ;  (JJ,  likey. 

important  on  account  of  its  rich  mine  of  mercury.     Lat.  about  12°  53 
S.,  Lon.  75°  6'  W.    Pop.  near  12,000.     (B.) 

Guardafui,  gwarx-da-fwee',  Cape,  the  most  eastern  point  of  Africa. 

Guastalla,  gwas-talMa,  a  fortified  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma. 
Lat.  44°  55'  N.,  Lon.  10°  40'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  6,000.     (B.) 

Guatemala,  gauv-te-maMa  or  gwa-ta-maMa,  formerly  a  prov.  of 
Spanish  America,  occupying  the  territory  now  included  in  the  republic 
of  Central  America.  Also,  the  name  of  two  towns  in  this  republic, 
distinguished  as  Ancient  and  New  Guatemala. 

An-uient  Guatemala,  or  Guatemala  la  Antigua,  orv simply  La 
Antigua  (la-an-tee^-gwa),  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Guatemala,  is  built 
near  the  site  of  Old  Guatemala  (Guatemala  la  Vieja,  — ve-a'-Ha),  which 
was  destroyed  in  1541,  it  is  said,  by  enormous  masses  of  water  burst- 
ing forth  from  a  neighbouring  volcano,  called,  from  this  circumstance, 
the  Volcano  de  Agua  (vol-ka'-no  da  a'-gwa),  or  the  "  water  volcano." 
Guatemala  la  Antigua  has  suffered  greatly  from  earthquakes,  as  well 
as  from  two  neighbouring  volcanoes.  Its  pop.,  however,  is  still  con- 
siderable, amounting,  according  to  Balbi,  to  18,000.  Lat.  about  14°  26' 
N.,  Lon.  90°  23'  W. 

New  Guatemala  or  Guatemala  la  Nueva  (nwa'-va),  the  cap.  of  the 
federal  district  of  Central  America,  and,  provisionally,  of  the  whole 
confederation,  is  situated  about  30  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  the  preceding.  The 
streets  are  regular,  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  are  40  ft. 
in  width.  The  houses  have  only  one  story,  on  account  of  the  frequent 
earthquakes.  Guatemala  is  the  residence  of  an  archbishop.  It  con- 
tains several  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  among  which  we  may 
mention  the  University,  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  the  Public 
Library.  Lat.  about  14°  35'  N.,  Lon.  90°  10'  W.  The  pop.,  including 
that  of  the  immediate  environs,  is  computed  at  about  50,500.     (B.) 

Guaxaca.     See  Oaxaca. 

Guayaquil,  gwl-a-keel',  an  important  seaport  t.  of  S.  America,  in 
Ecuador,  and  the  cap.  of  a  dep.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
r.  Guayaquil,  about  40m.  from  its  entrance  into  the  Pacific.  Vessels 
of  considerable  size  can  readily  sail  up  to  the  town,  at  high  tide, 
which,  at  the  full  and  change  of  the  moon,  rises  24  ft.  The  harbour 
of  Guayaquil  is  the  ordinarv  station  for  the  navy  of  the  republic.  Lat. 
2°  11'  N.,  Lon.  79°  56'  W.'    Pop.  estimated  at  22,000.     (B.) 

Guayra.     See  La  Guayra. 

Guben,  goo'-ben,  a  walled  t.  in  the  Prussian  prov.  of  Brandenburg, 
the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  Neisse  (nV-ceh). 
Lat.  51°  57'  N.,  Lon.  14°  44'  E.     Pop.  7,300.     (B.) 

Guelderland.     See  Gelderland. 

Gueret,  ga'-ra^,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Creuse,  in  France.  It  con- 
tains a  college  or  high-school,  and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  (B.)  Lat. 
46°  10'  N.,  Lon.  1°  50'  E. 

Guernsey,  gern^-ze,  an  i.  ofT  the  N.  coast  of  France,  subject  to  the 
British  crown,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  49°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  the 
meridian  of  2°  35'  W.  Lon.  Its  shape  is  triangular ;  its  length  is 
about  9  m.     Pop.  26,649. 

■ 


260  GUE— GUN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good  t 

Guernsey,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  W.  of  the  Ohio  li 
Pop.  30,438.     Co.  t.  Cambridge. 

Guiana,  ge-a'-na,  Guyana  or  Guayana,  a  name  applied  to  the  N.  E. 
portion  of  S.  America,  extending  alon<r  the  coast  from  the  r.  Orinoco, 
or  near  it,  to  the  r.  Oyapok.  It  is  divided  into  English,  Dutch,  and 
French  Guiana. 

English  Guiana  lies  the  farthest  west,  and  is  separated  from  Dutch 
Guiana  by  the  r.  Corantyn  (kos-ran-tineO-  On  the  side  towards  Vene- 
zuela, the  boundary  has  never  been  determined :  it  may  perhaps  be 
considered  to  lie  about  midway  between  the  Essequebo  (es-se-k;V-bo 
— less  correctly,  Essequibo),  and  the  Orinoco.  Pop.  in  1834,  96,581. 
(M.)    Capital,  Georgetown. 

Dutch  G.  or  Surinam,  sooN-re-nam',  borders  English  Guiana  on 
the  E.,  and  is  divided  from  French  Guiana  by  the  r.  Maroni  (ma-ro- 
nee/).     Pop.  probably  65,000.  (M.)     Capital,  Paramaribo. 

French  G.  or  Guiane,  gex-an',  lies  E.  of  Dutch  Guiana,  ana*  ex- 
tends to  the  r.  Oyapok.  Pop.  in  1837,  21,648.  (M.)    Capital,  Cayenne. 

Guienne,  gex-enn',  a  former  prov.  in  the  S.  W.  of  France,  lying  N. 
of  Gascony,  from  which  it  was  partly  separated  by  the  r.  Garonne.  It 
is  now  distributed  chiefly  among  the  deps.  of  Aveyron,  Dordogne,  Lot, 
Lot  and  Garonne,  Tarn  and  Garonne,  and  Gironde.  Guienne  is  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  the  ancient  Aquitania,  the  name  given  to 
this  country  in  the  time  of  the  Romans.  In  the  early  periods  of  the 
French  monarchy  it  was  called  Aquitaine. 

GuiiAford,  a  co.  in  the  N.YV.  centre  of  N.  C.  Pop.  19,754.  Co.  t. 
Greensborough. 

Guinea,  gin'-e,  an  extensive  country  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  be- 
tween 4°  and  10°  N.  Lat.,  and  5°  E.  and  13°  W.  Lon.  The  interior 
is  but  little  known ;  the  countries  along  the  coast  are  known  to  Eu- 
ropean sailors  under  six  names,  Sierra  Leone,  Grain  Coast,  Ivory 
Coast,  Gold  Coast,  Slave  Coast,  and  Benin. 

Guingamp,  gaN -gaN',  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Cotes  du  Nord.  Lat.  48°  34'  N.,  Lon.  3°  8'  W.  Pop.  in  1832,  6,100. 
(P.  C.) 

Guipuzcoa,  ge-poos'-ko-a,  (Sp.  pron.  ge-pooth'-ko-a,)  a  small  prov. 
on  the  N.  coast  of  Spain,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  between  1° 
40'  and  2°  36'  W.  Lon.,  remarkable  for  its  manufactures  in  iron.  The 
metal  is  obtained  from  native  ore,  of  an  excellent  quality. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Guipuzcoan,  ge-poos'-co-an. 

Gujerat.     See  Guzerat. 

Gumbinnen,  goom-bin'-ncn,  a  t.  of  E.  Prussia.  Lat.  54°  35'  N.,  Lon. 
22°  12'  E.     Pop.  6,200.     (B.) 

Gund-wa'-na,  a  former  prov.  of  Hindostan,  situated  partly  in  the 
present  kingdom  of  Nagpoor. 

Guntzburg,  giints^-booRG,  a  small  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Danube, 
with  a  fine  bridge  over  this  river.  Lat.  48°  27'  N.,  Lon.  10°  16'  E. 
Pop.  3,000.     (B.) 


GUR— HAG  261 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Gurv-wAl',  a  prov.  in  the  N.  of  Hindostan,  bordering  on  the  Hima- 
laya Mountains. 

Gustrow,  guV-trov,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand -duchy  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Schwerin.     Lat.  53°  47'  N.,  Lon.  12°  18'  E.  Pop.  8,400.  (B.; 

Guyana  or  Guayana.     See  Guiana. 

(iuYANDOTT,gi-an-dot',  a  r.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  which  flows  into 
the  Ohio. 

Guzv-er-at^,  a  prov.  in  the  W.  of  Hindostan,  bordering  on  the  sea, 
and  situated  partly  between  the  Gulf  of  Cambay  and  the  Gulf  of  Cutch. 

Gwin-nett',  a  co.  towards  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee r.     Pop.  11,257-     Co.  t.  Lawrenceville. 

Gyula.     See  Karlsburg. 

Haarlem,  Haerlem,  or  Harlem,  haaRMem,  a  city  of  the  Nether- 
lands, cap.  of  North  Holland,  situated  about  11  m.  W.  of  Amsterdam, 
on  the  navigable  river  Spaaren  (spMr^-en),  which  runs  from  the  lake  of 
Haarlem  into  the  river  Y.  It  is  fortified  in  the  old  style,  and  was  for- 
merly considered  a  place  of  great  strength.  Haarlem  was  a  flourishing 
manufacturing  town  in  the  middle  of  the  12th  century,  and  acted  an 
important  part  in  the  wars  between  the  Dutch  and  Frieslanders.  It 
attained  its  highest  prosperity  in  the  17th  century,  since  which  time  it 
has  greatly  declined.  Its  manufactures,  once  among  the  most  cele- 
brated in  Europe,  have  fallen  into  decay.  It  is  still  renowned  for  its 
gardens,  the  flowers  from  which  constitute  an  important  object  of  com- 
merce. Haarlem  possesses  a  number  of  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions, among  which  are  an  anatomical  theatre,  an  academy  of  painting, 
sculpture,  and  architecture,  a  public  library,  and  a  fine  botanic  garden. 
Lat.  52°  23'  N.,  Lon.  4°  38'  E.     Pop.  about  22,000.     (B.) 

Haarlemmer  Meer,  haaRMem-mer  mair,  or  the  Lake  of  Haarlem, 
situated  between  the  town  of  Haarlem  and  Amsterdam,  is  about  18  m. 
long,  and  from  4  to  7  wide,  but  is  said  to  be  only  6  ft.  deep. 

Habana.     See  Havana. 

Hab'-er-sham,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ga.  Pop.  8,895. 
Co.  t.  Clarksville. 

Had'-ding-ton,  the  cap.  of  Haddingtonshire,  situated  about  17  m.  E. 
of  Edinburgh.     Here  the  celebrated  John  Knox  was  born.    Pop.  2,786. 

Had'-ding-ton-shire  or  East  Lothfan  (lo'-Tne-an),  a  co.  in  the  E. 
part  of  Scotland,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Frith  of  Forth.  Pop. 
35,886. 

Had-ra-maut',  a  prov.  of  Arabia,  situated  E.  of  Yemen,  and  border- 
ing on  the  sea. 

Haerlem.     See  Haarlem. 

Haff,  haf,  a  name  used  on  the  German  coast  of  the  Baltic,  for  an  ex- 
panse of  water  communicating  with  the  sea,  but  nearly  enclosed  by 
land. 

Ha'-gers-town,  the  cap.  of  Washington  co.,  Md.,  63  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Washington,  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Cumberland  Valley 


262  HAG— HAL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  nut ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good  t 

Railroad,  by  which  it  is  connected  with  Harrisburg.  Lat.  39°  37'  N., 
Lon.  nT  35'  W.     Pop.  3,884. 

Hague,  haig,  (Dutch,  S'Gravenhaag,  s'gra^-ven-hMg',)  a  large  and 
beautiful  town  in  the  Netherlands,  the  cap.  of  South  Holland,  is  situ- 
ated about  3  m.  from  the  sea  ;  communicating,  by  means  of  canals,  with 
all  the  principal  places  of  the  kingdom.  It  is  not  regularly  fortified, 
but  surrounded  with  a  moat,  with  drawbridges  over  it.  Many  of  the 
streets  are  planted  with  rows  of  trees,  and  paved  with  coloured  bricks. 
Among  the  remarkable  buildings  may  be  mentioned,  the  king's  palace, 
distinguished  rather  for  its  great  dimensions  than  for  the  beauty  of  its 
architecture ;  and  the  palace  of  the  Prince  of  Orange.  The  Hague 
contains  a  royal  museum,  with  a  gallery  of  paintings,  a  royal  library, 
and  various  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  This  place, 
though  traversed  by  a  great  number  of  canals,  has  but  little  commerce, 
and  its  manufactures  are  not  numerous;  its  importance  is  chiefly  owing 
to  its  having  been  the  cap.  of  the  Netherlands,  and  to  its  still  being  one 
of  the  residences  of  the  king,  and  the  seat  of  the  supreme  court  of  justice 
of  the  kingdom.  S'  Gravenhaag  signifies  literally  "  the  count's  wood," 
and  appears  to  have  owed  its  origin  to  a  hunting  seat  of  the  counts  of 
Holland,  situated  in  a  wood.  This,  however,  became  a  palace  as  early 
as  1250,  and  around  it  many  other  houses  were  soon  erected.  The 
Hague  is  about  32  m.  S.  VV.  of  Amsterdam.  Lat.  52°  5'  N.,  Lon.  4° 
16'  E.     Pop.  above  55,000.     (B.) 

Haguenau,  agx-no',  a  t.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Rhine,  17  m.  N.  of  Strasburg.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (M.) 

Hajar  or  Hadjar.     See  Lahsa. 

Hainan,  hi'-nan',  an  important  i.  in  the  China  Sea,  near  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  the  prov.  of  Canton  (Quang-tong),  to  which  it  belongs,  and 
from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  channel  of  the  Junks,  which  is  only  15 
or  16  m.  wide.  (P.  C.)  It  lies  between  18°  10'  and  20°  6'  N.  Lat, 
and  108°  30'  and  1110  5'  E.  Lon.  Length  about  180  m.;  greatest 
breadth  about  100  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  above  16,000  sq.  m. 
Khioong-tcheoo  (Ke-oong/-cheoox),  the  cap.,  situated  on  the  N.  coast, 
is  said  to  contain  200,000  inhabitants.  (P.  C.)  The  interior  is  occu- 
pied by  independent  savages. 

Hainault,  &v-n6',  (Fiem.  Henegouwen,  hen-e-Hou'-Wen,)  a  prov. 
in  the  S.  of  Belgium,  bordering  on  France.  The  area  is  1,438  sq.  m. 
Pop.  in  1830,  604,957.     (P.  C.) 

Halberstadt,  hal'-ber-statt\  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  Prussian  go- 
vernment of  Magdeburg,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a 
number  of  institutions  for  education,  and  a  superb  cathedral,  dedicated 
to  St.  Stephen.  Lat.  51°  54'  N.,  Lon.  11°  4'  E.  Pop.  about  17,000.  (B.) 

Haleb.     See  Aleppo. 

Hai/-i-fax,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  situated 
near  the  junction  of  the  Rochdale  Canal  with  the  r.  Calder,  22  m.  N.  E. 
of  Manchester.  It  ranks  next  to  Leeds  and  Bradford  as  a  seat  of  the 
woollen  and  worsted  manufactures.     Pop.  of  the  borough,  including 


HAL— HAM  263 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  township  of  Halifax,  and  parts  of  the  townships  of  N.  and  S.  Owram, 
26,691 

Halifax,  the  cap.  of  Nova  Scotia,  situated  on  Chebucto  Bay,  with  a 
harbour  spacious,  secure,  and  accessible  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  It 
is  regularly  built,  with  wide  and  straight  streets,  though  the  houses 
are  mostly  of  wood.  Among  the  public  edifices,  the  most  remarkable 
is  the  Province  Building,  said  to  be  the  finest  structure  in.  British 
America.  It  contains  chambers  of  meeting  for  the  legislative  bodies, 
the  custom-house,  the  offices  of  the  provincial  government,  and  the  supe- 
rior law  courts.  Halifax  contains  a  well-appointed  naval  arsenal,  and  a 
harbour  sufficiently  large  for  1,000  vessels  to  ride  in  safety,  which  is 
the  ordinary  station  of  the  navy  in  time  of  war.  This  town  has  a 
college  and  several  other  institutions  for  education.  Lat.  44°  40' 
N.,  Lon.  63°  37'  W.  Pop.  in  1833,  exclusive  of  the  military,  about 
18,000.    (M.) 

Halifax,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  N  C.  and  the 
r.  Staunton.     Pop.  25,902.     Seat  of  justice,  Halifax  c.  h. 

Halifax,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  Roan- 
oke.    Pop.  10,589.     Co.  t.  Halifax. 

Hall,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Chattahoochee. 
Pop.  8,713.     Co.  t.  Gainesville. 

Hall,  hall,  a  t.  of  Tyrol,  with  extensive  salt-works.  The  rock-salt 
is  brought  from  the  Salzberg  (salts'-beRo),  i.  e.  "  Salt-mountain,"  which 
is  10  m.  distant,  and  above  ^5,000  ft.  in  height.  Lat.  47°  18'  N.,  Lon. 
11°  31'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Hall,  Swabian,  in  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg,  formerly  a  free 
imperial  city,  is  situated  about  34  m.  N.  E.  of  Stuttgart.  It  contains 
some  valuable  salt-works,  and  about  6,500  inhabitants.     (B.) 

Halle,  halMe/i,  the  principal  t.  in  the  government  of  Mersebnrg,  in 
Prussian  Saxony,  remarkable  for  its  salt-works  and  other  manufactures, 
its  commerce,  and  especially  for  its  literary  and  scientific  institutions, 
among  which  the  University  stands  pre-eminent.  This  has  above  40 
professors;  the  number  of  students  fluctuates  between  800  and  900;  at 
one  time  it  amounted  to  1,300.  Of  the  numerous  charitable  establish- 
ments of  Halle,  the  Orphan  Asylum  (Waisenhaus,  Wi'-zen-housev), 
founded  by  Francke,  deserves  to  be  particularly  mentioned.  The  work- 
men engaged  in  the  salt-works  are  called  Hal-lo'-ren  (sing.  Hallor), 
and  are  a  peculiar  race,  distinguished  by  their  physiognomy,  costume, 
and  customs,  supposed  to  be  descended  from  the  aboriginal  inhabi- 
tants. They  enjoy  manv  privileges  and  immunities.  Lat.  51°  29'  N., 
Lon.  11°  58'  E.  Pop.  of  Halle  itself,  about  17,000  (P.  C);  including 
its  immediate  environs,  26,000.     (B.) 

Hallowell,  hol'-lo-well,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Kennebec,  oo.,  Maine,  en 
the  r.  Kennebeck,  2  m.  below  Augusta.^  Lat.  44°  17  N.,  Lon.  69°  50 
VV.     Pop.  4,769. 

Ham'-burg  (Ger.  pron.  ham'-booRo),  the  most  important  emporium, 
and,  after  Vienna  and  Berlin,  the  largest  city  of  Germany,  situated  on 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Elbe,  at  its  confluence  with  the  Alster  (al'-ster). 


264  HAM— HAM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good 


about  75  m.  from  the  German  Ocean.  The  origin  of  this  town  is  attri- 
buted to  Charlemagne.  It  had  attained  to  considerable  commercial 
importance  at  the  beginning  of  the  12th  century.  In  the  13th,  it  con- 
curred in  the  formation  of  the  Hanseatic  league.  (See  Hanse  Towns.) 
It  suffered  extremely  from  its  occupation  by  the  French,  during  the 
early  part  of  the  present  century,  especially  in  1813  and  1814;  in  con- 
sequence of  which,  its  population  was  reduced  to  about  60,000,  though 
it  appears,  at  the  present  time,  to  have  entirely  recovered  from  the  loss 
which  it  then  sustained.  Like  most  of  the  old  towns  of  Germany, 
Hamburg  is  well  fortified.  The  greater  part  of  the  city  is  irregularly 
built,  and  presents  but  a  gloomy  appearance,  though,  in  the  newer 
portion,  there  are  several  pleasant  streets  and  fine  buildings.  The  most 
remarkable  edifice  is,  perhaps,  the  church  of  St.  Michael ;  it  is  capable 
of  accommodating  6,000  persons  (M.) ;  the  steeple  is  said  to  be  456  ft. 
in  height.  This  city  contains  a  number  of  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions, among  which  are  two  gymnasia,  an  anatomical  institute,  a  fine 
botanic  garden,  and  a  public  library,  called  the  City  Library,  with 
nearly  200,000  vols.,  besides  3,000  manuscripts.  Our  limits  will  not 
permit  us  to  mention  even  the  principal  among  the  multitude  of  chari- 
table institutions  which  Hamburg  possesses ;  suffice  it  to  say,  that  they 
are  on  the  most  liberal  plan,  and  managed  in  the  most  exemplary  man- 
ner. The  city  of  Hamburg,  with  its  territory,  constitutes  a  sovereign 
state,  which  is  a  member  of  the  Germanic  confederation.  The  govern- 
ment is  republican.  The  territory,  which  contains  about  150 sq.  m.,  is 
bounded  on  the  S.  by  the  Elbe,  on  all  other  sides  by  the  Danish  posses- 
sions of  Holstein  and  Lauenburg.  The  entire  pop.,  in  1826,  according 
to  Balbi,  was  148,000.  The  present  pop.  of  the  city  is  above  137,000. 
Lat.  55°  33'  N.,  Lon.  9°  59'  E. 

Hameln,  ha'-meln,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  on  the  Weiser,  with 
a  large  house  of  correction.  Lat.  52°  5'  N.,  Lon.  9°  20'  E.  Pop. 
5,300r    (B.) 

Ham^-il-ton,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Lanarkshire,  on  the 
Clyde,  10  m.  S.  E.  of  Glasgow.     Pop.  8,876. 

Hamilton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  head  waters  of 
the  Hudson.     Pop.  2,188. 

Hamilton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  Ga.  and  the 
Suwanee.     Pop.  2,469.     Co.  t.  Miccotown. 

Hamilton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  10,075.  Seat  of  justice,  Hamilton  <5.  h. 

Hamilton,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ohio.  P.  156,843. 
Co.  t.  Cincinnati. 

Hamilton,  a  co.-  in  the  centre  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  White  r. 
Pop  12,684.  Co.  t.  Noblesville. 

Hamilton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  near  the  Little  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  6,362.     Co.  t.  McLeansboro. 

Hamm,  hamm,  a  t.  of  the  Prussian  states,  on  the  Lippe.  Lat.  51°  41' 
N.,  Lon.  7°  47'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Ham'-mer-smitii,   a   village  of  England,   on    the   N.  bank  of  the 


HAM— HAN  .  265 

00,  as  In  oitr;  tli,  as  in  thin-;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Thames,  near  London,  with  a  Catholic  boarding-school  for  young-  ladiea 
fnunnery),  and  a  fine  suspension  bridge  over  the  r.  Thames.  Pop.  of 
the  parish,  9,88a 

Hamp'-ben,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mass.,  intersected  by  the  Con- 
nect ic at  r.     Pep.  51,281.     Co.  t.  Springfield. 

Hamp'-shire  (i.e.  the  county  of  Hants),  called  also  Southampton, 
a  co.  in  the  S.  of  England,  bordering  on  the  English  Channel;  it  in- 
cludes the  Isle  of  Wight     Pop.  355,004. 

Hampshire,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  pact  of  Mass,,  intersected  by  the  Con- 
necticut r.     Pop.  3&,7<&.     Co.  t.  Northampton. 

Hampshire,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Potomac.  Pop. 
14,030.     Co.  t.  Romney. 

Hanau,  h'V-neiMhe  first  manufacturing  t.  in  the  electorate  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  Germany,  and  tbeoap.  of  a  prov.  off  the  same  name,  is  situated 
on  the  Kinzig  (fcint'-sks),  near  its  junction  with  the  Main.  It  is  a 
flourishing  place,  and  has  an  extensive  trade.  Lat.  50°  9'  N.,  Lon.  8° 
52'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  13,000.     (B.) 

Han'-cock,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E  .part  of  Maine,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  34,37.2.     Co,  t.  Ellsworth. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ga,,  bordering  on  the 
Oconee  r.     Pop.  11,578,  Co.  t  Sparta. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  S,  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Pearl  r.  and 
L.  Borgne.     Pop.  3,672.     Co.  seat,  Shieldsborougfa. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  E.  of  Green  r.  and  border- 
ing on  the  Ohio.     Pop.  3,853.     Co.  t.  Hawesville. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  N..  W.  part  of  Ohio,  E.  of  the  Miami  Canal. 
Pop.  1G,75L  Co.  t.  Findlay. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ind.,  E.  of  Indianapolis.  Pop. 
9,69a     Co.  t.  Greenfield. 

Hancock,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  14,652.  Co.  t.  Carthage. 

Hang-tcheoo  (or  -tcheou),  a  large  commercial  city  of  China,  situ- 
ated near  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Tsien-tang,  with  a  harbour;  it  has  for- 
tifications, with  a  numerous  garrison,  and  a  population  which  is  esti- 
mated at  between  60U,000  and  700,000.  (B.)  Lat.  about  30°  10  N., 
Lon.  119°  12'  E. 

Han'-o-ver,  (Ger.  Hannover,  han-no'-ver,)  a  kingdom  in  the  N.  W, 
of  Germany,  situated  between  51°  18'  and  53°  52'  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  48 
and  11°  40'  E.  Lon.;  bounded  on  the  N.  VV.  by  the  German  Ocean, 
N.  and  N.  E.  by  the  Elbe  (which  separates  it  from  the  territories 
of  Hamburg,  Denmark,  and  Mecklenburg)  and  by  Mecklenburg,  E.  and 
S.  E.  by  Prussia  and  Brunswick,  S.  VV.  by  Hesse-Cassel,  Lippe,  and  the 
Prussian  territory  of  Westphalia,  and  VV.  by  Holland.  It  may  be  re- 
garded as  consisting  principally  of  three  portions,  the  two  larger  of 
which  lie  within  nearly  the  same  latitudes,  and  are  almost,  though  not 
quite,  divided  from  each  other  by  the  grand-duchy  of  Oldenburg;  the 
third  is  much  smaller,  and  is  separated  from  the  more  easterly  of  the 
other  two  by  the  territorv  of  Brunswick.  The  whole  contains  an  area 
2g 


266  '  HAN— HAN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  6a  as  in  g'notl} 

of  14,570  sq.  m.     Total  pop.  1,662,500.  (P.  C.)    The  government  is  a 
limited  monarchy. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Han-o-ve'-r.i-an. 

Hanover,  the  cap.  of  the  above  kingdom,  and  of  the  principality  of 
Calenburg,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Leine  (W-neh),  which  is  navigable 
from  the  town  to  its  junction  with  the  Weser.  The  city  consists  of 
three  parts ;  the  Old  Town,  the  JEgidian  New  Town,,  and  the  New 
Town  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river.  The  walls,  with  five  gates,  were 
partly  levelled  in  1780,  and  laid  out  in  streets.  Among  the  numerous 
scientific  and  literary  institutions  of  Hanover,  may  be  cited  the  Lyceum, 
and  the  City  Library  with  40,000  vols,  Lat.  52°  22'  N.,  Lon.  9°  43> 
R     Pop.  above  28,000.     (D.) 

Hanover,  a  t.  of  Grafton  co.,  N.  H.,  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College, 
which  was  founded  in  1770,  and  received  its  name  from  the  Earl  of 
Dartmouth,  one  of  its  principal  patrons.  It  has  a  library  of  16,500 
vols. ;  number  of  students,  340.  The  New  Hampshire  Medical  School, 
founded  in  1797,  is  connected  with  the  above. 

Hanover,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  N.  of  Richmond,  Pop.  I5,152L 
Seat  of  justice,  Hanover  c.  h. 

Hanse  Towns,  called  also  the  Hansa  and  Hanseatic  Leauue,  a 
celebrated  commercial  confederacy,  which  derives  its  name  from 
the  ancient  German  word  Hanse,  signifying  an  "-association  for 
mutual  support."  In  the  middle  ages,  Hamburg,  Liibeek,  and  after- 
wards Brunswick,  Dantzic,  Cologne,  Bremen,  and  a  great  number  of 
other  towns,  entered  into  an  alliance,  in  order  to  defend  their  com- 
merce against  the  numerous  banditti  and  pirates,  who  then  infested 
Germany  and  the  neighbouring  seas.  This  alliance  was  termed  the 
Hanseatic  League.  The  confederated  or  Hanse  towns,  were  each 
bound  to  contribute  towards  maintaining  ships  and  soldiers  for  their 
mutual  protection,  not  only  against  pirates  and  robbers,  but  also  against 
the  encroachments,  oppression,  or  rapacity  of  the  neighbouring  nobles 
and  kings.  The  number  of  towns  composing  the  league  fluctuated ; 
at  one  time  it  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  85,  among  which  were  Ber- 
gen in  Norway,  Berlin,  Konigsberg,  and  Cracow.  This  powerful  con- 
federacy formed  the  first  systematic  plan  of  commerce  known  in  the 
middle  ages.  The  cities  enjoyed  in  England  the  privilege  of  exporting 
goods  duty  free,  and  in  Denmark,  of  importing  them  duty  free.  Their 
alliance  was  coveted,  and  their  hostility  feared,  by  the  greatest  powers. 
Several  kings  were  defeated,  and  one  (Magnus  of  Sweden)  was  de- 
posed by  them.  Liibeek  was  the  place  of  assemblage,  and  was  regarded 
as  the  capital  of  the  league,  and  issued  the  summons  for  the  regular 
assemblies  of  4he  deputies  from  all  the  cities,  which  were  held  once  in 
three  years;  and  also  for  the  extraordinary  assemblies  generally  helc 
once  in  ten  years.  The  epoch  of  the  dissolution  of  the  confederacy 
may  be  stated  at  1630.  However,  Hamburg,  Liibeek,  and  Bremen, 
still  constitute  an  association  of  a  similar  character,  and,  with  Frankfort 
on  the  Main,  are  called  the  free  Hanseatic  cities  of  the  Germanic  con 
federation. — Adj.  Hanse  and  Han'-se-at'-ic. 

Hants.     See  Hampshire. 


HAR— HAR  267 

on,  as  in  ow,*  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Har'-di-man,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Miss. 
Pop.  17,456.  '  Co.  t.  Bolivar. 

Har'-din,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by  the. 
r,  Tennessee,  and  bordering  on  Miss,  and  Ala,  Pop,  10,328.  Co.  t. 
Savannah. 

Hardin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  or  N.  W,  central  part  of  Ky.,  S.  of  Louis- 
ville.    Pop.  14,525.     Co.  t.  Elizabethtown, 

Hardin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  sources  of 
the  Sciota  r.     Pop.  8,251.     Co.  t.  Kenton. 

Hardin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
2,887. 

Hard'-wjck,  a  village  and  port  of  entry  of  Ga.,  in  Bryan  co.,  on  the 
W.  side  of  the  Ogeechee  r. 

Har^-dy.,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  S.  branch  of 
the  Potomac.     Pop.  9,543.     Co.  t.  Moorfield. 

Harfleur,  haRN-fluR',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower 
Seine,  about  4  m,  E,  of  Havre  de  Grace,  with  which  it  is  connected  by 
a  canal. 

Har'-fcrd,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Md.,  W.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Susquehanna  and  Chesapeake  Bay.     Pop.  19,356.     Co.  t.  Bel-Air. 

Har'-lan,  a.  co.  in  the  -S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
4,268.     Co.  t.  Mt.  Pleasant. 

Hariris,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga~,  bordering  on  the  Chattahoo- 
chee r.     Pop.  14,721.     Co.  t.  Hamilton. 

Har'-ri-s-burg,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Pa.,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Dauphin  co.,  is  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  94  m., 
In  a  straight  line,  nearly  W.  from  Philadelphia.  It  stands  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania Canal,  and,  by  means  of  various  railroads,  is  connected  with 
Chambersburg,  Hagerstown,  Lancaster,  York,  Baltimore,  and  Phila- 
delphia.    Lat.  40°  16;  N.,  Lon.  76°  50'  W.     Pop.  8,173. 

Har'-ri-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  head  waters  of 
the  Monongahela.     Pop.  11,728.     Co.  t.  Clarkesburg. 

Harrison,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Ky,,  intersected  by  the  Lick- 
ing r.     Pop.  13,064.     Co.  t.  Cynthiana. 

Harrison,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  W.  of  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  20,157.     Co.  t.  Cadiz. 

Harrison,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
15,286.     Co.  t.  Corydon. 

Har'-row-gate,  a  village  of  England,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  York- 
shire, celebrated  for  its  mineral  springs,  situated  about  20  m.  nearly  W. 
from  York.  This  place  is  much  resorted  to,  both  on  account  of  its  sul- 
phurous and  its  chalybeate  springs.  The  former  are  regarded  as  the 
strongest  sulphurous  waters  in  England. 

Hart,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r. 
Pop.  9,093.     Co.  t.  Munfordsville. 

Hart^-ford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Conn.,  intersected  by  the  Con- 
necticut r.     Pop.  69,966. 

Hartford,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  and  one  of  the  seats  of  govern* 


268  HAR— HAV 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  r*5,  not;  6a  asmgwi; 

ment  of  the  state  of  Conn.,  is  situated  on  the  Connecticut  r.,  at  the 
head  of  sloop  navigation,  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country. 
Among  the  institutions  of  this  city,  we  may  mention  a  retreat  tor  the 
insane,  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  (regarded  as  the  first  institution  of 
the  kind  in  the  U.  S.),  and  the  Washington  College,  founded  in  1824, 
The  State  House  is  in  41°  45'  59"  N.  Lat.,  and  72°  40'  45"  W.  Lor* 
Pop.  of  the  city  and  township,  17,851 ;  of  the  city  alone,  13,555. 

Harvard*  University,     See  Cambridge. 

Harwich,  usually  pronounced  har/-ridge,  a  seaport  t.  of  England, 
in  the  co.  of  Essex,  66  m.  E.  N,  E.  of  London,  with  a  good  harbour 
and  a  light-liouse.  The  name  is  derived  from  two  Saxon  words,  here, 
signifying  "  army,"  and  wic,  a  "  fortification  ;"  whence  it  is  inferred  that 
it  was  once  the  station  of  a  Saxon  army.  At  present  the  town  appears 
to  be  on  the  decline.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  3sq.  m.,  3,829. 

Hasselt,  has'selt,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  Limburg,  15 nx 
VV.  N.  W.  of  Maestricht.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Hastings,  haste'-ings,  an  ancient  seaport  town  of  England,  in  the 
co.  of  Sussex;  54m.  S.  S. E.  from  London.  It  is  one  of  the  Cinque 
Ports,  in  importance  second  only  to  Dover.  In  the  neighbourhood  of 
this  place,  Harold  IT.  was  defeated  by  William  the  Conqueror,  in  the 
year  1066.     Lat.  50°  52'  N„  Lb*.  0°  31'  E.     Pop.  11,617. 

Hav-an'-a  (Sp.  pron.  a-va'-na),  the  cap.  of  Caba,  is  situated  on  the  N. 
coast  of  the  island.  Its  harbour,  which  is  very  spacious  and  one  of  the 
most  secure  and  commodious  in  the  world,  communicates  with  the  sea 
by  a  channel  rather  more  than  half  a  mile  in  length,  and  from  300  to 
350  yards  wide,  with  a  depth  varying  from  8  to  10  fathoms.  This 
channel  is  protected  by  two  strong  fortresses,  and  a  series  of  fortifica- 
tions along  both  shores.  The  harbour  itself  is  surrounded  by  heights 
which  shelter  it  from  every  wind  Seen  from  the  entrance  of  the  port, 
Havana  presents  a  beautiful  and  charming  spectacle,  but  the  interior 
of  the  town  is  far  from  fulfilling  the  expectations  excited  in  the  travel- 
ler by  the  external  view.  The  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  and  gene- 
rally unpaved  ;  and,  in  the  rainy  season,  they  are  full  of  mud.  The 
town  is  defended  by  numerous  fortifications,  which,  with  the  advantage 
of  its  natural  position,  render  it  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  the 
world.  Havana  possesses  a  university,  a  botanic  garden,  and  various 
other  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  In  one  of  the  churches  of  this 
town  are  deposited  the  remains  of  Christopher  Columbus.  Lat.  23°  9* 
N..  Lon.  82°  23'  W.  The  pop.,  including  that  of  the  suburbs,  was,  in 
1827,  112,023.     (B.)   It  is  now  about  150,000. 

HaV-er-ford-west',  chief  t.  of  Pembrokeshire,  Wales.  Lat.  51° 
47'  N.,  Lon.  4°  56'  W.     Pop.  5,941. 

Haverhill,  commonly  pronounced  ha^-ver-il,  a  flourishing  and 
handsome  t.  of  Mass.,  in  Essex  co.,  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the 
Merrimack,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation,  about  28m.,  in  a  straight 
line,  N.  of  Boston,  and  on  the  railroad  which  runs  from  the  Lowel  Rail- 
road to  Portland,  in  Maine.     Pop.  of  the  township,  6,000. 

Havre  de  Grace,  havV  de/t  gras,  or  simply  Le  Havre,  \eh  hav'r,  » 


HA  V— HAY  269 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

fortified  seaport  t,  and,  after  Marseilles,  the  most  important  commer- 
cial t.  of  France  (B.),  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Seine,  at  its 
mouth,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  about  110  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Paris. 
Before  the  time  of  Louis  XII.,  it  was  a  mere  fishing  town,  with  a  small 
chapel,  dedicated  to  Notre  Dame  de  Grace  (our  Gracious  Lady),  and 
was  hence  called  Le  Havre  de  Grace,  or  the  "  haven  of  grace."  Loui3 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  importance  of  the  place,  since  which  time  it 
has  been  gradually  advancing  to  its  present  distinguished  rank  among 
the  towns  of  France.  Le  Havre  is  the  principal  port  of  Paris ;  it  has 
regular  communication  by  packets  with  Southampton,  Hamburg,  Lisbon, 
New  York,  Vera  Cruz,  and  Bahia.  Steamboats  ply  between  Le  Havre, 
Rouen,  and  Paris.  This  place  contains  a  public  library,  a  museum  of 
natural  history,  and  various  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions. 
Lat.  49°  29'  N.,  Lon.  0°  T  E.     Pop.  in  1836,  25,618.     (P.  C.) 

Havre  de  Grace,  havN-er-de-grass',  a  small  t.  in  Hartford  co.,  Md., 
situated  at  the  head  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  on  the  railroad  between  Phila- 
delphia and  Baltimore,  about  34  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  E.  N.  E.  of  the 
latter  city. 

Hawaii,  ha-wV-ee,  also  written  Owhyhee,  the  largest  of  the  Sand- 
wich islands,  situated  in  the  Pacific,  between  18°  50'  and  20°  20'  N. 
Lat.,  and  154°  45'  and  156°  10'  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  100  m. ; 
its  greatest  breadth,  about  90  m.  The  pop.  in  1850  was  27,294.  For 
the  character  and  present  condition  of  the  inhabitants,  see  Sandwich 
Islands. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Hawaiian,  ha-wi'-yan. 

Haw'-kins,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by  the 
Clinch  and  Holston  rivers,  and  bordering  on  Va.  Pop.  13,370.  Co. 
t.  Rogersville. 

Hayti  or  Haiti,  ha/-te,  (Fr.  Haiti,  aN-ev-te^,)  called  also  St.  Do- 
mingo (do-ming^-go)  and  His-pan-j-o^-la,  next  to  Cuba  the  largest  of 
the  W.  India  Islands,  is  situated  between  17°  41'  and  19°  59'  N.  Lat. 
and  68°  25'  and  74°  34'  W.  Lon.  Its  extreme  length,  from  E.  to  W., 
is  about  410  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  near  160  m.  The 
area  is  computed  at  about  25,000  sq.  m.  The  pop.  in  1826  was,  ac- 
cording to  Balbi,  800,000,  but  some  others  estimate  it  considerably 
higher.  Hayti  is  justly  considered  the  most  fertile  island  in  the  West 
Indies.  There  are  several  mountain  ranges  in  the  interior,  {he  eleva- 
tion of  which  has  not  been  ascertained,  but  it  is  supposed  the  highest, 
summits  do  not  fall  short  of  8,000  feet.  This  island  was  discovered 
by  Columbus,  in  his  first  voyage,  and  from  him  received  the  name  of 
Hispanola  (is-pan-yo'-la),  i.  e.  "  Little  Spain."  It  was  called,  afterwards, 
St.  Domingo,  from  the  town  of  this  name,  which  was  one  of  the  first 
settlements  made  on  the  island.  The  name  of  Haiti  was  given  to  it 
by  Dessalines,  after  he  had  expelled  the  French  in  1803.  It  is  said  to 
be  the  original  Indian  name  of  the  island,  and  to  signify  "  mountain- 
ous." Hayti,  till  recently,  formed  a  republic,  with  a  president  chosen 
for  life,  and  assisted  by  a  legislature,  consisting  of  two  houses,  a  senate 
and  a  house  of  representatives.  But  on  the  expulsion  of  the  late  presi- 
dent Bover,  the  eastern  or  Spanish  portion  of  the  island  separated  itself 


270  HAY— HEL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  good , 

from  the  former  government,  and  now  constitutes  the  independent  re- 
public of  St.  Domingo.  Port  au  Prince  is  the  capital  of  the  old,  and 
St.  Domingo,  of  the  new  republic. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Hai/-tj-an. 

Hay'-wood,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
7,074.     Co.  t.  Waynesville. 

Haywood,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  near  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  17,259.     Co.  t.  Brownsville. 

Hazebrquck,  az'-brook',  a  handsome  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Nord,  135  m.  almost  due  N.  from  Paris.  Lat.  50°  43'  N.,  Lon.  2°  32'  E. 
Pop.  7,674.     (P.  C.) 

Heard,  hurd,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Chatta- 
hoochee, and  bordering  on  Ala.     Pop.  6,923.     Co.  t.  Franklin.  * 

Hebrides,  heb'-rid-ez,  or  the  Western  Islands,  are  scattered  in 
the  Atlantic,  along  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  between  55°  35'  and  59° 
N.  Lat.,  and  5°  and  8°  W.  Lon.  Their  whole  number  amounts  to 
nearly  200,  but  more  than  one-half  are  so  small  or  so  sterile  as  not  to 
be  inhabited. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Heb-rid'-e-an  (Scott). 

Hechingen,  heii^-ing-en,  a  small  t.  of  Germany,  cap.  of  Hohenzol'ern- 
Hechingen.     Lat.  48°  21'  N.,  Lon.  8°  59'  E.     Pop.  about  3,000.     (B.) 

Hecla.     See  Iceland. 

Hedjaz,  hejv-az',  sometimes  written  Hedsjaz,  a  country  of  Arabia, 
extending  along  the  Red  Sea,  from  Mount  Sinai  to  the  frontier  of 
Yemen. 

Heidelberg,  hi/-de]-beRo\  an  ancient  city  in  the  grand-duchy  of 
Baden,  on  the  Neckar,  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful  portions  of  Ger- 
many. Over  the  river  there  is  a  covered  stone  bridge,  702  tt.  long, 
and  30  ft.  wide,  which  rests  upon  nine  arches.  This  town  has,  among 
other  institutions,  a  celebrated  university,  founded  in  1386,  the  oldest 
in  Germany,  except  that  at  Prague.  Its  library  is  said  to  contain 
120,000  vols.  The  pop.  of  Heidelberg,  though  at  present  increasing, 
is  much  less  than  it  was  formerly.  Lat.  49°  24'  N.,  Lon.  8°  43'  E. 
Number  of  inhabitants,  about  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Heilbronn,  hlle-bronn',  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Wiirtemberg,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Charlemagne,  and  named  by  him  Heilbronn  or 
the  "spring  of  health,"  from  a  medicinal  spring  in  the  vicinity.  Lat. 
49°  f  N.,  Lon.  9°  14'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Hel-e'-na,  St.,*  an  i.  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  about  1,200  m.  W.  of 
the  coast  of  Africa,  chiefly  interesting  as  the  place  of  banishment  of 
Napoleon,  who  was  confined  here  from  October,  1815,  until  his  death, 
which  occurred  the  5th  of  May,  1821.     James  Town,  the  only  towr 

*  Some  persons,  aiming  to  be  more  accurate  than  ordinary  speakers,  place  the 
accent  on  the  first  syllable— HeP-e-na.  This  is  unquestionably  the  correct  accentu- 
ation of  the  name  of  St.  Helena,  the  mother  of  Constantine  the  Great;  and  though 
it  is  perhaps  probable  that  the  island  derived  its  appellation  originally  from  her, 
the  present  pronunciation  of  its  name  is  so  thoroughly  established  that  it  would 
be  idle  to  attempt  to  change  it.  It  is  perhaps  scarcely  necessary  to  corroborate, 
by  other  authority,  what  is  so  universally  sanctioned  by  the  practice  of  our  best 


HEL—HEN  271 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

and  port  in  St.  Helena,  is  in  Lat.  15°  55'  9.,  Lon.  5°  49'  W.  The 
whole  circumference  of  the  island  is  about  28  m.  Pop.,  exclusive  of 
the  garrison,  about  5,000.     (P.  C.) 

Helena,  St.,  a  parish  of  La.,  lying  a  little  E.  of  the  Mississippi  r. 
and  bordering  on  the  state  of  Miss.  Pop.  4,561.  Seat  of  justice,  St. 
Helena. 

Hel-mund',  a  considerable  r.  of  Afghanistan,  which  does  not  commu- 
nicate with  any  sea,  its  waters  being  lost  in  the  sand.     (B.) 

Hel'-go-land  or  HeiV-i.-go-land,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the 
German  Ocean,  between  30  and  40  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe. 
They  belong  to  the  English. 

Hellespont.     See  Dardanelles. 

Helmstedt,  helm/-st£tt,  a  t.i  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of  Bruns- 
wick, formerly  the  seat  of  a  flourishing  university.  Lat.  52°  14'  N., 
Lon.  11°  r  E.     Pop.  6,300.     (B.) 

Hel'-sing-fors\  the  cap.  of  the  Russian  government  of  Finland,  is 
situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland.  The  former  University 
of  Abo  was  transferred  to  this  place  in  1827.  It  had,  in  1839,  22  pro- 
fessors, and  above  400  students.  Lat.  60°  10'  N.,  Lon.  25°  E.  Pop. 
about  10,000.  (P.  C.)  Near  Helsingfors  is  the  fortress  of  Sweaborg  or 
Sveaborg,  regarded  as  the  Gibraltar  of  the  Baltic.  A  great  part  of 
its  fortifications  are  cut  in  the  rock. 

Hel-vel'-lyn,  a  mountain  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Cumberland, 
3,055  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

IIelvoetsluys,  heP-voot-sloisf,  a  small  t.  of  S.  Holland,  situated  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  Voorne,  important  on  account  of  its  fortifica- 
tions, its  dock-yards,  and  its  fine  harbour.  Lat.  51°  49'  N.,  Lon. 
4°  8'  E. 

HemV-stead,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Red  r. 
Pop.  7,672.     Seat  of  justice,  Hempstead  c.  h. 

Hen^-der-son,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  S.  C.  Pop. 
6,853. 

Henderson,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  13,164.     Co.  t.  Lexington. 

Henderson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  Green  r., 
and  bordering  on  the  Ohio.     Pop.  12,171.  Co.  t.  Henderson. 

Henderson,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  r.     Pop.  4,612. 

speakers;  we  may,  however,  be  permitted  to  cite  two  passages  from  two  distiu 
guished  living  poets. 

"  Arran  !*  a  single-crested  Teneriffe, 
A  St.  Helena  next  in  shape  and  hue, 

Varying  her  crowded  peaks  and  ridges  blue." — Wordsworth. 
"  St.  Helena's  dungeon  keep 
Scowls  defiance  o'er  the  deep ; 
There  a  hero's  relics  sleep." — Montgomery. 
*  See  Arran. 


272  HEN— HER 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good  ; 

Hen^-dricks,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  central  part  of  Ind.,  W.  of  Indianapo 
lis.     Pop.  14,083.     Co.  t.  Danville. 

Hen-rI^-co,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r.  Pop. 
43,572.    Co.  t.  Richmond. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  N.  C.  Pop.  8,872. 
Co.  t.  Martinsville. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Oc 
mulgee  r.     Pop.  14,726.     Co.  t.  McDonough. 

Henry,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Ala.  Pop.  9,019.  Co.  t 
Columbia. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Tennes- 
see r.     Pop.  18,233.     Co.  t.  Paris. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Kentucky  r. 
Pop.  11,442.     Co.  t.  New  Castle. 

Henry,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Maumee  r.     Pop.  3,435.     Co.  t.  Damascus. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Blue  r.,  a 
branch  of  the  E.  fork  of  the  White  r.     Pop.  17,605.  Co.  t.  New  Castle. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Rock  r.  Pop. 
3,807. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mo.,  N.  of  Osage  r.     Pop.  4,052. 

Henry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  Skunk  r.  Pop. 
8,707. 

Herat,  her-at'  or  her-atW,  a  large  fortified  city  of  Persia,  situated 
in  the  midst  of  a  populous  and  highly  cultivated  valley.  The  streets 
are  narrow  and  irregular,  and  the  houses  mostly  of  brick.  Herat  is  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  commerce,  and  possesses  flourishing  manufac- 
tures. The  rose-water  made  here  is  held  in  high  estimation.  This 
town  is  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Herat,  which  is  tributary  to  the 
king  of  Persia.  Lat.  about  34°  30'  N.,  Lon.  61°  10'  E.  Pop.,  including 
that  of  the  suburbs,  estimated  at  100,000.     (B.) 

Herault,  av-ro',  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  intersected  by  a  small  river  of  the  same  name.  Pop. 
357,846.     Capital,  Montpellier. 

Herculaneum.     See  Pompeii. 

Her'-e-ford,  an  ancient  city  of  England,  cap.  of  Herefordshire,  is 
situated  on  the  r.  Wye,  115  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  Lat.  52°  3'  N., 
Lon.  2°  43'  W.     Pop.,  including  the  liberties,  10,921. 

Her'-e-ford-shire,  a  co.  in  the  W.  of  England,  bordering  on  Wales, 
Pop.  113,878. 

Her'-kim-er,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by 
the  Mohawk  r.     Pop.  38,244.     Co.  t.  Herkimer. 

Hermanstadt,  htR^-man-statt,  (Hung.  Nagy-Szeben  nody  sa-ben,) 
an  important  t.,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Transylvania,  is  situated  about 
72  m.  S.  by  E.  from  Klausenburg.  It  is  the  chief  t.  of  the  Saxon  set 
tiers  in  Transylvania,  and  contains  a  national  museum,  two  gymnasia, 
and  several  other  institutions.  Lat.  45°  48'  N.,  Lon.  24°  7  E.  Pop 
above  18,000.     (B.) 


.     HER— HIG  273 

on,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Herrnhut,  heRRnMioot,  a  little  t.  in  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  founded 
by  count  Zinzendorf,  in  1722,  remarkable  as  the  earliest  and  most  im- 
portant settlement  of  the  Moravian  brethren. 

Hersfeld,  heRs'-f'lt,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  electorate  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  situated  on  the  Fulda.  Lat.  50°  51'  N.,  Lon.  9°  41'  E.  Pop. 
6,000.     (B.) 

Hertford,  har/-ford,  the  cap.  of  Hertfordshire,  England,  on  the  r. 
Lea,  21  m.  N.  of  London.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  about  5  sq.  m., 
5,450. 

Hert'-ford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Chowan  r. '  Pop.  8,142.     Co.  t.  Winton. 

Hertfordshire,  har^-ford-shir,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of 
England,  N.  of  London.     Pop.  i57,207. 

Hesse-Cas'-sel  (Ger.  Hessen  Cassel,  hes'-sen  kas'-sel),  an  electorate 
of  Germany,  consisting  of  three  distinct  portions,  the  largest  of  which 
is  situated  between  50°  6'  and  51°  39'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  25'  and  10°  15' 
E.  Lon.  One  of  the  others  lies  a  little  to  the  E.,  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  50°  45'  N.  Lat,  and  by  the  meridian  of  10°  25'  E.  Lon. ; 
the  third  is  farther  N.,  being  intersected  by  a  line  drawn  in  52° 
20'  N.  Lat. ;  it  is  surrounded  by  Hanover  and  Lippe.  The  area  of  the 
whole  is  4,350  sq.  m.;  entire  pop.  in  1835,  700,533.  (P.  C.)  The  go- 
vernment of  Hesse-Cassel  may  be  styled  a  limited  monarchy,  of  which 
the  head  still  retains  the  title  of  elector,  although  there  is  now  no  em- 
peror of  Germany,  so  that  the  dignity  is  merely  nominal.  Cassel  is  the 
capital. 

Hesse-Darmstadt,  hess  daRm'-statt,  a  grand-duchy  of  Germany, 
consisting  principally  of  two  large  portions,  separated  from  each  other 
by  a  long  strip  of  land,  belonging  to  Frankfort  and  Hesse-Cassel,  and 
situated  between  49°  23'  and  50°  50'  N.  Lat,  and  7°  50'  and  9°  36'  E. 
Lon.  The  area  of  the  whole  is  about  5,000  sq.  m.  Entire  pop.  718,000. 
(P.  C.)     Darmstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hesse-Hom'-burg  (Ger.  Hessen  Homburg,  hes^-sen  honV-booRo),  a 
landgraviate  of  Germany,  consisting  of  two  portions;  viz.,  the  lordship 
of  Homburg,  situated  a  little  to  the  N.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Main,  and 
containing  about  750  sq.  m.,  with  8,800  inhabitants;  and  the  lordship 
of  Meisenheim  (mi/-zen-himev),  lying  on  the  other  side  of  the  Rhine, 
between  the  Bavarian  territory  of  the  Rhine  and  the  dominions  of 
Prussia,  with  an  area  of  126  sq.  m.,  and  a  pop.  of  15,200.  (P.  C.)  Hom- 
burg is  the  capital  of  the  whole  landgraviate,  as  well  as  of  the  lordship 
of  this  name. 

HickZ-man,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by 
Duck  r.     Pop.  9,397.     Co.  t  Vernon. 

Hickman,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ky.  Pop.  4,791. 
Co.  t  Columbus. 

Hioh'-land,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  E.  of  Cincinnati.  Pop. 
25,781.     Co.  t  Hillsborough. 

High'-lands  (commonly  pronounced  in  Scotland,  heeMandz),  a  natu- 
ral division  of  Scotland,  comprehending  the  country  to  the  N.  and 


274  HIG— HIN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

N.  W.,  in  contradistinction  to  the  Lowlands,  which  occupy  the  S.  and 
S.  E.  districts.  The  appellation  of  Highlands  extends  also  to  the  He- 
brides or  Western  Isles. 

Highlands,  a  mountainous  region  of  N.  Y.,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the 
Hudson,  in  the  cos.  of  Orange,  Putnam,  and  Dutchess,  remarkable  for 
its  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery. 

Hightower.     See  Etowah. 

Hildburghausen,  hilt'-booRG-hou^-zen,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the 
duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Saxe- 
Hildburghausen,  is  situated  on  the  Werra.  Lat.  50°  25'  N.,  Lon.  10° 
40'  E.     Pop.  about  4,000.     (B.) 

Hildesheim,  hil'-des-hlme',  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  cap.  of  a 
principality  of  the  same  name,  containing  a  Roman  Catholic  and  a 
Protestant  gymnasium,  and  several  other  institutions  for  education. 
Lat.  52°  9'  N.,  Lon.  9°  56' E.     Pop.  13,100.     (P.  C.) 

Hills/-bo-rough,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  II.,  intersected  by  the 
Merrimack,  and  bordering  on  Mass.     Pop.  57,477.     Co.  t.  Amherst. 

Hillsborough,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  bor- 
dering on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     Pop.  2,377. 

Hills'-dale,  a  co.  in  the  S.  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Ind.  and  Ohio. 
Pop.  1G,159.  Co.  t.  Jonesville. 

Himalayas,  himx-a-li'-az,  or  Himalaya  Mountains,  extend  along 
the  N.  E.  border  of  Hindostan,  and  are  situated  between  27°  and  35° 
N.  Lat.,  and  73°  and  98°  E.  Lon.  The  Dhawalaghiri  (da-wal'-a-gher/- 
re),  in  about  29°  N.  Lat.,  and  between  83°  and  84°  E.  Lon.,  is  supposed 
to  be  the  highest  of  the  Himalayas,  and  of  all  the  mountains  in  the 
world,  having  an  elevation  of  4,390  toises,  or  above  28,000  English  ft. 
The  Himalayas  are  also  frequently  called  the  Himmaleh  (him-maMcft) 
Mountains.  Himalaya  is  a  Sanscrit  word,  signifying  the  "  abode  of 
frost  or  snow."  Imaus,  the  name  under  which  at  least  a  part  of  this 
vast  mountain  range  appears  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients,  had, 
according  to  Pliny,  a  similar  signification. 

Hinn-dos-tan',  (i.  e.  in  Persian,  the  "  country  of  the  Hindoos"),  an 
extensive  country  in  the  S.  of  Asia,  between  8°  4' and  35°  N.  Lat.,  and 
67°  and  91°  E.  Lon.,  extending  from  Cape  Comorin,  on  the  S.,  to  the 
Himalaya  Mountains  on  the  N.,  and  from  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal, on  the  E.,  to  the  western  border  of  the  valley  of  Indus,  on  the  W. 
The  length,  from  N.  to.  S.,  is  near  1,900  m.;  breadth,  from  E.  to  W., 
between  1,400  and  1,500  m.  The  eastern  boundary  is  not  definitely 
fixed.  If,  as  some  propose,  we  allow  the  possessions  of  the  East  India 
Company  to  determine  its  extent  in  that  quarter,  we  shall  obviously 
violate  the  natural  though  somewhat  vague  distinction  between  India 
Proper  and  Farther  India,  since,  in  that  case,  we  must  comprise  within 
the  limits  of  Hindostan,  a  considerable  part  of  that  region  styled  "the 
Peninsula  beyond  the  Ganges,"  or  "India  beyond  the  Ganges."  Malte 
Brun,  who  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  highest  authorities  in  ques- 
tions relating  to  geography,  considers  that  region  "  which  is  watered 
by  the  Ganges  and  its  tributaries,"  as  properly  belonging  to  Hindostan, 


HIN  275 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

while  he  appears  to  include  all  the  country  immediately  E.  of  this,  in 
that  division  of  Asia  which  he  calls  Chin  India.  It  will  be  perceived 
that  this  is  much  the  same  as  if  he  had  made  the  head  of  the  Bay  of 
Bengal  the  eastern  limit  of  Hindostan.  The  area  of  Hindostan  is  esti- 
mated at  above  1,000,000  sq.  m.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  com- 
puted to  exceed  one  hundred  millions.  (E.  G.)  According  to  Malte- 
Brun,  the  population  of  Hindostan  is  not  less  than  134,000,000 ;  the 
P.  C.  estimates  it  at  between  110,000,001)  and  120,000,000.  A  large 
portion  of  this  vast  country  is  subject  to  the  English.  The  East  India 
Company  shares  with  the  king  of  Great  Britain  the  sovereignty  over 
almost  all  the  provinces  which  combine  to  form  the  Anglo-Indian  em- 
pire. This  company,  without  possessing  the  title,  enjoys  nearly  all  the 
rights  of  royalty.  Its  authority,  however,  is  dependent  on  the  British 
Parliament,  to  which  the  officers  of  the  East  India  government  are 
directly  responsible.  The  territory,  under  the  administration  of  the 
company,  is  divided  into  three  governments,  designated  as  the  presi- 
dency of  Bengal,  the  presidency  of  Madras,  and  the  presidency  of 
Bombay.  The  inhabitants  of  Hindostan  may  be  divided  into  three 
principal  classes,  viz.:  the  aborigines,  the  Asiatics  of  foreign  extraction, 
and  the  Europeans.  The  first,  or  Hindoos,  strictly  speaking,  are  by  far 
the  most  numerous.  They  are  characterized  by  a  multitude  of  pecu- 
liar customs  and  institutions,  many  of  which  appear  to  have  been  in 
existence  from  the  most  remote  antiquity.  Of  these,  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  is  the  distinction  of  caste*  The  Hindoo  writers  recognise 
four  pure  and  original  castes,  viz. :  the  brab/-mins  or  priests ;  the  kshatri- 
yas  (shat'-re-as)  or  soldiers,  including  the  princes  and  sovereigns;  the 
vaisyas  (vi'-se-as),  consisting  of  agriculturists  and  shepherds;  and  the 
sudras  (soo'-dras)  or  labourers.  Besides  these  four  original  classes, 
there  are  a  great  number  of  impure  races  which  have  sprung  from  the 
mixture  of  the  pure  castes.  One  of  the  best  known  is  that  of  the  pa- 
riahs (pa'-re-as),  who  form  a  very  numerous  class.  They  are  among  the 
most  abject  of  all  the  people  of  Hindostan,  and  are  often  subjected  to 
the  most  cruel  and  degrading  servitude.  The  different  races  are  kept 
distinct  from  each  other  by  the  most  rigorous  laws.  No  person,  what- 
ever be  his  merit  or  genius,  can,  in  any  case,  rise  above  the  caste  in 
which  he  is  born,  though  he  may  forfeit  his  birth-right  by  certain  mis- 
demeanors and  crimes.  It  is  not  however,  true,  as  has  been  frequently 
asserted,  that  every  individual  is  obliged  to  marry  in  his  own  caste. 
A  man  is  allowed  to  choose  his  wife  out  of  any  of  the  castes  beneath 
him,  but  not  from  those  above  him.  Thus  a  Brahmin  may  lawfully 
marry  the  daughter  of  a  Sudra,  though  the  offspring  of  such  a  marriage 
does  not  inherit  the  father's  rank,  but  belongs  to  one  of  the  mixed  races. 
But  a  Sudra  cannot  form  a  legal  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  a  Brah- 
min ;  and  children  sprung  from  such  a  union  are  considered  far  inferior 
in  rank  to  those  of  a  Brahmin  and  a  Sudra  woman.  The  ancient  religion 
of  the  Hindoos  is  peculiar,  and,  in  some  respects,  very  remarkable;  but 

*  From  the  Portuguese  word  casta,  i.  e.  "race." 


276  HIN—HOB 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

we  must  refer  the  reader  to  other  sources  for  information  on  this  point, 
as  our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  enter  upon  a  subject  so  intricate  and 
extensive.  We  may,  however,  observe,  that  with  the  exception  of  the 
Brahmins,  a  majority  of  whom  still  adhere  to  the  ancient  faith,  the 
sects  into  which  the  Hindoos  are  at  present  divided,  are  of  compara- 
tively modern  origin ;  and  that  the  various  political  changes  resulting 
formerly,  from  the  Mahometan,  and,  more  lately,  from  the  European 
conquests,  by  diminishing  the  authority  of  the  Brahmins,  have  greatly 
contributed  to  the  rise  of  new  systems  of  belief  among  the  common 
people,  as  well  as  facilitated  the  introduction  of  the  religion  of 
other  nations.  The  number  of  Mahometans  in  Hindostan  may  be 
vaguely  estimated  at  about  10,000,000.  Most  of  these  are  supposed 
to  be  the  descendants  of  Asiatic  foreigners.  It  appears,  however,  that 
many  of  the  Hindoos,  without  fully  embracing  the  Moslem  faith,  have 
allowed  their  original  doctrines  and  practices  to  be  considerably  modi- 
fied by  it.  The  two  religions  in  some  parts  are  on  perfectly  friendly 
terms,  and  the  people  apply  frequently  to  one  another's  saints  and  dei- 
ties, when  their  own  appear  to  fail.  The  European  inhabitants  of  Hin- 
dostan may  be  estimated  at  about  2,000,000.  They  are  chiefly  the 
descendants  of  Portuguese.  The  British,  though  they  are  in  actual 
possession  of  nearly  one-half  of  the  country,  and  dictate  to  more  than 
three-fourths  of  it,  are  said  not  to  exceed  60,000. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Hin'-doo.  Hindustani  or  Hindostanee,  hin-dos-ta'-ne,  is  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  the  language  adopted  after  the  Mahometan  conquest,  as  the 
general  means  of  communication  between  the  Hindoos  and  Mahomet- 
ans. It  is  based  on  an  original  Hindoo  dialect,  with  which,  however, 
many  Persian  and  Arabic  words  have  become  incorporated. 

Hinds,  hindz,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Miss.,  between  the  Pearl  and  Big 
Black  rivers.     Pop.  25,340.     Co.  seat,  Raymond. 

Hispaniola.     See  Hayti. 

Ho-ang'-hox*  or  whang;-ho',  (t.  c.  the  "  Yellow  River,"  so  named 
from  the  colour  which  the  yellow  clay  along  its  banks  gives  to  its 
waters,)  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  China,  which  rises  near  35°  N.  Lat. 
and  98°  E.  Lon.,  and,  after  flowing  in  a  very  circuitous  course,  in  which 
it  passes  beyond  41°  N.  Lat.,  empties  itself  into  the  Yellow  Sea,  in 
about  33°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  120°  10'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  estimated  at 
2,400  ra. 

Ho'-bart  Town  (commonly  pronounced  by  the  colonists  HoV-ar-ton), 
the  cap.  of  the  British  colony  of  Van  Diemen's  Land,  is  situated  on 
the  estuary  of  the  r.  Derwent,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  island.  Lat.  42° 
54'  S.,  Lon.  147°  27  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  10,000.     (B.) 

Ho'-bo-ken,  in  the  co.  of  Bergen,  N.  J.,  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  to 
New  York,  is  chiefly  remarkable  as  a  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabi- 
tants of  that  city. 

*  "  By  Oton-tala,  like  a  sea  of  stars. 

The  hundred  sources  of  Hoang-ho  burst." 

Southey's  Thalaba,  Bock  VI. 


HOC— HOL  277 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Hock/-ing,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  a  river  of  the 
game  name,  which  flows  into  the  Ohio  r.     Pop.  14,119.  Co.  t.  Logan. 

Hof.  a  manufacturing-  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  the  r.  Saale,  near  its  source. 
Lat.  50°  17'  N.,  Lon.  11°  53'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Hohenzollern,  hov-en-tsolMern,  a  sovereign  principality  of  Ger- 
many, lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Danube,  surrounded  by  Baden  and 
Wiirtemberg,  and  intersected  by  the  48th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the 
9th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  divided  into  Hohenzollern-Sigmar- 
ing^en,  and  Hohenzollern-Hechingen  (hex'-ing-en),  which  belong  to 
two  different  branches  of  the  house  of  Hohenzollern.  The  total  area 
is  580  sq.  m.  Pop.  64,420;  about  two-thirds  of  whom  belong  to  Hoh- 
enzollern-Sigmaringen.  (P.  C.)  Sigmaringen,  a  little  town  on  the 
Danube,  with  a  pop.  of  1,600  (B.),  is  the  capital  of  this  principality. 
Hechingen  is  the  capital  of  the  other  division. 

HolZ-beach,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Lincolnshire,  90  m.  N.  of 
London. 

Hol'-land,  (Dutch  pron.  holMant;  originally  Ollant,  i.e.  "muddy 
or  marshy  land,")  a  kingdom  in  the  W.  of  Europe,  situated  between 
50°  45'  and  53°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  3°  20'  and  7°  8'  E.  Lon.,  (not  in- 
cluding the  province  of  Luxemburg;)  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  North 
Sea,  E.  by  Germany,  S.  by  Belgium,  and  W.  by  the  North  Sea.  Its 
greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  185  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth, 
from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  120  m.  The  area  is  about  11,000  sq.m. 
The  pop.,  in  1839,  was  2,583,271.  (P.  C.)  -According  to  the  census 
of  1844,  it  is  stated  to  be  2,953,618.  The  face  of  this  country 
is  remarkably  flat  and  low,  some  parts  lying  even  below  the  level  of 
the  sea,  against  the  inroads  of  which,  they  are  protected  partly  by 
immense  dikes  or  artificial  banks  of  earth,  and  partly  by  sand-hills  cast 
up  by  the  ocean.  From  this  natural  peculiarity  the  name  Netherlands, 
i.  e.  "  Lowlands,"  is  derived.  Holland  is  divided  into  twelve  pro- 
vinces ;  viz.,  Brabant  (North),  Drenthe,  Friesland,  Gelders,  Groningen, 
North  and  South  Holland,  Limburg,  Luxemburg,  Overyssel,  Utrecht, 
and  Zealand.  The  Hague  is  the  ordinary  residence  of  the  king  and 
court. — Adj.  Dutch  ;  inhab.  Dutch'-man  or  Hol/-l\nd-er. 

Holland,  an  important  prov.  of  the  above  kingdom,  bordering  on 
the  North  Sea,  which  has  given  its  name  to  the  whole  country.  It 
is  divided  into  North  and  South  Holland.  Pop.  of  the  former,  22,503  ; 
of  the  latter,  503,354.     (P.  C.) 

Holmes,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.- central  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the 
Yazoo  r.     Pop.  13,928.  Co.  seat,  Lexington. 

Holmes,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ohio.  Pop.  20,452.  Co.  t. 
Millersburg. 

Holstein,  hol'-stine,  a  duchy  in  the  N.  of  Germany,  belonging  to 
Denmark,  situated  between  53°  30'  and  54°  26'  N.  Lat,  and  8°  46'  and 
11°  7'  E.  Lon.  Area,  3,250  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1835,  435,596.  (P.  C.) 
Gliickstadt  is  the  capital. 

Hol'-ston,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains  of  Va..  and 
flowing  into  Tenn.,  unites  with  the  Tennessee  r. 
24 


278  HOL— HOR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

Holt,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Mo.     Pop.  3,957. 

Holyhead,  hol/-e-hed\  a  seaport  t.  of  Wales,  situated  on  a  small 
island  of  the  same  name,  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  island 
of  Anglesey,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  suspension  bridge  of  cast 
iron.  It  is  the  station  of  the  post-office  packets,  which  sail  daily  between 
this  port  and  Dublin*     Lat.  53°  19'  N.,  Lon.  4°  37'  W.     Pop.  3,869. 

Hol'-y-well,  a  nourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  Wales,  in  Flintshire, 
situated  near  the  S.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  r.  Dee,  about  10  m.  E. 
of  St.  Asaph.  The  machinery  belonging  to  the  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments of  this  place,  is  for  the  most  part  worked  by  a  stream  which 
issues  from  the  Holy  Well  of  St.  Winifred,  once  so  celebrated  for  the 
healing  virtue  of  its  waters.  This  spring  boils  up  out  of  the  rock  with 
violence,  as  from  a  cauldron,  and  is  said  to  discharge  above  20  tons  of 
water  in  a  minute.  It  was  formerly  resorted  to  by  a  great  number  of 
pilgrims.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  10,834. 

Homburg.     See  Hesse-Homburg. 

Homs  or  Hums  (Anc.  Em'esa),  a  decayed  t.  of  Syria,  situated  near 
the  Orontes.     Lat.  34°  50'  N.,  Lon.  36°  39'  E. 

Honda,  6n'-da,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  New  Granada,  situated  on 
the  r.  Magdalena.  Lat.  5°  12'  N.,  Lon.  74°  53'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at 
above  5,000.    (B.) 

Honduras,  hon-doo'-ras,  one  of  the  states  of  Central  America,  situ- 
ated S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Honduras.  Comayagua  is  the 
capital. 

Honduras,  Bay  of,  is  situated  on  the  E.  coast  of  Central  America, 
between  the  Cape  of  Honduras,  near  16°  N.  Lat.  and  86°  W.  Lon.,  and 
Cape  Catoche  (ka-to'-cha),  in  about  21°  35'  N.  Lat,  and  87°  W.  Lon. 

Honfleur,  on^-Aur',  a  seaport  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados, 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Seine,  almost  at  its  mouth.  Lat.  49° 
25'  N.,  Lon.  0°  14'  E.     Pop.  in  1832,  8,409.     (P.  C.) 

Honiton,  hun'-e-ton,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  10  m.  E. 
by  N.  from  Exeter.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,895. 

Honolulu.     See  Oahu. 

Hoog'-ly,  an  important  arm  of  the  Ganges,  on  which  Calcutta  is 
situated.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  only  as  far  as  the  tide  reaches;  that 
is,  about  30  m.  above  Calcutta.  Near  this  town,  its  breadth  is  about 
three-quarters  of  a  mile,  but  at  its  mouth  it  amounts  to  near  10  m. 

Hoorn,  hoRn,  an  important  seaport  t.  of  North  Holland,  the  cap.  of  a 
dist.  of  the  same  name,  with  the  best  harbour  on  the  Zuyder  Zee.  Lat. 
52°  38'  N.,  Lon.  5°  1'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Hop'-kins,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Green  r.  Pop. 
12,441.  Co.  t.  Madisonville. 

Horn,  Cape.     See  Cape  Horn. 

Hor'-ry,  a  dist.  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  S.  C.  Pop.  7,646.  Sea 
of  justice,  Con  way  borough. 

Hors'-ham,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Sussex,  33  m.  S.  by  W.  from 
London. 

Horta.     See  Fayal. 


HOT—HUD  279 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  r.g. 

Hot  Spring,  a  large  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ark.  Pop.  3,609.  Co.  t. 
Hot  Spring. 

Hot^-ten-tots,  a  people  of  S.  Africa,  inhabiting  the  country  border- 
ing on  the  Cape  Colony.  They  are  represented  as  a  mild,  timid  people, 
perfectly  harmless,  honest,  faithful,  and  capable  of  strong  attachment. 
They  are  a  good-natured,  and,  on  the  whole,  a  good-looking  race,  hav- 
ing, many  of  them,  finely-formed  foreheads  and  prominent  features. 
Their  hands  and  feet  are  remarkably  small,  while  their  limbs  are  in 
general  well  proportioned.  Their  great  defect,  or  rather  vice,  is 
indolence,  accompanied  by  its  almost  inseparable  attendants,  degrada- 
tion and  filth.  The  male  Hottentots  go  nearly  naked ;  the  females 
wear  an  apron  attached  to  a  girdle  round  the  waist,  which,  however, 
does  not  reach  to  the  knees.  Their  dress  is  formed  of  the  skin  of  some 
animal,  commonly  of  sheep-skin.  They  lead  a  wandering  life,  living 
chiefly  on  the  milk  of  their  cattle.  Their  huts  are  constructed  of  mats 
stretched  over  a  frame  of  sticks,  in  the  shape  of  a  bee-hive,  and  are 
easily  removed  on  their  pack-oxen,  as  they  migrate  from  place  to 
place.  But  few,  however,  of  the  tribes  have  preserved  their  indepen- 
dence and  their  original  customs,  unaltered  by  the  neighbourhood  of 
European  civilization,  and,  we  may  add,  of  European  vice  and  cruelty. 
The  state  of  servitude  to  which  many  of  these  people  were  formerly 
subjected,  particularly  by  the  Dutch  colonists,  appears  to  have  nearly 
deprived  them  of  the  little  energy  and  spirit  which  they  derived  from 
nature,  and  to  have  greatly  reduced  the  number  of  those  dwelling 
within  the  limits  of  the  colony.  It  is,  however,  proper  to  state  that 
slavery  was  abolished,  in  this  part  of  the  British  possessions,  by  an  act 
which  went  into  operation  on  August  1st,  1834.  Some  of  the  Hotten- 
tots, especially  the  Griguas  or  Griquas  (gree'-quas),  have  made  consi- 
derable progress  in  civilization,  which  they  owe  to  the  missionaries 
established  among  them. 

Housatonic,  hoov-sa-ton'-ik,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Mass.,  and,  flowing 
southward  through  Conn.,  falls  into  Long  Island  Sound,  about  14  m. 
S.  W.  of  New  Haven. 

Houston,  hews'-ton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on 
the  r.  Ocmulgee.     Pop.  16,450.  Co.  t.  Perry. 

Houston,  a  t.,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Texas,  on  a  small  creek  which 
flows  into  Galveston  Bay.  Lat.  about  30°  N.,  Lon.  95°  30'  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  6,000. 

How'-ard,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  r. 
Missouri.     Pop.  13,969.     Co.  t.  Fayette. 

Hun'-DERg-FiELD,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  the 
W.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  24  m.  N.  W.  of  Sheffield.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Huddersfield  Canal,  by  which  it  is  put  in  communication  with  all 
the  principal  places  of  the  kingdom.  Where  this  canal  passes  under 
Stanedge  Hill,  there  is  a  tunnel,  which  is  5,451  yards  (above  3  m.) 
in  length,  and  in  one  place  222  yards  below  the  surface.  The  manu- 
factures of  Huddersfield  are  chiefly  in  woollen.     The  pop.  of  this  t.  in 


280  HUB— HUM 

Fate,  far,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

1811  was  only  9,671  (E.  G.);  in  1841  it  amounted  to  25,068.  It 
includes  an  area  of  about  6  sq.  m. 

Hud'-son  or  North  River,  one  of  the  finest  and  most  important 
rivers  in  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  and,  flowing 
nearly  due  S.  in  its  general  course,  communicates  with  the  Atlantic, 
about  10  m.  below  New  York.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  aboui. 
300  m.  It  is  navigable  for  the  largest  ships  to  the  city  of  Hudson, 
about  130  m.,  and  for  sloops  to  Troy,  166  m. 

Hudson,  a  city  of  N.  Y.,  the  cap.  of  Columbia  co.,  is  situated  on  the 
E.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation,  130  m.  above 
New  York.     Lat.  42°  14'  N.,  Lon.  73°  46'  W.     Pop.  6,286. 

Hudson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Hudson  r. 
Pop.  21,821.  Co.  t.  Jersey  City. 

Hudson's  Bay,  a  large  bay,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  westward 
nearly  into  the  centre  of  British  N.  America,  is  situated  between  51° 
and  64°  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  and  95°  30'  W.  Lon.  Its  length,  from  S.  S.  E. 
to  N.  N.  W.,  is  nearly  1000  m.;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W., 
about  600  m.  It  is  connected  with  the  Atlantic  by  Hudson's  Strait, 
which  is  more  than  300  m.  long,  and  in  its  narrowest  part  is  perhaps 
about  60  m.  wide.  The  southern  part,  extending  from  about  51°  to  55° 
N.  Lat.,  is  called  James's  Bay. 

Huelva,  weU-va,  a  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  the  cap.  of  a 
prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  a  little  bay  projecting  from  the 
Atlantic.     Lat.  37°  15'  N.,  Lon.  6°  49'  W.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Huesca,  wes^-ca,  (Anc.  Os'ca,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  chiefly  re- 
markable for  its  university.  Lat.  42°  6'  N.,  Lon.  0°  19'  W.  Pop. 
9,200.     (M.) 

Hull,  or  Kings'-ton-upon-Hull,  an  important  seaport  t.  of  England, 
in  the  E.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  estuary  of  the 
Humber,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  r.  Hull,  34m.  S.  E.  of  York.  This 
town  communicates,  by  means  of  canals  and  railways,  with  York,  Man- 
chester, Liverpool,  and  all  the  other  principal  places  of  England.  Its 
docks  and  basins  are  considered  as  among  the  finest  in  the  kingdom. 
It  is  the  great  entrepot  of  the  commerce  of  the  N.  of  England,  and  of 
that  which  this  country  carries  on  with  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 
The  prosperity  of  this  place  has  been  greatly  increased  by  the  progress 
of  steam  navigation,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  as  the  second  great 
centre  on  the  eastern  coast.  Hull  forms  a  co.  of  itself,  which  con- 
tains an  area  of  about  18  sq.  m.  Lat.  53°  45'  N.,  Lon.  0°  20'  W.  Pop. 
of  the  town,  41,629;  of  the  co.,  exclusive  of  the  town,  3,544. 

Hulst,  a  small  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  in  Zealand.  Lat.  51°  17'  N., 
Lon.  4°  3'  E. 

Hum'-ber,  a  r.  or  estuary  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  England,  formed  prin- 
cipally by'the  junction  of  the  Ouse  and  the  Trent.  At  its  commence- 
ment, the  Humber  is  rather  more  than  a  mile  wide,  but  where  it  joins 
the  sea  it  is  above  seven  miles  in  breadth.  Its  whole  length  is  near 
40  m. 


HUM— HUR  281 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Humphreys,  um'-ftvz,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Tertn.,  E.  of,  and 
bordering-  on  the  Tennessee  r.     Pop.  6,422.     Co.  t.  Reynolds  burg. 

Hungary,  hung/-ga-re,  (Hung.  Magyar-Orszag,  mod-yda  0R-saag; 
Ger.  Ungarn,  oong'-garn ;)  an  extensive  country  of  Europe,  forming  a 
part  of  the  Austrian  empire,  situated  between  44°  28'  and  49°  36' 
N.  Lat.,  and  16°  and  25°  E.  Lon.;  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  by 
Moravia  and  Galicia,  E.  by  Transylvania,  S.  by  Turkey,  Slavonia  and 
Croatia,  and  W.  by  Styria  and  Austria.  Its  extreme  length,  from  E. 
to  W.  is  about  420  m. ;  the  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about 
330  m.  The  area  is  computed  at  78,822  sq.  m.  Pop.  uncertain,  but  esti- 
mated at  upwards  of  10,000,01.0.  (M.)  The  kingdom  of  Hungary 
includes,  besides  Hungary  Proper,  Slavonia,  Croatia,  and  several  dis- 
tricts of  less  importance.  The  government  is  called  a  limited  mo- 
narchy, but  aristocracy  is  predominant,  and  the  nobles  have  great 
power,  while  the  great  mass  of  the  peasantry  are  in  a  state  of  extreme 
degradation.  The  kingdom  of  Hungary  formerly  included,  besides  its 
present  territories,  Transylvania,  Dalmatia,  and  the  Military  Frontier; 
which  countries,  since  their  annexation  to  the  crown  of  Austria,  still 
go  under  the  general  name  of  the  Hungarian  dominions.  The  name, 
Hungary,  is  derived  from  the  Hunni  or  Huns,  a  people  of  Asiatic 
origin,  who  invaded  and  took  possession  of  the  country  immediately  N. 
of  the  Danube,  towards  the  close  of  the  fourth  century,  during  the  reign 
of  the  Roman  emperor  Valens.  The  present  Hungarians,  however,  are 
the  descendants  of  the  Magyars,  another  Asiatic  nation,  who  estab- 
lished themselves  here  in  the  ninth  century,  whence  the  country  is 
called  Magyar-Orszag,  i.e.  the  "land  of  the  Magyars." — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Hungarian,  hung-ga/-re-an. 

Hun'-ter-don,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the 
Delaware'r.     Pop.  28,989.     Co.  t.  Flemington. 

Hunt'-ing-dqn,  a  t.  of  England,  the  cap.  of  Huntingdonshire,  is 
situated  on  the  r.  Ouse,  about  60  m.  N.  of  London.     Pop.  3,507. 

Huntingdon,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  head  streams 
of  the  Juniata.     Pop.  24,786.     Co.  t.  Huntingdon. 

Hunt'-ing-don-shire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  England,  inter- 
sected by  the  r.  Ouse.     Pop.  58,549. 

Hunt'-ing-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the 
Wabash  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  7,850.     Co.  t.  Huntington. 

Hunts'-ville,  a  flourishing  t.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ala.,  cap.  of  Madison 
co.,  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Huntsville  Canal,  which  commu- 
nicates with  the  Tennessee  r.,  and  is  about  16  m.  long.  Lat.  34°  36' 
N.,  Lon.  86°  57'  W.     Pop.  2,863. 

Hurd'-war^,  a  t.  of  Hindostan,  celebrated  as  one  of  the  principal 

? laces  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  and  the  seat  of  the  greatest  fair  in  India, 
t  is  said  that  sometimes  above  a  million  pilgrims  are  assembled  here  at 
once.     Lat.  29°  57'  N.,  Lon.  78°  2'  E. 

Hu^-ron,  a  large  lake  of  N.  America,  lying  between  43°  and  46°  15 
N.  Lat,  'and  80°  and  83°  40'  W.  Lon.     Its  length,  from   S.  S.  E.  to 
N.N.  W.,  following  the  curve,  is-  about  280m. :  its  greatest  breadth 
24* 


282  HUR— ICE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

from  E.  to  W.,  exclusive  of  Georgian  Bay,  is  near  100  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  about  19.0U0  sq.  m.  The  greatest  depth  is  at  least  1000  ft. 
Lake  Huron  is  divided  into  two  unequal  portions  by  a  long  peninsula 
and  the  Manitoulin  chain  of  islands ;  the  parts  to  the  N.  and  E.  are 
called  North  Channel  and  Georgian  Bay. 

Huron,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  near  Lake  Erie.  Pop.  26,203. 
Co.  t.  Norwalk. 

Huy,  hoi,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  on  the  Meuse,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Liege.  Pop. 
7,000.     (B.) 

Hyde,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  on  Pamlico  Sound.  Pop.  7,636. 
Co.  t.  Lake  Landing. 

Hyderabad,  hi'-der-a-bad/,  or  Hydrabad,  a  city  of  Hindostan,  the 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  17°  22'  N.,  Lon.  78°  35'  E. 
Pop.,  including  the  suburbs,  estimated  at  above  200,000.     (B.) 

Hyderabad,  a  fortified  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  Sinde,  cap.  of  a  princi- 
pality of  the  same  name,  is  situated  in  the  delta  of  the  Indus,  about 
90  m.  from  the  sea.  Lat.  25°  22'  N.,  Lon.  68°  41'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  20,000.     (B.) 

Hythe,  hiTH,  a  t.,  and  one  of  the  Cinque  Ports,  of  England,  in  Kent, 
situated  on  the  Strait  of  Dover,  about  60  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  London,  and 
10  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Dover.     Pop.  2,265. 

Iaroslav.     See  Yaroslaf. 

Ibarra,  e-bar'-ra,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  Ecuador,  50  m.  N.  E.  of 
Quito.    Lat.  0°  21'  N.,  Lon.  78°  18'  W.    Pop.  estimated  at  10,000.  (B.) 

F-ber-ville,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Louisiana,  inter- 
sected by  the  Mississippi  r.     Pop.  12,214.  Seat  of  justice,  Iberville. 

Ice'-land  (IsMand  in  the  native  language),  a  large  i.  in  the  N.  Atlan- 
tic, belonging  to  Denmark,  situated  between  63°  30'  and  66°  40'  N. 
Lat,  and  16°  and  24°  30'  W.  Lon.  Its  extreme  length  is  about  250  m. ; 
its  greatest  breadth  about  200  m.  The  area  is  vaguely  estimated  at 
40,000  sq.  m.  The  pop.  in  1834  was  56,000.  (M.)  The  interior  of 
Iceland  is  a  dreary  desert,  without  a  single  inhabitant.  One  mass  of 
icy  mountains,  called  Klofa  Jokul  (yo^-kul),  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the 
island,  is  said  to  have  an  extent  of  not  less  than  3000  sq.  m.  The  rocks 
and  mountains  of  this  country  appear  to  be  chiefly  of  volcanic  origin. 
In  the  year  1783,  a  mountain  named  Skaptar  Jokul  poured  forth  an 
immense  quantity  of  lava,  which  destroyed  no  fewer  than  20  villages 
and  9,000  people,  amounting  to  more  than  one-fifth  of  the  then  popula- 
tion of  the  island.  It  was  estimated  that  the  whole  of  the  lava  dis 
charged  would  be  sufficient  to  cover  an  area  of  1,400  sq.  m.  to  the 
depth  of  150  ft.  Hecla,  a  celebrated  volcanic  mountain  in  the  S.  W. 
part  of  Iceland,  about  30  m.  from  the  sea,  is  5,530  ft.  in  height.  The 
Oerafe  Jokul  is  the  loftiest  mountain  in  Iceland,  of  which  any  accurate 
measurement  has  been  made,  having  an  elevation  of  6,650  ft.  (B.) 
Among  the  most  remarkable  natural  curiosities  of  this  country  are  the 
Geysers  (gV-sers)  boiling  springs,  or  rather  water-volcanoes.  One  of 
these,  called  the  Great  Geyser,  is  said  sometimes  to  project  its  contents 


ICO— ILL  283 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  ae  in  this ;  M,  nearly  like  ng. 

to  the  height  of  from  100  to  200  ft.  The  climate  of  Iceland  is  said  to 
be  mild,  considering  the  latitude.  Dr.  Henderson  found  the  winter  that 
he  passed  here  not  severer  than  the  mildest  which  he  experienced  in 
Southern  Sweden  and  Denmark.  It  appears  that  corn  was  once  culti- 
vated to  a  considerable  extent,  but  the  inhabitants  find  it  more  to  their 
advantage  to  attend  exclusively  to  the  rearing  of  cattle.  Hay  is  the 
great  harvest  of  Iceland.  The  common  food  of  the  people  is  butter, 
milk,  and  fish  ;  fresh  meat  and  rye  bread  are  holy-day  fare.  Fish  are 
very  abundant.  The  reindeer,  which  were  at  first  introduced  from 
Norway,  have  greatly  multiplied,  and  live  in  a  wild  state.  Reikiavik 
(ri/-ke-a-vik),  a  little  town  on  the  W.  coast,  is  regarded  as  the  cap.  of 
the  island.  Although  its  permanent  population  scarcely  exceeds  500, 
it  contains  a  number  of  institutions  for  education,  three  literary  and 
scientific  societies,  and  a  library  of  5,000  vols.  In  its  immediate  vici- 
nity there  is  an  observatory. — Adj.  Ice-lan'-dic  ;  inhab.  Ice^-land-er. 

ICOLMKILL.       See  lONA. 

Idria,  id'-re-a,  a  t.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Carniola,  celebrated 
for  its  mines  of  quicksilver,  which,  after  those  of  Almaden,  in  Spain, 
are  considered  to  be  the  richest  in  Europe.  The  mine  is  rather  more 
than  1,000  ft.  in  depth.     Lat.  46°  N.,  Lon.  14°  3'  E.     Pop.  5,000.  (B.) 

Iekatarinburg.     See  Ekatarinburg. 

Iglau,  igMou,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Mora- 
via.    Lat.  49°  23'  N.,  Lon.  15°  36'  E.     Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

Igualada,  e-gwa-la^-Da,  (Anc.  A'quce  La'tae,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalo- 
nia, 37  m.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona.     Pop.  7,731.     (M.) 

Il/-ches-ter,  sometimes  written  Ivelchester  (Anc.  Ischalis),  a  lit- 
tle t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  situated  on  the  Yeo  or  Ivel,  18  m. 
E.  of  Taunton.  It  appears  to  have  once  been  a  very  important  Roman 
station.     Its  name  signifies  the  "  station  of  the  Ivil." 

Ile  de  France.     See  France,  Isle  of. 

Ilfracombe,  iK-fra-coom\  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire, 
situated  on  the  Bristol  Channel,  41  m.  N.  W.  of  Exeter.     Pop.  2,855. 

Ille  and  Vilaine,  (Fr.  Ille  et  Vilaine,  eel  aveMane/,)  a  dep.  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  English  Channel.  Pop.  547,249. 
(B.)     Capital,  Rennes. 

Illimani,  Nevabo  de,  na-va'-Do  da  eel-ya-ma'-ne,  a  mountain  sum- 
mit of  S.  America,  in  Bolivia,  next  to  the  Nevado  de  Sorata,  the  most 
elevated  on  the  American  continent.  Lat.  about  16°  40'  N.,  Lon.  67° 
40'  W.     Height,  3,753  toises,  or  about  24,000  English  ft.     (B.) 

Illinois,  iP-lin-oi',  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  37°  and  42° 
30'  N.  Lat.,  and  87°  30'  and  91°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Wis- 
consin, E.  by  Indiana,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  the  Ohio  r.,  which  separates  it 
from  Kentucky,  S.  W.  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  r.,  which  divides  it 
from  Missouri  and  Iowa;  and  divided  into  100 counties.*   Length,  from 

*  Adams,  Alexander,  Bond,  Boone,  Brown,  Bureau,  Calhoun,  Carroll,  Cass, 
Champaign,  Christian,  Clair  St.,  Clarke,  Clay,  Clinton,  Coles,  Cook,  Crawford, 
Cumberland,  De  Kalb,  DeWitt,  Du  Page,  Edgar,  Edwards,  Effingham,  Fayette, 


284  ILL— IND 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n5,  not;  65  as  in  good; 

N.  to  S.,  387  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  200.  The  area  is  variously 
estimated  from  55,000  to  59,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  851,470.  Springfield  is 
the  capital.     Illinois  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1818. 

Illinois,  a  r.  of  the  above  state,  which  rises  near  Lake  Michigan, 
and,  flowing  south-westerly,  falls  into  the  Mississippi.  The  whole 
length  is  about  400  m.     It  is  navigable  for  boats  nearly  to  its  souice. 

Il-lyr/-j.-a,  a  kingdom  forming  a  part  of  the  Austrian  empire,  situ- 
ated between  44°  25'  and  47°  7'  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  40'  and  15°  45'  E. 
Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Austria  and  Styria,  E.  by  Styria  and  Croa- 
tia, S.  by  the  Adriatic,  and  W.  by  Italy  and  Tyrol.  The  area  is  10,801 
sq.  m.  Pop.  1,212,753.  (M.)  Lay  bach  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Il-lyr^-j-an. 

Imola,  e-moMa,  CAnc.  Fo'rum  Corne'lii,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal 
State,  20  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bologna.     Pop.  8,C00.     (B.) 

Independence,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  bv  the 
White  r.     Pop.  7,767.     Co.  t.  Batesville. 

Independent  Tartary.     See  Toorkistan. 

InZ-dj-a,  the  name  given  by  the  ancients  to  a  country  of  indefinite 
extent,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Asia.  It  appears  to  have  included  Hindos- 
tan  Proper,  the  island  of  Ceylon,  and  the  still  undefined  region  of 
Farther  India.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  that  of  the 
Indus,  Sind  or  Hind. — Adj.  and  inhab.  LV-di-an. 

The  name,  East  Indies,  has  an  application  nearly  co-extensive  with 
that  of  India,  though  the  former  seems  to  be  often  employed  somewhat 
loosely  to  denote,  besides  the  Indian  continent,  not  only  Ceylon  (which 
has  always  been  considered  as  a  part  of  India),  but  also  many  other 
islands  of  the  eastern  seas,  especially  those  lying  near  the  Asiatic 
coast,  such  as  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  and  the  group  of  Japan. 

Indian  Ocean,  is  situated  between  Africa,  Asia,  and  Malaisia.  Its 
greatest  extent,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  above  4,000  m. 

In'-dj.-an'-a,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  37°  50'  and  41°  50 
N.  Lat,  and  84°  44'  and  88°  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Michi- 
gan and  Lake  Michigan,  E.  by  Ohio,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Kentucky,  and 
W.  by  Illinois,  and  divided  into  91  counties*.     Length,  from  N.  to  S., 

Franklin,  Fulton,Gallatin,Green, Grundy,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Hardin,Henderson, 
Henry,  Iroquois,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Jersey,  Jo  Daviess,  Johnson,  Kane, 
Kendall,  Knox,  Lake,  La  Salle,  Lawrence,  Lee,  Livingston,  Logan,  Macon,  Ma- 
coupin, Madison,  Marquette,  Marion,  Marshall,  Mason,  Massac,  McDonough, 
McHenry,McLean,  Menard,  Mercer,Monroe,Montgomery,Morgan, Moultrie,  Ogle, 
Peoria,  Perry,  Piatt,  Pike,  Pope,  Pulaski,  Putnam,  Randolph,  Richland,  Rock 
Island,  Saline,  Sangamon,  Schuyler,  Scott,  Shelby,  Stark,  Stephenson,  Taze- 
well, Union,  Vermilion,  Wabash,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  White,  White- 
side, Will,  Williamson,  Winnebago,  Woodford. 

*  Adams,  Allen,  Bartholomew,  Benton,  Blackford,  Boone,  Brown,  Carroll,  Cass, 
Clark,  Clay,  Clinton,  Crawford,  Daviess,  Dearborn,  Decatur,  De  Kalb,  Dela- 
ware, Dubois,  Elkhart,  Fayette,  Floyd,  Fountain,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Gibson, 
Grant,  Greene,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Harrison,  Hendricks,  Henry,  Howard, 
Huntington,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jay,  Jefferson,  Jennings,  Johnson,  Joseph  St., 
Knox,  Kosciusko,  La  Grange,  Lake,  La  Porte,  Lawrence,  Madison,  Marion, 
Marshall,  Martin,  Miami,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Noble,  Ohio,  Orange, 


IND-INN  285 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  liko  ng. 

275  ra.  ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  150  m.  The  area  is 
estimated  at  36,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  988,410.  Indianapolis  is  the  capital. 
Indiana  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1816. 

Indiana,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Conemaugh  creek, 
a  branch  of  the  Alleghany  r.     Pop.  27,170.     Co.  t.  Indiana. 

Inn-d,j-a.n-ap'-o-lis,  the  cap.  of  Indiana,  and  seat  of  justice  of  Marion 
co.,  is  situated  on  White  r.,  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  state.  Lat.  39° 
55'  N„  Lon.  86°  5'  W.     Pop.  8,034. 

Ind-oor'  or  Indore,  a  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  kingdom  of  the 
same  name,  in  the  prov.  of  Malwah.  It  has  risen  entirely  since  the 
year  1818,  on  the  site  of  the  old  town  of  the  same  name,  which  was 
burned  to  the  ground,  in  1801,  by  Sindia,  who  was  at  war  with  Holcar, 
the  chief  of  Indoor.  Lat.  22°  42'  N.,  Lon.  75°  50'  E.  Present  pop. 
estimated  from  60,000  to  90,000. 

Indostan.     See  Hindostan. 

Indre,  aNdr,  a  dep.  near  the  centre  of  France,  intersected  by  a  river 
of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Loire.  Pop.  257,350.  (B.) 
Capita],  Chateauroux, 

Indre  and  Loire  (Fr.  Indre  et  Loire,  aNdr  a  lw'm),  a  dep.  of  France, 
N.  VV.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  above.     Pop.  304,271.     Capital,  Tours. 

In^-dus  or  Sindh  (in  Sanscrit,  Sindhoo),  a  large  r.  in  the  S.  of  Asia, 
which  rises  on  the  northern  declivity  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains,  and 
flowing,  first  north-westerly,  and  afterwards  south-westerly,  empties 
itself  into  the  Indian  Ocean  by  several  mouths,  in  about  24°  N.  Lat. 
and  68°  E.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  1,700  m.  In  conse- 
quence of  the  sand-banks  which  obstruct  the  different  arms  of  this 
river,  it  is  not  navigable,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  except  for 
very  small  vessels. 

Ing'-ham,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  near  the  sources  of  Grand  r. 
Pop.  8,631. 

Ingolstadt,  ing^-gol-statt\  a  t.  and  important  fortress  of  Germany,  in 
Bavaria,  on  the  Danube,  33  m.  S.  W.  of  Ratisbon.  Its  celebrated  uni- 
versity, founded  in  1472,  was  transferred  to  Landshut  in  1800,  but  has 
since  been  removed  to  Munich.  Lat.  48°  46'  N.,  Lon.  11°  26'  E.  Pop. 
7,000.     (B.) 

Inn,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Switzerland,  flows  through 
Tyrol,  and  after  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  Bavaria  and 
Austria,  falls  into  the  Danube  at  Passau. 

Innspruck,  ins'-prook,  or  Innsbruck,  (i.  e.  Innsbriicke,  or  the 
"bridge  of  the  Inn,")  the  cap.  of  Tyrol,  situated  on  the  r.  Inn. 
Its  situation  is  highly  picturesque.  It  stands  in  the  midst  of  a 
valley,  the  sides  of  which  are  formed  by  mountains  from  6,000  to 
8,000  ft.  in  height.  Th(;  Inn  is  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge,  from 
which  a  magnificent  proi.-pect  is  obtained.     Innsbruck  contains  seve- 

Owen,  Parke  Perry,  Pike,  Porter,  Posey,  Pulaski,  Putnam,  Randolph,  Ripley, 
Rush,  Scott,  Shelby,  Spencer,  Stark,  Steuben,  Sullivan,  Switzerland.  Tippeca- 
noe, Tipton,  Union,  Vanderburg,  Vermilion,  Vigo,  Wabash,  Warren,  Warwick, 
Washington,  Wayne,  Wells,  White,  Whitley. 


286  INV— IOW 

Fate,  f  ai,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  65,  as  in  good ; 

ral  literary  and  scientific  institutions;  among  which  is  a  university, 
founded  in  1672,  afterwards  abolished,  and  finally  re-established  in 
1826.     Lat.  47°  16'  N.,  Lon.  11°  24'  E.     Pop.  about  11,000.     (B.) 

In-ver-a'-ry,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Argyleshire,  situated 
near  the  head  of  Loch  Fyne,  on  the  VV.  coast,  25  m.  N.  W.  of  Glasgow. 
Pop.  1,233. 

Inverkeithing,  inx-ver-kee^-TPiing,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Fife- 
shire,  situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  10  m.  N.  VV.  of 
Edinburgh.     Pop.  1,674. 

Inn-ver-ness',  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Inverness-shire,  on  the 
r.  Ness,  about  a  mile  above  its  influx  into  Moray  Frith.  It  is  the  prin- 
cipal town,  as  regards  manufactures  and  commerce,  in  the  N.  of  Scot- 
land. By  means  of  the  Caledonian  canal,  which  connects  the  North 
Sea  with  the  Atlantic,  Inverness  has  an  almost  direct  communication 
with  the  latter.     Lat.  57°  28'  N.,  Lon.  4°  12'  VV.     Pop.  9,100. 

In^-ver-ness'-shire,  the  largest  co.  of  Scotland,  extends  across  the 
island,  from  the  Atlantic  to  Moray  Frith.  It  also  includes  the  islands 
of  Skye,  Harris,  N.  and  S.  Uist,  &c.     Pop.  97,799. 

Inv-ve-ru'-ry,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Don  and  Ury,  16  m.  N.  VV.  of  Aberdeen,  with  which  town  it 
communicates  by  means  of  the  Aberdeenshire  Canal.     Pop.  1,619. 

Iona,  e-o'-na,  or  Icn-olm-kili/,  (the  native  name  is  I,  pronounced  like 
ee,  and  signifying  "  island,")  one  of  the  Hebrides,  situated  near  the  VV. 
extremity  of  the  island  of  Mull,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  56°  22' 
N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  6°  26'  VV.  Lon.  Length  about  3  m.  It 
is  chiefly  interesting  on  account  of  its  ruins  and  historical  remem- 
brances. While  western  Europe  lay  buried  in  ignorance  and  barbarity, 
this  island  was  remarkable  as  the  seat  of  learning  and  of  the  Christian 
religion,  which  was  introduced  near  the  middle  of  the  6th  century,  by 
St.  Columba,  a  native  of  Ireland.  The  name  Icolmkill  is  a  contraction 
of  I-Columb-kill,  i.  e.  the  "island  of  Columba's  cell  or  monastery,"  kill 
or  kil  signifying  any  religious  residence. 

I-o'-nj-a,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Mich.,  intersected  by 
Grand  r.     Pop.  7,597.     Co.  t.  Ionia. 

I-o'-nj.-an  Islands,  situated  along  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Greece,  and 
consisting  of  the  seven  principal  islands  of  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  Zante, 
Santa  Maura,  Theaki,  Cerigo,  and  Paxo,  form  what  is  termed  the  Ionian 
Republic,  or  the  Republic  of  Seven  Islands.  The  total  area  is  1,097 
eq.  m. ;  the  entire  pop.  in  1836  was  204,266.  This  republic  is  under  the 
protection  of  Great  Britain  represented  by  a  lord  high  commissioner, 
who  resides  at  Corfu,  and,  with  the  president  of  the  senate  (who  repre- 
sents the  executive  power  of  the  republic),  directs  the  most  important 
affairs  of  the  state.     Corfu  is  the  seat  of  government. 

I-os'-co  (Kanotin),  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Sagi- 
naw Bay. 

I'-o-wa,  one  of  the  United  States,  created  from  a  territory  of  the  same 
name  in  1846,  lies  between  40°  30/  and  43°  30'  N.  lat.,  and  between 
90°  and  97°  W.  Ion.,  being  about  275  miles  in  length  from  E.  to  \V., 


IOW—IOW  287 

OH,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

and  210  in  breadth  from  N.  to  S.;  including  an  area  of  about  50,914 
sq.  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Minnesota,  E.  by  Wisconsin  and 
Illinois,  S.  by  Missouri,  and  W.  by  Indian  Ter.  and  Minnesota.  The 
Mississippi  forms  the  eastern,  and  the  Missouri  and  Sioux  the  western 
boundary  of  the  State :  By  the  census  of  1850,  Iowa  had  192,214 
inhabitants;  of  whom  191,879  were  white,  and  335  coloured  persons. 
There  were  2044  deaths  in  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1850,  or  a  frac- 
tion more  than  ten  in  every  thousand. 

Iowa  was  divided  in  1850,  into  52  counties.* 

Rivers. — Besides  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  which  wash  its 
western  and  eastern  boundaries,  the  principal  rivers  in  Iowa  are  the 
Des  Moines,  Skunk,  Iowa,  Red  Cedar,  Wapsipinicon,  Mako'queta, 
Turkey,  and  Upper  Iowa.  All  these  run  in  a  S.  E.  direction,  and, 
except  the  Red  Cedar,  which  is  a  tributary  of  the  Iowa,  all  empty 
into  the  Mississippi.  The  sources  of  the  Des  Moines,  Red  Cedar, 
and  Upper  Iowa  are  in  Minnesota.  The  Des  Moines,  which  is  about 
400  m.  long,  traverses  the  central  part  of  the  state  from  the  N.  bound- 
ary to  the  S.  E.  extremity.  This  river  might  be  made  navigable 
for  300  miles  by  very  moderate  improvements.  The  Iowa  river  is 
about  300  m.  long,  and  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  to  Iowa 
city,  80  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  other  rivers  mentioned  are  from 
100  to  200  miles  in  length,  and  several  of  them  furnish  abundant 
water-power.  The  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  river  from  this  state 
are  small. 

There  are  no  lakes  in  the  state  which  seem  worthy  of  notice  in  a 
general  description. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Soil,  and  Productions. — The  surface  of  Iowa  is 
generally  composed  of  rolling  prairies,  and  there  is  nothing  within  its 
limits  that  approaches  to  the  height  of  a  mountain.  A  plateau  called 
the  Coteau  des  Prairies, f  extends  from  Minnesota  into  the  N.  W.  cor- 
ner of  this  state,  and  a  small  section  on  the  Mississippi  in  the  N.  E.  is 
too  rugged  for  cultivation.  The  soil,  in  general,  is  extremely  fertile 
and  easy  of  cultivation ;  and  the  surface  is  diversified  with  prairies 
and  woodlands  in  convenient  proportions.  Among  the  forest-trees  are 
several  species  of  oak,  walnut,  ash,  elm,  sugar-maple,  hickory,  locust, 
poplar  and  iron-wood.  The  grape,  gooseberry,  and  wild  plum  are 
among  the  indigenous  fruits. 

By  the  census  of  1850,  there  were  in  Iowa  814,713  acres  of  land 
under  cultivation,  producing  1,442,074  bus.  of  wheat,  8,475,027  bus. 
of  Indian  corn,  2,012  lbs.  of  tobacco,  363,398  lbs.  of  wool,  420  gals, 
of  wine,  1,933,128  lbs.  of  butter,  198,444  lbs.  of  cheese,  84,598  tons 

•  Alamakee,  Appanoose,  Benton,  Black  Hawk,  Boone,  Buchanan,  Cedar, 
Clark,  Clayton,  Clinton,  Dallas,  Davis,  Decatur,  Delaware,  Des  Moines,  Dubuque, 
Fayette,  Fremont,  Henry,  Iowa,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Jones, 
Keokuk,  Lee,  Linn,  Louisa,  Lucas,  Madison,  Mahaska,  Marion,  Marshall,  Monroe, 
Muscatine,  Page,  Polk,  Pottawatomie,  Poweshiek,  Ringgold,  Scott,  Story,  Tama, 
Taylor,  Van  Buron,  Wapello,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  and  Winneshiek. 
f  See  Minnesota.  , 


288  IOW— IOW 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fit ;  me,  m£t;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  do  as  in  good; 

of  hay,  1,280  tons  of  hemp,  and  70,680  lbs.  of  maple-sugar.  The 
value  of  the  live-stock  was  $3,602,709. 

Rich  mines  of  lead  have  been  opened  in  the  counties  of  Dubuque 
and  Clayton,  bordering  on  Wisconsin.  The  ore  lies  deeper  than  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi.  Zinc  also  is  found  in  connection  with 
the  lead.  Between  the  Wapsipin'icon  and  the  Mako'queta  rivers 
there  is  a  tract  which  abounds  in  iron-ore,  and  immense  beds  of 
bituminous  coal  occur  in  several  parts  of  the  state,  being  a  continu- 
ation of  the  great  coal  field  of  Illinois.  Salt  and  saltpetre  are  among 
the  minerals  of  this  state. 

Manufactures. — According  to  the  census  of  1850,  there  were  482 
manufacturing  establishments  in  Iowa,  producing  $500  and  upwards 
annually.  The  value  of  homemade  manufactures  at  the  same  period 
was  $202,533. 

Towns. — Ke'okuk,  a  flourishing  commercial  t.,  is  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.,  at  the  foot  of  the  lower  rapids,  205  m.  above  St.  Louis,  and 
125  m.  S.  from  Iowa  city,  lat.  40°  21'  N.  It  is  at  the  head  of  navigation 
for  the  largest  steamers^and  owes  its  importance  and  rapid  growth 
to  this  circumstance.  The  cargoes  of  steamboats  ascending  the  river 
are  here  transfered  to  flat-boats,  and  drawn  up  the  rapids  by  horses, 
while  the  steamboat  passes  over  empty.  Keokuk  has  daily  commu- 
nication with  St.  Louis,  by  a  line  of  splendid  steam-packets.  The 
trade  of  this  place  in  1850  was  estimated  at  $5,000,000.  The  medical 
department  of  the  Iowa  university  is  located  here.  Pop.  in  1850, 
about  4000. 

Burlington,  one  of  the  oldest  towns,  and  formerly  the  capital  of  the 
state,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  r.  about  250  m.  above  St.  Louis. 
It  is  pleasantly  situated  and  regularly  laid  out.  The  houses  are  sub- 
tantially  built,  and  more  than  half  of  them  are  of  brick.  It  has  a 
good  landing,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.    Pop.  4,080. 

Muscatine  City,  situated  on  the  Mississippi  r.,  312  m.  above  St. 
Louis,  is  rapidly  improving  in  business  and  population.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  here  in  1836,  and  it  now  contains  about  4,000 
inhabitants.  The  west  bank  of  the  river  at  this  place  presents  a 
series  of  bold  rocky  bluffs,  and  the  situation  is  remarkably  healthy. 

Iowa  City,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navi- 
gation, on  the  Iowa  river,  about  80  miles  from  the  Mississippi  r.  by 
water,  and  30  in  a  direct  line.  The  State  capital  is  a  fine  building 
in  the  Doric  style,  and  cost  $100,000.     Pop.  1,250. 

Dubuque  (Du-book',  oo  as  in  moon)  is  an  important  town  on  the 
Mississippi  r.  about  460  m.  above  St.  Louis,  and  in  the  midst  of  the 
lead-mining  region.     Pop.  3,700. 

Davenport  and  Fort  Madison,  are  also  considerable  towns,  with  a 
pop.  of  about  3,000  each  and  are  rapidly  improving. 

Finances',  Banks,  <bc— The  funded  debt  of  the  State  is  $79,442. 
The  ordinary  expenses  of  government,  exclusive  of  debts  and  schools, 
$25,000  per  annum.  Assessed  value  of  property  in  1850,  $22,623,334. 
There  is  but  one  bank  in  the  State,  with  a  capital  of  $200,000. 


IOW— IHE  289 

<OU,  as  m  owr;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  #«s;  n,  nearly  like  ft</. 

Governnteni.^~The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor  elected 
by  the  people  for  four  years,  and  receiving  $1,000  per  annum.  The 
senate  consists  of  19  members,  also  elected  for  four  years,  and 
the  howse  of  representatives  of  3-9  members,  elected  for  two  years. 
"The  legislature  meets  biennially,  and  the  members  receive  $2  per  day 
for  the  first  fifty  days  of  the  session,  aad  but  $1  per  day  for  the  time 
they  sit  after  that. 

The  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  elected  by  the  legislature 
for  six  years,  and  the  judges  ef  the  District  Courts,  bj"  the  voters  in 
their  respective  districts,  for  five  years.  A  system  of  common  schools 
is  provided,  and  a  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  directed  by 
the  constitution  to  be  chosen  by  the  people  for  three  years.  A  reve- 
nue derived  -from  public  lands,  and  other  sources,  is  set  apart  for  the 
support  of  common  schools.     The  fund  in  1848  was  $132,908,52. 

Iowa,  ace.  in  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  Illinois.     Pop.  9,530. 

Ips^wkjk,  a  t  of  England,  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Suffolk,  on  the  Orwell, 
«.  branch  of  the  Stour,  63  m.  N.  E.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the  borough, 
with  an  area  of  nearly  11  sq.  m.,  25,384. 

Ipswich,  a  t.  and  -p oft  of  entry  of  Mass.,  in  Essex  co.,  on  a  r.  of  its 
own  name,  and  on  the  railroad  connecting-  Boston  with  Portsmouth, 
^24  m.  in  a  straight  line  N,  E.  of  the  fermereity.  Lat.  42°  41'  N.,  Lon, 
70°  46'  VV.     Pop.  of  tire  township,  3,000. 

Irak  Aojetoi,  eN-rak^  ay-eft-me\  an  extensive  prov.  in  the  N.  W. 
central  part  of  Persia,  nearly  eorrespending  to  the  Great  Media  of  the 
ancients.  With  the  Arabians,  Irak  signifies  Babylonia;  Adjemi  is 
their  name  for  the  Persians ;  the  appellation  of  the  prov.,  therefore,  sig- 
nifies "  Persian  Babylonia."    <M.  B.j) 

Ire'-deli*,  a  co.  m  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
♦Catawba  t.     Pop.  14,719..     Co.  t.  Staiesville, 

Ire'-land  (Gr.I*5«g  ;  Lat.  Hiber^nia;  Irish,  E'-rio),  a  large  L  in  the 
N.  Atlantic,  lying  VV.  of  Great  Britain,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
She  North  Channel  at  the  N^  by  the  Irish  <Se«.  m  <tbe  middle,  and  by  St. 
'George's  Channel  at  the  S.  It  ie  situated  between  51°  25'  and  55°  2% 
K.  Lat.,  and  7>°  27'  and  f 0°  '30'  W.  Lon.  Its  length,  from  N.  N.  E.  to 
£3.  &W,  is  near  300  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  N.  E.  toW.  N.W., 
185  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  "28,800  sq.  m.  The  pop.  accord- 
ing to^the  eensnss  of  3-841,  was  3,175,273  ;  in  1851  it  was  reduced  to 
«6,515,794.  (American  Aiman&c.f  Formerly,  Ireland  had  aparliamenfc 
«of  its  own,  which  was  subordinate  to  that  of  Great  Britain;  but,  in 
1800,  the  two  were  "united,  and  afterwards  received  the  title  of  the 
UmperurZ  PtarUememt  ef  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  while  the  two 
countries,  tbas  represented  in  one  legislative  assembly,  were  styled  the 
United  Kingdom.  Ireland  is  divided  into  four  provinces,  viz.:  Ulster  in 
$he  N.,  Leinster  in  the  E„  Minister  in  the  >S.,  and  Connaught  in  the 
W-  These  are  subdivided  into  counties,  of  which  Ulster  contains  9 
25 


290  IRK— ISE 

Fate,  far,  fally  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  n5t;  65  as  in  goad; 

Leinster  12,  Munster  6,  and  Connaught  5,  amounting  in  all  to  32.  The 
administration  of  the  government  is  vested  chiefly  in  the  lord-lieutenant 
and  privy  council,  who  are  appointed  by  the  erown.  Dublin  is  the 
capital. — Adj.  F-rish,  and  Hj-ber'-nj-an  (poetical):  inhab.  F-rish-mai* 
and  Hibernian. 

Ir-kootsk'  (Irkutsk),  a  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  cap.  of  a  government 
of  the  same  name,  and  of  E.  Siberia,  on  the  Angara,  which  at  this 
place  is  about  1,000  ft.  wide.  The  houses  are  built  chiefly  of  wood, 
Irkootsk  contains  a  number  of  institutions  for  education;  it  also  pos- 
sesses some  important  manufacturing  establishments  and  an  extensive 
trade,  being  the  great  entrepot  for  the  commerce  of  the  N.  E.  of 
Asia.  Lat.  52°  16'  N.r  Lon.  104°  20'  E.  Balbi  estimates  the  pop.  at 
not  less  than  25,000. 

Irx-o-quois',  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  IlL,  bordering  on  Ind.  Pop.  4,149, 
Co.  t.  Montgomery. 

Ir'-ra-wAd'-dy  (or  Trrawadi)  i.  e.  the  "  great  river,"  a  large  r.  of 
Asia,  which  is  supposed  to  have  its  source  in  Thibet,  near  the  E. 
extremity  of  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  Its  general  course  is  S.,  and 
after  traversing  the  whole  length  of  the  Birman  empire,  it  empties 
itself  into  the  Gulf  of  Martaban,  by  several  mouths.  The  entire 
length  is  estimated  at  1,200  m.  It  may  be  ascended  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year,  by  vessels  of  200  tons,  as  far  as  Ava,  near  22°  N.  Lat.  and 
96°  E.  Lon.,  a  distance  of  perhaps  450  m.,and,  during  the  rainy  season, 
several  hundred  miles  further.  From  the  apex  of  the  Delta  to  some 
distance  above  Ava,  the  breadth  of  the  Irrawaddy  is  seldom  less  than 
Ira.,  and  is  sometimes  4m. 

Ir-tysh'  or  Irtish  (Russ.  pron.  eeR-tish'),  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Asia,  which  rises  in  the  Chinese  empire,  and  flowing  through  the  lake 
Saisan  or  Dzaisan,  falls  into  the  Oby,  in  the  Russian  government  of 
Tobolsk.     Its  whole  length  is  perhaps  1,500  m. 

Ir'-vine,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  situated  on  a  r.  of  the 
same  name,  the  estuary  of  which  forms  its  harbour.  It  is  about  23  m. 
S.  VV.  of  Glasgow.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  5,214. 

Ir'-well,  a  r.  of  Lancashire,  in  the  N.  W.  of  England,  which  flows 
into  the  Mersey. 

Ir'-win,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ocmalgee  r. 
Pop.  3,334.     Co.  t.  Irwinsville. 

Is-a-bel'-la,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Mich.        • 

Ischia,  is'-ke-a,  (Anc.  ^Ena'ria,  Inar'ime,  and  Pithecn'sas,)  a  fertile 
and  beautiful  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, situated  scarcely  8  m.  from  the  promontory  of  Misennm.  It  is 
about  7  m.  long,  and  has  an  area  of  21  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  24,000.  Ischia, 
the  principal  town,  stands  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  island,  in  Lat.  40° 
43'  N.,  Lon.  13°  56'  E.5  and  contains  about  3,000  inhabitants.     (M.) 

Iser  or  Isar,  ee'-zer,  a  r.  of  Bavaria,  which  rises  on  the  borders  of 
Tyrol,  and,  flowing  north-easterly,  falls  into  the  Danube.  Its  whole 
length  is  perhaps  150  m. 


ISE— ISS  291 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  h,  nearly  like  ng. 

Esere,  ex-zaRe^,  a  small  r.  which  rises  in  Savoy,  and,  flowing  through 
Ihe  French  dep.  of  its  own  name,  falls  into  the  Rhone, 

Isere,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E,  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Rhone 
and  the  duchy  of  Savoy.     Pop,  573,643.  (B.)     Capital.,  Grenoble. 

Iserlohn,  eex-zer-lone^,  a  t.  of  Westphalia,  about  45  m.  N,  E,  of  Co- 
logne. In  its  vicinity  are  rich  mines  of  calamine,  which  furnish  the 
material  for  several  of  its  numerous  manufactures.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Isis.     See  Thames. 

Iskenderoon.     See  Alexanbretta. 

Islamabad,  is-lams-a-baoV,  a  t.  of  British  India,  cap.  of  the  dist.  of 
Chittagong,  situated  near  the  E.  coast  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal.  Lat.  22° 
20'  N.,  Lon.  91°  45'  E.     Pop.  12,000.     (M.) 

Isla,  i'-la,  or  Islay,  iMa,  the  most  southern  of  the  Hebrides.  It  is 
about  26  m.  long,  and  20  m.  broad.  This  island,  together  with  those 
of  Jura  and  Colonsay,  belong  to  Argyleshire,  and  form  the  dist.  of  lsla, 
the  pop.  of  which  amounts  to  18,071, 

Isle  of  France.     See  France,  Isle  of,  and  Mauritius. 

Isle  of  Wight,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r., 
near  its  mouth.     Pop.  9,353.     Co.  t.  Smithfield. 

Isle  of  Wight.     See  Wight,  Isle  of. 

Ik^-ling-ton,  formerly  a  village  of  Middlesex  co.,  England,  near  Lon- 
don.    It  is  now  entirely  united  with  the  metropolis. 

Ismail,  is-ma-eel/,  anJ  important  fortress  of  Russia,  in  Bessarabia, 
situated  on  the  Kilian  arm  of  the  Danube,  about  43  m.  from  the  Black 
Sea.  It  was  taken  from  the  Turks  by  Suwarrow,  in  1790.  Lat.  45° 
21'  N.,  Lon.  28°  50'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ispahan,  is'-pa-heuV,  or  Isfahan,  (commonly  pronounced  by  the  in- 
habitants spa-hoon',)  a  celebrated  city,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Persia, 
situated  on  the  Zenderood,  which  is  said  to  be  about  <500  ft.  broad  at 
this  place,  but  which  is  afterwards  lost  in  the  sands  of  the  desert. 
Though  still  a  large  city,  Ispahan  has  greatly  declined  since  the  time 
of  Abbas  the  Great,  in  the  17th  century,  when  its  population  is  said  to 
have  amounted  to  700,000.  At  present,  however,  it  appears  to  be 
rising  slowly  from  its  decay.  Balbi  estimates  the  number  of  its  inhabi- 
tants at  about  200,000,  though  many  others  rate  it  considerably  lower. 
It  is  still  considered  as  the  first  manufacturing  and  commercial  town  in 
Persia.  Among  the  interesting  structures  of  Ispahan,  we  may  briefly 
notice,  the  royal  palace,  which  contains  within  itself  several  other 
remarkable  edifices;  and  the  numerous  noble  bridges  built  over  the 
Zenderood,  some  of  which  are  fallen  into  stately  ruins,  while  others  are 
still  almost  entire.  This  city  is  the  seat  of  several  colleges,  among 
which,  that  of  the  Royal  Mosque,  which  may  be  styled  a  Mahometan 
university,  is  especially  distinguished.     Lat.  32° 24'  N.,  Lon.  51°  50'  E. 

Issoire.  is^-swan',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de  Dome, 
19  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Clermont.     Pop.  5,741.     (M.) 

Issoudun,  isx-soov-duN'',  the  most  important  t.  in  the  French  dep.  of 
<ndre,  19 m.  N.  E.  of  Chateauroux.     Pop.  11,654.     (P  C.) 

T 


292  1ST— ITA 

Fate,  far.  fall,  fat ;  m£,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

Is'-tri-a,  a  peninsula  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Illyria,  formed  by 
the  Gulfs  of  Trieste  and  Fiume,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Carniola. 

It'-a-l*  (Lat.  Italia  ;  It.  pron.  e-ta'-le-a) ;  a  fertile  and  beautifu* 
country  of  Europe,  remarkable  as  the  seat  of  the  ancient  Roman  em- 
pire, and  as  the  nursery  of  learning  and  the  arts  in  the  middle  ages, 
is  principally  formed  of  a  peninsula  between  the  Mediterranean  and 
the  Adriatic,  which  extends  from  37°  56'  to  about;  45°  N.  Lat.,  and 
from  about  &°  to  18°  30'  E.  Lon.  In  £gure  it  resembles  a  boot,  of 
which  the  heel  forms  the  S.  E.,  and  the  top  the  N.  W.  extremity.  Its 
length  is  about  600  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  (measuring  from  Ancona 
to  the  little  point  of  land  S.  W.  of  the  mouth  ©f  the  river  Albegna,  al- 
bane'-ya),  is  about  150  m_  Besides  the  above  peninsula,  Italy  includes 
a  considerable  territory  N.  of  it,  extending  as  far  as  46°  407  N.  Lat, 
Considered  according  to  its  natural  limits,  the  northern  part  of  Italy- 
comprehends  all  the  southern  declivity  of  the  Alps,  from  the  branch 
called  the  Cottian  to  that  called  the  Julian  Alps.  But  these  national 
limits  have  been  modified  by  political  boundaries;  so  that  at  present 
this  country  is  considered  to  extend  from  the  Gulf  of  Trieste  on  the  E, 
to  the  Rhone  on  the  W.  The  boundary,  however,  does  not  follow  this 
river  farther  S.  than  about  45°  38'  N.  Lat.  Italy  then,  in  the  most 
extensive  application  of  the  name,  will  reach  from  37°  56'  to  46°  40'  N. 
Lat.,  and  from  about  5°  40'  to  18°  30'  E.  Lon.  The  greatest  breadth 
of  the  northern  part,,  measuring  nearly  from  E.  to  W.,  is  about  380  m. 
The  total  area  is  estimated  at  about  200,000  sq.  in.  The  population 
may  be  stated  in  round  numbers  at  20,500,000.  Italy,  with  its  depen- 
dent islands,  is  distributed,  according  to  Balbi,  into  13  political  divi- 
sions;  viz.,  Austrian  Italy,  Swiss  Italy,  the  kingdoaa  of  Sardinia,  the 
principality  of  Monaco,  the  duchies  of  Parma,  Modena,  and  Lucca,  the 
grand-duchy  of  Tuscany,  the  republic  of  San  Marino,  the  Papal  State, 
the  kingdom  of  the  two  Sicilies,  French  Italy  (the  island  of  Corsica), 
and  English  Italy  (the  islands  of  Malta,  Gozzo,  &c.)  These  will  be 
treated  of  under  their  respective  names. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Italian, 
e-taF-yun. 

Italy,  Austrian,  comprehends  the  N.  E.  portion  of  this  country,  ant! 
includes  what  is  termed  the  Lembardo-Venetian  kingdom,  and,  ac- 
cording to  some  geographers,  the  gov.  of  Trieste  ;  but  the  latter  more 
properly  belongs  to  Illyria,  of  which  kingdom  it  forms  a  part.  Austrian. 
Italv,  in  its  strictest  signification,  extends  from  about  44°  48'  to  46° 
40'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  8°  32'  to  13°  44'  E.  Lon.,  being  bounded  on  the 
N.  W.  and  N.  by  Switzerland,  Tyrol,  and  Illyria,  E.  by  Illyria  and  the 
Adriatic,  S.,  S.  W.,  and  W.  by  the  Papal  State,  Parma,  Modena,  and 
the  Sardinian  territories.  Length  near  250m.;  greatest  breadth 
above  120m.  The  area  is  18,063sq.m,  Pop.  about  4,700.,000.  (M.) 
Milan  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Italy,  Swiss,  comprehends  that  part  of  Switzerland  in  which  the 
Italian  is  the  prevailing  language;  namely,  the  canton  of  Tessin  or 
Ticino,  and  some  portions  of  Grisons  and  Valais. 

Itapicuru,  e-ta-pe-koo-roo',  a  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Brazil,  which 


ITA— JAC  293 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

rises  in  about  6°  30'  S.  Lat,  and  46°  W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  north-east- 
erly, falls  into  the  Bay  of  San  Jose,  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Maranham, 
near  2°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  44°  W.  Lon.     Length  above  400  m. 

It-a-wAm'-ba,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
13,528.  Co.  seat,  Fulton. 

Ithaca.     See  Theaki. 

Ith'-a-ca,  a  flourishing  t.  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  Tomkins  co.,  situated  near 
the  S.  extremity  of  the  Cayuga  Lake,  at  the  termination  of  the  Ithaca 
and  Owego  Railroad,  about  34  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  of  Auburn. 
During  the  summer  season  a  steamboat  plies  daily  between  this  place 
and  the  village  of  Cayuga,  near  the  N.  extremity  of  the  lake.  Pop. 
0,909. 

Ivioa,  Iviza,  or  Ibiza,  e-vee'-sa  or  e-veeMM,  (Anc.  Ebusus,)  one 
of  the  Balearic  Islands,  situated  about  46  m.  S.  W.  of  the  nearest  part 
of  Majorca,  between  38°  50'  and  39°  T  N.  Lat.,  and  1°  22'  and  1°  46' 
E.  Lon.  It  is  about  25m.  long;  its  greatest  breadth  is  near  14m. 
Iviga,  the  cap.,  situated  on  the  S.  E.  coast,  is  fortified,  has  a  good 
harbour,  and  contains  a  pop.  of  about  6,600.  (P.  C.)  The  two  islands 
of  Iviga  and  Formentera  were  anciently  called  Pityu^sas,  a  name  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  the  number  of  pine  trees  growing  on  them  ; 
ttitvs  (pitus)  in  Greek  signifying  a  "  pine." — Adj.  and  inhab.  Iviqan, 
e-vee'-san. 

Ivory  Coast,  a  part  of  the  coast  of  Guinea,  extending  from  Apollo- 
ma,  in  about  2°  30'  to  about  7°  30'  W.  Lon.  .  It  owes  its  name  to  the 
great  quantities  of  elephants'  teeth  brought  here  from  the  interior  of 
the  continent,  to  be  sold  to  the  European  traders. 

Ivrea,  e-vra/-a,  (Anc.  EporeMia,)  a  t.  of  northern  Italy,  in  the  Sar- 
dinian dominions,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on 
the  Dora-Baltea  (do'-ra  bal-ta'-a),  a  branch  of  the  Po,  30  m.  N.  by  E.  of 
Turin.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (P.  C) 

Iz'-ard,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  Mo.,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  White  r.     Pop.  3,213.     Seat  of  justice,. Izard  c.  h. 

Jaca,  Ha;-ka,  (Anc.  Jac'ca,)  a  small  t.  of  Spain,  in  Aragon,  important 
on  account  of  its  fortifications.  Lat,  42°  31'  N.,  Lon.  0°  32'  VV.  Pop. 
3,000.     (B.) 

Jack/-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  6,544.     Seat  of  justice,  Jackson  c.  h. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  head  waters  of  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  9,768.     Co.  t.  Jefferson. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  W.of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Apalachicola.     Pop.  6,039.     Co.  t.  Mariana. 

Jackson,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ala.  Pop.  14,088. 
Co.  t.  Bellefonte. 

Jackson,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Miss.  Pop.  3,196. 
Seat  of  justice,  Jackson  c.  h. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  White  r 
Pop.  3,086.    Co.  t.  Litchfield. 
25* 


294  JAC— JAM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  116,  n&t ;  66  as  in  good; 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ky.,  and  inter- 
sected by  the  Cumberland  r.     Pop.  15,673.     Co.  t.  Gainesborough. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  E.  of  the  Scioto  r. 
Pop.  12,721.  Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  intersected  by  the  Central 
Railroad.     Pop.  19,431.     Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  E.  fork  of  the  White  r. 
Pop.  11,047.  Co.  t.  Brownstown. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  S.W,  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  5,862.     Co.  t.  Brownsville. 

Jackson,  a  co.  on  the  western  frontier  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
souri r.     Pop.  14,000.  Co.  t.  Independence. 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  7,210.     Co.  t.  Bellevue. 

Jackson,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Miss.,  is  a  small  t.  situated  in  Hinds 
co.,  on  Pearl  r.  A  railroad,  45  m.  in  length,  connects  it  with  Vicks- 
burg.     Lat.  32°  23'  N.,  Lon.  90°  8  W.     Pop.  3,000. 

Jack'-sqn-ville,  the  cap.  of  Morgan  co.,  111.,  situated  about  31  m.W. 
of  Springfield,  with  which  town  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  It 
is  the  seat  of  the  Illinois  College,  founded  in  1829. 

Jaen,  na-en',  a  city  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the 
same  name,  is  situated  on  the"  Jaen,  a  tributary  of  the  Guadalquivir, 
37  m.  N.  of  Granada.     Pop.  19,000.     (B.) 

Jaf^-fa,  or,  more  properly,  yaf -fa,  (Anc.  Jop^pa,)  a  seaport  t.  of  Pales- 
tine, 32  m.  N.  W.  of  Jerusalem.  It  is  said  to  have  been  utterly  de- 
stroyed by  an  earthquake  in  1837.  (B.)  From  the  manner  in  which 
Joppa  is  spoken  of  in  the  Bible,  it  appears  to  have  once  been  a  place 
of  considerable  importance.  Lat.  32°  3'  N.,  Lon.  34°  46'  E.  Pop.,  pre- 
viously to  1837,  from  4,000  to  5,000.     (B.) 

Jafn-na.'PA-tam',  a  fortified  t.  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  which 
is  situated  at  the  N.  extremity  of  Ceylon.  Lat.  9°  36'  N.,  Lon.  80° 
Q'E. 

Jago,  St.     See  Santiago. 

Jaik  or  YaIk.     See  Ural. 

Jamaica,  ja-ma/-ka,  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  British  W. 
India  Islands^  is  situated  between  17°  44'  and  18°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  76° 
12'  and  78°  25'  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  150  m. ;  its  greatest 
breadth  is  near  50  m.  The  area  is  estimated  variously,  but  is  proba- 
bly between  4,000  and  5,000  sq.  m.  As  no  complete  census  has  ever  been 
taken,  the  population  is  not  accurately  known.  It  is,  however,  esti- 
mated at  near  400,000.  In  1834  there  were  297,186  negro  slaves 
(P.  C),  all  of  whom  were  set  free  on  the  1st  of  August,  1838.  Spanish 
Town  is  the  capital. 

James'  Bay.     See  Hudson's  Bay. 

James  City,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  between  James  and  York 
rivers.     Pop.  4,020.     Co.  t.  Williamsburg. 

James  River,  a  r.  in  Va.,  which  rises  in  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 
and  flowing  easterly,  falls  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  a  little  S.  of  the 


JAM— JAP  295 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

37th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  near  600  m. 
It  is  navigable  for  sloops  120  m. ;  for  boats,  230  m.  farther. 

James,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Mississippi  r.     Pop.  11,098.  Seat  of  justice,  Bringiers. 

James'-town,  the  oldest  European  settlement  in  the  U.  S.,  situated  on 
James  r.,  in  the  co.  of  James  City.  It  was  founded  in  1608,  but  is  said 
to  be  now  entirely  deserted. 

Janina,  ya/-ne-na,*  often  written  Yanina,  formerly  an  important  t. 
of  European  Turkey,  the  cap.  of  Albania,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of 
the  lake  of  the  same  name,  80  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Larissa.  Twenty- 
five  years  ago,  under  the  administration  of  the  able,  though  tyrannical 
Ali  Pasha,  its  population  amounted  to  40,000  (B.),  but  it  is  said  to  be 
now  reduced  to  about  12,000.     Lat.  39°  47'  N.,  Lon.  21°  E. 

Jap-an'  (called  Niph-on'  by  the  Japanese;  Yang-hoo,  and  Je-pen  or 
Je-poon  by  the  Chinesef),  an  empire  in  the  E.  part  of  Asia,  consisting 
of  three  large  and  a  great  number  of  smaller  islands.  It  is  situated 
between  the  30th  and  48th  parallels  of  N.  Lat,  and  the  129th  and 
150th  meridians  of  E.  Lon.  The  three  principal  islands  are  Niphon 
or  Nipon,  Keooseoo  (Kiousiou),  and  Sitkokf.  Keooseoo,  the  most  west- 
ern, is  perhaps  200  m.  long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  about  80  m.  It 
is  separated  by  the  channel  of  Boongo,  from  Sitkokf.  This  island  is 
estimated  to  be  about  150  m.  in  length,  and  70  m.  in  its  average 
breadth.  Niphon  is  by  far  the  largest  and  most  important  of  the  Japa- 
nese islands.  It  is  situated  between  33°  30'  and  41°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and 
131°  20'  and  142°  30'  E.  Lon.  Its  form  is  somewhat  curved,  and  has 
been  compared  to  the  jaw-bone  of  an  animal.  Its  length,  following  the 
curve,  is  nearly  900  m.,  and  its  mean  breadth  is  estimated  at  above 
100  m.  Among  the  dependencies  of  Japan  is  the  large  island  of  Yesso 
(Jesso),  lying  N.  of  Niphon,  between  41°  and  45°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  140° 
and  147°  E.  Lon.  It  is  above  250  m.  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of 
perhaps  100  m.  Balbi  estimates  the  area  of  the  Japanese  empire  at 
about  240,000  sq.  m.,  and  the  pop.  at  25,000,000.  All  these  islands  are 
very  imperfectly  known :  not  even  the  coasts  are  laid  down  with  any 
degree  of  correctness.  This  is  owing  partly  to  natural  and  partly  to 
political  causes.  Nearly  all  the  coasts  are  very  difficult  of  access, 
being  surrounded  by  numerous  rocks  and  islands,  and  by  a  very  shallow 
sea.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Japanese  government  and  laws  are  less 
favourable  to  intercourse  with  foreigners  than  those  of  any  other  country 
on  the  globe,  China  not  excepted.  The  Chinese  and  the  Dutch  are  the 
only  foreign  nations  with  whom  the  Japanese  have  any  commercial  in- 
tercourse. Of  the  three  principal  islands  which  constitute  Japan  Pro- 
per, Niphon  is  the  best  known.  It  contains  a  regular  mountain  chain, 
of  which  the  highest  summit  is  said  to  rise  more  than,  12,000  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.     The  climate,  in  a  country  extending  over  so 

*  "Unseen  is  Yanina,  though  not  remote." — Childe  Harold,  Canto  II. 
r  Yang-hoo  signifies; the  "  workshop  of  the  sun ;"  Je-poon,  the  "  country  of  the 
rwing  run/     (M.  B.) 


296  JAP 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66,  q.s  in  good ; 

many  parallels  of  latitude,  must  of  course  vary  extremely.  As  a  gene 
ral  remark,  the  weather  in  the  Japanese  islands  may  be  said  to  be 
exceedingly  changeable ;  rains  are  abundant  all  the  year  round,  but 
especially  so  in  the  months  of  June  and  July.  Violent  gales  and  thun- 
der-storms are  common,  and  water-spouts  are  stated  to  be  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  the  adjoining  seas.  Earthquakes  have  at  different  times 
destroyed  a  great  part  of  the  most  populous  towns.  Only  a  few  spots 
appear  to  be  exempt  from  these  terrible  phenomena.  Japan  abounds  in 
mineral  wealth.  Gold  appears  to  be  very  plentiful  in  some  of  the  pro- 
vinces. Copper  is  extensively  worked,  and  supplies  the  most  important 
article  of  export.  In  no  part  of  the  world  is  agriculture  carried  to  a 
higher  degree  of  perfection  than  in  Japan.  The  raising  of  rice  is  the 
principal  object,  but  wheat,  barley,  and  rye  are  also  cultivated,  though 
to  a  much  smaller  extent.  The  orchards  are  stocked  with  the  fruit- 
trees  of  southern  Europe,  such  as  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  chesnuts,  pears, 
peaches,  cherries,  and  grapes.  Apples  are  not  mentioned  among  the 
number  of  Japanese  fruits.  In  their  physical  character,  the  people  of 
Japan  resemble  the  Chinese,  belonging  to  the  Mongolian  race.  Their 
complexion  is  yellowish;  their  hair  is  black,  thick,  and  shining,  and 
their  eyes  are  small,  oblong,  and  deeply  sunk  in  the  head.  In  point  of 
capacity  and  industry,  they  appear  to  be  inferior  to  none  of  the  Asiatic 
nations.  In  education,  especially  in  institutions  for  the  instruction  of 
the  lower  classes,  they  are  perhaps  equal  to  any  people  on  the  globe. 
Unlike  the  Chinese,  whose  unreasonable  pride  contemns  all  knowledge 
which  has  not  originated  with  themselves,  the  Japanese  adopt  with 
willingness,  and  even  avidity,  the  arts  and  sciences  of  Europe  ;  but, 
unhappily,  the  government  seems  to  do  all  in  its  power  to  check 
this  tendency  in  the  people.  The  higher  classes  appear  generally  to 
understand  the  Dutch  language,  and,  through  the  newspapers  of  Hol- 
land, they  become  acquainted  with  the  important  occurrences  as  they 
transpire  in  Europe.  The  Japanese  have  adopted  the  European  method 
in  the  projection  and  graduation  of  their  maps  and  charts.  They  con- 
struct excellent  clocks  and  watches ;  they  also  make  telescopes  and 
thermometers.  Their  lacker-ware  is  superior  to  that  of  every  other 
country,  and  hence  the  name  of  "Japan,"  by  which  this  manufacture  is 
so  generally  known.  As  an  evidence  of  the  superior  civilization  of  the 
Japanese,  we  may  adduce  the  great  attention  which  is  paid  to  female 
education,  and  the  general  respect  shown  to  that  sex — a  respect  which 
is  without  a  parallel  among  the  nations  of  Asia.  In  their  moral  charac- 
ter, the  people  of  Japan  are  represented  as  manly,  honest,  and  brave, 
and  as  entertaining  a  high  sense  of  honour.  The  prevailing  religion  is 
Boodhism,  variously  modified  by  other  superstitions.  The  govern- 
ment is  despotic;  but  the  emperor  himself  is  considered  as  subject  to 
the  laws,  which  are  of  long  standing  and  cannot  be  easily  changed. 
Yeddo  (Jeddo)on  the  island  of  Niphon,  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
JapV\n-ese'. 

Japan,  Sea  of,  is  situated  between  the  Japanese  islands  and  the  E. 
coast  of  Asia,  extending  from  about  34°  to  52°  N.  Lat.  (if  we  include 


JAP— JAV  297 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  Gulf  of  Tartary,  at  the  N.  extremity),  and  from  127°  20'  to  142° 
E.  Lon.     Its  length  is  about  1,400  m. ;  greatest  breadth  above  500  m. 

Japura,  Ha-poo'-ra,  (sometimes  written  Hyapura  and  Yupura;  called 
also,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  the  Caqueta,  ka-ka/-ta,)  a  large  r. 
of  S.  America,  which  rises  in  New  Granada,  and,  flowing  south-east- 
erly into  Brazil,  empties  itself  into  the  Amazon,  in  about  3°  30'  S.  Lat., 
and  75°  W.  Lon.     Its  whole  length  may  be  estimated  at  1,200  m. 

Jaroslaw,  yar'-o-slav\  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Austrian 
Galicia,  situated  on  the  San,  a  branch  of  the  Vistula,  16  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  Przemysl.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Jaroslaw  (Russia).     See  Yaroslaf. 

Jas'-per,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ocmulgee. 
Pop.  11,486.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

Jasper,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Miss.  Pop.  6,184.  Co. 
seat,  Paulding. 

Jasper,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  111.    Pop.  3,540. 

Jasper,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  N.  W.  of  Vincennes.  Pop. 
3,220.     Co.  t.  Newton. 

Jasper,  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  In- 
dian Territory.     Pop.  4,223. 

Jassy,  yas^-se  (Ger.  Jasch,  yash),  a  t.  of  European  Turkey,  cap.  of 
Moldavia,  situated  about  12  m.  W.  of  the  Pruth,  on  a  small  stream 
which  flows  into  that  river.  Before  the  late  war,  and  the  two  confla- 
grations of  1827,  its  population  was  estimated  at  near  40,000  (B.);  at 
present  it  is  said  to  amount  to  scarcely  half  this  number.  Jassy  pos- 
sesses considerable  trade  :  it  is,  moreover,  the  seat  of  a  Greek  archbi- 
shopric. (  Lat.  47°  8'  N.,  Lon.  27°  30'  E. 

Jaszbereny,  yaass-ba-rain,  a  t.  of  Hungary,  about  40  m.  E.  of  Pesth. 
Pop.  15,530.     (M.) 

Jauer,  you'-er,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the 
same  name.     Lat.  51°  2'  N.,  Lon.  16°  13'  E.     Pop.  5,400.     (B.) 

Java,  ja'-va,  a  large  and  fertile  i.  of  Malaisia,  situated  between  5° 
50'  and  8°  50'  S.  Lat.,  and  105°  10'  and  114°  30'  E.  Lon.  Its  length 
is  about  660  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  is  above  130  m.  The  island  of 
Madura  (ma-doo^-ra),  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Java,  is  commonly 
included  with  the  latter.  It  is  about  90  m.  long,  and  30  m.  wide,  and 
is  separated  from  Java  by  the  Strait  of  Madura,  which,  in  the  narrow- 
est part,  is  only  1  m.  wide.  The  area  of  both  is  estimated  at  50,000 
sq.  m.  The  pop.  in  1815,  amounted  to  about  4,620,000  (P.  C.) ;  at  pre- 
sent, it  probably  exceeds  5,000,000.  The  greatest  part  of  Java  is  in 
possession  of  the  Dutch.  Batavia  is  their  capital.  The  S.  coast  and 
the  adjacent  countries  are  subject  to  two  native  princes,  whose  domi- 
nions occupy  about  one-fourth  of  the  whole  island.  Or  jf  these  sove- 
reigns, called  Soo-soo-hoo'nan,  or  emperor,  has  his  residence  at  Soora- 
kerta,  a  town  containing  about  105,000  inhabitants  (P.  C);  Yugya- 
kerta  (or,  as  some  write  it,  Djokjo-kerta),  the  capital  of  the  other 
prince,  or  sultan,  stands  near  the  southern  coast,  in  about  110°  20'  E. 
Lon.     Pop.  90,000.     The  native  Javanese  belong  to  the  Malay  race , 


298  JAY— JEF 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  65  as  in  good, 

in  civilization,  they  are  much  superior  to  all  other  nations  of  Malaisia.  In 
some  kinds  of  manufacture,  and  especially  in  agriculture,  they  possess 
considerable  skill,  though  they  are  inferior,  in  these  respects,  to  the 
Chinese,  and  perhaps  to  the  Hindoos.  Their  religion  is  a  mixture  of 
Mahometism  and  Boodhism.  Java  is  extremely  well  adapted  for  an 
extensive  commerce.  The  island  itself  not  only  abounds  in  the  various 
productions  common  to  the  tropics,  but  the  northern  coasts,  which  lie 
opposite  to  the  richest  countries  of  Asia,  are  accessible  to  vessels  all 
the  year  round.  Besides  this,  the  Dutch  government  has  made  it  the 
centre  of  all  the  trade  which  Holland  carries  on  with  its  extensive  set- 
tlements in  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Favoured  by  these  circumstances, 
the  commerce  of  Java  has  increased  astonishingly  within  the  last  few 
years.  From  1828  to  1837,  inclusive,  the  amount  of  almost  every  im- 
portant article  exported,  augmented  regularly  and  rapidly ;  that  of  nut- 
megs and  rice  was  more  than  doubled,  that  of  coffee  trebled,  while 
there  was  more  than  30  times  as  much  indigo,  and  about  26  times  as 
much  sugar  exported  in  1837  as  in  1828. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Jav -an-ese'. 

Jay,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop.  7,047.  Co. 
t.  Portland. 

Jean  d'Angely,  St.,  sSn  zhaN  daNx-zhaMe',  (Lat.  Angeriacum,)  an 
ancient  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Charente.  It  was,  during 
the  decline  of  the  western  Roman  empire,  the  residence  of  the  dukes 
of  Aquitaine.     Lat.  45°  57'  N.,  Lon.  0°  31'  W.     Pop.  5,342.     (M.) 

Jedburgh,  jed'-bur-re/i,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Roxburgh, 
on  the  r.  Jed,  2  m.  above  its  junction  with  the  Teviot,  and  40  m. 
S.  E.  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  5,116. 

Jeddo.     See  Yeddo. 

Jef'-fer-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Ontario 
and  the  St.  Lawrence.     Pop.  68,153.     Co.  t.  Watertown. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Alle- 
ghany r.     Pop.  13,518.  Co.  t.  Brookville. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac. 
Pop.  15,357.     Co.  t.  Charleston. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Ogeechee. 
Pop.  9,131.     Co.  t.  Louisville. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  the  state  of 
Ga.  and  the  sea.     Pop.  7,718.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ala.,  on  the  Black  War- 
rior r.     Pop.  8,989.     Co.  t.  Elyton. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.     Pop.  13,193.     Co.  seat,  Fayette. 

Jefferson,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  extending  from  L.  Pont- 
chartrain  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Pop.  25,091.  Seat  of  justice,  La- 
fayette. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the 
Arkansas  r.     Pop.  5,834.     Co.  t.  Pinebluff. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Holston  and  French 
Broad  rivers.     Pop.  13,204.     Co.  t.  Dandridge. 


JEF— JEY  299 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  .ike  ng. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
59,831.     Co.  t.  Louisville. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  29,132.     Co.  t.  Steubenville. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r 
Pop.  23,916.     Co.  t.  Madison. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  111.,  S.  of  Vandalia.  Pop.  8,109. 
Co.  t.  Mt.  Vernon. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  6,928.     Co.  t.  Herculaneum. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Wisconsin.     Pop.  15,317. 

Jefferson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa.  Pop.  9,904.  Co.  t. 
Fairfield. 

Jefferson  City,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Mo.,  and  seat  of  justice  of 
Cole  co.,  is  a  small  town  situated  on  the  r.  Missouri.  Lat.  38°  36'  N., 
Lon.  92°  8'  W.    Pop.  3,721. 

Jen'-a  (Ger.  pron.  ya/-na)  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of 
Saxe- Weimar,  with  a  celebrated  university.  It  was  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  this  town  that  the  great  battle  was  fought  in  1806,  between 
the  French  and  Prussians,  which  proved  so  fatal  to  the  latter.  Lat.  50° 
56'  N.,  Lon.  11°  37'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Jen'-nings,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  railroad 
which  runs  from  Madison  to  Columbus.     Pop.  12,096.  Co.  t.  Vernon. 

Jer'-sey,  an  i.  in  the  English  Channel,  belonging  to  Great  Britain, 
situated  about  13  m.  W.  of  the  coast  of  France.  It  is  above  12  m.  long, 
and  has  an  area  of  about  62  sq.  m.,  with  a  pop.  of  47,544. 

Jersey,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Illinois  r.  Pop. 
7,354.    Co.  t.  Jerseyville. 

Je-ru'-sa-lem  (also  Kadushah  in  Heb. ;  Gr.  Ka5un$  and  "Ispotfota.yia ; 
Lat.  Cady'tis  and  Hierosol'yma;  Arab.  El-Kads) ;  a  celebrated  city  of 
Palestine,  remarkable  as  the  ancient  capital  of  Judea,  and  as  the  cra- 
dle of  the  Christian  religion:  and  in  modern  times  as  the  second  sanc- 
tuary of  Mahometanism,  and  as  the  object  and  principal  theatre  of  the 
crusades,  which  have  exercised  so  extraordinary  an  influence  over 
the  character  and  destinies  of  Europe,  is  situated  on  a  hill,  128  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Damascus.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls  of  hewn  stone, 
flanked  with  towers.  The  edifices  and  localities  within  are  chiefly 
interesting  for  their  historical  associations;  our  narrow  limits  will  not 
permit  us  to  notice  them  in  detail.  Lat.  31°  48'  N.,  Lon.  about  35°  20' 
E.     Pop.  estimated  at  30,000.     (B.) 

Jesi,  ya/-se,  (Anc.  M'sis.)  a  walled  t.  of  Central  Italy,  16  m.  W.  S.W. 
ofAncona.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (M.) 

Jes'-s\-mine,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part,  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the 
Kentucky  r.     Pop.  10,249.  Co.  t.  Nicholasville. 
Jesso  or  Yesso.     See  Japan. 

Jeypoor,  jf-poor',  also  written  Jyepoor,  a  walled  city  of  Hindostan, 
the  cap.  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  and  one  of  the  most  regu- 
larly built  and  handsome  towns  in  all  India,  is  situated  in  a  barren 


300  JID— JOL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

valley  about  150  m.  S.  W.  of  Delhi.  Lat.  26°  55'  N.,  Lrn.  75°  50  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  60,000.     (M.) 

Jid'-da  or  Djidda,  the  port  of  Mecca,  and  one  of  the  chief  entrepots 
for  foreign  commerce,  as  well  as  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  Ara- 
bia, is  situated  in  the  prov.  of  Hedjaz,  on  the  coast  of  the  Red  Sea, 
about  55  m.  W.  of  Mecca.  The  pop.  is  estimated  by  Ruppell  at  40,000 
(B.)  ;  but  it  is  said  to  vary  greatly  at  different  seasons  of  the  year. 
Jidda  is  fortified,  and  contains  a  numerous  garrison,  dependent  on  the 
viceroy  of  Egypt. 

Joannina.     See  Janina. 

Jo  Da'-viess,  a  co.  occupying  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  111.  P.  18,604. 
Co.  t.  Galena. 

John  Baptist,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  intersected  by 
the  Mississippi,  and  bordering  on  the  W.  extremity  of  L.  Pontchartrain. 
Pop.  7,317.     Seat  of  justice,  Bonnet  Carre. 

John,  St.,  or  St.  John's  River  (called  by  the  Indians  Looshtook,  oi 
the  "long  river"),  the  principal  stream  in  New  Brunswick,  and,  after  the 
St.  Lawrence,  perhaps  the  finest  in  British  America,  rises  from  several 
sources  near  the  northern  border  of  Maine,  and,  flowing  in  a  general 
south-easterly  course,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  about  45°  10'  N. 
Lat,  66°  3'  W.  Lon.  The  whole  course  is  estimated  at  380  m.  It  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  20  tons  about  200  m. 

John's,  St.,  a  city  and  seaport  of  New  Brunswick,  situated  on  the 
N.  side  of  St.  John's  r.,  near  its  mouth.  Though  not  the  capital,  it  is 
the  largest  and  most  important  town  in  the  colony.  It  is  a  free  port. 
Lat.  45°  15'  N.,  Lon.  66°  3'  W.     Pop.  in  1834,  12,885.     (M.) 

John's,  St.,  the  cap.  of  the  i.  of  Newfoundland,  situated  on  the  E. 
coast,  is  fortified,  and  has  a  fine  harbour.  The  pop.,  during  winter,  is 
estimated  at  from  12,000  to  15,000  (B.),  but  in  summer  it  is  often  not 
nearly  so  great,  as  then  several  thousand  persons  are  sometimes  absent 
on  fishing  expeditions.     Lat.  47°  33'  N.,  Lon.  52°  40'  W. 

John'-son,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Neuse  r.   'Pop.  13,726.     Co.  t.  Smithfield. 

Johnson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  Arkan- 
sas r.     Pop.  5,227.     Seat  of  justice,  Johnson  c.  h. 

Johnson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  White  r.  Pop. 
12,101.  Co.  t.  Franklin. 

Johnson,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.  Pop.  3,705. 
Co.  t.  Taylorsville. 

Johnson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio.  Pop. 
4,113.     Co.  t.  Vienna. 

Johnson,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mo.,  S.  of  Missouri  r.  Pop.  7,464. 
Co.  t.  Warrensburg. 

Johnson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  Iowa  r.  Pop. 
4,472. 

Johns'-ton,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Renfrew- 
shire, 10  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Glasgow.     Pop.  5,824. 

Joliba.     See  Niger. 


JON— JUG  301 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Jones,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  S.  of  the  Neuse  r.  Pop.  5,038. 
Co.  t.  Trenton. 

Jones,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ocmulgee.  Pop. 
10r224.     Co.  t.  Clinton. 

Jones,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  Leaf  r.  Pop. 
2,164.     Co.  seat,  Ellisville. 

Jones,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  the  Wapisipine- 
cone  r.     Pop.  3,007.  Co.  t.  Edinburg. 

Jonkopino  or  Jonkj oping,  yon'-cho-ping,  a  t.  of  Sweden  in  Goth- 
land, the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  the  S.  extremity 
of  L.  Wetter.     Lat.  57°  47'  N.,  Lon.  14°  10'  E.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Joodv-poor'  or  Mar'-war',  a  state  of  Hindostan,  in  Rajpootana,  situ- 
ated between  24°  and  28°  N.  Lat,  and  70°  20'  and  75°  30'  E.  Lon. 

Joodpoor,  the  cap.  and  largest  t.  of  the  above  state,  is  situated  about 
100  rn.  W.  of  Ajmere.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  60,000.     (B.) 

Jor'-d.\n,  a  celebrated  r.  of  Palestine,  which  rises  in  the  Anti-Liba- 
nus,  or-  Mount  Hermon,  and,  flowing  S.  through  the  L.  of  Tiberias, 
empties  itself  into  the  Dead  Sea.     Its  length  is  about  150  m. 

Jorullo,  Ho-rool'-yo,  often  pronounced  no-roo'-yo,  a  recently  formed 
volcanic  mountain  of  Mexico,  about  70  m.  S.  W.  of  Valladolid.  In 
1759,  from  the  midst  of  cultivated  fields  of  sugar  cane  and  indigo,  a 
mountain  arose  in  one  night  1,600  ft.  above  the  previous  level  of  the 
plain.  Flames  are  said  to  have  issued  from  an  extent  of  more  than 
half  a  square  league,  while  fragments  of  burning  rocks  were  thrown 
up  to  a  prodigious  height,  and  through  a  thick  cloud  of  ashes,  illumined 
by  volcanic  fire,  the  softened  surface  of  the  earth  was  seen  to  swell  like 
an  agitated  sea.  The  numerous  apertures  of  this  volcanic  mass,  which 
is  3  or  4  miles  in  extent,  continue  still,  it  is  said,  to  emit  smoke.  Lat. 
18°45N.,  Lon.  101°  30' W. 

Joseph,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Ind.,  and 
intersected  by  the  St.  Joseph's  r.     Pop.  12,725.  .Co.  t.  Centreville. 

Joseph,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  St.  Joseph's 
r.,  bordering  on  Mich.     Pop.  10,954.  Co.  t.  South  Bend. 

Joseph's,  St.,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Mich.,  and  flowing 
into  Ind.,  afterwards  returns  into  Mich.,  and  empties  itself  into  L. 
Michigan. — Another  small  r.  of  the  same  name  rises  in  the  S.  part  of 
Mich.,  near  the  sources  of  the  above,  and  flowing  into  Ind.,  unites  with 
St.  Mary's  r.  to  form  the  Maumee. 

Joudpoor.     See  Joodpoor. 

Juan,  St.     See  San  Juan. 

Ju'-an  Fer-nan'-dez  (Sp.  pron.  Hoo-an'  ftR-nan'-deth),  a  group  of 
islands  in  the  S.  Pacific,  situated  about  400  m.  W.  of  the  coast  of 
Chili,  near  33°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  79°  W.  Lon.  The  largest  one,  called 
Ju^n  Fernandez,  from  the  name  of  the  discoverer,  is  10  or  12  m.  in 
length,  and  perhaps  6  in  breadth.  It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  having 
been,  in  'Jie  17th  century,  the  solitary  residence  of  Alexander  Selkirk, 
during  a  period  of  more  than  four  years. 

Jug'-ger-naut',  a  t.  and  celebrated  temple  of  Hindostan,  and  one  of 
26 


302  JUJ— JUT 

Fate,  far,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

the  principal  places  of  Hindoo  pilgrimage,  is  situated  in  the  prov.  of 
Orissa,  on  the  sea-coast,  260  m.  S.  W.  of  Calcutta.  The  temple  of 
Juggernaut  is  said  to  be  regarded  by  the  natives  as  the  most  sacred 
religious  establishment  in  all  India.  Lat.  19°  49'  N.,  Lon.  85°  54'  E. 
Permanent  pop.  estimated  at  30,000.     (B.) 

Jujuy,  noo-Hwee',  a  state  of  S.  America,  formerly  belonging  to  the 
confederation  of  La  Plata,  but  which  is  now  entirely  separated,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  an  independent  republic.  (B.)  It  is  situated  on  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  theVermeio,  near  23°  S.  Lat. 
and  62°  W.  Lon. 

Juliers,  zhiiMe-a',  (Ger.  Julich,  yooMiic,)  an  ancient  t.  and  fortress 
of  Rhenish  Prussia,  situated  about  23  m.  W.  of  Cologne.  Pop.,  exclu- 
sive of  the  military,  2,800.    (B.) 

Jum'-na,  a  r.  of  Hindostan,  the  principal  tributary  of  the  Ganges, 
rises  on  the  S.  W.  declivity  of  the  Himalayas,  near  31°  N.  Lat.,  and 
78°  30'  E.  Lon.,  and  flowing  at  first  in  a  southerly,  and  afterwards 
south-easterly  direction,  joins  the  Ganges  at  Allahabad,  where  its 
breadth  is  quite  as  great  as  that  of  the  latter  river.  Its  whole  length 
is  estimated  at  780  rn. 

Jungfrau,  yoong/-frou,*  (i.  e.  the  "  virgin,")  or  the  "  Virgin  Moun- 
tain, "f  a  magnificent  and  lofty  mountain  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton 
of  Bern,  surrounded  by  formidable  rocks  and  precipices,  in  consequence 
of  which  it  was  formerly  deemed  inaccessible.  Height,  2,145  toises, 
or  13,719  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     Lat.  46°  33' N.,  Lon.  7*  57'  E. 

Juv-nt,-at'-a,  a  r.  of  Pa.,  which  rises  in  the  S.  central  part  of  the 
state,  and,  flowing  easterly,  falls  into  the  Susquehanna,  about  14  m. 
above  Harrisburg. 

Juniata,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  above  r. 
Pop.  13,029.     Co.  t.  Mifflin. 

JV-ra,  an  i.  of  Scotland,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  lying  W.  of  Argyle- 
*hire,  of  which  county  it  forms  a  part.  It  is  about  26  m.  in  length,  and 
near  9  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 

Jura,  a  mountain  chain  of  Europe,  which  commences  near  Geneva, 
*nd  runs  northward  along  the  frontier  of  France  and  Switzerland. 
The  whole  length  is  perhaps  160  m.,  and  the  average  breadth  about 
30  m.  The  culminating  point  of  this  chain  is  Le  Recullet  (ler' 
kulN-la/)  in  the  French  dep.  of  Ain,  which  is  only  about  880  toises.  or 
5,628  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Jura  (Fr.  pron.  zlnV-ra'),  a  dep.  in  the  E.  of  France,  bordering  on 
Switzerland.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  Jura  Mountains,  by  which 
it  is  traversed.     Pop.  315,355.     Capital,  Lons-le-Saulnier. 

Jut'-land  (Dan.  Jylland,  yiilMand),  a  territory  of  Denmark,  which 
TOnEriv^y  occupied  the  whole  peninsula,  between  the  Baltic,  the  Catte- 

*"But  I  have  seen  the  soaring  Jungfrau  rear 

Her  never  trodden  snow." — Childe  Harold,  Canto  IV. 

t"The  Virgin  Mountain  wearing  like  a  queen 

A  brilliant  crown  of  everlasting  snow." — Wordsworth. 


KAF—KAL  303 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

gat,  the  Skager  Rack,  and  the  North  Sea ;  the  N.  boundary  being 
formed  by  the  r.  Eyder  (i'-der).  At  present,  Jutland  comprises  the 
northern  portion  of  the  peninsula,  extending  from  55°  23'  to  57°  44'  N. 
Lat.,  and  from  8°  5'  to  10°  57'  E.  Lon.  This  province,  however,  is 
sometimes  called  North  Jutland,  while  the  duchy  of  Sleswick  is  termed 
South  Jutland.  The  length  of  the  whole  peninsula  is  about  240  m. ; 
the  greatest  breadth,  108  m.  The  length  of  North  Jutland  is  above 
170  m.  Its  area  is  9,550  sq.m.  Pop.  about  525,900.  (P.  C.)  For 
South  Jutland,  see  Sleswick.  The  name  of  Jutland  is  derived  from  the 
Jutes,  a  nation  who  anciently  inhabited  this  country. — Adj.  Jut'-land- 
ish  ;  inhab.  JutV-land-er. 

Kaf^-fa  or  Feodosia,  fa-o-do'-se-a,  (Anc.  Theodo'sia,)  a  t.  and  free 
port  of  Russia,  situated  on  the  S.  E.  shore  of  the  Crimea.  Between  the 
12th  and  14th  centuries,  when  this  place  was  in  the  possession  of  the 
Genoese,  its  commerce  was  very  extensive,  and  its  inhabitants  are  said 
at  one  time  to  have  amounted  to  80,0 JO  (P.  C.) ;  but  at  present  it  does 
not  contain  the  tenth  part  of  that  number.  It  appears,  however,  to  be 
slowly  rising  from  its  decay.     Lat.  45°  2'  N.,  Lon.  35°  13'  E. 

Kahipa.     See  Cairo. 

Kairx-wAn',  a  large  city  of  Barbary,  in  the  regency  of  Tunis,  for- 
merly the  cap.  of  the  Mahometan  dominions  in  N.  Africa,  is  situated 
about  80  m.  S.  of  Tunis.  Lat.  35°  38'  N.,  Lon.  10°  17'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated by  Balbi  at  about  40,000,  but  by  some  other  writers  as  high  as 
50,000. 

Ka'isarieh,  kl-sar-ee'-c7i,  (Anc.  Csesare'a,)  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey, 
the  ancient  cap.  of  Cappadocia,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Euphrates, 
156  m.  S.  E.  of  Angora.  Previously  to  its  capture  by  the  Persian  king 
Sapor,  about  260  A.  D.,  it  is  said  to  have  contained  400,000  inhabi- 
tants ;  but  the  present  pop.  is  estimated  at  onlv  about  25,000.  (B.)  Lat. 
38°  42'  N.,  Lon.  35°  22'  E. 

Kalx-a-ma-zoo',  a  r.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mich.,  which  flows  into  L. 
Michigan. 

Kalamazoo,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mich.,  intersected  by  the 
above  river.     Pop.  13,179.  Co.  t.  Kalamazoo. 

Kalisz,  ka'-lish,  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  Poland,  the  cap.  of 
a  palatinate  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  near  the  W.  frontier  of  the 
Russian  dominions,  128  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Warsaw.  It  is  surrounded 
by  walls  flanked  with  towers,  and  has  five  gates.  The  streets  are 
broad  and  well  paved,  and  the  houses  are  generally  good.  Kalisz  is 
the  seat  of  numerous  manufactures,  and  contains  several  important 
literary  and  scientific  institutions.  This  city  was  founded  about  655, 
and  was  long  the  residence  of  the  dukes  of  Great  Poland.  Lat.  51° 
45'  N.,  Lon.  18°  5'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  15,000.     (M.) 

Kal-oo'-ga  (Kaluga),  an  important  manufacturing  and  commeicial  t 
in  the  S.  central  part  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  is  situated  on  the  Oka,  about  100  m.  S.  W.  of  Moscow.  Lat.  54° 
30'  N.,  Lon.  36°  5'  E.     Pop.  in  1836,  32,345.     (P.  C.) 


304  RAM— KAN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

Kama,  ka'-ma,  an  important  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  European  Russia,  the 
largest  of  the  affluents  of  the  Volga.  It  rises  in  the  government  of 
Viatka,  near  58°  N.  Lat,  and  53°  30'  E.  Lon.,  and  flowing  in  a  very 
circuitous  course,  at  length  falls  into  the  Volga,  below  Kasan,  bringing 
with  it  a  volume  of  water  nearly  equal  to  that  of  the  main  river.  The 
length  is  estimated  at  near  500  in.  It  is  said  to  be  more  useful  for 
navigation  than  the  Volga. 

Kamieniec,  kamx-yen'-yets\  sometimes  written  Kaminietz,  an 
archieopiscopal  t.  of  Russian  Poland,  cap.  of  the  gov.  of  Podolia,  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Dniester,  about  10  m.  from  this  river.  Lat.  48°  41' 
N.,  Lon.  27°  1'  E.  Pop.  stated  at  above  15,000,  but  this  is  probably  an 
exaggeration.     (M.) 

Kamt-chat^-ka.  or  Kamtschatka  (often  pronounced  in  English  kam- 
skat'-ka*),  a  large  peninsula  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Asia,  situated 
between  the  51st  and  62d  parallels  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  155th  and  170th 
meridians  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  near  800  m.  in  length,  and  about  290  m.  in 
its  greatest  breadth  ;  while  the  narrowest  part  of  the  isthmus  is  rather 
less  than  100  m.  wide.  Cape  Lopatka,  in  51°  0'  15"  N.  Lat,  and  156° 
42'  30"  E.  Lon.  forms  the  S.  extremity  of  Kamtschatka.  From  near 
this  point,  a  chain  of  volcanic  mountains  appears  to  extend  through  the 
whole  length  of  the  peninsula.  The  Klioov-tchev-skoi'  (Kliutschev- 
skaja),  the  most  formidable  of  the  active  volcanoes,  is  about  16,000  ft. 
in  height.  Avatchka,  another,  near  Avatchka  (or  Awatska)  Bay,  on 
the  S.  E.  coast,  has  an  elevation  of  9,594  ft.  The  height  of  the  peak 
of  Klintchevska  is  stated  by  Balbi  at  3,134  toises,  or  about  20,040  Eng- 
lish ft.  The  principal  inhabitants  of  this  country  are  the  Kamtscha- 
dales,  who  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race.  They  occupy  the  S.  portion 
of  the  peninsula,  as  far  as  58°  N.  Lat.,  and  have  fixed  habitations. 
Their  chief  employment  is  hunting  and  fishing;  dogs  are  used  to 
draw  their  sledges  in  winter.  The  Koriaks,  a  wandering  tribe  who 
possess  the  N.  part  of  Kamtskatka,  and  who  are  scattered  over  a  con- 
siderable tract  of  country  between  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Polar 
Sea,  travel  on  sledges  drawn  by  reindeer.  Kamtschatka  forms  a  dis- 
trict of  the  Russian  dominions,  of  which  Petropaulovsk  (called  also 
Awatska  or  Avatchka)  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Kamt-chat^- 
kan  and  Kamtx-cha-dale'. 

Kanawha,  kan-aw'-wa,  (Great,)  a  r.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  which 
rises  in  N.  C.,  and,  flowing  northerly,  empties  itself  into  the  Ohio  r., 
in  about  38°  50'  N.  Lat.  In  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  it  is  some- 
times called  New  River. 

Kanawha,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  above 
river.     Pop.  15,353.     Seat  of  Justice,  Kanawha  c.  h. 

Kandahar.  See  Candahar. 

*  It  may  be  remarked,  that  Kamtschatka  is  the  German,  while  Kamtchatka  is 
the  French  spelling.  Teh  in  French  being  equivalent  to  tsch  in  German,  or  ch  in 
English,  it  will  be  perceived  that,  in  either  case,  the  name  should  be  pronounced 
Kamchatka. 


KAN— KEI  305 

ou,  as  in  nur ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Kane,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  111.     Pop.  16,703. 

Kan'-zas  or  Kon'-zas,  a  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
which  joins  the  Missouri  r.  at  the  western  border  of  the  state  of  Mis- 
souri. 

Kara-hissar,  ka'-ra'-his-sar',  i.  e.  the  "  black  castle,"  or  Af-ee-oom' 
(Atium),  Kara-hissar,  the  "black  castle  of  opium,"  an  important  man- 
ufacturing t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  remarkable  for  the  immense  quantities 
of  opium  cultivated  in  its  vicinity.  Lat.  38°  45'  N.,  Lon.  30°  43'  E. 
Pop.  estimated  at  60,0  0.     (B.) 

Karamania.     See  Caramania. 

Karls^-burg,  or  kaRW-booRG,  (Lat.  AVba-JuMia ;  Hung.Gyula  Fejer- 
var,  dyoo-16/i  ft-yaiR-vMr,)  a  fortified  t.  of  Transylvania,  situated  on 
the  right  Dan^  of  the  Marosch,  32  m.  N.  W.  of  Hermanstadt.  It  con- 
tains a  mint,  and  an  observatory:  in  its  vicinity,  at  the  distance  of  a 
few  miles,  are  the  richest  gold  mines  in  the  Austrian  empire.  Pop. 
6,000.     (B.)       * 

Kasan  or  Ka-zan',  an  archiepiscopal  city  in  the  E.  part  of  European 
Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  about  4  m.  from 
the  left  bank  of  the  Volga.  This  t.  has  increased  very  rapidly  of  late; 
though  destroyed  by  fire  in  1774,  and  again  half  burnt  down  in  1815, 
it  has  arisen  more  flourishing  and  beautiful  than  ever.  It  is  the  seat 
of  numerous  manufactures,  and  the  commercial  entrepot  between  Eu- 
ropean and  Asiatic  Russia.  It  contains  a  university,  which  was  first 
opened  in  1814,  with  a  library  of  above  28,000  vols.  (M.),  and  various 
other  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  Lat.  55°  48'  N.,  Lon.  49°  21' 
E.     Pop.  in  1833,  57,000.     (M.) 

Kaschau,  kash/-ou,  (Hunff.  Kassa,  kosh-shoft,)  a  flourishing  manu- 
facturing and  commercial  t.  of  Hungary,  with  a  royal  academy  contain- 
ing a  library  of  10,000  vols.,  and  several  other  literary  and  scientific 
institutions.     Lat.  48°  38'  N.,  Lon.  21°  16'  E.     Pop.  13,600.     (M.) 

Kas-kas'-kj.-a,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  E.  central  part  of  111.,  and 
flowing  south-westerly,  falls  into  the  Mississippi  r.  a  little  S.  of  the 
38th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  On  this  river,  near  its  mouth,  is  the  village 
of  Kaskaskia,  which  was  founded  by  the  French,  in  1683,  and  is  the 
oldest  settlement  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Katmandoo.     See  Catmandoo. 

Katrine,  Loch,  Iok  ka/-trin,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Perthshire,  5  m.  E.  of  Loch  Lomond,  about  10h  m.  in  length,  and 
from  l|ra,  to  2  m.  in  breadth.  It  is  surrounded  by  lofty  mountains, 
divided  by  deep  ravines,  and  exhibits  every  variety  of  wild  and  pic- 
turesque scenery. 

Kecskemet,  kechv-kemv-aitf,  a  t.  of  Hungary,  about  50  m.  S.  E.  of 
Pesth.  Lat.  46°  54'  N.,  Lon.  19°  43'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above 
34,000.     (B.) 

Keighley,  usually  pronounced  keeth'-le,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  W". 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  16  m.  W.  N.  VV.  of  Leeds.     Pop.  9,255. 

Keith,  keeth,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  42  m.  N.  W.  of  Aberdeen.  Th© 
26* 


306  ;  KEL— KEN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  56,  as  in  good , 

parish,  which  is  partly  in  Banffshire,  and  partly  in  the  co.  of  Elgin, 
contains  4,456  inhabitants. 

Kelat,  kil-at',  or  Kel-at'h,  the  chief  t.  of  Beloochistan,  situated  on 
an  elevated  plain,  in  about  29°  5'  N.  Lat.,  and  65°  45"  E.  Lon.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  mud  wall,  with  bastions,  and  contains  about  20,000  inha- 
bitants.    (P.  C.) 

KeiZ-so,  a  beautiful  t.  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of  Roxburgh,  situated 
on  the  Tweed,  38  m.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh.  Over  the  river  there  is  a 
bridge,  494  ft.  in  length.     Pop.  4,594.. 

Kemp'-ten,  a  t.  of  Bavaria,  situated  on  the  Iller,  an  affluent  of  the 
Danube.     Lat.  47°  44'  N.,  Lon.  10°  19'  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Ken'-dal  or  Kirby  Kendal,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  the 
co.  of  Westmoreland,  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Lancaster 
canal,  40  m.  S.  of  Carlisle,  and  20  m.  N.  of  Lancaster.     Pop.  10,225. 

Ken'-dall,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  111.,  S.  W.  of  Chicago,  p.7,730. 

Keneh,  kei?-W,  or  Qene,  (Anc.  Caenep^olis*  or  Neap'olis,)  a  t.  of 
Upper  Egypt,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Nile,  with  a  celebrated  manu- 
facture of  water-jars.  Lat.  26°  IF  N.,  Lon.  32°  45'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  5,010.     (B.) 

Ken'-ne-beck/,  a  r.  of  Maine,  which  rises  from  two  sources;  the 
eastern  and  principal  branch  originates  in  Moosehead  Lake,  and,  after 
a  course  of  about  20  m.,  is  joined  by  the  W.  branch  or  Dead  r.,  which 
rises  near  the  borders  of  Canada.  After  this  union,  the  river  flows 
nearly  due  S.  in  its  general  direction,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  about 
25  m.  E.  of  Portland.  The  whole  length  is  above  200  m. ;  it  is  navi- 
gable for  boats  only  about  60  m. 

Kennebeck,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Maine,  intersected  by  the  above 
river.     Pop.  62,521.     Co.  t.  Augusta. 

Kenx-ne-bunk/,  a  port  of  entry  in  York  co.,  Maine,  25  m.  S.  W.  of 
Portland.    Pop.  2,650. 

Kens'-ing-ton,  a  parish  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Middlesex,  forming 
a  part  of  the  suburbs  of  London. 

Kensington,  a  district  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia,  which  forms  one  of  the 
suburbs  of  that  city. 

Kent,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop. 
548,337. 

Kent,  a  co.  in  the  middle  of  R.  T.,  bordering  on  Conn,  and  Narragan- 
set  Bay.     Pop.  15,068.     Co.  t.  East  Greenwich. 

Kent,  the  middle  co.  of  Del. ;  it  extends  from  the  Delaware  Bay  to 
the  borders  of  Md.     Pop.  22,816.     Co.  t.  Dover. 

Kent,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  the  state  of  Del. 
and  Chesapeake  Bay.     Pop.  11,386.     Co.  t.  Chestertown. 

Kent,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mich.,  intersected  bv  Grand  r.  Pop. 
12,016.  Co.  t.  Grand  Rapids. 

*  Gr.  KaivriroXts.  This,  as  well  as  Neapolis,  signifies  "  new  city."  Keneh  ap- 
pears to  be  a  corruption  of  Kaivrj,  "new." 


KEN— KHA  307 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Kent^-on,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  17,038.  Co.  t.  Covington. 

Ken-tuck'-y,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  36°  30'  and  39°  10 
N.  Lat.,  and  82°  and  89°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and  N. 
by  the  Ohio  r.,  which  separates  it  from  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  E. 
and  S.  E.  by  Virginia,  S.  by  Tennessee,  and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  r., 
which  divides  it  from  Missouri ;  and  divided  into  100 counties.*  Length, 
from  E.  N.  E.  to  W.  S.  W.,  about  395  m.;  greatest  breadth,  from  N. 
to  S.,  about  170  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  40,000  sq.  m.  Total 
pop.  982,405,  of  whom  761,688  are  whites,  9,736  free  coloured,  and 
210,981  slaves.  Frankfort  is  the  capital.  Kentucky  originally  formed 
a  part  of  Virginia.  A  separation  took  place,  and  it  was  admitted  into 
the  Union,  in  1792. — Inhab.  Ken-tuck'-t-an. 

Kentucky,  a  r.  of  the  above  state,  which  rises  near  the  borders  of 
Va.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  north-westerly  course,  falls  into  the 
Ohio,  about  37  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Frankfort.  It  is  about  200  m.  long,  and 
is  navigable  for  boats  about  150  m. 

Kerman.     See  Kirman. 

Ker/-ry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of  Munster, 
bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  263,126.     (P.  C.) 

Ker-shaw',  adist.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  S.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Wateree  r.     Pop.  14,473.     Seat  of  justice,  Camden. 

Keszthely,  kestv-he17,  a  t.  of  Hungary,  near  the  W.  end  of  the 
Platten  See ;  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  school  of  agriculture,  called  the 
Georfficon,  founded  bv  Count  Festetits.  Lat.  46°  46'  N.,  Lon.  17°  18' 
E.     Pop.  4,000.  (B.)'    McCulloch,  however,  states  it  at  7,000. 

Ketskemet.     See  Kecskemet. 

Key  West,  a  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Florida,  cap.  of  Monroe  co., 
situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of  an  island  of  its  own  name,  with  a  fine 
harbour. 

Khar-kof'  (Kharkow),  a  t.  in  the  S.'part  of  European  Russia,  cap. 
of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name.  It  contains  a  flourishing  university,  erected 
in  1803,  with  a  library  of  20,000  vols.,  and  several  other  institutions  for 
education.     Lat.  50°  N.,  Lon.  36°  26'  E.     Pop.  about  18,000.     (P.  C.) 

Khar-toom'  (Khartum  or  Khartoum),  a  t.  of  Nubia,  situated  at  the 
confluence  of  the  White  and   Blue  Nile.     Lat.  15°  34'  N.,  Lon.  32° 

*  Adair,  Allen,  Anderson,  Ballard,  Barren,  Bath,  Boone,  Bourbon,  Boyle, 
Breathitt,  Brecken,  Breckenridge,  Bullit,  Butler,  Caldwell,  Calloway,  Campbell, 
Carroll,  Carter,  Casey,  Christian,  Clark,  Clay,  Clinton,  Crittenden,  Cumberland, 
Daviess,  Edmondson,  Estill,  Fayette,  Fleming,  Floyd,  Franklin,  Fulton,  Galla- 
tin, Garrard,  Grant,  Graves,  Grayson,  Greene,  Greenup,  Hancock,  Hardin,  Har- 
lan, Harrison,  Hart,  Henderson,  Henry,  Hickman,  Hopkins,  Jefferson,  Jessa- 
mine, Johnson,  Kenton,  Knox,  La  Rue,  Laurel,  Lawrence,  Letcher,  Lewis,  Lin- 
coln, Livingston,  Logan,  Madison,  Marion,  Marshall,  Mason,  McCracken, 
Meade,  Mercer,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Muhlenburg,  Nelson,  Nicholas, 
Ohio,  Oldham,  Owsley,  Owen,  Pendleton,  Perry,  Pike,  Pulaski,  Ptockcastle,  Rus- 
sel,  Scott,  Shelby,  Simpson,  Spencer,  Taylor,  Todd,  Trigg,  Trimble,  Union, 
Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  Whitley,  Woodford. 


308  KIN— KIR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  nb,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

King  and  Queen,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Mattapony  r. 
Pop.  10,319.     Seat  of  justice,  King  and  Queen  c.  h. 

King  George,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Poto- 
mac.    Pop.  5,971.     Seat  of  justice,  King  George  c.  h. 

King  YVilliam,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Matta- 
pony.    Pop.  8,779.     Seat  of  justice,  King  William  c.  h. 

King's  County,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ireland,  in  the 
prov.  of  Leinster.     Pop.  in  1831,  144,225.     (P.  C.) 

King's  County,  a  co.  of  N.  Y.,  occupying  the  W.  extremity  of  Long 
Island.     Pop.  138,882.  Co.  t.  Brooklyn. 

Kingston-on-Hull.     See  Hull. 

Kings' -ton-on-Th ames,  a  t.  of  England  in  the  co.  of  Surrey,  situated 
on  the  Thames,  12  m.  S.  W.  of  London.  It  received  its  name,  King's 
town,  from  its  having  been  the  residence  of  the  Saxon  monarchs,  eight 
of  whom  were  crowned  here.     Pop.  of  parish,  8,147. 

Kingston,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Upper  Canada,  and  more  recently  of 
Canada,  is  situated  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  L.  Ontario.  It  has  a 
good  harbour,  and  the  principal  naval  dock-yard  in  the  colony.  Lat. 
44°  8'  N„  Lon.  76°  40'  W.     Pop.  in  1846,  6,123. 

Kingston,  the  largest  and  most  commercial  t,  though  not  the  cap., 
of  Jamaica,  is  situated  on  the  coast,  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  island,  with 
a  fine  harbour.  The  pop.  is  stated  to  be  above  33,000  (P.  C),  but  no 
accurate  census  has  ever  been  taken.     Lat.  17°  56'  N.,  Lon.  76°  53'  W. 

Kin-ross',  a  t.  of  Scotland,  the  cap.  of  Kinross-shire,  situated  on  the 
W.  bank  of  the  Loch  Levin,  20  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of 
the  parish,  2,822. 

Kin-ross'-shire,  a  small  inland  co.  in  the  E.  of  Scotland.  Pop.  8,763. 

Kir-kal'-dy  or  kir-kau'-de,  a  seaport  and  manufacturing  t.  of  Scot- 
land, in  Fifeshire,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  12  m. 
N.  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  5,275. 

Kirkcudbright,  kir-koo'-bre,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Scotland,  bor- 
dering on  Sol  way  Frith.     Pop.  41,119. 

Kirkcudbright,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on 
the  Dee,  about  6  m.  above  its  entrance  into  Solway  Frith,  and  85  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Its  harbour  is  esteemed  the  best  in  the  S.  of 
Scotland.     Pop.  2,692. 

Kirk-wAll',  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  the  Orkney  Islands, 
situated  on  the  N.  E.  coast  of  Mainland  or  Pomona.  Lat.  59°  N.,  Lon. 
2°  57'  W.     Pop.  2,205. 

Kirman,  keer-miW,  or  Kerman  (Anc.  CaranWnia),  a  prov.  in  the 
S.  E.  part  of  Persia,  bordering  on  Beloochistan  and  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Kirman  or  Sirjan,  seer-jan',  a  manufacturing  city  of  Persia,  cap.  of 
the  above.  Lat.  about  30°  N.,  Lon.  56°  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
30,000.     (B.) 

Kirmanshah  or  Kirv-man-shaw',  a  large  manufacturing  city,  cap. 
of  Persian  Koordistan,  on  the  r.  Kerah,  which  flows  into  the  Shat-el- 
Arab.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong  brick  walls,  with  a  citadel.  Lat. 
34°  26'  N.,  Lon.  about  47°  30'  E.    Pop.  estimated  at  about  40,000.  (B.) 

u 


KIE— KIN  309 

ou>  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


and  was  for  a  considerable  period  the  capital  of  the  empire.  Among 
the  remarkable  edifices  of  Kief  we  may  mention  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Sophia,  which  is  interesting  on  account  of  its  antiquity,  and  is  besides 
one  of  the  finest  churches  in  Russia.  This  place  has  an  university 
called  St.  Vladimir's,  founded  in  1834.  Kief  is  also  the  seat  of  the 
oldest  Greek  ecclesiastical  academy  in  Russia,  founded  in  1588,  and 
attended  at  present  by  about  1,500  students.  (B.)  Lat.  50°  27'  N., 
Lon.  30°  27'  E.     Pop.  about  40,000.  (P.  C.) 

Kiel,  keel,  a  t.  of  Denmark,  in  the  duchy  of  Holstein,*  on  a  bay  of 
the  Baltic,  called  Kielerfiord  (keeMer-fe-ord'),  which  forms  an  excel- 
lent harbour.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  with  five  gates.  The  univer- 
sity of  Kiel,  founded  in  1665,  has  a  library  of  70,000  vols,  and  i3 
attended  by  about  300  students.  Lat.  54°  20'  N.,  Lon.  10°  8'  E.  Pop. 
above  8,000.     (B.) 

Kil-dare/,  an  inland  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of 
Leinster.     Pop.  in  1831,  108,424.     (P.  C.) 

Kilia,  keeMe-a,  a  small  t.  of  European  Russia,  situated  on  one  of  the 
arms  of  the  Danube  (called  also  Kilia),  about  8  m.  from  its  mouth. — 
Adj.  Kilian,  keeMe-an. 

Kil-ken'-ny,  an  inland  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov. 
of  Leinster.  Pop.  in  1831,  exclusive  of  the  city  and  its  liberties, 
169,945.     (P.  C.) 

Kilkenny,  a  city  of  Ireland,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  on  the 
Nore,  a  branch  of  the  Barrow,  62  m.  S.  W.  of  Dublin.  The  t.  and  its 
liberties,  occupying  an  area  of  above  37  sq.  m.,  form  what  is  called  the 
county  of  the  city  of  Kilkenny.     Total  pop.  in  1831,  23,741.     (P.  C.) 

Kil-lar'-ney,  a  t.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kerry, 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  the  scenery  in  its  vicinity,  is  situated  near 
a  small  lake  of  the  same  name,  44  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Cork.  Pop.  in  1831, 
7,910.     (P.  C.) 

Kil-mar/-nock,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Ayr- 
shire, situated  on  the  r.  Irvine,  about  7m.,  in  a  straight  line,  from  its 
entrance  into  the  sea,  and  56  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of  the 
parish,  19,956. 

Kincardine,  king-kar'-din,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  situated  in  a  de- 
tached portion  of  Perthshire,  21  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  of 
the  parish  in  1841,  2,232,  a  considerable  diminution  in  the  number  of 
inhabitants  having  occurred  since  1831,  owing  to  the  depression  of 
trade. 

Kincardineshire,  king-kar'-din-shir,  or  the  Mearns,  a  co.  in  the 
W.  of  Scotland,  situated  between  Forfarshire  and  Aberdeenshire,  and 
bordering  on  the  German  Ocean.     Pop.  33,075. 

*  Both  McCulloch  and  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia  state  that  Kiel  is  the  capital  of 
Holstein,  while  both  also  agree  in  asserting  in  another  place  that  Gluckstadtms  the 
-capital  of  the  duchy !  Balbi  says  nothing  of  Kiel  being  the  seat  of  government,  but 
ells  us  that  Gluckstadt  is  important  as  being  le  siege  du  college  administratis et  ju- 
liciaire  (the  seat  of  the  administrative  and  judiciary  college)  of  Holstein. 


310  KHE— KIE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good  3 

31'  E.     Though  founded  but  a  few  years  ago,  it  is  said  to  have  a  pop. 
of  .30,000. 

Kherson,  KCR-sone',  a  t.  in  the  S.  part  of  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  estuary  of  the  Dnieper.  Lat.  46°  38'  N.,  Lon. 
32°  40'  E.     Pop.  14,000.     (P.  C.) 

Khiva,  Khee'-va,  or  Oorghenj,  an  independent  khanatof  Toorkis- 
tan,  in  Central  Asia,  which  has  of  late  years  established  its  supremacy 
over  a  number  of  the  wandering  Toorcoman  hordes.  Its  dominion  is 
believed  to  extend  from  about  the  36th  to  the  44th  degree  of  N.  Lat., 
and  from  the  52d  to  the  64th  of  E.  Lon.,  but  a  large  portion  of  the  sur- 
face is  desert. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Khivan,  Kee'-van. 

Khiva,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  on  a  canal  derived  from  the 
Amoo,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  country.  Lat.  about  41°  30'  N.,  Lon. 
59°  10'  E.     Permanent  pop.  estimated  at  6,000.     (B.) 

Khoi,  Koy,  a  fortified  t.  of  Persia,  in  the  prov.  of  Azerbaijan.  Lat. 
about  38°  30'  N.,  Lon.  44°  50'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.     (B.) 

Kho-jend^,  a  t.  of  Central  Asia,  in  Independent  Toorkistan.  Ac- 
cording to  Balbi,  it  is  estimated  to  be  equal  in  size  to  Bokhara,  which 
is  said  to  contain  above  100,000  inhabitants.  Lat.  about  41°  15'  N., 
Lon.  68°  30'  E. 

Khokand,  Ko-kand',  (or  Kho-kan',)  a  city  of  Central  Asia,  the  cap.  of 
a  khanat  of  the  same  name,  in  Independent  Toorkistan  on  the  Syr 
Deria  (or  Sihon).  It  is  estimated  to  be  equal  in  size  and  pop.  to  Bokhara. 
(B.)  Khokand  is  said  to  contain  500  mosques  and  100  schools,  and  to 
be  a  distinguished  seat  of  Persian  literature.  Lat.  about  41°  40'  N., 
Lon.  69°  30'  E. 

Khoozistan  (Khuzistan),  KOov-zis-tan',  a  prov.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of 
Persia,  bordering  on  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Khorassan,  Kox-ras-san',  (i.  e.  the  "  region  of  the  sun,"*)  a  large 
prov.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Persia,  bordering  on  Toorkistan  and  the  king- 
dom of  Cabool. 

Kiakhta,  ke-aK'-ta,  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  situated  on  a  r.  of  the 
same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Selenga.  It  is  important  as  being 
the  great  centre  of  trade  and  political  intercourse  between  the  Russian 
and  Chinese  empires.  Lat.  50°  21' N.,  Lon.  106°  30' E.  Pop.  4,862. 
(P.  C.) 

Kidv-der-min'-ster,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Worcester- 
shire, 16  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Birmingham.     Pop.  14,399. 

Ki-ef'  (also  written  Kiew),  an  ancient  t.  in  the  southern  part  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
Dnieper,  a  little  below  the  confluence  of  the  Desna  with  that  river.  It 
was  the  earliest  seat  of  the  Christian  religion  in  that  part  of  Europe, 
■ 7 

*  The  origin  of  the  name  is  prettily  suggested  by  Moore,  at  the  commencement 
of  the  first  poem  of  Lalla  Rookh — 

"  In  that  delightful  Province  of  the  Sun, 
The  first  of  Persian  lands  he  shines  upon" — 


KIR— KON  311 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Kirriemuir,  ker^-re-mure',  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  in  For- 
farshire, 16  m.  N.  of  Dundee.     Pop.  3,067. 

Kishm  or  Kish'-ma  (Anc.  Oarac'ta),  the  largest  i.  in  the  Persian 
Gulf,  intersected  by  the  27th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  56th  meridian 
of  E.  Lon.  Length  about  60  m. ;  breadth  12  m.  Pop.  estimated  at 
5,000.     (M.) 

Kiz'-il  I.r/-mak,  i.  e.  the  "  red  river,"  (Turk.  pron.  kizv-eeP  eeV- 
mak';  Anc.  Ha'lys,)  the  largest  and  finest  r.  in  Asia  Minor,  rises 
N.  E.  of  Kaisarieh,  near  the  39th  degree  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  37th  of  E. 
Lon.,  and  flowing  at  first  westerly,  and  after\v;ards  in  a  general  N.  E. 
direction,  falls  into  the  Black  Sea,  in  about  41°  45'  N.  Lat.,  and  36°  E. 
Lon.     Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  450  m. 

Klagenfurth.     See  Clagenfuiwh. 

Klattau,  klat'-tou,  a  t.  of  Bohemia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name,  70  m.  S.  W.  of  Prague.     Pop.  5,700.     (M.) 

Klau'-sen-burg\  i.  e.  the  "  castle  of  the  defile,"  (Ger.  pron.  klou'- 
zen-booRG  ;  Hung.  Kolozsvar,  ko-lozh-vaaR ;  Anc.  Clau'dia,  afterwards 
Claudiop'olis;)  the  cap.  of  Transylvania,  situated  on  the  r.  Szamos 
(saa-mosh),  near  a  mountain  defile,  whence  its  name.  It  is  surrounded 
by  lofty  walls,  with  towers,  which  divide  the  city  proper,  called  Ovar, 
or  "  Old  Town,"  from  the  Ujvar  (oo-e-vaar),  or  "  New  Town."  The 
latter,  though  of  small  extent,  has  some  handsome  streets,  and  a  very 
pleasing  appearance.  Klausenburg  possesses  a  lyceum  and  several 
other  important  literary  institutions.  Lat.  46°  45'  N.,  Lon.  23°  32'  E. 
Pop.  above  20,000.     (B.) 

Knox,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Holston  r.  Pop.  18,755. 
Co.  t.  Knoxville.  x 

Knox,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop.  7,050. 
Co.  t.  Barbourville. 

Knox,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  N.  E.  of  Columbus.  Pop. 
28,873     Co.  t.  Mount  Vernon. 

Knox,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Tnd.,  between  the  Wabash  and 
White  r.     Pop.  11,084.     Co.  t.  Vincennes. 

Knox,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Illinois  r. 
Pop.  13,279.  Co.  t.  Knoxville. 

Koahoma.     See  Coahoma. 

KoENIGINGRAETZ.     See  KoNIGINGRATZ. 

Kolin,  ko-leen',  a  t.  of  Bohemia,  on  the  Elbe,  34  mi.  E.  of  Prague. 
Here  Frederick  II.,  of  Prussia,  was  defeated  with  great  loss  by  thfl 
Austrians,  in  1755. 

Komorn.     See  Comorn. 

Kongsberg,  kongs'-beRg,  a  small  t.  of  Norway,  about  44  m.  W.S.W. 
of  Christiania,  important  on  account  of  its  silver  mines  and  its  mint 
Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Ko'-nj-eh  or  Konia  (Anc.  Ico'nium),  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  the  cap. 
of  a  pashalic  of  the  same  name,  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Seljook 
(Seljuk)  sultans  of  Room,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  well- 


312  KON— KOO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n&t ;  65,  as  in  good  / 

watered  plain,  about  140  m.  S.  of  Angora.  Though  at  present  much 
decayed,  this  town  is  still  important  on  account  of  its  manufactures,  and 
its  numerous  madressas  or  colleges;  it  contains,  also,  some  highly  in- 
teresting remains  of  antiquity.  Lat.  37°  50'  N.,  Lon.  32°  45'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  about  30,000.     (B.) 

KonigingrXtz,  ko/-niG-in-grets,  or  Ko^-nig-grItz,  (Bohemian,  Kra- 
lowy  Hradecs,  kra-lo'-ve  hra-dets',)  a  fortified  t.  of  Bohemia,  the  cap.  of 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  situated  on  the  Elbe,  63  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Prague.     Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  military,  6,000.     (B.) 

Konigsberg,  kenMgs-berg,  (Ger.  pron.  ko/-nios-beRG,)  a  large  city 
of  Germany,  cap.  of  Prussia  Proper,  on  the  Pregel,  near  its  entrance 
into  the  Frische  Haff.  A  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  prevents  ves- 
sels drawing  more  than  5  or  6  ft.  \!*ater  from  ascending  to  the  city,  so 
that  the  port  of  Konigsberg  is  properly  at  Pillau  (pilMou),  situated  at 
the  junction  of  the  Frische  Haff  with  the  Baltic.  The  impression 
which  the  interior  of  the  town  makes  on  a  stranger  is  not  favourable. 
The  streets,  though  straight,  are,  for  the  most  part,  narrow,  dirty,  and 
badly  paved,  while  the  few  handsome  public  or  private  edifices  are 
scattered  over  the  whole  city.  Among  the  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions of  this  town,  we  may  mention  the  University,  founded  in  1544, 
and  attended  at  present  by  about  450  students. — The  celebrated  Kant, 
who  was  born  at  Konigsberg,  in  1724,  and  died  here  in  1804,  was  one  of  its 
professors; — and  the  Observatory,  which  has  of  late  years  attained 
great  celebrity  from  the  astronomical  observations  of  Professor  Bessel. 
There  are  besides,  three  gymnasia,  with  numerous  other  schools.  The 
Observatory  is  in  54°  42'  50"  N.  Lat,  and  20°  30'  T  E.  Lon.  Pop. 
above  68,000.     (B.) 

Koor,  written  also  Kur,  (Gr.  Kvpos,  Kuros ;  Lat.  Cyprus,)  a  r.  of 
W.  Asia,  which  rises  in  the  Turkish  dominions,  near  40°  40'  N.  Lat, 
and  42°  40'  E.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  north-easterly,  passes  into  the  Russian 
prov.  of  Georgia,  then  changes  its  course,  and  runs  south-easterly  to 
the  Caspian  Sea,  which  it  enters  by  several  mouths,  near  39°  15'  N. 
Lat.,  and  49°  E.  Lon.     Its  entire  length  is  about  560  m. 

Koordistan  or  Kurdistan,  koor-dis-tan',  i.  e.  the  "  country  of  the 
Koords,"  an  extensive  country  in  the  western  part  of  Asia,  situated 
partly  in  the  Turkish  dominions  and  partly  in  Persia;  being  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Armenia,  E.  by  Azerbaijan  and  Irak  Adjemi,  S.  by  Khoo- 
zistan  and  the  pashalic  of  Bagdad,  W.  by  Algezira  or  Aljezeereh 
(Mesopotamia)  and  Diarbekir.  Length  about  300  m.;  breadth  perhaps 
150  m.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  shepherds,  though  some  are  em- 
ployed in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  The  Persian  Koords  are 
said  to  be  for  the  most  part  wandering  tribes,  while  those  of  Turkey 
have  generally  fixed  habitations.  Like  their  ancestors,  the  ancient  Kar- 
du'chi,  the  Koords  are  active,  brave,  and  impatient  of  control.  Though 
nominally  subject  to  the  Ottoman  or  Persian  government,  they  appear 
to  pay  but  little  respect  to  the  orders  of  their  sovereign.  The  Koord- 
ish  women,  unlike  those  of  most  other  Asiatic  nations,  are  said  to  be 


KOO— KUR  313 

sm,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng\ 


treated  with  much  respect,  while  marriage  is  regarded  as  a  sacred  and 
indissoluble  tie. — Adj.  Koor/-dish  ;  inhab.  Koord. 

Koorile  or  Kurile  (koo'-ril)  Islands,*  a  chain  of  small  islands  con- 
necting the  peninsula  of  Ramtchatka  with  the  large  islands  which 
form  the  empire  of  Japan.  They  extend  in  length  more  than  700  m. 
The  inhabitants  are  partly  Kamtchadaies  and  partly  Amos  (i/-noce),  a 
tribe  which  appears  to  belong  to  the  same  race  as  the  Japanese. — 
Inhab.  Koo-rii/-lj-a>?. 

Koor'-land  (Courland  or  Kurland),  a  prov.  in  the  VV.  part  of  Russia, 
bordering  on  the  Gulf  of  Riga,     Capital,  Mittau. 

Koorsk  (Kowrsk  or  Kursk),  a  t.  in  the  8.  part  of  European  Russia, 
the  cap.  of  a  g-ov.  of  the  same  name,  with  one  of  the  first  ecclesiastical 
seminaries  in  the  empire.  The  prov.  of  Koorsk  is  remarkable  for  its 
fertility,  and  celebrated  for  its  fine  fruits;  among  which  are  melons, 
apples,  cherries,  and  various  sorts  of  plums.  Watermelons  are  grown 
in  the  open  fields.  Lat.  of  the  town,  51°  43'  N.,  Lon.  36°  28'  E.  Pop, 
24,000.     (P.  C.J 

Kor-do-fan',  a  country  S.  of  Nubia,  W.  o£  and  bordering  on  the  Nile. 

Kosciusko,  kos-se-us'-ko,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Tippecanoe  r.     Pop.  10,243,  Co.  t,  Warsaw. 

Kos-tro'-ma,  a  manufacturing  t.  in  the  central  part  of  European 
Russia,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  nnme,  situated  at  the  confluence 
of  the  r.  Kostroma  with  the  Volga.  Lat  57°  46'  N,  Lon.  41°  13'  E. 
Pop.  about  10,000.    (P.  C.) 

Krasnoyarsk,  written  also  Krasnoyarsk  and  Krasnojarsk,  kr&N 
no-yarsk',  a  small  but  handsome  t.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  cap.  of  the  gov.  of 
Yeniseisk,  containing  several  excellent  literary  institutions.  It  is  also 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Lat.  58°  1'  N.,  Lon.  92°  21'  E.  Pop. 
about  4,000.     (M.) 

Krek'-nitz  (Hung.  Kormecz  Briny  a,  koR-mets  bafax-yoh),  a  t.  of 
Hungary,  important  on  account  of  its  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver, 
and  its  mint.     Lat.  48°  39'  N.,  Lon.  18°  50'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Kreuznach,  kroits'-nnK,  a  t.  of  the  Prussian  states,  18  rn.  S.  W.  of 
Mentz.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Krish'-na  or  Ktst^-na,  an  important  r.  of  Hindostan,  which  rise3  in 
the  W.  Ghauts,  near  18°  N.  Latn  and  74°  E.  Lon.,  and  flowing  in  a 
very  tortuous  course,  falls  into  the  ocean  on  the  Coromandel  Coast,  by 
several  mouths,  near  16°  N.  Lat.,  81°  E.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  700  m. 

Kuldsha.     See  Gooldsha. 

Kur.     See  Koor. 

Kurdistan.     See  Koordistan, 

Kurile.     See  Koorile. 

KvRiscHE  Haff,  koo'-rish-eA  haff,  a  bay  or  lagoon  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  Prussia,  about  56  m.  in  length,  and  20  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 

*  Kootulk.  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  Kooroo  Milsi,  i.  e.  the  "  road  of 
sea-weeds''  (.kooroo  signifying  a  '"sea-weed"),  which  is  the  name  bestowed 
by  the  inhabitants  of  Yesso  upon  this  insular  chain.     (M.  B.) 


314  KUR— LAD 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  p?n  j  no,  aflt ;  eo  as  in  ^oo*?, 

The  strait  by  which  it  communicates  with  the  Baltic  is  only  about 
1,200  ft.  wide.  The  waters,  like  those  of  the  Frische  Haff,  are  fresh, 
and  from  similar  causes.  (See  Frische  Haff.)  The  narrow  strip  or 
bank  of  land  which  separates  this  Haff  from  the  Baltic,  is  called  the 
Kiiriscke  Nehrung. 

KuRtAND.     See  Koorlanb. 

Kiitaiyeh  or  KooTAi'AH,  koo-ti'-ya/j,  (Cotyse'ium,)  a  t.  of  Asiatic 
Turkey,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Natolia  or  Anatoli.  Lat  39°  25^  N.r 
Lon.  30°  15'  E.     Pop,  estimated  at  50,009.    (B.) 

Laalanes  lau'-land,  or  Loi/-lani>,  a  fertile  island  belonging-  to  Den- 
mark, situated  in  the  Baltic,  between  54°  38'  and  54°  58'  N.  Lat.,  and 
10°  57'  and  11°  52'  K  Lon.  It  is  about  36  m.  in  length,  and  18  m.  in 
its  greatest  breadth.     Area,  460  sq.  m.     Pop.  about  45,000.     (P.  C.) 

Lar-ra-dor',  a  vast  peninsula  in  the  E.  part  of  British  America ; 
bounded  N.  by  Hudson's  Strait,  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  Sv  by  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  and  Canada,  and  VV.  by  Hudson's  Bay.  It  extends  from 
about  the  50th  to  near  the  63d  degree  of  N.  Lat.,  and  from  the  56th  to 
near  the  79th  of  W.  Lon,  Its  extreme  length,  fiom  R.  S.  E.  to  VV.  N. 
W.,  is  about  1,100  m.;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  &  to  W.,  900  m. 
Labrador  is  commonly  described  as  one  of  the  most  dreary  and  naked 
regions  of  the  globe,  exhibiting  scarcely  anything  but  rocks  destitute 
of  vegetation.  But  though  this  be  its  appearance  when  seen  from  the 
coast,  on  penetrating  into  the  interior  the  surface  is  found  to  be  thickly 
covered  with  pines,  birches,  and  poplars,  while  various  sorts  of  deli- 
cious berries  are  said  to  abound.  No  country  is  better  supplied  with 
water;  streams,  as  well  as  ponds  and  lakes,  are  extremely  numerous. 
The  native  inhabitants  of  Labrador  are  limited  chiefly,  if  not  entirely, 
to  the  Esquimaux.  The  Moravian  missionaries,  who  formed  their  first 
settlement  among  them  in  1752,  are  said  to  have  exercised  a  very  bene- 
ficial influence  upon  these  degraded  people,  improving  both  their  moral 
and  physical  condition.  The  coast  of  Labrador  was  discovered  in  1496, 
by  Sebastian  Cabot  (as  is  supposed),  and  was  afterwards  named  Terra 
Labraoor  or  "cultivable  land,"  to  distinguish  it  from  Greenland. 

Lac'-ca-dIvesv  or  the  Laccadive  Islands  (called  by  the  natives 
Lakaradeevh),  a  group  of  islets  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  75  m.  VV. 
of  the  coast  of  Malabar,  between  10°  and  12°  N.  Lat.,  and  72°  and  74° 
30'  E.  Lon. 

LackNa-wAn'-ncck  or  Lack  -a-wan'-na,  a  small  r.  of  Pa.,  which 
flows  into  the  Susquehanna,  on  the  left.  Nearly  the  whole  course  is 
within  Luzerne  co.  On  its  banks  are  extensive  mines  of  anthracite 
coal. 

Lahakh,  lav-daK',  a  considerable  country  in  the  S.  central  part  of 
Asia,  between  Cashmere  and  Thibet.  Its  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is 
above  200  m.;  its  average  breadth,  150  m.  (M.)  The  inhabitants  be- 
long to  the  same  race  as  the  Thibetans.  They  are  a  very  industrious 
and  frugal  people,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  arts  of  civilized  life. 
They  are  said  to  possess  extraordinary  skill  in  agriculture,  overcoming, 


LAD— LAP  315 

tkJt,  as  in  o«r ;  th,  as  in  thin  $  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng, 

tso  a  great  extent,  by  industry,  art,  and  the  disadvantages  of  a  moun- 
tainous country  and  naturally  unproductive  soil.  Ladakh  is  usually  con- 
sidered as  belonging  to  the  empire  of  China,  but,  according  to  McCul- 
ioch,  it  never  formed  a  part  of  the  possessions  of  that  power,  though  it 
was  for  a  time  a  sort  of  tributary  to  the  Mogul  emperor.  It  afterwards 
'became  subject  to  Runjeet  Singh,  but,  since  his  death,  there  is  reason 
to  believe  that  the  country  has  recovered  its  former  independence.  The 
religion  ef  Ladakh  is  similar  to  that  of  Thibet,  Boodh ism  being  the 
prevailing  belief,  though  Mahometanism  is  said  to  have  made  great  pro- 
gress of  late.  The  government,  as  regards  the  people,  is  despotic,  but  the 
rajah  has  very  little  real  power,  being  controlled  by  the  lamas  t)r  priests, 
by  whom  he  is  occasionally  deposed.  Leh'la,  (or  Lei)  W-e,  tlie  capi- 
tal of  Ladakh,  is  the  centre  of  an  active  commerce,  which  is  carried 
•on  between  the  other  countries  of  Asia.  It  is  said  to  contain  1,000 
houses  <P.  C).     Lat.  about  33°  50'  -N.,  Lon.  73°  20'  E. 

Lad-o'-ga,  a  L.  of  Russia,  the  largest  collection  of  fresh  water  in 
Europe,  is  situated  between  59°  52'  and  61°  46'  N.  Lat,  and  29°  50' 
«ind  32°  55' E.  Lon.  It  is  about  130 m.  in  length,  and  Tom.  in  its 
greatest  breadth.  The  area  is  estimated  at  6,300  sq.  m.  It  has  several 
islands,  •chiefly  towards  the  N.  extremity,  and  is  so  full  of  rocks  and 
quicksands  that  it  is  ill  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  navigation. 

Lad-hones'  (Sp.  pron.  laD-ro'-nes)  or  the  Lad-rone'  Islands,  called 
•also  the  Marianne  Islands,  a  group  in  the  N.  Pacific,  situated  between 
13°  and  20°  30  N.  Lat.,  and  144°  40'  and  146°  20'  E.  Lon.  The  prin- 
cipal island,  Guajan,  gwa-jan7,  (Sp.  pron.  gwa-Han',)  called  also  Guam, 
gwam,  is  about  80  m.  in  circumference,  and  contained,  in  1816,  a  pop. 
of  5,389.  (P.  C.)  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the  Ladrones,  who,  in 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century,  are  said  to  have  amounted  to  150,000, 
seem  to  have  become  almost  extinct  on  some  of  the  islands.  From 
the  extensive  ruins  found  on  Tinian  (teejne-an')  and  Rotta,  it  appears 
evident  that  these  islands  were  once  inhabited  by  a  people  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  arts  of  civilization.  The  Ladrones  were  discovered 
■by  Magellan,  in  1521,  and  called  Las  Islas  de  los  Ladrones,  *'.  e.  the 
41  islands  of  the  thieves,""  from  the  thievish  disposition  of  the  natives. 
They  were  also  named  tiie  Mariana  Islands,  in  lionour  of  the  queen 
of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain. 

La  Fayette,  kf-a-yett\  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected 
by  the  Tallahatchie  r.     Pop.  14,069.  Co.  seat,  Oxford. 

La  Fayette,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.     Pop.  6,720.     Seat  of  justice,  Vermillionville. 

La  Fayette,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ark.  Pop 
5,220.  Seat  of  justice,  La  Fayette  c.  h. 

La  Fayette,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mo.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  r.  Missouri.     Pop.  13,690.  Co.  t.  Lexington. 

La  Fourche,  lafx-oorsh',  a  frrzyoK  inLa.,  which  detaches  itself  from 
the  right  side  of  the  Mississippi,  and,  after  a  course  of  more  than  90  m.t 
fells  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  near  the  E.  extremity  of  Timbalier  Bay 


31.6  LAF— LAH 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  do,  as  in  good, 

La  Fourche  Interior,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  intersected  by 
the  above  r.     Pop.  9,533.     Seat  of  justice,  Thibadauxville. 

La  Grange,  la/i-granj,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ind.,  bor- 
dering on  Mich.     Pop.  8,387.     Co.  t.  Lima. 

La  Guayra,  M-gwi'-ra,  the  port  of  Caraceas,  an  important  commer- 
cial t.  of  the  rep.  of  Venezuela,  in  S.  America,  Lat.  10°  36'  N.,  Lon. 
67°  7  W.     Pop.  near  4,000.     (B.) 

Laguna,  la-goo/-na,  the  cap.  of  TenerifFe,  has  an  inland  situation  in 
the  N.  E.  part  of  the  island,,  about  6  m.  YV.N.  W.  of  Santa  Cruz.  Pop. 
estimated  at  8,000.     (B.) 

La  Have.     See  Hague. 

Lahn,  laan,  a  r.  of  Germany,  Sowing  into  the  Rhine,  near  Coblentz. 

Lahore,  la-hore^,  a  prov.,  or  rather  kingdom,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Hindostan,  lying  between  29°  30'  and  34°  40y  N.  Lat.,  and  71°  and  78* 
E.  Lon.  This  territory  was  till  recently  governed  by  Runjeet  Singh, 
who  was  completely  independent  of  the  British  government,  and  the 
most  powerful  of  all  the  native  princes  of  India.  His  kingdom  is  geo- 
graphically divided  into  two  parts:  1st,  the  Punjaub  (or  Panj-ab),  i.  e. 
the  "five  rivers/'  so  named  from  its  lying  among  the  five  great  arms 
of  the  Indus;  viz.,  the  Sind  or  Indus  Proper,,  the  Jhylum  or  Behul 
(Anc.  Hydas^pes),  the  Chenaub  or  Chenab  (Anc.  Aeesi'nes),  the  Ravee 
(Anc.  Hydrao'tes),  and  the  Sutledge  (Anc.HysuAlrus),  which  takes  the 
name  of  Gharra  (Anc.  Hypl^asis),  after  having  received  the  Beeas, 
which  appears  to  have  been  considered  by  the  ancients  as  the  upper 
portion  of  the  Hyphasis:  2d,  Kohistan  (ko-his-tan').  i.e.  the  "hill 
country."  The  Seiks,  how  the  ruling  power  in  this  part  of  the  world, 
first  appeared  as  a  sect  of  Hindoo  religionists,  about  the  middle  of  the 
15th  century;  but,  stung  by  persecution  from  the  Mahometans,  they 
turned  their  thoughts  to  warlike  pursuits,  and  afterwards  became  a 
nation  of  formidable  soldiers.  Steel,  from  being  an  especial  object  of 
attention,  was  finally  converted  into  one  of  their  gods.  Their  supreme 
divinity  was  denominated  by  them  "All  Steel."  Owing,  however,  to 
their  continual  dissensions,  they  were  unable  to  make  head  against  a 
powerful  enemy,  until  the  early  part  of  the  present  century,  when 
Runjeet  Singh,  having  subdued  the  other  Seik  chieftains,  established 
an  independent  kingdom,  which  he  ruled  with  great  energy  and  wis- 
dom. He  maintained  an  army  of  80,000  men,  of  whom  50,000  were 
cavalry,  disciplined  according  to  the  European  system.  (P.  C.)  But 
since  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1839,  no  successor  adequate  to  the 
task  of  government  seems  to  have  appeared,  and  it  is  not  improbable 
that  this  territory  will,  at  no  distant  period,  be  incorporated  with  the 
other  British  dominions  of  India. 

Lahore,  the  cap.  of  the  above  kingdom,  situated  on  the  Ravee,  in 
the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  well-cultivated  plain.  This  city  is  one  of 
high  antiquity,  and  was  the  residence  of  the  first  Mahometan  eonquer 
ors  of  Hindostan,  before  they  succeeded  in  establishing  themselves  in 
the  central  parts  of  the  peninsula.  Though  greatly  fallen  from  its  an- 
cient splendour,  it  is  still  a  large  and  populous  town,  but  nearly  all  ths 


LAH— LAN  317 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

noble  or  interesting  buildings  appear  to  have  been  the  work  of  a  former 
age.  The  magnificent  mosque  erected  by  Aurungzebe  has  been  con- 
verted into  a  powder  magazine.  The  private  dwellings  present,  for  the 
most  part,  but  a  mean  appearance.  Lat.  31°  30'  N.,  Lon.  74°  20'  E. 
Pop.  estimated  from  80,000  to  100,000.     (B.) 

Lahsa  or  Lachsa,  laH'-sa,  or  Haj'-ar,  a  prov.  of  Arabia,  extending 
along  the  W.  shore  of  the  Persian  Gulf.  That  part  immediately  along 
the  coast,  is  sometimes  called  Bahrein  (bah-rane'). 

Laibach.     See  Laybach. 

Lake,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  L.  Erie. 
Pop.  14,654.     Co.  t.  Painesville. 

Lake  (Aishcum),  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mich. 

Lake,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ind.,  and  bordering  on 
L.  Michigan.     Pop.  3,991. 

Lake,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  111.,  and  bordering  on  L. 
Michigan.     Pop.  14,226. 

Laland.     See  Laaland. 

Lamego,  la-ma/-go,  a  t.  of  Portugal,  in  the  prov.  of  Beira,  cap.  of  a 
coinarca  of  tire  same  name,  situated  2  or  3  m.  from  the  S.  bank  of  the 
Douro.     Lat.  41°  13'  N.,  Lon.  7°  43'  W.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (B.) 

La-moile',  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Vt.,  intersected  by  a  r.  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  L.  Champlain.  Pop.  10,872.  Co.  t.  Hyde  Park. 

LanaX,  la'-ni,  or  RanaX,  one  of  the  smaller  of  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
near  21°  N.  Lat.,  and  intersected  by  the  157th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  It 
is  near  20  m.  long  and  10  broad.     Pop.  2,000. 

Lan'-ark,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Lanarkshire,  situ- 
ated Hm.  from  the  right  bank  of  the  Clyde,  and  30  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Edinburgh.     Pop.  4,831. 

Lan'-ark-shire  or  Clydes'-dale,  an  inland  co.  in  the  southern  part 
of  Scotland,  intersected  by  the  r.  Clyde.     Pop.  426,972. 

Lanc'-a-shire,  or  the  County  of  Lancaster,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W. 
part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  1,067,054. 

Lanc^-as-ter,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on 
the  r.  Lune,  about  6  m.  from  its  entrance  into  Lancaster  Bay,  and  46  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  Liverpool.  It  is  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Lan- 
caster and  Preston  junction-railway,  while  the  Lancaster  Canal,  which 
connects  Kendal  and  Liverpool,  skirts  the  town.  Over  the  Lune  there 
is  a  noble  aqueduct-bridge,  of  five  arches,  erected  at  a  cost  of  48*000/. 
sterling.     Pop.  13,531. 

Lancaster,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Md.  and  the  r. 
Susquehanna.     Pop.  98,944. 

Lancaster,  a  city  of  Pa.,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Susquehanna,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  highly  culti- 
vated country,  about  62  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  W.  of  Philadelphia.  Lat. 
40°  2'  30'  N.,  Lon.  76°  20'  30"  W.     Pop.  12,365. 

Lancaster,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rappa- 
hannock.    Pop.  4,708.     Seat  of  justice,  Lancaster  c.  h. 


318  LAN— LAN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  mfct;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

Lancaster,  a  dist.  on  the  N.  border  of  S.  C,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Catawba  r.     Pop.  10,988.  Seat  of  justice,  Lancaster  c.  h. 

Lan-cer-o'-ta  or  Lanzarote  (Sp.  pron.  lan-tha-ro'-ta),  one  of  the 
Canary  Islands,  intersected  by  the  29th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the 
meridian  of  13°  40'  VV.  Lon.  It  is  about  36  m.  in  length  ;  its  greatest 
breadth  is  about  12  m.  Area,  32sq.  leagues.  Pop.  in  1835,  17,434. 
(P.  C.) 

Lanciano,  lan-che-a^-no,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov. 
of  Abruzzo  Citra,  6  m.  from  the  Adriatic.  Its  manufactures  and  com- 
merce were  during  the  middle  ages  far  more  extensive  than  at  present; 
but  it  is  still  regarded  as  the  principal  commercial  place  in  all  Abruzzo. 
Lat.  42°  14'  N.,  Lon.  14°  24'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Landaff.     See  Llandaff. 

Lan'-dau  or  lan^-dou,  a  strong  fortress  of  Germany,  in  the  Bavarian 
territory  of  the  Rhine,  celebrated  in  history  for  having  sustained  several 
memorable  sieges.     Lat.  49°  12'  N.,  Lon.  8°  T  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Landes,  laNd,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the 
Bay  of  Biscay.     Pop.  284,918.     (B.)     Capital,  Mont-de-Marsan. 

Lan'-dry,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  La.  Pop.  22,253. 
Seat  of  justice,  Opelousas. 

Lands'-berg  (Ger.  pron.  lants^-beRG),  a  manufacturing  and  commer- 
cial t.  of  Brandenburg,  Prussia,  on  the  Warthe  or  War'-ta,  a  tributary 
of  the  Netze,  38  m.  N.  E.  of  Frankfort  on  the  Oder.  Lat.  52°  44'  N., 
Lon.  15°  14'  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Landscrona,  lands'-kroo-na,  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of  Sweden,  in  the 
prov. of  Skane  (Skonen).  Lat.  55°  52'  N.,  Lon.  12°  51'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  above  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

Land's  End,  a  promontory  in  Cornwall,  remarkable  as  being  the 
most  westerly  point  of  land  in  England.     Lat.  50°  4'  N.,  Lon.  5°  42'  W. 

Landshut,  landsMioot,  (Ger.  pron.  lantsMioot,)  one  of  the  prettiest 
and  most  agreeable  towns  in  the  kingdom  of  Bavaria,  on  the  Iser,  in  the 
midst  of  a  delightful  country,  38  m.  N.  E.  of  Munich.     Pop.  8,000.  (B.) 

Langeland,  lang'-e-land,  an  i.  of  Denmark,  situated  in  the  Baltic, 
between  Laaland  and  Fiinen,  and  intersected  by  the  55th  parallel  of 
N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  10°  50'  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is  32  m. ;  its 
averao-e  breadth  only  about  2|  m.    Area,  80  sq.  m.    Pop.  about  17,000. 

(M0 

Langensalza,  lang^-en-saltf-sa,  a  flourishing  little  t.  of  Prussia,  cap. 

of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.     Lat.  51°  7'  N.,  Lon.  10°  38'  E.     Pop. 

6,000.     (B.) 

Langholm,  lang/-um,  a  little  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries-shire,  55  m. 
S.  by  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Langres,  laNgr,  (Anc.  Andematu'num,  afterwards  Lin'gones),  the 
largest  t.,  though  not  the  cap.,  of  the  French  dep.  of  Upper  Marno, 
18  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Chaumont.  This  place  was  one  of  great  importance 
under  the  Romans.  Many  antique  remains  have  been  found  here.  It 
contains  several  institutions  for  education,  and  a  public  library  of 
30,000  vols.  (P.  C.)     Lat.  47°  52'  N.,  Lon.  5°  20'  E.     Pop.  6,191.  (M.) 


LAN— LAR  319 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Languedoc,  laNgN-ge/i-dok',  formerly  an  extensive  prov.  in  the  S.W 
of  France,  now  distributed  among-  the  deps.  of  Ardeche,  Aude,  Gard 
Upper  Garonne,  Herault,  Upper  Loire,  Lozere,  and  Tarn. 

Lan'-sing,  cap.  of  the  state  of  Michigan,  situated  in  Ingham  co., 
about  110  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Detroit. 

Laon,  1&n,  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  78  m. 
N.  E.  of  Paris,  with  a  public  library  of  12,000  vols.,  besides  other  insti- 
tutions.    Lat.  49°  34' N.,  Lon.  3°  37' E.     Pop.  7,826.     (B.) 

Laos,  la'-oce.  The  country  of  the  Laos  comprehends  the  central  por- 
tion of  Chin  India,  lying  between  15°  and  24°  N.  Lat.,  and  98°  and 
106  E.  Lon.  On  the  S.  it  borders  on  Siam  and  Cochin  China,  and  W. 
on  the  Birman  empire.  Little  is  known  with  certainty  respecting  the 
interior  of  this  country.  The  Laos  seem  to  be  the  original  stock  of  a 
nation  which  is  widely  dispersed  over  Farther  India.  They  resemble 
the  Siamese  in  the  form  of  their  bodies,  in  language,  and  in  religion. 
Lantchang  or  Lant-Shang,  the  chief  town,  is  said  to  be  surrounded 
by  a  wall  of  stone,  and  to  contain  a  garrison  of  50,000  men,  and  a 
splendid  court. 

Lap-eer/,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.  N.  of  Detroit.  Pop. 
7,029.     Co.  t.  Lapeer. 

Lap^-land,  the  most  northerly  country  of  Europe,  occupying  the  N, 
and  N.  E.  parts  of  the  Scandinavian  peninsula,  the  N.  part  of  the  Rus- 
sian proy.  of  Finland,  and  the  N.  W.  portion  of  the  gov.  of  Archangel. 
It  is  difficult  to  assign  its  limits,  as  they  correspond  with  no  natural  or 
political  boundaries.  It  appears  that  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries  all  the  country  N.  of  64°  N.  Lat.,  between  the  White  Sea 
on  the  E.,  and  the  Norwegian  Sea  on  the  W.,  was  entirely  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Laplanders  or  Lapps.  The  people  who  have  given 
their  name  to  this  region  constitute  a  distinct  and  remarkable  variety 
of  the  human  race  ',  they  are  of  very  short  stature,  seldom  exceeding 
in  height  five  feet  and  two  or  three  inches )  their  copper  complexion 
is  rather  the  result  of  habitual  residence  in  smoky  huts  than  the  cha- 
racter of  the  race. — Inhab.  Lap/-land-er  and  Lapp. 

La  Porte,  lap-ortf,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on 
Michigan  and  Lake  Michigan.     Pop.  12,145. 

La  Puebla,  or  La  Puebla  de  los  Angeles,  la  pwebMa  da  loce  ang'- 
H&l-es,  [i.  e.  "the  habitation  of  the  angels,)  a  large  and  beautiful  city 
of  Mexico,  cap.  of  a  state  of  the  same  name,  in  an  elevated  plain  re- 
markable for  its  fertility  and  the  salubrity  of  its  climate.  It  contains 
many  fine  buildings,  and  is  the  seat  of  extensive  manufactures.  Lat. 
about  19°  N.,  Lon.  98°  W.  Pop.  70,000.  (B.)  The  state  of  La  Pue- 
bla borders  that  of  Mexico  on  the  E.  Area  21,000  sq.m.  Pop.  820,000. 

Lar-is'-sa  (Turk.  Yenishehr,  yen^-e-shaihV,  i.  e.  "  New  Town"), 
an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  European  Turkey,  on  the  Selembria  (*4mc.  Pe- 
ne^us),  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  10  arches.  It  is  believed 
to  occupy  the  same  site  as  the  ancient  Larissa.  Lat.  39°  38'  N.,  Lon. 
22°  30'  E.     Before  the  late  war  the  pop.  was  estimated  at  30,000.  (B.) 

Laristan,  lar-is-tan',  a  prov.  in  the  S.  part  of  Persia,  bordering  on 
the  Persian  Gulf.     Lar,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  though  greatly  fallen 


320  LAR— LAU 

Fate,  far,  f All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t  ;  66  as  in  good, 

from  its  former  splendour,  contains,  it  is  said,  above  15,000  inhabit- 
ants. (B.)     Lat.  about  27°  30'  N.,  Lon.  54°  E. 

Lar'-nj-ka,  a  seaport  t.  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  the  i.  of  Cyprus.  Lat 
34°  54'  30"  N.,  Lon.  33°  41'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

La  Salle,  la^-saF,  a  co.  in  the  northern  part  of  111.,  intersected  by 
the  Illinois  r.     Pop.  17,815.  Co.  t.  Ottawa. 

Las'-sa  or  H'lassa,  a  city  of  S.  Asia,  the  cap.  of  Thibet,  on  a  tribu- 
tary of  the  Sanpoo  (or  Dzangbo),  in  an  extensive  and  fertile  plain,  sur- 
rounded by  lofty  mountains.  The  great  temple  of  Boodha,  which  is 
likewise  the  residence  of  the  Dalai  Lama,  the  pontifical  sovereign  of 
Thibet,  stands  in  the  W.  part  of  the  city,  and  consists  of  an  extensive 
range  of  square-shaped  buildings,  crowned  in  the  centre  with  a  gilded 
dome.  The  permanent  pop.  of  Lassa  is  said  to  have  amounted,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  last  century,  to  80,000.  (B.)  The  floating  pop.  is 
always  very  great,  owing  to  the  multitudes  of  pilgrims,  who  come  from 
the  remotest  parts  of  Asia  to  visit  this  sanctuary  of  Lamaism.  Lat. 
about  29°  30'  N.,  Lon.  91°  40'  E. 

Latakia,  lat-a-kee'-a,  or  Ladikia,  (Anc.  Laodice^a,)  a  seaport  t.  of 
Syria,  on  the  Mediterranean,  about  90  m.  S.  W.  of  Aleppo.  Here  are 
the  remains  of  an  ancient  triumphal  arch,  which  is  still  almost  entire, 
supposed  to  have  been  erected  in  honour  of  one  of  the  early  Roman  em- 
perors. Lat.  35°  30'  N.,  Lon.  35°  48'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  5,000 
to  10,000.     (M.) 

Lauban,  lou'-ban,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name.     Lat.  51°  6'  N.,  Lon.  15°  18'  E.     Pop.  5,400.     (B.) 

Lauenburg,  lou^-en-burgv  or  lou'-en-booRG\  or  Saxe-Lauenburg,  a 
duchy  in  Germany,  subject  to  the  kings  of  Denmark,  situated  on  the 
right  side  of  the  Elbe,  between  53°  22'  and  53°  48'  N.  Lat,  and  10° 
13'  and  11°  5'  E.  Lon.     Area,  420  sq.  m.     Pop.  37,500.     (P.  C.) 

Lauenburg,  a  t.  in  the  above  duchy,  on  the  Elbe,  30  m.  S.  E.  of  Ham- 
burg.    Pop.  about  3,000.     (B.) 

Lau/-der-dale\  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ala.  Pop. 
17,172.     Co.  t.  Florence. 

Lauderdale,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
8,717.     Co.  seat,  Marion. 

Lauderdale,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi.    Pop.  5,169. 

Launceston,  lans'-ton,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Cornwall,  20  m. 
N.  N.  VV.  of  Plymouth.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  2,460. 

Lau'-rel,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  a  little  N.  E.  of  the  Cumber- 
land r.     Pop.  4,145.     Co.  t.  London. 

Lau'-rens,  a  dist.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  the  Saluda 
r.     Pop.  23,407.     Seat  of  justice,  Laurensville. 

Laurens,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  6,442.     Co.  t.  Dublin. 

Lausanne,  16-zamV,  a  city  of  Switzerland,  cap.  of  the  canton  of  Vaud 
30  rn.  N.  E.  of  Geneva,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  N.  shore 
of  L.  Leman.     Among  the  literary  and  scientific  institutions  of  thii 


LAV— LAY  321 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

place.,  we  may  mention  the  Academy,  which  might  be  termed  a  uni- 
versity, the  Cantonal  Library,  with  33,000  vols.,  and  a  museum,  contain- 
ing collections  in  the  various  sciences.  The  penitentiary  of  Lausanne., 
established  in  1822,  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  Lat. 
46°  31'  N.,  Lon.  6°  45'  E.     Pop.  about  12,000.     (B.) 

Laval,  la'-val',  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  France,  cap. 
of  the  dep.  of  Mayenne,  is  situated  on  the  r.  Mayenne,  150  m.  W.S.W. 
of  Paris.     Lat.  48°  5'  N.,  Lon.  0°  46'  W.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Lavoro,  Terra  di,  teW-ra  de  la-vo'-ro,  (literally,  the  "  land  of 
labour,"  but  signifying,  properly,  good  arable  land,  or  that  which  is 
susceptible  of  being  worked,)  a  prov.  in  the  W.  part  of  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  bordering  on  the  dominions  of  the  pope  and  the  Mediterranean. 

Law/-rence,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  15,258.     Co.  t.  Moulton,  mole'-ton. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  the  Pearl  r. 
Pop.  6,478.     Co.  seat,  Monticello. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  Mo.  Pop.  5,274. 
Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.     Pop. 

9.280.  Co.  t.  Lawrenceburg. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Sandy  r.     Pop. 

6.281.  Co.  t.  Louisa. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  extremity  of  Ohio.  Pop.  15,246. 
Co.  t.  Burlington. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  E.  fork  of 
the  White  r.     Pop.  12,097.     Co.  t.  Bedford. 

Lawrence,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  TIL,  bordering  on  the  Wabash. 
Pop.  6,121.     Co.  t.  Lawrenceville. 

Lawrence,  St.,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  N.  America,  which 
issues  from  L.  Ontario,  in  about  44°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  30'  W.  Lon., 
and,  flowing  north-easterly,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  in 
about  49°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  64°  W.  Lon.  Viewing  this  river  in  con- 
nexion with  the  great  western  lakes,  of  which  it  forms  the  outlet,  it 
may  be  said  to  rise  at  the  sources  of  the  St.  Louis,  which  flows  into 
L.  Superior.  Receiving  different  names  in  different  parts  of  its  course, 
between  L.  Superior  and  Huron,  it  is  called  the  St.  Mary;  between  L. 
Huron  and  Erie,  the  St.  Clair  and  Detroit;  between  L.  Erie  and  Onta- 
rio, the  Niagara ;  between  L.  Ontario  and  the  sea,  it  takes  the  name 
of  St.  Lawrence.  Its  whole  length,  including  the  chain  of  lakes,  is 
estimated  at  2,200  m. 

Lawrence,  St.,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the  above 
river.     Pop.  68,617.     Co.  t.  Canton. 

Laybach  or  Laibach,  lV-baK,  (111.  Lublana,  loob-la^-na ;  Anc.  iEmo- 
na  ;)  the  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Illyria,  situated  on  a  navigable  river 
of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Save.  It  contains  a  lyceum,  a 
gymnasium,  and  many  other  excellent  public  institutions.  Lat.  46°  2 
N ,  Lon.  14°  47'  E.     Pop.  above  10,000.     (B.) 


322  LEA— LEG 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ;, 

Leake,  a  co.  in  the  centre  part  of  Miss.  Pop.  5,533.  Co.  seat,  Car- 
thage. 

Leamington,  lemMng-ton,  a  flourishing  t.  and  watering-place  of 
England,  in  Warwickshire,  2  m.  E.  of  Warwick,  and  about  80  m.  N.  W. 
of  London.  The  pop.  of  the  parish  in  1821  was  only  2,183  ;  in  1841  it 
amounted  to  12,864.  This  extraordinary  increase  is  to  be  ascribed  to 
the  growing  celebrity  of  its  mineral  waters,  and  its  many  attractions  as 
a  place  of  fashionable  resort. 

Leb'-a-non,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  E.  of  Harrisburg.  Pop. 
26,071.     Co.  t.  Lebanon. 

Lecce,  let'-cha,  a  fortified  t.  of  Naples,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  Terra 
di  Otranto,  about  22  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Otranto.  It  is  one  of  the  best- 
built  and  liveliest  towns  in  the  kingdom,  with  wide  streets,  a  hand- 
some market-place,  several  fine  churches,  a  royal  college,  and  about 
14,000  inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  40°  21'  N.,  Lon.  18°  10'  E. 

Lee,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Va.  Pop.  10,267.  Co.  t. 
Jonesville. 

Lee,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Flint  r.  Pop. 
6,659.     Co.  t.  Starkville. 

Lee,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  Rock  r.     Pop.  5,292. 

Leg,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Iowa.  Pop.  18,860.  Co.  t. 
Fort  Madison. 

Leeds,  a  celebrated  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  England, 
in  the  W.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Aire,  at  the  termination  of  the 
Leeds  and  Liverpool  Canal,  23  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  York.  Besides  the 
water  communication  with  Liverpool,  already  alluded  to,  Leeds  is  con- 
nected with  this  and  most  of  the  other  important  towns  of  England,  by 
means  of  railways.  This  town  is  not  only  the  principal  seat  of  the 
woollen  manufactures,  but  it  is  the  great  emporium  of  England  for 
these  articles.  Leeds  contains  a  philosophical  and  literary  society,  a 
public  library  founded  by  Priestly,  besides  other  institutions.  Lat.  53° 
47'  N.,  Lon.  1°  32'  W.  Pop.  of  the  township,  88,741 ;  of  the  borough, 
152,054. 

Leek,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  134  m.  N.W. 
of  London.     Pop.  of  Leek  and  Lowe  township,  7,233. 

Leeuwarden,  la-WaaR^-den,  a  t.  of  Holland,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Friesland,  situated  32  m.  W.  of  Groningen,  and  intersected  by  nume- 
rous canals.  Lat.  53°  12'  N.,  Lon.  5°  45'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above 
17,000.     (B.) 

Lecmhorn'  or  legMiorn,  (It.  Lj-voR^-no;  Fr.  Livourne,  lev-vooRi^,) 
a  seaport  t.,  the  chief  emporium  of  Italy,  and  one  of  the  principal  com- 
mercial places  in  Europe,  situated  in  Tuscany,  on  the  Mediterranean, 
62  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Florence.  It  is  a  neat,  and,  for  the  most  part,  re- 
gularly-built city,  with  a  well-fortified  harbour.  The  N.  part  of  Leg- 
horn is  called  Venezia  Nuova  (ven-ed'-ze-a  noo-o'-va),  or  New  Venice, 
on  account  of  the  numerous  canals  by  which  it  is  intersected,  and  by 
means  of  which,  as  in  Venice,  merchandise  is  conveyed  to  the  very 


LEG— LEI  323 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

doors  of  the  store-houses.  Lat.  43°  33'  N.,  Lon.  10°  17'  E.  Pop.,  in- 
cluding- the  suburbs,  in  1836,  76,397.     (M.) 

Lkgnano,  len-ya'-no,  a  fortified  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  on  the  r.  Adige. 
Lat.  45°  11'  N.,  Lon.  11°  19'  E.  Pop.,  including  its  suburb,  Porto-Leg- 
nano,  near  10,000.     (B.) 

Leh  or  LeI.     See  Ladakh. 

Le'-higb,  a  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  which  flows  into  the  Delaware. 

Lehigh,  a  co.  of  Pa.,  on  the  above  r.     Pop.  32,479.    Co.  t.  Allentown. 

Leicester,  les'-ter,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  cap. 
of  Leicestershire,  87  m.  N.  W.  of  London.  It  is  connected  by  a  rail- 
way with  the  London  and  Birmingham  line,  and  with  the  r.  Trent  by  a 
canal.  Lat.  22°  38'  N.,  Lon.  1°  8'  W.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  with  an 
area  of  above  6  sq.  m.,  48,167. 

Leicestershire,  les/-ter-shir,  aco.  nearly  in  the  centre  of  England. 
Pop.  215,867. 

Leiden.     See  Ley  den. 

Leigh,  lee,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  12  m.  W. 
of  Manchester.  Pop.  of  West  Leigh  and  Pennington  townships,  com- 
prising the  town  of  Leigh,  6,838. 

Leinster,  lin'-ster,  or  leen'-ster,  one  of  the  four  provinces  into  which 
Ireland  is  divided,  occupying  the  E.  portion  of  the  island.  It  comprises 
the  counties  of  Carlow,  Dublin,  Kildare,  Kilkenny,  King's  and  Queen's, 
Longford,  Louth,  Meath,  West  Meath,  Wexford,  and  Wicklow. 

Leipstc,  lipe'-sik,  (Ger.  Leipzig,  lipe'-tsiG,)  the  second  city  of  the 
kingdom  of  Saxony,  is  situated  in  a  delightful  plain,  watered  by  the 
r.  Pleisse  and  its  branches,  60  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Dresden.  Its  streets  are 
irregular  and  narrow,  though  well  paved,  and  adorned  by  numerous  fine 
edifices,  both  public  and  private.  Leipsic  possesses  a  multitude  of  literary 
and  scientific  institutions,  among  which  we  may  name  the  University, 
founded  in  1409,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  and  flourishing  in  Europe, 
with  a  library  of  above  100,000  vols. ;  it  has  120  professors  and  teach- 
ers, and  between  1,100  and  1,200  students:  the  Institute  for  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb,  which  is  the  oldest  establishment  of  the  kind  in  Europe : 
the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  &c.  Leipsic  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
trade,  being  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  kingdom,  and  is  regarded 
as  the  first  book  emporium  in  the  world.  The  concentration  of  the  Ger- 
man book-trade  here,  has  been  in  fact  the  principal  cause  of  the  cele- 
brity and  wealth  of  this  city.  Lat.  51°  20'  N.,  Lon.  12°  22'  E.  Pop. 
in  1846,  54,519. 

Leiria  or  Leyria,  lae-ree'-a,*  a  small  but  ancient  t  of  Portugal,  in 
Estremadura,  72  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  Pop.  2,000.  (B.)  In  its  vici- 
nity is  the  village  of  Marinha-grande  (ma-reen'-ya  gr<W-da),  with  an 
extensive  glass  manufactory. 

Leith,  leeth,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  the  co.  of  Mid-Lothian,  on 

*  "Sustained  by  thoughts  like  these,  from  morn  till  eve 
He  journeyed,  and  drew  near  Leyria's  walls:" — 

Southey's  Roderick,  Book  III. 


324  LEI— LEO 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good, 

a  river  of  the  same  name,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Frith  of  Forth,  2  m. 
N.  by  E.  of  the  centre  of  Edinburgh,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
small  street  called  Leith  Walk.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and  ill  paved, 
but  contains  many  handsome  houses  of  recent  erection.  Leith  ia 
considered  as  the  port  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  26,433. 

Leitmeritz,  lite'-mer-its,  a  t.  of  Bohemia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Elbe,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  bridge,  843  ft.  in 
length.  The  neighbouring  country  is  so  fertile  and  well  cultivated, 
that  it  is  called  the  Bohemian  paradise.  Lat.  50°  30'  N.,  Lon.  14°  5' 
E.  Pop.  3,900.  (B.)  Near  Leitmeritz,  at  the  junction  of  the  Eger  and 
Elbe,  is  Theresienstadt  (ta-ra/-ze-en-stattx),  an  important  fortress. 

Leitrim,  leeMrim,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov.  of 
Connaught,  and  bordering  on  Donegal  Bay.  Pop.  in  1831,141,524.  (P.C.) 

Le'-man  (Lat.  LenWnus,  or  Leman^nus),  otherwise  called  the  Lake 
cf  Geneva,  a  L.  in  the  W.  part  of  Switzerland,  situated  1,150  ft.  above 
the  sea.  Its  form  resembles  a  crescent.  Length,  about  50  m  ;  greatest 
breadth,  9  m. ;  greatest  depth,  906  ft.  It  is  traversed  by  a  steamboat. 
The  Rhone  flows  through  L.  Leman. 

Lem'-berg  (Ger.  pron.  lemMjeRG;  Polish,  Lwow  Iwof;  Lat  Leopf- 
olis),  a  city  of  the  Austrian  empire,  the  cap.  of  Galicia,  situated  on  the 
Peltew  (peV-tef ),  a  tributary  of  the  Bug.  Its  streets,  unlike  those  of 
most  Polish  towns,  are  wide,  straight,  well  paved,  and  clean.  Lem- 
berg  is  the  residence  of  a  Roman  Catholic,  an  Armenian,  and  a  Greek 
archbishop :  it  contains  a  university,  two  gymnasia,  and  several  other 
institutions  for  education.  Lat.  49°  52'  N.,  Lon.  24°  3'  E.  Pop.  above 
60,000.     (B.) 

Lem^-nos  or  Stal-tm'-e-ne  (called  by  the  Turks  Lim'-no  or  Lim'-nee), 
an  i.  in  the  N.  part  of  the  iEgean  Sea,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of 
39°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  25°  10'  E.  Lon.  Its  greatest  length 
is  above  20  m.     Its  area  is  estimated  at  147  sq.  m.    Pop.  8,000.  (P.  C.) 

Le'-na  (Siberian  pron.  la-naO,  the  principal  r.  of  Eastern  Siberia, 
rises  in  the  mountains  which  skirt  the  N.  W.  shore  of  Lake  Baikal,  in 
about  53°  N.  Lat.  and  106°  E.  Lon.  It  first  runs  northerly,  and  then 
in  a  general  E.  N.  E.  direction,  till  it  reaches  Yakootsk  ;  after  which  i* 
flows  N.  to  the  Frozen  Ocean,  which  it  enters  by  several  mouths,  m 
about  73°  N.  Lat.  and  127°  30'  E.  Lon.  Near  its  termination,  the 
river  is  very  broad,  and  several  of  its  numerous  arms  (among  which 
are  extensive  deltas  or  islands)  present  the  appearance  of  wide  estua- 
ries. The  whole  length  of  the  Lena  is  estimated  at  2,500  m.  It  is 
said  to  be  safely  navigable  for  the  greater  part  of  its  course. 

Len'-a-weev,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Ohio. 
Pop.  26,372.     Co.  t.  Adrian. 

Lenoir,  le-nore',  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  N.  C,  intersected 
by  the  Neuse  r.     Pop.  7,828.     Co.  t.  Kingston. 

Lentini,  len-tee'-ne  (Anc.  Leon  tium),  a  t.  of  Sicily,  near  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  14  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Catania.     Pop.  in  1831,  7,276.   (M.) 

Leom'-in-ster,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Herefordshire,  11  m.  N.  of  Here- 
ford.    Pop.  3,892. 

jle'on  (Sp.  pron.  la-one'),  a  prov.  of  Spain,  forming  a  part  of  the  an- 


LEO— LES  325 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  t kin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

cient  kingdom  of  this  name;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Asturia,  E.  by  Pa- 
lencia.  S.  by  Valladolid,  Toro,  and  Zamora,  and  W.  by  Galicia.  It  is 
about  140  rn.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  above  50  m.  from  N.  to  S. 

Leon  (Anc.  Le'gio  Sep'tima),  an  old  and  decayed  city  of  Spain,  the 
cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  and  once  the  residence  of  the  kings  of  Leon. 
Its  cathedral  is  regarded  as  the  finest  in  Spain.  Lat.  42°  31'  N.,  Lon. 
5°  36'  W.     Pop.  5,500.     (B.) 

Leon,  a  regularly  built  and  beautiful  t.  of  Mexico,  in  the  state  of 
Guanaxuato,  36  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Guanaxuato.  Pop.  estimated  at  about 
6,500.     (M.) 

Leon,  a  city  of  Central  America,  the  former  cap.  of  the  state  of  Ni- 
caragua.* It  contains  a  university,  established  in  1812.  Lat.  about 
12°  25'  N.,  Lon.  86°  50'  VV.  The  pop.,  a  few  years  ago,  amounted  to 
32,000 ;  but  the  civil  contentions  within  the  town  have  reduced  it  to 
half  that  number.     (P.  C.) 

Leon,  a  co.  of  Florida,  extending  from  Ga.  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Pop.  11,442.     Co.  t.  Tallahassee. 

Leon,  Isle  of  (Sp.  Isla  de  Leon,  eesMada  la-one'),  an  i.  close  to  the  S. 
coast  of  Spain,  about  11m.  in  length.  Cadiz  stands  on  the  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity, and  San  Fernando  (san  fTR-nan'-do),  called  also  Isla  de  Leon, 
in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  island,  in  Lat.  36°  28'  N  .,  Lon.  6°  12'  W.  This 
town  contains  a  fine  observatory,  and  about  18,000  inhabitants.  (B.)  It 
appears  to  have  greatly  declined  from  what  it  was  in  the  early  part 
of  the  present  century;  its  great  naval  school  is  said  to  be  quite 
deserted. 

Le-pan'-to  (Anc.  Naupac'tus),  a  small  seaport  t.  of  Greece,  on  the 
gulf  to  which  it  has  given  its  name.     Lat.  38°  23'  N.,  Lon.  21°  51'  E. 

Lepanto,  Gulf  of  (Anc.  Sinus  Corinthiacus  or  "Bay  of  Corinth"), 
extends  from  near  Patras,  eastward,  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Gulf 
of  iEgina.  It  is  about  77m.  in  length,  and  more  than  20  m.  in  its 
greatest  breadth.  At  its  narrowest  part,  where  it  communicates  with 
the  Gulf  of  Patras,  it  is  scarcely  a  mile  and  a  half  wide.  Lepanto  has 
given  its  name  to  a  celebrated  naval  battle  between  the  Turks  and 
Christians,  fought  on  this  gulf  in  1571,  in  which  the  former  were 
utterly  defeated. 

Lerida,  ltR/-e-da  (Anc.  IlerMa),  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia. 
Lat  41°  39'  N.,  Lon.  0°  30'  E.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Lerwick,  ler'-rik,  the  chief  t.  of  the  Shetland  Islands,  is  situated 
on  Mainland.     Lat.  60°  11'  N.,  Lon.  1°  10'  VV.     Pop.  2,787. 

Lesina,  les'-e-na,  (Anc.  Pha'rus,)  and  Lis'-sa  (Is'sa),  two  islands  in 
the  Adriatic,  belonging  to  Dalmatia,  near  43°  N.  Lat.  and  17°  E.  Lon. 
United  area,  260 sq.  m.     Pop.  about  14,000.     (M.) 

Leskeard.     See  Liskeard. 

*  Balbi  and  the  Penny  Cyclopaedia  give  Leon  as  the  cap.  of  Nicaragua.  McCul- 
loch,  however,  calls  it  the  former  capita],  and  states  that  the  seat  of  government 
lias  been  removed  to  Grenada.  The  works  previously  cited,  probably  refer  to  a 
former  date. 

28 


325  LES— LEY 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n5t;  65,  as  in  good, 

Lestwithiel.     See  Lostwithiel. 

Leutschau,  loit'-shou,  (Hung.  Locse,  16-cha),  a  royal  free  t.  of  Hun- 
gary, cap.  of  the  co.  of  Zips.  Lat.  48°  57'  N.,  Lon.  20°  33'  E.  Pop. 
in  1837,5,175.     (M.) 

Le-vant'  (i.  e.  literally  the  "rising,"  but,  like  the  Latin  Oriens, 
signifying  the  "East"),  a  name  of  French  derivation,  usually  applied 
to  the  eastern  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean,  extending  from  the  western 
part  of  Greece  round  to  the  western  border  of  Egypt. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Levantine,  lev^-an-teen',*  (It.  Levantino,  lev-an-tee'-no). 

Lewes,  luMs,  a  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Sussex,  on  the  Ouse, 
43  m.  S.  of  London.     Pop.  9,199. 

Lew^-is,  the  largest  of  the  Hebrides,  is  situated  about  27  m.  W.from 
the  mainland  of  Ross-shire,  Scotland,  between  57°  42'  and  58°  33'  N. 
Lat.,  and  6°  10'  and  7°  10'  W.  Lon.  Length,  60  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
30  m.  Area,  including  the  subsidiary  islets,  748  sq.  m.  The  S.  part 
of  the  island,  forming  a  peninsula,  is  called  the  Island  of  Harris.  This 
portion  belongs  to  Inverness-shire;  the  remainder,  usually  denominated 
the  Island  of  Lewis,  to  Ross-shire.     Entire  pop.  21,468. 

Lewis,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  Y.,  E.  of  L.  Ontario,  intersected 
by  the  Black  r.     Pop.  24,564.     Co.  t.  Martinsburg. 

Lewis,  a  co.  in  the  N.  YV.  part  of  Va.     Pop.  10,031.  Co.  t.  Weston. 

Lewis,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio.  Pop. 
7,202.     Co.  t.  Clarkesburg. 

Lewis,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Missouri  r. 
Pop.  6,578.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

Lew'-ish-am,  a  village  of  England,  in  Kent,  5  m.  S.  E.  of  London. 
Pop.  of  the  parish,  9,361. 

Lew^-is-ton,  a  port  cf  entry  of  N.  Y.,  in  Niagara  co.,  on  the  Nia- 
gara r.,  7  m.  above  its  entrance  into  L.  Ontario. 

Lex'-ing-ton,  the  cap.  of  Rockbridge  co.,  Va.,  and  the  seat  of 
Washington  College,  founded  in  1812,  situated  on  a  branch  of  James  r., 
about  110  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Richmond. 

Lexington,  the  cap.  of  Fayette  co.,  and  formerly  the  seat  of  the 
state  government,  is  the  oldest  and  perhaps  the  handsomest  town  in 
Kentucky,  situated  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Lexington  and  Ohio  rail- 
road. Here  is  the  Transylvania  University,  a  flourishing  institution, 
founded  in  1798.  Lexino-ton  is  also  the  seat  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum.     Lat.  38°  6'  N.,  Lon.  84°  18'  W.    Pop.  about,  10,000. 

Lexington,  a  village  and  township  of  Middlesex  co.  Miss.,  11m. 
N.  W.  of  Boston.  Here  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the  Revolutionary 
contest,  April  19th,  1775. 

Leyden,  linden,  a  celebrated  city  of  the  Netherlands,  in  the  prov.  of 


he 


Perceived  it  was  the  Pyrrhic  dance  so  martial, 
To  which  the  Levantines  are  very  partial." — Byron. 
Cowper,  however,  using  a  poet's  license,  places  the  accent  on  tha  penultima 
(See  Task,  Book  III.,  line  583.) 


LIB— LIE  327 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

S.  Holland,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  the  Hague.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  a 
branch  of  the  Rhine,  in  a  level  part  of' the  country,  traversed  by  nu- 
merous canals  bordered  with  trees.  The  town  is  well  built,  and  the 
principal  streets  are  broad  and  well  paved.  Leyden  is  chiefly  remark- 
able as  a  seat  of  learning.  Its  university,  founded  in  1575,  is  justly 
renowned  ;  it  was  attended,  in  1835,  by  647  students  ;  and  possesses  a 
library  of  60,000  vols.,  and  14,(00  manuscripts;  an  observatory,  a 
botanic  garden,  and  other  subsidiary  institutions.  The  most  remarka- 
ble event  in  the  history  of  Leyden  is  the  siege  by  the  Spaniards,  in 
1573,  which  it  successfully  resisted,  though  6,000  of  its  inhabitants 
perished  by  famine  and  pestilence.  To  reward  the  valour  of  the  citi- 
zens, an  offer  was  made  them,  either  of  an  exemption  from  taxes  for  a 
certain  number  of  years,  or  the  foundation  of  a  university.  Their 
choice  is  already  known.  Lat.  52°  9'  N.,  Lon.  4°  29'  E.  Pop.  36,000 
(P.  C.) 

Li-be'-rx-a,  a  dist.  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  lying  on  both  sides  of 
the  r.  St.  Paul,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  about  6°  20'  N.-Lat., 
and  10°  46'  W.  Lon.  A  portion  of  this  country  was  purchased  by  the 
American  Colonization  Society,  in  1821,  for  the  purpose  of  colonizing 
such  of  the  African  race  as  had  been,  or  thereafter  should  be,  manu- 
mitted in  different  parts  of  the  United  States.* — Adj.  and  inhab.  Li-be'- 

RI.-AN. 

Liberty,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop. 
7,926.     Co.  t.  Riceboro. 

Libourne,  lev-bnoRn^,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gironde,  on  the 
Dordogne,  18  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Bordeaux.  It  was  founded  by  Edward  T., 
of  England  (at  that  time  duke  of  Guienne).  Pop.  in  1831,8,046.  (P.  C.) 

Lich'-fjeld,  a  city  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  15  m.  N.  of  Bir- 
mingham. The  city  forms  a  small  co.  of  itself.  It  was  the  birth-place 
of  Dr.  Johnson.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  near  5  sq.  m.,  6,761. 

Lichtenstein,  liK/-ten-stine\  or  Liechtenstein,  leeK/-ten-stine\ 
Principality  of,  a  small  independent  state  of  Germany,  intersected 
by  the  parallel  of  47°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  9°  32'  E.  Lon. 
It  is  separated  by  the  Rhine  from  the  Swiss  canton  of  St.  Gall.  Area, 
53  sq.  m.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Lick'-ing,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  38,846.     Co.  t.  Newark. 

Liege,  leej,  (Fr.  pron.  le-aizh';  Dutch,  Luykor  Luik,  loik  ;  Ger.  Liit- 
tich,  lut'-tiK' ;)  an  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  city  of 

*  The  most  contradictory  accounts  respecting  the  present  condition  and  pros- 
pects of  this  colony,  are  to  be  found  in  works  of  a  highly  respectable  character. 
McCulloch  represents  them  in  a  very  unfavourable  light,  while  Balbi,  who  appears 
to  base  his  statements  on  the  testimony  of  impartial  observers,  says  that  they  are 
tolerably  prosperous  (assez  prosperej,  and  that  the  noble  object  for  which  the 
colony  was  established — that  of  diffusing  civilization  and  Christianity  among  the 
benighted  Africans — has.  to  a  considerable  extent,  already  been  attained.  If  wo 
f>'n  from  t'hese  works  to  the  publications  of  our  own  country,  we  shall  find  a 
r    1  more  striking  discrepancy  to  prevail. 


328  LIE-LIM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  6d  as  in  good; 

Belgium,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the 
Meuse,  54  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Brussels.  In  its  vicinity  are  inexhaustible 
mines  of  coal,  which  have  been  worked  since  the  year  1178.  Liege 
contains  a  university,  founded  in  1817,  a  college  royal,  a  mining  school, 
and  numerous  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  science,  literature, 
and  the  arts.     Lat.  50°  39'  N.,  Lon.  5°  32'  E.     Pop.  58,000.     (B.) 

Liege,  a  prov.  taking  its  name  from  the  above  city,  in  the  E.  part 
of  Belgium,  and  bordering  on  the  Prussian  dominions.  Pop,  371,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Liegnitz,  leeG^-nits,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  the  cap.  of  a  circle  and 
gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Katzbach  (kats^-bax),  a  branch  of  the 
Oder.  It  contains  a  gymnasium,  a  royal  equestrian  academy,  and 
other  institutions.     Lat.  51°  12'  N.,  Lon.  16°  12'  E.     Pop.  11,000.  (B.) 

Lier,  leer,  (Fr.  Lierre,  le-aiR/,)  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Belgium, 
10  m.  S.E.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Lille  or  Lisle,  leel,  an  important  manufacturing  and  commercial 
city  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Nord,  situated  on  the  canal  of  the 
Deule  (which  communicates  with  the  Lys),  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and 
highly  cultivated  country.  The  town  is  well  laid  out,  with  nearly 
thirty  market-places  or  other  open  spaces,  and  most  of  the  streets  are 
wide.  Its  admirable  citadel,  and  other  fortifications,  render  Lille  ont. 
of  the  strongest  cities  of  Europe.  Of  literary  institutions,  there  are  a 
considerable  number,  including  a  public  library  of  20,000  vols,  a  high 
school,  «fec.     Lat.  50°  38'  N.,  Lon.  3°  4'  E.     Pop.  72,005.     (B.) 

Lima,  lee^-ma,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  S.  America,  formerly  the 
cap.  of  the  viceroyalty  of  Peru,  and  at  present  of  the  dep.  of  Lima  and 
of  the  Peruvian  republic.  It  is  situated  in  a  fertile  and  spacious  val- 
ley, on  a  small  r.  called  Rimac,  which  name  has  been  corrupted  by  the 
Spaniards  into  Lima.  The  streets  are  regular  and  wide,  but  they  are 
very  badly  paved.  In  the  middle  of  the  town  is  the  Plaza  Mayor 
(pla^-tha  mi-0Re^),  or  "  great  square,"  one  of  the  finest  in  America,  in 
which  is  a  large  fountain,  with  a  bronze  statue  of  Fame  in  the  centro. 
Lima  possesses  a  university,  founded  in  1571,  a  college  of  medicine 
and  suro-ery,  a  national  library,  and  several  other  institutions.  Lat. 
12°  2'  34"  S.,  Lon.  77°  T  W.     Pop.  70,000.     (B.) 

Lim'-burg  (Fr.  Limbourg,  laMN-booR'),  a  prov.  in  the  E.  part  of 
the  Netherlands,  bordering  on  the  Prussian  dominions,  divided  since 
the  revolution  of  1830  between  Holland  and  Belgium.  Area  of  the 
Belgian  prov.,  970  sq.  m.  Pop.  227,000.  Area  of  the  part  belonging 
to  Holland,  530  sq.  m.     Pop.  156,000.     (P.  C.) 

Lim'-er-ick,  an  inland  co.  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Ireland,  in  the  prov. 
of  Munster,  bordering  on  the  estuary  of  the  Shannon.  Pop.,  exclusive 
of  the  co.  of  the  town  of  Limerick,  248,801.     (P.  C.) 

Limerick,  an  ancient  city  of  Ireland,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  Shannon.  This  town  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive 
trade,  but  its  manufactures  are  very  limited.  One  of  the  most  remark- 
able objects  of  this  place  are  the  hanging  gardens,  constructed  in  1808 
by  Mr.  Roche,  which  contain  a  surface  cf  more  than  an  English  acre. 


LIM— LIN  329 

ou,  as  in  our ;  tjh,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

The  co.  of  the  city  of  Limerick  has  an  area  of  more  than  41  sq.  m.  with 
a  pop.  (in  1831)  of  66,554.  (P.  C.)  Pop.  of  the  town  and  suburbs, 
44,100.     Lat.  52°  40'  N.,  Lon.  8°  38'  W. 

Limestone,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
16,483.     Co.  t.  Athens. 

Limoges,  lev-mozb/,  (Anc.  Augustori'tum,  afterwards  Lemov^ices,)  a 
manufacturing  city  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Upper  Vienne, 
and  formerly  of  the  prov.  of  Limousin,  on  the  Vienne,  110  m.  N.  E.  of 
Bordeaux.  It  contains  an  academie  universitaire,  a  royal  college  or 
high  school,  a  school  of  anatomy,  and  various  other  literary  and  scien- 
tific establishments.    Lat.  45°  50'  N.,  Lon.  1°  16' E.    Pop.  27,000.  (B.) 

Limousin,  lev-moo'-saV,  or  Limosin,  one  of  the  former  provinces  of 
France,  now  comprehended  in  the  deps.  of  Correze  and  Upper  Vienne. 
This  name,  as  well  as  that  of  Limoges,  is  derived  from  the  Lemovices, 
a  people  who  inhabited  this  district  in  the  time  of  the  ancient  Romans. 

Limoux,  lev-inoo',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aude,  on  the  r.  Aude, 
13  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Carcassonne.     Pop.  6,666.     (M.) 

Lincoln,  link'-on,  (Anc.  LinMum.)  a  city  of  England,  the  cap.  of 
Lincolnshire,  121  m.  N.  of  London.  Its  cathedral  is  esteemed  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  in  England.  Lat.  53°  24'  N.,  Lon.  0°  36'  W.  Pop. 
13,896. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Me.,  intersected  by  the  Kennebeck  r., 
and  bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  74,875.     Co.  t.  Wiscasset. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  Catawba 
and  S.  C.     Pop.  7,746.      Co.  t.  Lincolnton. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Savan- 
nah r.     Pop.  5,998.     Co.  t.  Lincolnton. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
23,492.    Co.  t.  Fayetteville. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  S.  of  Lexington.  Pop. 
10,093.     Co.  t.  Stanford. 

Lincoln,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi, 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  r.     Pop.  9,421.     Co.  t.  Troy. 

Lincolnshire,  link'-on-shir,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  England,  border- 
ing on  the  r.  Humber  and  the  sea.     Pop.  362,602. 

Lin-lith'-gow  or  West  Lothian  (W-THe-an),  a  co.  of  Scotland, 
lying  along  the  S.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth.     Pop.  26,872. 

Linlithgow,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  the  S.  bank  of  a  lake  of 
the  same  name,  17  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Edinburgh.     Pop.  3,872. 

Linn,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Mo.,  E.  of  Grand  r.     Pop.  4,058. 

Linn,  a  co.  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  Red  Cedar  r.  Pop.  5,444.  Co.  t 
Marion. 

Lintz  or  Linz,  lints,  a  beautiful  city  and  fortress1',  the  Austrian 
empire,  cap.  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Danube,  which  is  here  crossed 
by  a  bridge  280  yards  in  length.  A  fine  railway  (the  first  ever  con- 
structed in  Germany)  connects  it  with  Budweis,  in  Bohemia.  Lintz 
possesses  a  lyceum,  a  gymnasium,  and  various  other  literary  and  scien- 
28* 


330  LIP— LIS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

tific  institutions ;  it  also  has  some  extensive  manufactures.  Lat.  48° 
19'  N.,  Lon.  14°  17'  E.     Pop.  24,000.     (B.) 

Lip'-a-rj.,  or  lee'-pa-re  lsLANDs,(Anc.iEo'lise  In'sul8e,)a  group  in  the 
Mediterranean,  off  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  consisting  of  seven  principal 
islands,  besides  several  islets  and  rocks.  Lipari  (Anc.  Lip'ara),  the 
largest,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38°  30' N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian 
of  14°  55'  E.  Lon,  is  about  8  m.  in  length.  Pop.  12,500.  (P.  C.)  Among 
the  others,  Strom'boli  (Anc  Stron'gyle),  an  insular  mountain,  nearly 
3,000  ft.  in  height,  is  remarkable  for  its  constantly  burning  volcano, 
which  serves  for  a  light-house  to  the  sailors  in  that  sea.  The  Lipari 
islands  are  evidently  of  volcanic  origin.  They  were  sometimes  called 
Vulcanise  by  the  ancient  Romans,  from  the  supposition,  probably,  that 
Vulcan  had  his  workshops  here  as  well  as  in  iEtna. 

Lippe,  lip'-pe^,  a  small  r.  of  Germany,  which  flows  into  the  Rhine 
on  the  right. 

Lippe-Detmold  (-det'-molt),  a  principality  of  Germany,  on  the 
sources  of  the  above  r.,  from  which  circumstance  it  is  supposed  to  take 
its  name.  It  consists  of  the  counties  of  Lippe  and  Sternberg,  being 
situated  between  51°  48'  and  52°  12'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  35'  and  9°  10'  E. 
Lon.  Area,  435  sq.m.  Pop.  80,000.  (P.  C.)  Detmold,  the  cap., 
situated  on  the  Werra,  contains  2,800  inhabitants.  (B.)  Lat.  51°  56' 
N.,  Lon.  8°  50'  E. 

Lippe-Schauenburg  (-shou'-en-booRG  or  shou'-en-burg),  often,  though 
incorrectly,  written  Schaumburg,  a  small  principality  of  Germany,  in- 
tersected by  the  parallel  of  52°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  9th  meridian  of  E. 
Lon.  Area,  210  sq.  m.  Pop.  25,000.  BOckeburg  (biik'-kefr-booRG), 
the  cap.,  contains  2,100  inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  52°  16'  N.,  Lon.  9°  E. 

Liria,  lee'-re-a,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Spam,  in  the  prov.  of  Valen- 
cia, 15  m.  N.W.  of  Valencia.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Lij/-bon  (Port.  Lis-bo'-a  :  Anc.  OHsipo),the  cap.of  Portugal,on  the  N. 
bank  of  the  Tagus,  about  9  m.  above  its  entrance  into  the  sea.  The 
river  at  the  W.  end  of  Lisbon  is  but  little  more  than  a  mile  in  breadth, 
but  opposite  to  the  centre  of  the  city  it  widens  considerably,  and  above 
forms  a  bay  several  miles  in  extent,  which  furnishes  a  safe  and  magni- 
ficent harbour,  capable  of  containing  all  the  fleets  of  Europe.  In  the 
old  portion  of  the  town,  the  streets  are  irregular,  narrow,  ill-paved,  and. 
dirty.  But  in  that  part  which  has  been  rebuilt  since  the  great  earth- 
quake of  1755,  the  houses  are  handsome,  the  streets  regular  and  very 
clean.  Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  edifice  of  Lisbon  is  the  palace  of 
Ajuda  (a-zhoo'-da),  which,  when  finished,  will  rank  among  the  finest  in 
Europe.  Among  the  numerous  literary  and  scientific  institutions  of 
this  city,  we  may  mention  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  the  College 
of  the  Nobles,  the  Royal  Academy  of  Marine,  with  an  observatory,  and 
the  Royal  Military  College.  The  commerce  of  Lisbon,  though  much 
diminished  since  the  loss  of  Brazil,  is  still  considerable.  Among  its 
manufactures,  those  in  gold  and  jewelry  are  perhaps  the  most  remarka- 
ble. We  may  observe,  that  the  want  of  industry,  as  well  as  the  igno- 
rance, of  the  Portuguese,  has  been  much  exaggerated  by  travellers. 


LIS— LIV  331 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

The  Observatory  is  in  38°  42'  24"  N.  Lat.,  and  9°  8'  21"  W.  Lon. 
Pop.  about  260,000.     (B.) 

Lis'-burn,  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  the  N.  of  Ireland,  in  the 
eo.  of  Antrim,  8  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Belfast.     Pop.  in  1831,  5,745.     (P.  C.) 

Lisieux,  lev-ze-uA',  (Anc.  Noviom'agus  or  Nceom'agus,  afterwards 
Lexov'ii),  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados,  93  m. 
W.  by  N.  from  Paris.  Lat.  49°  9'  N.,  Lon.  0°  14'  E.  Pop.  11,473, 
(P.  C.) 

Lis-keard'  or  Les-keard',  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Cornwall.  Lat. 
50°  27'  N.,  Lon.  4°  26'  W. 

Lisle.     See  Lille. 

Lis-more',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Waterford,  on  the  Blackwa- 
ter  r.,  28  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Cork.     Pop.  in  1831,  2,998.     (P.  C.) 

Lis'-sa  (Polish,  Leszno,  lesh'-no),  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussia,  on 
the  borders  of  Silesia.  Lat.  51°  52'  N.,  Lon.  16°  36'  E.  Pop.  7,500.  (B.) 

Litch'-field,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Conn.  Pop. 
45,253. 

Litchfield,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  about  33  m.,  in  a 
straight  line,  N.  N.  W.  of  New  Haven.  Here  is  a  female  seminary  of 
distinguished  reputation.     Pop.  3,953. 

Lith-u-a^-nx-a  (see  Int.  XI.),  a  country  of  Europe,  which  constituted 
an  independent  and  powerful  state,  from  about  the  year  1206  to  1385, 
when  it  was  united  with  Poland,  by  the  marriage  of  king  Yaguellon 
with  the  Polish  queen  Hedvige.  Olghord,  the  father  of  Yaguellon, 
and  the  most  powerful  of  the  Lithuanian  princes,  had  extended  his 
dominions  to  the  banks  of  the  Don  and  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea, 
and  thrice  presented  himself  in  triumph  before  the  gates  of  Moscow. 
A  great  part  of  these  possessions  was  afterwards  lost  under  the  reign 
of  Casimir  III.,  and  of  several  succeeding  princes.  The  territory 
which  constituted  the  duchy  of  Lithuania,  at  the  time  of  the  first  dis- 
memberment of  Poland,  in  1772,  now  forms  the  Russian  governments 
of  Vilna,  Grodno,  Bialystock,  Vitepsk,  Mohelef,  Minsk,  and  Augustov 
or  Augustow. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Lith-u-a'-nx-an. 

Little  Rock,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Arkansas,  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  Arkansas  r.  Lat.  34°  40'  N.,  Lon.  83°  10'  W.  Pop.  about  4,000. 

Livadia  or  Libadia,*  le-va-Dee'-a,  (Anc.  Lebade^a,)  a  t.  of  Greece, 
which,  under  the  Turkish  government,  gave  its  name  to  the  prov.  in 
which  it  was  situated.  Before  the  war  of  independence,  the  pop.  was 
estimated  at  10,000  (B.),  but  it  is  said  to  have  been  entirely  ruined  in 
that  contest.  The  ancient  town  was  remarkable  as  the  seat  of  the  fa- 
mous oracle  or  cavern  of  Trophonius.     Lat.  38°  24'  N.,  Lon.  22°  58'  E. 

Liv'-er-pool\  a  city  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  and,  next  to  Lon- 
don, the  greatest  commercial  emporium  of  the  British  empire,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  estuary  of  Mersey,  3  or  4  m.  from  the  sea.  Before  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  the  streets  of  this  town  were  narrow  and 
inconvenient,  and  the  buildings  wholly  devoid  of  architectual  beauty ; 
but  successive  alterations  have  given  it  a  degree  of  commodiousness 
and  elegance  not  to  be  met  with  in  any  other  commercial  port  in  Eng- 


*  See  Introduction,  XXI.  11. 


332  LIV— LLA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

land.  By  means  of  canals  and  railways,  Liverpool  has  ready  commu- 
nication with  all  the  more  important  places  in  the  interior  of  the  coun- 
try ;  a  circumstance  which,  with  its  proximity  to  Manchester,  has 
contributed,  perhaps  not  less  than  its  maritime  trade,  to  its  extraordi- 
nary commercial  prosperity.  Among  the  numerous  literary  and  scien- 
tific establishments  of  this  city,  we  may  mention  the  Royal  Institution, 
founded  in  1814,  by  the  celebrated  William  Roscoe,  and  containing  an 
extensive  museum  of  natural  history,  many  valuable  paintings,  &c. ; 
courses  of  lectures  are  given  on  literature  and  the  various  branches  of 
physical  science.  Like  most  of  the  great  towns  of  England,  Liverpool 
is  furnished  with  water  and  gas,  which  are  distributed  to  the  private 
houses.  With  the  exception  of  London,  this  town  is  the  most  populous 
in  Great  Britain.  Its  growth  has  been  extremely  rapid;  in  1700,  its 
pop.  was  only  5,714;  in  1801,  it  was  77,703;  in  1831,  165,221  (JVL), 
and  in  1851,  including  the  parish  and  the  adjoining  townships, 
384,203.  Liverpool  now  far  exceeds  London  in  the  value  of  its  ex- 
ports, which  in  1851  amounted  to  £35,000,000,  while  those  of  London 
were  about  £14,000,000.     Lat.  53°  24/  N.,  Lon.  2°  58'  W. 

LivMngs-ton,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  Ge- 
nesee r.     Pop.  40,875.     Co.  t.  Geneseo. 

Livingston,  a  parish  in  the  E.  part  of  La.,  on  the  Amite  r.  and 
Pontchartrain  L.     Pop.  3,385. 

Livingston,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  of  Kentucky,  bordering  on  the  Ohio 
and  Tennessee  rivers.     Pop.  6,578.     Co.  t.  Salem. 

Livingston,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  W.  N.  W.  of  Detroit. 
Pop.  13,485.  Co.  t.  Howell. 

Livingston,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Til.,  a  little  S.  of  the 
Illinois  r.     Pop.  1,552. 

Livingston,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  Grand  r.  Pop. 
4,247. 

Li-vo'-nx-a  (Ger.  Liefland,  leeP-lant),  a  gov.  in  the  W.  part  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  between  the  Gulf  of  Livonia  and  Lake  Peipus.  Capi- 
tal, Riga. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Lj-vo'-ni-an. 

Livonia,  Gulf  of,  a  portion  of  the  Baltic,  situated  S.  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  between  56°  55'  and  57°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  22°  and  24°  40'  E. 
Lon.     It  is  sometimes  called  the  Gulf  of  Riga. 

Livorno.     See  Leghorn. 

Lizard  Point,  a  bold  headland  in  the  British  Channel,  on  the  S„ 
coast  of  Cornwall,  forming  the  most  southerly  part  of  England.  Lat 
49°  57'  30"  N.,  Lon.  5°  if  W. 

Ljusne,  lvoos'-ne,  a  small  r.  in  the  N.  of  Sweden,  which  flows  into 
the  Gulf  of"Bothnia,  near  Lat.  61°  10'  N. 

Llan-daff\  a  small  decayed  t.  of  S.  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire, 
27  m.  W.  of  Bristol,  only  remarkable  for  being  a  bishop's  see,  and  for 
its  ancient  cathedral. 

Llanelly,  lan-ethMe,  a  seaport  t.  of  S.  Wales,  in  Caermarthenshire, 
13  m.  S.  E.  of  Caermarthen.     Pop.  of  the  borough,  6,818. 


LLA— LOF  333 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Llangollen,  lan-gothMen,  a  t.  of  N.  Wales,  in  Denbighshire,  18  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Denbigh.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  4,906. 

Llanidloes,  lan'-id-less,  a  t.  of  N.  Wales  in  Montgomeryshire,  on 
the  Severn,  near  its  source,  19  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Montgomery.  Pop. 
2,742. 

Llanos,  lya^-noce,  (t.  e.  in  Spanish  the  "plains,")  a  name  applied  to 
the  extensive  plains  of  S.  America,  particularly  to  those  lying  between 
the  r.  Caqueta  and  the  Orinoco,  which  are  comprised  chiefly  within  the 
republics  of  New  Grenada  and  Venezuela. 

Llerena,  lya-rV-na,  a  t.  of  Estremadura,  Spain.  Lat.  38°  15'  N., 
Lon.  6°  3'  W.     Pop.  6,495.     (M.) 

L6,  Saint  (Fr.  pron.  sSn  16),  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Manche.  Among  its  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  there 
is  a  public  library  of  5,000  vols.  Lat.  49°  8'  N.,  Lon.  1°  5'  W.  Pop. 
8,820.     (B ) 

Loango,  lo-ang'-go,  a  kingdom  on  the  W.  coast  of  Africa,  lying  be- 
tween the  equator  and  the  r.  Congo  or  Zaire,  in  about  6°  S.  Lat.  The 
people  of  this  country  are  very  ignorant  and  superstitious;  the  govern- 
ment is  an  absolute  despotism.  Loango,  the  cap.,  stands  about  3  m. 
from  the  sea.     Lat.  4°  36'  S.,  Lon.  12°  20'  E.     Pop.  15,000. 

Lock/-port,  a  flourishing  t.  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  Niagara  co.,  on  the  Erie 
Canal,  about  60  m.  W.  of  Rochester.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  locks 
where  the  canal  descends  a  terrace  called  the  Mountain  Ridge:  there 
is  at  this  place  about  60  ft.  lockage.     Pop.  of  township,  12  323. 

Lodeve,  loN-dave^  (Anc.  Lute^va  or  Lote'va),  a  manufacturing  t.  of 
France,  in  the  dep.  of  Herault.  Lat.  43°  44'  N.,  Lon.  3°  19'  E.  Pop. 
11,071.     (M.) 

Lodi,  lo'-de,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  delegation  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Adda,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Milan.  It  contains  a  royal  lyceum, 
two  gymnasia,  a  college  or  high-school  for  girls,  and  other  institutions. 
Lodi  is  memorable  in  history  as  the  scene  of  one  of  Napoleon's  most 
brilliant  victories,  which  was  gained  over  the  Austrians  on  the  10th  of 
May,  1796.     Lat.  45°  18'  N.,  Lon.  9°  31'  E.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Lof-fo'-den*  or  Lofoden  Isles,  a  group  on  the  coast  of  Norway, 
between  67°'  30'  and  69°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  11°  and  16°  30'  E.  Lon.  It 
consists  of  5  principal  islands.  Hindoen,  the  largest,  is  about  50  m. 
long,  with  perhaps  an  average  breadth  of  25  m.  The  aggregate  pop. 
is  estimated  at  between  3,000  and  4,000.  (M.)  Near  the  southern 
extremity  of  this  group  is  the  Maelstrom  (male/-strum),f  a  great  whirl- 

*  We  frequently  hear  this  name  pronounced  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable; 
but  the  accentuation,  as  given  above,  is  supported  (as  we  are  informed)  by  the 
practice  of  the  people  of  Sweden  and  Norway.  It  is  also  sanctioned  by  the  au- 
thority of  one  of  our  most  distinguished  poets. 

"  Round  the  rocks,  where  loud  Loffoden 
Whirls  to  death  the  roaring  whale; 
Round  the  hall,  where  Runic  Odin 
Howls  his  war-song  to  the  gale." — Campbell. 
t  Literally,  "  mill-stream,"  so  named  probably  from  its  whirling  like  a  mill-stone, 
and  crushing  or  breaking  whatever  is  thrown  into  it. 


334  LOG— LOM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  65  as  in  good , 

pool,  a  mile  and  a  half  in  diameter,  which  sometimes  draws  within 
its  vortex  ships,  as  well  as  whales  and  other  animals,  and  dashes  them 
on  the  rocks  beneath.  An  American  captain  who  visited  the  Mael- 
strom, some  years  since,  says  there  "  is  evidently  a  subterranean  pas- 
sage." He  adds,  "  I  should  not  doubt  that  instant  destruction  would  be 
the  fate  of  a  dozen  of  our  largest  ships,  were  they  drawn  in  at  the  same 
moment."  (Goodrich's  Pictorial  Geography,  page  782.)  No  satisfac- 
tory explanation  has  yet  been  given  of  this  wonderful  phenomenon. 

Lo'-gan,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Guyandotte.  Pop.  3,620. 
Seat  of  justice,  Logan  c.  h. 

Logan,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
16,581.     Co.  t.  Russelville. 

Logan,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Miami  r.     Pop.  19,162.     Co.  t.  Belle  Fontaine. 

Logan,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  111.     Pop.  5,128.     Co.  t.  Postville. 

LoGRofio,  lo-grone'-yo,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile.  Lat.  42°  24' 
N.,  Lon.  2°  28'  W.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Loir  and  Cher,  lwiht  and  shaRe,  (Fr.  Loir-et-Cher,  lwau  a  shaRe,) 
a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  rivers 
Loir  and  Cher,  the  latter  of  which  flows  into  the  Loire ;  the  former 
into  the  Sarthe.     Pop.  244,043.  (B.)     Capital,  Blois. 

Loire,  IwSr,  (Anc.  Linger,)  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Ardeche,  and  flowing,  first  in  a  general  northerly  and 
afterwards  westerly  course,  falls  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  about  47° 
15'  N.  Lat.,  and  2°  12'  W.  Lon.  It  is  the  longest  r.  of  France,  its 
whole  length  being  estimated  at  670  m. ;  of  which  about  512  are  navi- 
gable. 

Loire,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  Loire,  and 
bordering  on  Upper  Loire.     Pop.  412,497.  (B.)     Capital,  Montbrison. 

Loire,  Lower  (Fr.  Loire  Inferieure,  lwau  aNv-fav-rex-uR0,  a  dep.  in 
the  W.  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  Loire,  and  bordering  on  the 
Bay  of  Biscay.     Pop.  470,768.  (B.)     Capital,  Nantes. 

Loire,  Upper  (Fr.  Haute-Loire,  ote  IwSr),  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part 
of  France,  intersected  by  the  Loire,  near  its  source.  Pop.  295,384.  (B.) 
Capital,  Le  Puy. 

Loiret,  lwaRN-a/,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  France,  on  a  little 
stream  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Loire.  Pop.  316,189. 
(B.)   Capital,  Orleans. 

Loja,  lo'-Ha,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  on  the  Genii 
(Ha-neeF),  26  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Granada.  Lat.  37°  10'  N.,  Lon.  4°  18' 
W.     Pop.  estimated  at  14,000.     (B.) 

Lokeren,  lo'-ker-en,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of 
E.  Flanders,  12  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Lom'-bar-dy  (It.  Lombardia,  lom-baR-dee'-a),  a  country  in  the  N.  of 
Italy,  of  rather  indefinite  limits,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  Lon- 
gobards  or  Longobardi,  a  nation  of  German  extraction,  who  established 
themselves  here  in  the  latter  part  of  the  6th  century.  It  includes  the 
greater  part  of  the  basin  of  the  Po,  consisting  of  a  vast  Dlain  nearly 


LOM— LON  335 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

200  m.  in  length,  and  from  60  m.  to  70  m.  in  breadth.  This  territory 
now  belongs  to  Austria.     (See  Italy,  Austrian.) 

Lomond,  Ben.     See  Grampian  Hills. 

Lomond,  Loch,  Iok  lo'-mond,  the  largest  lake  of  Great  Britain.*  is 
situated  in  Scotland,  between  the  counties  of  Stirling  and  Dunbarton. 
Its  length  is  about  22  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth  about  5  m.  The  greatest 
depth  is  about  120  fathoms.  The  superficial  extent  is  stated  to  be 
45  sq.  m. 

London,  lun'-d'n,  (Anc.  Londin'ium,)  the  cap.  of  the  United  King- 
dom of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  the  most  commercial  and  probably 
the  most  populous  city  on  the  globe,  is  situated  on  the  Thames,  about 
45  m.  above  its  entrance  into  the  sea,  and  15  m.  below  the  highest  tide- 
way. The  greater  part  of  the  town  stands  on  a  slight  elevation,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  r.,  in  the  co.  of  Middlesex;  the  remainder,  on  the 
right  bank,  in  the  co.  of  Surrey.  London  may  be  considered  as  con- 
sisting of  five  principal  portions,  viz.,  Westminster  and  West-End,  in 
the  W.  part  of  the  city ;  the  city  proper,  which  forms  the  central  and 
most  ancient  quarter  of  the  town  ;  East-End  ;  and  Southwark.  Six  noble 
bridges  cross  the  Thames ;  the  Waterloo,  the  London,  the  Westmin- 
ster, the  Blackfriars',  the  Southwark,  and  the  Vauxhall.  Of  these,  the 
Waterloo  bridge,  built  of  granite,  and  1,242  ft.  in  length,  is  the  largest 
and  most  beautiful.  The  Southwark  bridge,  constructed  of  iron,  and 
708  ft.  in  length,  is  remarkable  for  the  extent  of  the  central  arch,  which 
has  a  span  of  240  ft.  The  Thames  is  also  traversed  by  a  tunnel  or  sub- 
terraneous passage,  consisting  of  a  brick  cylinder  or  pipe,  divided  into 
two  roadways,  each  15  ft.  high,  and  12  ft.  broad.  This  tunnel,  which 
is  abuut  2  m.  below  the  London  bridge,  has  been  constructed  for  the 
purpose  of  uniting  the  two  banks  without  injury  to  the  shipping  inte- 
rest, which  could  not  have  been  effected  by  the  erection  of  a  bridge. 
Among  the  great  number  of  public  edifices  which  adorn  the  metropolis 
of  the  British  empire,  the  most  remarkable  are — the  palace  of  St.  James, 
situated  N.  of  a  park  of  the  same  name;  since  the  year  1695,  it  has 
been  the  residence  of  the  English  kings;  but,  notwithstanding  the  rich- 
ness and  elegance  of  the  interior,  the  building  being  only  of  brick,  and 
irregular  in  its  form,  the  exterior  exhibits  none  of  that  magnificence 
by  which  many  other  of  the  palaces  of  Europe  are  distinguished  :  the 
Tower,  a  vast  and  ancient  fortress,  founded  by  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  formerly  inhabited  as  a  palace  by  several  English  sovereigns. 
Since  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth,  it  has  been  employed  as  an  arsenal, 
and  a  repository  for  the  jewels,  records,  &c,  belonging  to  the  crown,  and 
sometimes  as  a  state  prison.  It  should  be  observed  that  extensive  addi- 
tions have  been  made  to  it  at  different  times,  so  that  the  original  tower, 
which  is  called  the  White  Tower,  at  present  forms  but  a  small  part  of 
this  vast  edifice.  Unhappily,  on  the  30th  of  October,  1841,  that  portion 
of  the  Tower  of  London,  denominated  the  Grand   Store-house,  and 

*  The  largest  lake,  properly  speaking,  but  not  the  largest  loch — it  will  be  re 
collected  that  the  latter  term  is  often  applied,  in  Scotland,  to  arms  of  the  sea. 


336  LON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  f at ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good  ; 

Small  Armoury,  with  its  contents,  an  inestimable  collection  of  trophies, 
antiquities,  &.c,  together  with  nearly  250,000  stand  of  arms,  was  re- 
duced by  fire  to  a  mingled  heap  of  ruins :  an  occurrence  the  more  to 
be  deplored,  because,  from  the  peculiar  character  of  a  large  part  of  the 
articles  destroyed,  it  is  impossible  that  they  should  ever  be  replaced. 
Among  the  churches  may  be  mentioned  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  which 
is  regarded  as  the  most  remarkable  work  of  architecture  in  Great 
Britain,  and,  as  a  temple,  the  most  sumptuous  and  vast  that  has  ever 
been  erected  in  Protestant  Christendom;  it  was  begun  in  1675  and 
finished  in  1710;  one  architect,  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  having  super- 
intended the  work  from  its  commencement  to  its  completion  ;  the 
extreme  length  of  the  cathedral  is  510  ft. ;  height  from  the  floor  to  the 
top  of  the  cross,  362  ft.:  and  Westminster  Abbey,  one  of  the  finest  Go- 
thic buildings  in  Europe,  in  which  repose  the  ashes  of  many  of  the 
English  kings,  and  others  of  the  royal  family,  as  well  as  of  those  who, 
by  their  talents  or  exploits,  have  added  to  the  glory  of  the  British 
name. — Among  the  almost  countless  multitude  of  institutions  for  the 
promotion  of  science,  literature,  and  the  arts,  of  which  London  can 
boast,  our  limits  will  permit  us  to  notice  only  a  few  of  the  most  remark- 
able. These  are:  the  University  of  London,  founded  on  a  new  plan, 
excluding  theological  studies,  and  admitting  to  its  course,  without  dis- 
tinction, all  those  who  wish  to  attend  it;  this  institution  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1837:  King's  College,  another  university,  which  excludes 
students  not  professing  with  the  established  church :  The  Royal  Society 
of  London,  instituted  in  the  early  part  of  the  17th  century,  and  incor- 
porated in  1663,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  as  well  as  one  of  the 
oldest  associations  of  the  kind  in  Europe ;  its  object  is  the  promo- 
tion of  general  science:  the  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  incor- 
porated in  1800 ;  it  possesses  a  magnificent  chemical  laboratory,  an 
extensive  library,  &c. — Professor  Davy,  afterwards  Sir  Humphry  Davy, 
was  connected  with  this  institution,  when,  in  1807,  he  made  the  disco- 
very of  the  composition  of  the  fixed  alkalies,  a  discovery  which,  viewed 
in  all  its  relations,  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important,  as 
well  as  one  of  the  most  brilliant,  recorded  in  the  annals  of  science  : — the 
Linnsean  Society,  incorporated  in  1802,  with  a  valuable  library  and  one 
of  the  most  extensive  botanical  collections  in  the  world;  the  East  India 
Company  has  recently  presented  to  this  society  all  those  invaluable  col- 
lections, which  have  been  made  at  different  times  by  its  agents  in  India 
(B.):  the  Zoological  Society,  incorporated  in  1829,  connected  with  which 
are  the  Zoological  Gardens,  with  a  menagerie  stocked  with  animals 
from  every  region  of  the  globe:  the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful 
Knowledge,  founded  in  1826,  incorporated  in  1832 ;  the  great  object  of 
which  is  to  distribute,  among  the  middling  and  poorer  classes,  works  on 
science,  &c,  at  a  low  price ;  this  is  in  every  respect  a  useful  and  ad- 
mirable institution,  and  possesses  among  its  numerous  members  a  large 
share  of  the  talent  and  learning,  as  well  as  some  of  the  most  distin- 
guished names,  of  Great  Britain :  The  Royal  Geographical  Society, 
founded  in  1830;  an  association   which,  though  in  its  infancy,  haa 


LON  337 

on,  as  in  but;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


already  done  much  towards  advancing-  the  interests  of  this  important 
science.  Another  institution,  of  a  different  kind,  especially  deserving 
the  attention  of  a  stranger  in  the  metropolis,  is  the  British  Museum,  a 
rich  and  almost  unrivalled  collection  of  books,  manuscripts,  statues, 
coins,  and  other  antiquities,  besides  specimens  in  the  various  depart- 
ments of  natural  history. — As  regards  extent  and  activity  of  commerce, 
London  is  without  a  rival  anion g  all  the  cities  of  the  globe.  In  1825, 
the  tonnage  of  the  ships  belonging  to  this  port  amounted  to  870,400  ; 
about  the  same  time,  that  of  all  the  merchant  vessels  of  France  was 
only  639,443  (B.);  so  that  the  tonnage  of  the  British  capital  alone 
considerably  exceeded  all  that  of  the  third  commercial  power  in  the 
world!  At  the  same  time,  the  tonnage  of  New  York,  which,  in  this 
respect,  is  the  second  city  on  the  globe,  amounted  to  only  304,500; 
Newcastle,  the  second  port  of  the  United  Kingdom,  and  the  third  in 
the  world,  had  only  193,100  tons.  If  we  compare  the  value  of  the 
imports  and  exports  of  the  most  important  commercial  places  in  the 
world,  we  shall  find  that,  in  this  respect,  London  is  far  before  every 
other,  while  Liverpool  holds  the  second  and  New  York  the  third  rank. 


Where  has  commerce  such  a  mart, 


So  rich,  so  thronged,  so  drained,  and  so  supplied, 

As  London — opulent,  enlarged,  and -still 

Increasing  London?     Babylon  of  old 

Not  more  the  glory  of  the  earth  than  she, 

A  more  accomplished  world1  s  chief  glory  now. 

Now  mark  a  spot  or  two 

Which  so  much  beauty  would  do  well  to  purge." 

**  However  imposing,  however  wonderful  may  be  the  picture  pre- 
sented to  the  thoughtless  observer,  or  to  him  who  contemplates  Lon- 
don only  from  a  distance — when  we  reflect  what  multitudes  of  her  citi- 
zens are  condemned  to  continual  labour,  which  does  not  yield  them  a 
sufficiency  of  the  necessaries  of  life,  but  whose  efforts,  like  those  of 
Sisyphus,  areever  unsuccessful,  and  yet  may  never  be  remitted;  and  how 
many  there  are  who  have  not  the  virtue,  if  they  have  the  ability,  to 
struggle  manfully  with  want,  but  are  supported  by  a  charity  which  per- 
haps fear  alone  inspires,  or  by  those  dishonest  practices  which  are  the 
last  resource  of  the  idle,  we  shall  find  far  more  cause  for  abasement 
and  sorrow,  than  for  pride  and  exultation.""  It  appears  that,  in  1838, 
there  were  in  London  4,430  pickpockets  and  common  thieves  known  to 
the  police,  217  burglars  and  housebreakers,  2,295  vagrants,  2,786  ha- 
bitual disorderlies  (M.),  besides  various  other  classes  of  offenders.  It 
is  estimated  that  more  than  14.0.10  persons  are  supported  by  street 
alms;  a  large  portion  of  these  mendicants  are  among  the  worst  class 
of  impostors.  The  pop.  of  London,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  following 
statement,  has  increased  far  more  rapidly  during  the  present  than  the 
oast  century.  The  total  pop.  in  1700  was  674,350;  in  1750,  676,250; 
in  1801,  888,198;  in  1831,  1,508,469;  in  1851,  2,361,640.  St.  Paul's 
Cathedral,  situated  nearly  in  the  centre  of  London,  is  in  51°  30'  48"  N. 
Lat.,  and  0°  5'  48"  W.  Lon. — Inhab.  Londoner,  lun'-don-er. 
29 


338  LON— LOR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n5t;  66  asm^^, 

Londonderry,  luns-don-derf-re,  a  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ireland,  prov.  of 
Ulster,  bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  222,012.     (P.  C.) 

Londonderry,  or  simply  Derry,  a  eommereial  city  of  Ireland,  the 
cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  on  the  p.  Foyle,  about  5  m.  above  where 
it  falls  into  Lough  Foyle.  Lat.  54°  5#  N.,  Lon.  7°  1&'  W.  Pop.  ia 
1831,10,130.     (P.C.) 

Long^-ford,  an  inland  co.,  near  the  centre  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Lein- 
ster.     Pop!  in  1831,  112,558.     (P.  C.) 

Longford,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  on  a  tributary  of  the 
Shannon,  65  m.  W.  N.  W\  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  4,516.     (P.  C.) 

Long  Island,  an  i.  on  the  E.  coast  of  the  U.  S.,  forming  a  part  of 
the  state  of  New  York,  situated  between  40°  33'  and  41°  6'  N.  Lat., 
and  72°  and  74°  2'  W.  Lon.  Its  length  is  about  115  m. ;  its  greatest 
breadth  near  20  m.  This  i.  is  separated  from  the  continent  by  Long 
Island  Sound,  which,  near  the  city  of  New  York,  is  but  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  wide,  and  is  there  called  the  East  River,  but,  opposite  to  New 
Haven,  it 3  breadth  is  about  25  m. 

Lons-le-Saulnier,  16 n  le/i  soN-ne-a'r  the  cap.  of  the  French  dep.  of 
Jura.     Lat.  46°  39'  N.,  Lon.  5°  33'  E.     Pop.  7,684.     (B.) 

L00-C1100  (or  Lieou-Khieou)  Islands,  a  group  in  the  N.  Pacific,  E. 
of  China,  between  26°  and  28°  N.  Lat.,  and  127°  and  129°  E.  Lon. 
They  are  all  small,  with  the  exception  of  one  called  the  Great  Loo- 
choo,  which  is  about  70  m.  in  length,  and  from  12  to  15  m.  in  breadth. 
These  islands  are  tributary  to  China. 

Lo-rain',  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  L.  Erie.  Pop. 
26,086.     Co.  t.  Elyria. 

Lorca,  loR^-ka,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  prov.  of  Murcia,  with  manufac- 
tures of  saltpetre,  woollen,  and  linen  cloths,  &e.  Lat.  37°  42^  N.,  Loa. 
1°  53'  W.     Pop.  stated  at  40,366.     (B.) 

Lo-ret^-to  (It.  Loreto,  lo-ra/-to),  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  state, 
about  3  m.  from  the  Adriatic,  and  15  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ancona,  celebrated 
for  its  sanctuary  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  called  La  Santa  Casa,  i.  e.  the 
"  holy  house,"  said  to  have  been  the  dwelling  of  Mary  at  Nazareth,  and 
to  have  been  transported,  by  supernatural  power,  to  Italy,  after  the 
Mahometans  had  taken  possession  of  Palestine,  in  the  13th  century. 
The  town  is  annually  visited  by  numerous  pilgrims.  Lat.  43°  27'  N., 
Lon.  13°  36'  E      Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

L'Orient,  Iov-rev-aV,  or  Lorient,  a  seaport  t.  and  fortress  of  France, 
in  the  dep.  of  Morbihan,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Port  Louis. 
L'Orient  is  well  built,  with  wide  and  well-paved  streets,  and  may  be 
ranked  among  the  handsomest  towns  of  France.  Its  commerce,  though 
much  less  than  formerly,  is  still  considerable;  and  it  is  the  seat  of  seve- 
ral literary  and  scientific  institutions,  among  which  there  are,  a  school 
for  the  special  instruction  of  students  destined  for  the  navy;  and  an 
observatory.     Lat.  47°  45'  N.,  Lon.  3°  21'  W.     Pop.  18,000.     (B.) 

Lorx-raine/,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  former  provinces  of  France, 
situated  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  that  kingdom,  a  small  portion  of  which 


LOS— LOU  339 

©u,  as  in  tmr ;  th,  as  in  thin ,-  th,  as  in  this ,'  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

was  ceded  to  Prussia  in  1815;  the  remainder  constitutes  the  depart- 
ments of  Meurthe,  Meuse,  Moselle,  and  Vosges. 

Lost-with'-iel  or  Lest-with'-iel,  a  small  I.  of  England,  in  Corn- 
wall, on  the  Fowey.     Lat.  50°  24' N,,  Lon.  4°  39'  W. 

Lot,  lot,  a  r.  in  the  S.  VV.  part  of  France,  which  flows  into  the  Ga- 
ronne.    Its  length  is  about  220  m.,  for  70  m.  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

Lot,  a  dep.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r.  Pop.  287,003. 
(B.)     Capital,  Cahors. 

Lot  and  Garonne  (Fr.  Lot-et-Garonne,lota  garv-onn'),  a  dep.  in  the 
S.  W,  of  France,  on  the  rivers  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  Pop. 
346,000.  (B.)     Capital,  Agen. 

Lothian,  lo'-THe-an,  an  extensive  and  fertile  district  of  Scotland, 
2ying  along  the  S.  side  of  the  Frith  of  Forth,  divided  into  the  counties 
of  East  Lothian  or  Haddington,  Mid-Lothian  or  Edinburgh,  and  West 
Lothian  or  Linlithgow.  (See  Haddingtonshire,  Edinburghshire,  and 
Linlithgowshire.  ) 

Lou'-don,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac. 
Pop.  22,079.    Co.  t  Leesburg. 

Loughborough,  luff/-bur-re/t,  a  manufacturing  t.  in  the  central  part  of 
England,  in  Leicestershire,  on  a  canal  which  communicates  with  Not- 
tingham and  Leicestershire,  10  m.  N.  by  W.  of  the  latter  town.  Pop. 
of  the  entire  parish,  10,170. 

Loughrea,  loHv-ra/,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Gal  way,  on  a  small 
Jake  of  tho  same  name.  Lat.  53°  12'  N.,  Lon,  8°  35'  W.  Pop.  in 
1831,  4,007.     (M.) 

Louis,  St.,  (sent  loo'-is,  or  loo'-e,)  the  commercial  cap.  of  Mo., 
and  seat  of  justice  of  St.  Louis  co.,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  r.,  18  hi.  below  the  mouth  of  the"  Missouri ;  808  m.  W. 
from  Washington,  and  about  1150  m.  by  water  above  New  Orleans. 
Lat.  38°  36/  N.     Lon.  89°  3G/  W. 

The  position  of  this  city,  on  one  of  the  largest  rivers  of  the  world, 
near  its  union  with  the  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  in  the  centre  of  the 
most  extensive  system  of  internal  navigation  in  America,  is  in  the 
highest  degree  favourable  to  its  commercial  prosperity ;  and,  in  all 
probability,  it  is  destined  to  become  in  a  few  years  one  of  the  greatest 
emporiums  of  the  new  continent.  The  growth  of  St  Louis  has  been 
astonishingly  rapid.  In  1816  the  pop.  was  only  2,000  ;  in  1830  it  was 
5,832  ;  in  1840, 16,469  ;  and,  in  1850,  it  amounted  to  77,860.  The  co. 
of  St.  Louis  has  a  pop.  of  104,978. 

Its  site  is  elevated,  and  protected  from  floods  by  a  barrier  of  lime- 
stone, which  extends  nearly  two  miles.  On  the  first  bank,  which  is 
elevated  about  20  feet,  are  several  streets  running  parallel  with  the 
river,  in  which  the  heavy  produce  and  shipping  business  is  trans- 
acted. Front  street,  which  is  open  on  the  eastern  side,  displays  a 
range  of  four-storied  limestone  warehouses,  which  have  an  imposing 
appearance  from  the  water.  These  streets  are  crossed  at  right  angles 
by  others,  which  lead,  by  a  gentle  ascent,  to  a  second  plateau,  which 
is  40  feet  above  the  level  of  the  first,  and  affords  a  fine  view  of  tho 


340  LOU— LOU 

Fite,  far,  fill,  f&t;  m&,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  nd-,  n3t;  oo  as- in  ffoocl; 

river,  the  city,  and  its  environs.  Tim  part  of  the  city  is  laid  out  in 
broad  avenues  and  streets,  and  adorned  with  elegant  mansions.  The 
more  recent  houses  are  mostly  built  of  brick,  or  of  a  kind  of  limestone, 
found  on  the  spot,  which  is  soft  when  first  quarried,  but  becomes 
hard  by  exposure.  The  streets  are  lighted  with  gas,  and  the  water  of 
the  river  is  distributed  through  them  from  a  reservoir  on  the  top  of 
an  artificial  mound,  supposed  to  be  the  work  of  the  aborigines. 
Among  the  principal  public  buildings  and  institutions  are  the  City 
Hall,  the  Catholic  cathedral,  and  the  University  of  St.  Louis,  with  a 
library  of  12,000  volumes.  There  is  also  an  Academy  of  Sciences,  a 
Museum,  a  Convent,  two  Orphan  Asylums,  a  U..  S.  Arsenal,  and  several 
academies. 

In  amount  of  shipping,  St.  Louis  will  compare  favourably  with  any 
of  the  western  cities.  In  the  year  1850,  240  steamboats  were  em- 
ployed in  her  commerce,  the  largest  of  which  carried  938  tons ;  and 
the  number  of  steamboat  arrivals,  in  that  year,  amounted  to  2900. 
The  tonnage  of  the  steamboats  owned  here  ia  1848,  (126  in  number),, 
was  35,578.  The  quantities  of  the  leading  articles- of  produce  received 
here,  in  1850,  were  as  follows-:  927,346  sacks-  of  wheat ;  330,000  bbls. 
of  flour ;  573,500  pigs  of  lead  ;  60,862  bales  of  hemp ;  and  9,055  hhds. 
of  tobacco.  Abundance  of  coal  and  marble  is  found  in  the  immediate 
vicinity,  and  iron  in  some  parts  of  the  county.  The  trade  of  St. 
Louis,  in  1851,  was  estimated  by  a  committee  of  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, at  60  millions  of  dollars-. 

This  place  is  also  the  seat  of  various  manufactures,  among  which 
are  numerous  iron-foundries,  rope-factories  glass-works,  oil-mills, 
and  saw-mills, 

Louis,  Saint,  (Fr.  pron.  saN  loov-ee',)  a  t.  of  West  Africa,  the  cap. 
of  the  French  possessions  in  Senegambia,  on  an  island  of  the  same 
name,  in  the  Senegal,  near  its  mouth.  Lat.  about  16°  N.,  Lon.  16a 
30' W.     Pop.  near  6,000.     (B.) 

Louisa,  (loo-ee'-za,)  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  N.  W.  of 
Richmond.     Pop.  16,691.     Seat  of  justice,  Louisa  c.  h. 

Louisa,  a  eo.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  4,939. 

Louisiana,  (looN-e-z.e-an/a,)  one  of  the  U.  S.,  forming  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Union,  situated  between  29p  and  33°  N.  Lat.,  and  8&° 
50/  and  94°  20'  "W.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Arkansas  and  Mis- 
sissippi, E.  by  Mississippi  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  S.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  W.  by  Texas,  and  divided  into  47  parishes,*  Length, 
from  E.  to  W.  about  29d  m. ;  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  230.     Area, 


*  Ascension,  Assumption,  Avoyelles,  Baton  Rouge,  East, Baton  Rouge,  Wesi, 
Barnard,  St.,  Bienville,  Bossier,  Caddo,  Calcasieu,  Caldwell,  Carrol,  Catahoula,* 
Charles,  St.,  Claiborne.  Concordia,  De  Soto,  Feliciana,  East,  Feliciana,  West, 
Franklin,  Helena,  St.,  Iberville,  Jarae-s,  St.,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  John  Baptist, 
St.,  Lafayette,  Lafourche  Interior,  Landry,  St.,  Livingston,  Madison,  Martin's, 
St.,  Mary's,  St.,  Morehouse,  Natchitoches,  Orleans,  Plaquemines,  Point  Coupee, 
Rapides,  Sabine,  Tammany,  St.,  Tensas,  Terre  Bonne,  Union,  Vermilion, 
"Washington,  Washita. 


LOU— LOW  341 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

estimated  at  48,500  sq.  m.  Pop.  511,974,  of  whom  255,416  are 
whites,  17,537  free  coloured,  and  239,021  slaves.  Baton  Rouge  is 
the  capital.  Louisiana,  which  originally  comprehended,  besides  the 
present  state,  all  the  territory  N.  of  Texas  between  the  Mississippi 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains,  was  ceded  by  the  French  to  the  United 
States,  in  1803.     The  state  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1812. 

Louisville,  (loo'-is-vill\)  the  most  populous  and  commercial  city  of 
Kentucky,  and  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.,  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  about 
130  m.  below  Cincinnati,  and  250  by  direct  line  from  St.  Louis.  Lat. 
38°  3/  N.  Lon.  85°  30'  W.  Pop.  in  1850,  43,196.  A  little  above 
the  city  the  Beargrass  cr.  falls  into  the  Ohio,  affording  a  harbour  for 
steamboats  and  river  craft.  The  city,  which  is  chiefly  built  of  brick, 
is  situated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  elevated  about  70  feet  above  the 
river.  The  streets  are  straight,  well-paved,  and  lighted  with  gas. 
There  are  a  number  of  streets  parallel  with  the  river,  which  vary  in 
width  from  60  to  100  feet,  and  are  crossed,  at  right  angles,  by  thirty 
others,  each  of  which  is  60  feet  wide.  Anong  the  public  edifices  and 
institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  City  Hall,  the  Medical  Institute, 
the  Asylum  for  the  Blind,  a  hospital,  the  University  of  Louisville,  and 
several  fine  places  of  worship.  Some  of  these  are  beautiful  specimens 
of  architecture.  Louisville  is  the  terminus  of  a  railroad  93  m.  long, 
which  connects  it  with  Frankfort  and  Lexington.  The  Louisville  and 
Portland  canal,  passing  round  the  falls  which  obstruct  the  navigation 
of  the  Ohio  at  this  place,  is  one  of  the  most  important  works  in  the 
country.  It  is  about  two  m.  long,  and  sufficiently  wide  and  deep  to 
admit  large  steamers.  There  are  four  locks,  constructed  in  the  most 
durable  manner,  with  a  total  lockage  of  22  feet.  This  town,  besides 
being  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  places  in  the  Western 
country,  is  the  seat  of  several  extensive  manufactories.  Among  these 
are  numerous  iron-foundries,  engine-shops,  boat-yards,  rope-factories, 
bagging-factories,  glass-works,'  &c. 

Louth,  Iouth,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Lein- 
eter,  bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  107,481.     (P.  C.) 

Louth,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Lincolnshire,  127  m.  N.  of  London.  Pop. 
of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  5  sq.  m.,  8,848. 

Louvain,  loo-vane',  (Fr.  pron.  Ioo'-v&n',  Flem.  Leu'-ven,)  a  t.  of  Bel- 
gium, prov.  of  Brabant,  on  the  Dyle  and  on  the  railway  between 
Brussels  and  Liege.  Its  pop.  in  the  14th  century  is  said  to  have 
amounted  to  near  200,000,  though  it  does  not  now  exceed  20,000.  (B.) 
Louvain  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  and  flourishing  university,  founded 
in  1426,  and  attended  by  about  500  students.  Lat.  50°  53'  N.,  Lon.  4° 
42' E. 

Louviers,  loov-ve--y,  formerly  Loviers,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep. 
of  Eure,  on  the  r.  Eure,  17  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Rouen.  Its  manufactures  of 
woollen  cloths  and  kerseymeres,  first  introduced  in  1681,  are  the  most 
important  of  the  kind  in  the  kingdom.  There  are  in  all  upwards  of  40 
factories.     Lat.  49°  12'  N.,  Lon.  1°  9'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Low'-ell,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Mass.,  in  the  county  of  Middlesex,  on 
29* 


342  LOW— LUC 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

the  Merrimack,  at  the  influx  of  the  Concord  r.,  about  23  m.,  in  a  straight 
line,  N.  N.  VV.  of  Boston,  remarkable  for  its  extensive  cotton  manufac- 
tures. The  site  on  which  the  town  stands  had  in  1820  only  about  100 
inhabitants ;  in  1822  the  first  cotton-mill  was  erected  ;  in  1830  the  pop. 
amounted  to  6,474;  and  in  1850  to  33,383!  Lowell  is  situated  on  the 
railroad  which  connects  Boston  with  Concord,  in  New  Hampshire.  Lat. 
42°  39'  N.,  Lon.  71°  19'  W. 

Lowndes,  lounz,  a  co.  in  the  S.  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Florida.  Pop. 
8,351.     Co.  t.  Franklinville. 

Lowndes,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ala.,  bordering-  on  the  Ala- 
bama r.     Pop.  21,915.     Co.  t.  Haynesville. 

Lowndes,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
19,544.     Co.  seat,  Columbus. 

Lowositz,  lo'-vo-sits,  a  village  of  Bohemia,  near  Leitmeritz,  remark- 
able as  the  scene  of  an  important  victory  gained  by  Frederic  the  Great 
over  the  Austrians,  in  1756. 

Loxa.     See  Loja. 

Lozere,  los-zaRe^,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  r. 
Lot,  near  its  source.     Pop.  141,733.  (B.)     Capital,  Mende. 

Lu'-beck,  an  important  commercial  city  of  Germany,  formerly  the 
head  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  and  still  the  cap.  of  the  free  Hanseatic 
cities  of  the  Germanic  confederation,  is  situated  on  the  Trave  (tr&'-veh), 
36  m.  N.  E.  of  Hamburg.  This  town,  with  its  territory,  containing  an 
area  of  about  117  sq.  m.,  constitutes  an  independent  republic,  which  is 
a  member  of  the  Germanic  confederation.  Among  the  edifices  of 
Lubeck,  the  Senate-House  (Rathhaus,  ruat'-house),  in  which  the  Han- 
seatic deputies  formerly  met,  deserves  especially  to  be  mentioned. 
Lat.  53°  51'  N.,  Lon.  10°  41'  E.  Pop.  of  the  town,  about  26,1100 ;  total 
pop.  of  the  republic,  46,000.     (B.) 

Lublin,  loob'-lin,  a  t.  of  Russian  Poland,  the  cap.  of  a  palatinate  of 
the  same  name,  97  m.  S.  E.  of  Warsaw  ;  it  contains  several  respectable 
literary  and  scientific  institutions.  Lat.  51°  16'  N.,  Lon.  22°  36'  E. 
Pop.  12,500.     (P.  C.) 

Lu^-cas,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Mich,  and  L, 
Erie.     Pop.  12,363.  Co.  t.  Toledo. 

Luc'-ca.  (It.  pron.  lookMd),  Duchy  of,  a  small  state  of  Italy,  N.  of 
Tuscany,  and  bordering  on  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  intersected  by  the 
44th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  10°  30'  E.  Lon.  Area 
about  416  sq.  m. 

Lucca  (Anc.  Lu^ca),  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Italy,  the  cap.  of  the 
above  duchy,  situated  in  a  rich  plain,  near  the  r.  Serchio  (s*R/-ke-o) 
about  12  m.  from  the  sea.  This  town  holds  an  important  place  in  the 
history  of  modern  Italy,  and  was  at  one  time,  with  Pisa,  the  head  of  the 
Ghibeline  party.  Lucca  contains  a  lyceum,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a 
university  :  in  the  ducal  palace  there  is  a  gallery  of  valuable  paintings ; 
also  a  library  of  25,000  vols.  The  female  seminary  of  this  place  is  said  to 
be  one  of  the  very  best  institutions  of  the  kind.     Lat.  43°  51'  N.,  Lon. 


LUC— LUD  343 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

10°  31'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  22,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Lucchese, 
luk-keze'. 

Lu-ce'-na  (Sp.  pron.  loo-tha'-na),  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia.  Lat. 
37°  28  N.,'Lon.  4°  28'  W.     Pop.  said  to  be  19,716.  (M.) 

Lucera,  loo-cha'-ra,  (Anc.  Luce'ria,)  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of 
Capita nata.     Lat.  41°  29'  N.,  Lon.  15°  16'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Lu-cerne'  (Fr.  pron.  luNstRn';  Ger.  Luzern,  loot-seRn') ;  a  canton  in 
the  N.  central  part  of  Switzerland.  Area  estimated  at  657  sq.m. 
Pop.  in  1836,  123,407.     (P.  C.) 

Lucerne,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  at  the  W.  extremity  of 
the  L.  of  Lucerne,  on  both  sides  of  the  Reuss,  which  forms  its  outlet. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  old  walls,  flanked  with  towers.  Lucerne 
contains  a  lyceum,  a  gymnasium,  and  numerous  other  institutions. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  things  at  this  place  is  the  topographic 
map,  in  relief,  constructed  by  Gen.  Pfyffer.  This  extraordinary  work 
is  22  ft.  long  and  13  wide,  and  represents  an  extent  of  180  sq.  leagues, 
of  which  the  L.  of  Lucerne  forms  the  centre.  The  materials  are  paste- 
board, wax,  and  resin.  Gen.  Pfyffer  is  said  to  have  spent  more  than  10 
years  in  making  this  topographical  model.  In  the  vicinity  of  Lucerne 
is  the  monument  erected  in  1821  to  the  memory  of  the  Swiss  Guards 
who  died  in  defence  of  the  Tuileries  against  the  mob  of  Paris,  on  the 
10th  of  August,  1792.  It  is  the  image  of  a  wounded  and  dying  lion  of 
colossal  size,  sculptured  in  the  side  of  a  rock.  Lat.  47°  3'  N.,  Lon.  8° 
18'  E.     Pop.  8,150.     (P.  C.) 

Lucerne,  Lake  of  (Ger.  Waldstatter  See,  Walt'-stet-ter  sa),  situ- 
ated nearly  in  the  centre  of  Switzerland,  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
pieces  of  water  in  Europe.  It  is  nearly  cruciform,  with  an  addition  to 
its  E.  end,  called  the  L.  of  Uri.  Its  entire  length  is  about  25  m.,  but 
the  breadth  of  any  of  its  arms  is  seldom  more  than  2  or  3  m.  The  sur- 
face is  1,380  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  greatest  depth  is  stated 
to  be  near  900  ft. 

Lucia  lu'-she-a,  St.,  one  of  the  British  W.  India  Islands,  intersected 
by  the  14th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  61st  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  It 
is  above  30  m.  in  length,  and  about  17  in  its  greatest  breadth,  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  about  350  sq.  m.     Pop.  in  1836,  16,116.     (P.  C.) 

Luckx-now',  a  large  t.  of  Hindostan,  since  1775  the  cap.  of  Oude,  is 
situated  on  the  Goomty  r.  It  consists  of  three  distinct  portions:  the 
ancient,  and  much  the  largest  part  of  the  city  is  badly  built,  with  dirty 
and  narrow  streets;  another  quarter,  which  contains  the  residences 
of  the  king  and  of  the  royal  family,  is  comparatively  new,  and  the 
houses  are  constructed  and  furnished  after  the  English  fashion  ;  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  town  is  built  in  the  oriental  style,  and  has 
many  fine  houses  and  religious  edifices.  Lat.  26°  51'  N.,  Lon.  80°  50" 
E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  300,000.     (B.) 

Lud'-low,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Shropshire,  24  m.  S.  of  Shrewsbury, 
and  126  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  5,064. 

Ludwigsburo,  Wd^-wigs-burg^  or  lood'-WiGs-booRG\  a  handsome  t 
of  Germany,  in  Wurtemberg,  the  cap.  of  the  circle  of  the  Neckar,  with 


344  LUD— LUT 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  ndt ;  oS as  in  #ood  ; 

a  lyceum,  an  arsenal,  and  a  military  school.  Lat.  48°  53'  N.,  Lon.  9° 
13'  E.     Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  military,  estimated  at  7,000.     (B.) 

Ludwigslust,  lood'-wiGs-l66st\  or  Ludwigsburg,  a  small  t.  of  Ger- 
many, in  the  grand-duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  about  18  m.  S. 
of  Schwerin:  it  is  the  ordinary  residence  of  the  grand-duke.  Pop. 
about  4,000.     (B.) 

Lugano,  loo-ga^-no,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  the  Swiss  canton 
of  Tessin,  situated  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  45°  59'  N.,  Lon. 
8°  57'  E.     Pop.  near  4,000.     (B.) 

Lugano,  Lake  of  (Aric.  Cere'sius),  is  situated  partly  in  the  canton  of 
Tessin  and  partly  in  Austrian  Italy.  Its  form  is  very  irregular ;  the 
whole  length  is  perhaps  about  20  m. ;  the  breadth  varies  from  a  half  or 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  about  2  m. 

Lugo,  loo'-go,  (Anc.  Lu^cus  August,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Galicia,  on  the 
Minho,  with  warm  mineral  springs.  Its  walls  were  built  by  the  ancient 
Romans.     Lat.  43°  N.,  Lon.  7°  35'  W.     Pop.  12,(,00.     (B.) 

Lump^-kin,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  Etowah  r.  Pop.  8,954. 
Co.  t.  Dahlonega. 

Lund,  loond,  a  t.  of  Sweden,  in  the  prov.  of  Skane,  with  a  celebrated 
university,  established  in  1668,  and  containing  a  library  of  near  40,000 
vols. ;  the  number  of  students  in  1830  was  632;  the  celebrated  Puff'en- 
dorf  was  appointed  professor  of  law  in  this  institution  in  1670;  Linneus 
was  for  some  time  a  pupil  here.  Lat.  55°  42'  N.,  Lon.  13°  13'  E.  Pop. 
4,120.     (M.) 

LVneburg,  lu'-neft-burg\  or  lu/-ne7i-b66RG\  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Han- 
over, the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Ilmenau  (il'-men-ou), 
with  very  productive  salt  works,  an  active  commerce,  and  above  12,000 
inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  53°  15'  N.,  Lon.  10°  24'  E. 

Lunel,  Ki'-neK,  a  t.  in  the  S.  of  France,  dep.  of  Herault,  14  m.  E.  N.E. 
of  Montpellier,  famous  for  its  wine.  By  the  canal  of  Lunel,  it  commu- 
nicates with  the  Rhone,  the  Mediterranean,  and  with  the  Southern 
Canal  (Canal  du  Midi).     Pop.  6,021.     (M.) 

Lu'-nen-burg\  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Meherrin  r.,  near 
its  source.     Pop.  11,692.     Co.  t.  Lewistown. 

Luneville,  lu'-ne-vilP,  or  luN-nevx-ilF,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Meurthe,  16  m.  S.  E.  of  Nancy.  The  treaty  of  Luneville,  between 
France  and  Austria,  was  signed  here  in  1801.  Lat.  48°  37'  N.,  Lon. 
6°  29'  E.     Pop.  12,661.     (M.) 

Lusatia,  lu-sa'-she-a,  (Ger.  Lausitz,  lou'-zits;  Fr.  Lusace,  liiv-zass/;) 
a  former  margraviate  of  Germany,  between  50°  50'  and  52°  16'  N.  Lat., 
and  13°  20'  and  15°  15'  E.  Lon.;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Brandenberg, 
E.  by  Silesia,  S.  by  Bohemia,  and  VV.  by  Saxony.  Area,  4,336  sq.  m. 
It  is  now  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Lusatia.  The  whole  of  the 
latter  portion,  and  the  half  of  the  former,  belong  to  Prussia :  the 
remainder,  forming  the  circle  of  Upper  Lusatia,  is  possessed  by  Sax- 
ony.    (P.  C.) 

Li)tzen,  lutf-sen  or  lut'-sen,  a  little  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  12  /n. 
W.  S.  W.  of  Leipsic,  remarkable  as  the  scene  of  two  great  battles:  the 


LUX— LYM  345 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this :  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

first  in  1632,  between  the  Swedes,  under  Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  the 
Imperialists,  under  Wallenstein,  in  which  the  former  were  victorious, 
though  their  king  was  slain ;  the  other  in  1813,  between  the  army  of 
Napoleon  and  the  allies,  encouraged  by  the  presence  of  the  emperor 
Alexander  and  the\ing  of  Prussia,  in  which  the  French  gained  a 
dearly-bought  victory. 

Lux'-em-burgv  (Fr.  Luxembourg,  ll\xx-aMx-booR'),  a  prov.  or  grand- 
duchy  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  Netherlands,  partitioned  by 
the  treaty  of  April,  1839,  between  Holland  and  Belgium  ;  the  E.  por- 
tion, with  an  area  of  about  1,000  sq.  m.,  and  a  pop.  of  160,000,  being 
assigned  to  the  former,  and  the  remainder,  with  an  area  of  1,700  sq.  m., 
and  a  pop.  of  168,000,  to  the  latter  kingdom.  The  title  of  the  grand- 
duke  of  Luxemburg,  with  the  right  of  suffrage  in  the  Germanic  con- 
federation, is  enjoyed  by  the  king  of  Holland. 

Luxemburg,  a  city  of  the  Netherlands,  the  cap.  of  the  grand-duchy 
of  this  name,  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Europe,  situated 
about  116  m.  S.  E.  of  Brussels.  It  is  surrounded  by  strong  walls  and 
deep  ditches,  with  a  double  line  of  outworks,  in  the  form  of  a  heptagon. 
As  a  fortress,  Luxemburg  belongs  to  the  Germanic  confederation,  and 
is  occupied  by  their  troops.  Lat.  49°  38'  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.  Pop. 
about  11,000.     (B.) 

Luxeuil,  liix'-uV,  (Anc.  Luxo'vium,)  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Upper  Saone,  remarkable  for  its  warm  mineral  springs,  which  were 
resorted  to  by  the  Romans.  Lat.  47°  50'  N.,  Lon.  6°  22'  E.  Pop. 
3,628.     (M.) 

Luzern.     See  Lucerne. 

Lu-zerni/,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  E. 
branch  of  the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  56,072.     Co.  t.  Wilkes'-bar-re. 

Luzon,  loo-zone',  or  Luqon  (Sp.  pron.  loo-thone'),  the  largest  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  situated  between  12°  20'  and  19°  N.  Lat°,  and  119° 
30'  and  124°  30'  E.  Lon.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  The  whole 
length,  following  the  bend  of  island,  is  about  580  m.;  the  greatest 
breadth  is  about  150  m.  Area  estimated  at  50,000  sq.  m.  The  pop.  is 
stated  at  2,264,807.  (M.)  According  to  Balbi,  the  part  of  Luzon  which 
is  under  the  government  of  the  Spaniards  is  divided  into  16  provinces. 
Manilla  or  Manila  (ma-neeMa),  situated  at  the  head  of  a  considerable 
bay  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  the  island,  is  the  cap.  of  Luzon,  as  well  as  of 
all  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  This  town  is 
regularly  laid  out,  and  some  portions  of  it  are  said  to  be  exceedingly 
well  built,  clean,  and  handsome,  with  broad  and  well-paved  streets. 
Balbi  estimates  its  pop.  at  near  140,000.  That  portion  of  Luzon  which 
is  not  subject  to  the  Spaniards,  is  inhabited  by  independent  savages. 
(See  Philippine  Islands.) 

Lycoming,  H-konV-ing,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the 
W.  branch  of  the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  26,257.     Co.  t.  Williamsport. 

Lyme-Regis,  lime  re'-jis,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Dorsetshire, 
6omewhat  frequented  in  summer  as  a  watering-place.  Lat.  50°  43'  N., 
Lon.  2°  55'  W.    Poo.  2,756. 


346  LYM— LYS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  ooas  in  good ; 

Lymn-fiord'  or  ]iimv-fe-ord',  a  remarkable  arm  of  the  sea,  extend- 
ing- from  the  Cattegat,  in  about  57°  N.  Lat.,  westward  to  the  German 
Ocean.  Previously  to  1825  it  was  separated  from  the  ocean  by  a  nar- 
row strip  of  land,  a  mile  or  so  in  breadth,  over  which  the  sea  occasion- 
ally broke;  but  the  communication  is  now  permanent.  Its  whole 
length  is  perhaps  100  m. ;  the  breadth  varies  from  1  rn.  or  less  to  about 
15  m.     The  Lymfiord  is  shallow  and  of  difficult  navigation.     (P.  C.) 

Lym'-ing-ton,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Hampshire,  about  80  m. 
W.  S.  W.  of  London.  Lat.  50°  41 '  N.,  Lon.  1°  32'  W.  Pop.  of  the 
parish,  3,813. 

Lynch'-burg,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Va.,  the  cap.  of  Campbell  co.,  on 
James  r.,  about  90  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  W.  by  S.  of  Richmond.  Lat. 
37°  36'  N.,  Lon.  79°  22'  VV.     Pop.  8,071. 

Lynn,  a  flourishing  and  pleasant  t.  of  Mass.,  in  Essex  co.,  on  the  sea- 
coast,  about  9  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N.  E.  of  Boston,  chiefly  remarkable 
for  its  extensive  manufacture  of  shoes.  It  stands  on  the  Eastern  Rail- 
road, which  connects  Boston  with  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hampshire.* 
Lat.  42°  28'  N.,  Lon.  70°  57'  W.     Pop.  of  the  township,  14,257. 

Lynn-Regis  (re'-jis),  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Norfolk, 
on  the  Ouse,  near  its  mouth.  Lat.  52°  46  N.,  Lon.  0°  24'  E.  Pop. 
of  the  borough,  which  includes  an  area  of  about  4  sq.  m.,  16,C39. 

Lyonnais,  le^-onv-na',  or  Lyonais,  a  former  prov.  of  France,  deriving 
its  name  from  its  cap.,  the  city  of  Lyons ;  now  divided  into  the  deps.  of 
Rhone  and  Loire. 

LyVcns  (Fr.  Lyon,  le'<V;  Anc.  Lugdu'num);  the  second  city  of 
France,  as  regards  population,  wealth,  and  commerce,  is  situated  on  the 
Rhone,  at  its  junction  with  the  Saone,  275  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Bordeaux, 
and  245  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  Much  the  greater  part  of  the  town  is 
built  on  the  tongue  of  land  between  the  Saone  and  the  Rhone,  which 
is  about  3m.  in  length,  with  an  average  breadth  of  about  3  furlongs; 
some  extensive  and  important  quarters,  however,  are  situated  on  the 
W.  or  right  bank  of  the  Saone.  South  of  the  city  is  a  new  and  hand- 
some suburb,  on  a  tract  of  land  gained  by  altering  the  bed  of  the  Rhone, 
called,  from  the  architect  who  planned  it,  the  Presqu'  ile  Perrache 
(presk  eel  piV-rash'),  or  the  "  peninsula  Perrache."  Lyons  is  the  seat 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  archbishopric,  and  a  Protestant  consistory  ;  it  also 
possesses  a  great  number  of  institutions  for  the  advancement  of  litera- 
ture and  science,  among  which  we  may  name  the  Academie  Universi- 
taire,  the  National  College,  the  Academy  of  Science,  Belles-lettres, 
and  Arts,  and  the  Public  Library,  containing  92,000  vols.,  besides 
nearly  1,000  manuscripts.  Lyons  is  the  largest  manufacturing  town 
in  France  ;  indeed,  as  regards  the  manufacture  of  silk,  it  is  unequalled 
in  Europe.  The  greater  part  of  the  silk  produced  in  France  is 
worked  in  the  looms  of  this  city,  besides  a  large  quantity  imported 
from  Italy.  Lat,  45°  46'  N.,  Lon.  4°  50/  E.  Pop.  in  1846,  159,783. 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Lyonais,  lev-ov-na';  feminine,  Lyonaise,  lev-ov-naze'. 

Lys,  leece,  (Dutch  pron.  lice,)  a  small  r.  which  rises  in  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Pas-de-Calais,  and,  flowing  north-easterly  into  Belgium, 
joins  the  Scheldt  at  Ghent. 


MAA— MCL  347 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  tit,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Maasluys,  maa/-slois,  or  Maaslandsluys,  maasMant-slois",  a  t.  of 
Holland,  on  an  arm  of  the  Maas  or  Meuse,  about  10  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Rotterdam.     Lat.  51°  55'  N.,  Lon.  4°  10'  E.     Pop.  near  5,000.     (B.) 

Maastricht.     See  Maestricht. 

Macao,  ma-ca'-o;  or  ma-kou',  a  seaport  t.  and  Portuguese  settlement 
in  China,  on  an  i.  of  the  same  name,  forming- a  part  of  the  Chinese 
prov.  of  Quang-tong.  This  town  is  remarkable  as  having  been  the 
centre  of  European  trade  in  the  E.,  during  the  time  that  the  Portuguese 
had  the  sway  in  those  seas;  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  cradle  of  that 
extensive  commerce  which  is  now  concentrated  at  Canton.  Lat.  22° 
13'  N..  Lon.  113°  35'  E.     Pop.  about  30,000.     (B.) 

Mac'-cles-field^  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Cheshire,  16  iff. 
S.  by  E.  of  Manchester.  It  is  regarded  as  the  centre  of  the  silk  ma- 
nufacture in  England:  to  this  branch  of  industry  it  is  chiefly  indebted 
for  its  prosperity,  which,  however,  has  received  some  severe  checks 
within  the  last  few  years.     Pop.  24,137. 

McCrack'-en,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  6,007.     Co.  t.  Paduca. 

McDon'-ough,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  midway  between  the  Illi- 
nois and  Mississippi  rivers.     Pop.  7,616.     Co.  t.  Macomb. 

McDow'-ell,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  sources  of  the 
Catawba.    Pop.  6,246. 

Macerata,  ma-cha-ra'-ta,  a  city  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  state,  cap.  of  a 
prov.  of  the  same  name,  21  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Ancona.  It  is  a  neat,  well- 
built  town,  and  has  a  university,  with  a  library  of  20,000'vols.,  a  col- 
lege, and  other  literary  institutions.  Lat.  43°  19'  N.,  Lon.  13°  26'  E. 
Pop.  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

McHenry,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  111.,  bordering  on  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  14,979.  Co.  t.  McHenry. 

Machias,  match-V-as,  a  small  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Maine,  cap.  of 
Washington  co.,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  44°  38'  N.,  Lon.  67° 
25'  W. 

«Mack'-in-a\v\  formerly  Michilimackinac,  mishv-il-e-mack'-in-awv, 
a  strait  which  connects  L.  Huron  with  L.  Michigan.  In  the  narrowest 
part,  it  is  from  2  m.  to  4  m.  wide. 

Mackinaw  or  Michilimackinac,  a  co.  of  Mich.,  N.  of  and  border- 
ing on  L.  Michigan.     Pop.  923. 

Mackinaw,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  on  the 
S.  E.  extremity  of  an  island  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  about  45°  55'  N., 
Lon.  84°  40'  W. 

McMn-tosh\  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Alta- 
maha  and  the  sea.     Pop.  6,028.     Co.  t.  Darien. 

Macken'-zie's  River,  a  large  r.  of  N.  America,  which  originates 
in  the  Great  Slave  Lake,  and,  flowing  north-westerly,  empties  itself 
into  the  Arctic  Ocean,  in  about  69°  N.  Lat.,  and  135°  W.  Lon.  Its 
length  is  estimated  at  1,600m. 

McLean,  mac-lane',  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  111.,  a  little  E. 
of  the  Illinois  r.     Pop.  10,163.  Co.  t.  Bloomington. 


348  MCM— MAD 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  nd,  ndt;  oo  as  in  good; 

McMinn,  a  co.  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.  Pop.  13,906.  Co. 
t.  Athens. 

McNai'-ry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Miss. 
Pop.  12,804.  Co.  t.  Purdy. 

Macomb,  ma-koom',  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on 
L.  St.  Clair.     Pop.  15,530.  Co.  t.  Mt.  Clemens. 

Macon,  mav-koN',  formerly  written  Mascon,  (Anc.  Matis'co,)  a  t.  of 
France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Saone  and  Loire,  on  the  Saone.  This  is  a 
very  ancient  place,  and  contains  several  interesting  ruins;  among 
others,  the  remains  of  the  temple  of  Janus  and  of  a  triumphal  arch. 
There  is  a  bridge  over  the  Saone,  which  some  suppose  to  have  been 
built  by  Caesar.     Lat.  46°  18' N.,  Lon.  4°  50'  E.     Pop.  11,944.     (B.) 

Ma'-con,  a  co.  near  the  W.  extremity  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Tenn. 
and  Ga.  '  Pop.  6,389.     Co.  t.  Franklin. 

Macon,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  Flint  r. 
Pop.  7,052. 

Macon,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Talla- 
poosa r.     Pop.  26,898.     Co.  t.  Tuskegee. 

Macon,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Sangamon  r. 
Pop.  3,988.     Co.  t.  Decatur. 

Macon,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Mo.     Pop.  6,565. 

Macon,  a  city  of  Ga.,  cap.  of  Bibb  co.,  on  the  Ocmulgee,  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Milledgeville.     Pop.  5,953. 

Macoupin,  ma-koo'-pin,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  S.  W.  of  Spring- 
field.    Pop.  12,355.  Co.  t.  Carlinville. 

Mac-quAr/-rje,  the  name  of  a  river  and  small  lake  in  the  E.  part  of 
the  Australian  continent. 

Madv-a-gas'-car  (called  by  the  natives  Mad-e-casse^  or  Mad-e-gasse'). 
a  large  i.  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  about  240  m.  from  the  E.  coast  of  xAfrica, 
extending  from  about  12°  to  25°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  from  about  43°  10'  to 
50°  30'  E.  Lon.  It  is  960  m.  long,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  200  m. 
to  360  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  225,000  sq.m.  Until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  century,  this  island  appears  to  have  been 
divided  among  a  great  number  of  independent  tribes,  but,  of  latter 
times,  it  may  be  regarded  as  consisting  of  the  kingdom  of  Madagascar, 
which  occupies  the  larger  portion,  and  several  other  parts  under  the 
government  of  independent  chiefs.  The  whole  pop.  is  estimated  at 
between  4,000,000  and  5,000,000.  Among  the  different  nations  into 
which  the  inhabitants  of  Madagascar  are  divided,  the  Ovahs,  who  occupy 
the  interior  of  the  island,  are  the  most  deserving  of  notice.  They  are 
the  most  industrious,  powerful,  and  civilized  of  all  the  Madecasses.  In 
height,  they  are  rather  above  the  European  standard,  portly  in  their 
person,  of  handsome  features,  and  usually  of  a  copper  colour  (though 
sometimes  nearly  or  quite  black),  with  dark  and  lank  hair.  The 
Madecasses  evidently  belong  to  the  great  Malay  race.  (B.)  The  pre- 
vailing religion  is  idolatry.  The  kingdom  of  Madagascar  owes  its 
origin  to  the  late  prince  Radama,  the  chief  of  the  Ovahs,  who,  in 
energy  and  enlightened  policy,  resembled  Peter  the  Great.     This  ex- 


MAD— MAD  349 

OU,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

traordinary  man,  after  conquering  a  great  part  of  the  island,  com- 
menced the  difficult  but  glorious  enterprise  of  introducing  into  his 
empire  the  civilization  and  arts  of  Europe.  He  received  and  protected 
the  missionaries,  and  promoted  the  establishment  of  schools,  which,  at 
the  time  of  his  death,  had  increased  to  more  than  100,  and  in  which 
nearly  5,000  children  were  taught.  Several  young  persons  were  sent 
to  Mauritius,  and  even  to  England,  to  receive  instruction.  Through 
the  intercession  of  the  English,  Radama  also  abolished  the  slave  trade 
in  his  dominions.  He  was  on  the  point  of  seeing  his  vast  projects 
crowned  with  the  most  brilliant  success,  when  his  queen,  a  second  Cly- 
temnestra,  caused  him  to  be  poisoned  in  July,  1828.  She,  with  her 
infamous  accomplice,  succeeded  to  the  throne ;  and  it  is  not  improbable 
that  this  great  kingdom  will,  ere  long,  be  resolved  into  its  original  ele- 
ments, if,  indeed,  this  has  not  already  taken  place.  Since  the  death  of 
Radama,  Europeans  have  had  but  little  if  any  intercourse  with  Mada- 
gascar, so  that  nothing  certain  is  known  respecting  the  present  condition 
of  the  island. — Adj. and  inhab.  Mad'-e-casse'  or  MAL-GASH'(Malegache). 

Maddaloni,  mad-da-lo'-ne,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Terra-di- 
Lavoro,  with  a  royal  college,  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Naples.  Pop.  10,001). 
(P.  C.) 

Madeira,  mad-ee'-ra,  (Port.  pron.  ma-da^e-ra,)  an  i.  in  the  N.  Atlan- 
tic, between  32°  36'  and  32°  53'  N.  Lat,  and  16°  40'  and  17°  20'  W. 
Lon.  It  is  about  37  m.  in  length,  and  15  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 
Area  computed  at  above  300  sq.  m.  Pop.  estimated  at  80,000.  (P.  C.) 
This  island  is  a  mass  of  basaltic  rock;  of  which  the  highest  part  is 
5,450  ft.  above  the  sea,  and  is  covered  .with  vegetation  to  its  summit. 
The  cliffs  on  all  sides  are  very  lofty  ;  one  on  the  N.  coast  is  above 
1,000  ft.  in  height.  The  mountain  scenery  in  the  interior  is  bold  and 
highly  romantic.  Every  part  of  the  island  not  encumbered  with  rocks 
is  extremely  fertile.  The  climate  of  Madeira  is  perhaps  more  equable 
and  mild  than  that  of  any  other  country,  not  within  the  tropics.  The 
thermometer  seldom  falls  below  53°  in  the  severest  weather,  while  the 
mean  temperature  of  the  summer  is  between  73°  and  74° ;  that  of  winter 
is  about  63°.  The  place  is  considered  very  healthy,  and  is  much  resorted 
to  by  invalids,  particularly  those  suffering  from  pulmonary  affections. 
Funchal  is  the  capital. 

Madeira,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Amazon, 
into  which  it  falls  in  about  3°  20'  S.  Lat.,  and  58°  30'  VV.  Lon. 

Mad'-is-cn,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the 
Oneida  L.     Pop.  43,072,     Co.  t.  Morrisville. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  the 
Shenandoah  r.     Pop.  9,331.     Co.  t.  Madison. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Broad  r.,  a 
branch  of  the  Savannah.     Pop.  5,603.     Co.  t.  Danielsville. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on  Ga.  and  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.     Pop.  5,490.     Co.  t.  Madison. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Tenn.     Pop. 
26,427.    Co.  t.  Huntsville. 
30 


350  MAD— MAD 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Miss.,  between  the  Bi£, 
Black  and  Pearl  rivers.     Pop.  18,173.     Co.  seat,  Canton. 

Madison,  a  co.  near  the  N.  VV.  extremity  of  Ark.,  bordering-  on  Mo 
Pop.  4,823.     Co.  t.  Sevierville. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  VV*.  part  of  Tenn.,  midway  between  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Tennessee  rivers.     Pop.  21,470.     Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Kentucky  r.     Pop.  15,727.     Co.  t.  Richmond. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  central  part  of  Ohio,  W.  of  Columbus. 
Pop.  10,015.  Co.  t.  London. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the 
White  r.     Pop.  12,375.  Co.  t.  Andersontown. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  south-westerly  part  of  111.,  bordering-  on  the 
Mississippi  r.     Pop.  20,430.     Co.  t.  Edwardsville. 

Madison,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  St.  Francis  r.,  near 
its  source.     Pop.  6,003.    Co.  t.  Fredericktown. 

Madison,  a  city  of  Ind.,  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.,  on  the  Ohio,  85  m.,  in 
a  straight  line,  S.  S.  E.  of  Indianapolis.     Pop.  8,037. 

Madison.     See  Wisconsin. 

Mad-ras'  or  Fort  St.  George,  the  cap.  of  Southern  India,  situated 
on  the  Coromandel  Coast.  The  position  of  this  town  is  very  unfavoura- 
ble to  maritime  commerce,  on  account  of  the  rapid  current  which  runs 
along  the  coast,  and  the  dangerous  surf  which  beats  against  the  shore. 
Fort  St.  George  was  founded  by  the  English  in  1639;  it  was  soon  after 
surrounded  by  a  town,  which  has  since  become  very  populous.  The 
number  of  inhabitants,  in  1822,  amounted  to  462,<<00,  of  whom  nearly 
all  are  natives.  The  Observatory  is  in  13°  4'  9"  N.  Lat.,  and  80°  15' 
56"  E.  Lon.  Madras  also  gives  its  name  to  the  most  southerly  of  the 
three  presidencies  into  which  the  British  empire  in  India  is  divided, 
comprehending  the  whole  of  Hindostan,  S.  of  the  r.  Krishna,  besides 
some  other  districts. 

Mad-rid'  (Sp.  pron.  maD-ReeD-,  almost  mnTH-ReeTH-),  the  cap.  of 
Spain,  is  situated  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  Spanish  peninsula,  in  a 
sterile  plain  surrounded  by  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  more  than 
2,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is*  enclosed  by  a  brick  wall  20  ft. 
high,  with  15  gates,  which  are  mostly  built  of  coarse  gray  granite. 
Owing  to  the  sterility  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  the  total  absence 
of  good  houses  and  pleasure-gardens  in  the  neighbourhood,  the  exterior 
view  of  the  town  is  any  thing  but  inviting.  The  interior,  however,  is 
not  devoid  of  beauty.  The  houses  are  well  constructed,  and  the  prin- 
cipal streets  are,  with  few  exceptions,  wide  and  handsome.  Among 
the  remarkable  edifices  of  Madrid,  we  may  notice  the  new  palace  of 
the  king,  which  is  perhaps  the  finest  royal  residence  in  Europe.  It  has 
four  fronts,  470  fit.  in  length  and  100  ft.  high  ;  and  its  interior  is  deco- 
rated in  a  style  of  costly  magnificence.  The  Spanish  capital  contains 
a  great  number  of  literary  and  scientific  establishments,  but  they  are 
said,  not  generally  to  have  kept  pace  with  the  march  of  improvement 
in  other  parts  of  Europe.  There  are,  however,  several  institutions 
which  enjoy  a  high  reputation ;  among  which  we  may  cite  the  Spanish 


MAD— MAC*  351 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Academy  (La  Academia  de  la  Lengua,  i.  e.  "  the  Academy  of  the  Lan- 
guage"), founded  in  1724,  in  imitation  of  the  French  Academy,  and 
intended  to  be,  like  that  body,  the  supreme  tribunal  in  matters  of  litera- 
ture :  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  in  which  public  lectures  are 
given  on  various  sciences,  including  mathematics,  and  which  contains 
a  splendid  collection  of  minerals  from  the  Spanish  dominions  in  Ame- 
rica, besides  specimens  in  the  other  departments  of  natural  history. 
There  are  two  extensive  libraries  open  to  the  public ;  one  founded  by 
Philip  V.,  in  1712,  which  contains  150,(  00  vols.,  besides  a  very  large 
collection  of  manuscripts,  and  a  museum  of  medals  and  antiquities.  Lat. 
40°  25'  N.,  Lon.  3°  42'  W.  The  population  in  1845  was  206,740. 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Mad'-rx-le'-nj-an  (Borrow) — Spanish,  Madrileno, 
mad-re-lane'-yo. 

Madura.     See  Java. 

Maelaren.     See  Malaren. 

Maelstrom.     See  Loffoden. 

Maese.     See  Meuse. 

Maestricht  or  Maastricht,  maV-triKt,  (Anc.  Trajec^tum  ad  Mo'- 
sam,*)  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  cap.  of  the  Dutch  part  of  the 
prov.  of  Limburg,  on  the  Meuse  or  Maas,  14  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Liege.  In 
the  vicinity  is  the  mountain  of  St.  Peter  (Petersberg),  remarkable  for 
its  immense  stone  quarriee,  which  extend  over  a  tract  of  12  leagues  in 
circumference,  traversed,  it  is  said,  by  20,000  passages,  which  cross 
each  other  in  all  directions,  forming  such  an  intricate  labyrinth  that  it 
is  dangerous  to  enter  it  without  an  experienced  guide.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  the  surrounding  country,  it  is  said,  have  found,  in  time  of  war, 
a  safe  refuge  in  this  quarry,  both  for  themselves  and  their  cattle.  Some 
parts  of  this  mountain  are  supposed  to  have  been  worked  2,000  years 
aero.  Lat.  of  the  town,  50°  51'  N.,  Lon.  5°  41'  E.  Pop.  22,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Mao-a-dox'-a  or  Mag-a-dox'-o  (Port.  pron.  mag-a-do'-sho :  called  by 
the  inhabitants  Mak'-a-joo'),  a  t.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  cap.  of  a  king- 
dom of  the  same  name,  of  which  very  little  is  known  to  Europeans. 
Lat.  about  2°  N.,  Lon.  45°  20'  E. 

Mag-d.\-le'-na  (Sp.  pron.  mag-da-iy-na),  the  principal  r.  of  New 
Granada,  in  S.  America.  It  rises  in  the  little  lake  Papas  (pa'-p^s), 
among  the  Andes,  in  about  1°  50'  N.  Lat.  and  76°  30'  VV.  Lon.,  and,  flow- 
ing northerly,  empties  itself  into  the  Caribbean  Sea,  in  about  11°  10' 
N.  Lat.  and  74°  45'  W.  Lon.  Its  entire  length  is  estimated  at  above 
800  m.     It  is  navigable  as  far  as  Honda,  more  than  500  m. 

Mag^-de-burgs  (Ger.  pron.  maG'-deft-b66RGv),  a  city  of  Germany,  cap. 
of  the  prov.  of  Prussian  Saxony  and  of  a  gov.  of  its  own  name,  on  the 
Elbe,  74  m.  S.  W.  of  Berlin.  This  place  is  very  strongly  fortified,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  important  bulwarks  of  the  Prussian  monarchy.     It 

*  Maestricht  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Mosts  Trajcctum,  i.  e.  the 
"bridge  or  passage  of  the  Meuse,"  there  having  been  a  bridge  over  the  river,  at 
this  place,  in  very  early  times. 


352  MAG— MAI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  nd,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good ; 

is  also  the  centre  of  an  active  commerce,  and  possesses  various  and 
extensive  manufactures.  Among  the  buildings  we  may  mention  the 
Cathedral,  remarkable  for  its  size  ;  it  has  two  steeples,  350  ft.  in  height, 
and  one  of  the  largest  bells  in  Europe.  The  literary  and  scientific 
institutions,  as  well  as  the  charitable  establishments  of  this  town,  are 
numerous  and  well  conducted.  Lat.  52°  8'  N.,  Lon.  11°  89'  E.  Pop. 
50,000.     (P.  C.) 

Magellan,  maj-elMan,*  (Sp.  pron.  ma-Hel-yan',)  Strait  of,  at  the 
S.  extremity  of  S.  America,  between  Patagonia  and  Terra  del  Fuego. 
Its  whole  length,  following  its  windings,  is  more  than  300  m.  It  was 
discovered  in  1520,  by  the  great  Portuguese  navigator,  Magalhaens 
(mag-al-ya'-ens),  then  in  the  service  of  Spain,  and  called,  in  honour  of 
him,  the  Strait  of  Magalhaens.  The  Spaniards  changed  the  name  to 
Magellan,  which,  in  their  language,  expresses  a  sound  not  very  differ- 
ent from  that  of  the  Portuguese  Magalhaens. 

Maggiore,  Lago,  la7-go  maj-jo'-ra,  or  the  "  large  lake,"  (Anc.  La'cus 
Verba'nus;  Ger.  Langensee,  lang'-en-sa^,  or  "long  lake,")  next  to 
Garda  the  largest  lake  in  Italy,  lying  partly  between  Piedmont  and 
Lombardy,  and  partly  in  the  Swiss  canton  of  Tessin  or  Ticino.  It  is 
intersected  by  the  46th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  meridian  of  8°  40' 
E.  Lon. ;  having  a  length  of  above  40  in.,  with  a  breadth  varying  from 
1  to  6  m.  Its  surface  is  578  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea  ;  its  greatest 
depth  is  stated  by  McCulloch  to  be  not  less  than  300  fathoms ! 

Magindanao.     See  Mindanao. 

Magnesia.     See  Manissa. 

Mahanuddy,  mahv-ha-nud^-de,  a  r.  of  Hindostan,  which  rises  in  about 
21°  30'  N.  Lat.  and  81°  E.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  easterly,  enters  the  Bay 
of  Bengal,  by  several  mouths,  in  about  20°  10'  N.  Lat.,  after  a  course 
of  more  than  500  m. 

Mahon,  ma-hone'  or  ma-one',  or  Port  Mahon,  a  seaport  t.  near  the 
E.  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  island  of  Minorca,  remarkable  for  possessing 
one  of  the  finest  and  safest  harbours  in  the  world.  Lat.  39°  51'  N., 
Lon.  4°  18'  E.     Pop.  unknown. f 

Maid'-stone,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Kent,  31  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  London. 
Pop.  of  the  borough,  including  an  area  of  near  7  sq.  m.,  18,086. 

Main  or  Mayn,  mine,  a  r.  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the  northern 
part  of  Bavaria,  and  after  a  very  circuitous  course,  falls  into  the  Rhine, 
nearly  opposite  to  Mentz.    The  whole  length  is  about  230  m.    Though 

*  "From  cold  Estotiland  and  south  as  far 

Beneath  Magellan." — Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  Book  X. 

"Gliding  through  Magellan's  straits, 
Where  two  oceans  ope  their  gates, 
What  a  spectacle  awaits  !" 

Montgomery's  Voyage  round  the  World. 

t  McCulloch  states  the  population  of  Port  Mahon  at  about  19,000,  but  this  is 
eTidently  a  mistake.  The  P.  C.  gives  19,000  for  the  population  of  the  district  or 
Urmino  of  Mahon;  that  of  the  whole  island  is  only  about  35,000. 


MAI— MAL  353 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

shallow,  it  is  of  nearly  uniform  depth,  and  navigable  throughout  seven- 
eighths  of  its  course. 

Maine,  mane,  one  of  the  former  provinces  of  France,  now  chiefly 
distributed  among  the  departments  of  Sarthe,  Mayenne,  and  Orne. 

Maine,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  43°  4'  and  47°  3)'  N.  Lat., 
and  66°  50'  and  71°  W.  Lon.;  Sounded  on  the  E.  by  New  Brunswick, 
N.  and  W.  by  Canada  and  New  Hampshire,  and  S.  by  the  Atlantic; 
and  divided  into  13  counties.*  Extreme  length,  according  to  the  boun- 
dary established  in  1842,  about  320  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to 
W.,  about  200  m.  The  area  is  estimated  at  32,(  OOsq.  m. ;  according 
to  the  former  boundary  it  is  supposed  to  have  exceeded  35,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  583,088.  Augusta  is  the  capital.  Maine  originally  formed  a  part 
of  the  territory  of  Massachusetts :  it  was  separated,  and  became  an  inde- 
pendent state  in  1820. 

Maine  and  Loire  (Fr.  Maine-et-Loire,  mane  a  lwau),  a  dep  in  the 
W.  part  of  France,  on  the  rivers  Mayenne  and  Loire.  Pop.  477,270. 
(B.)     Capital,  Angers. 

Main'-land,  the  largest  and  most  southerly  of  the  Shetland  Islands, 
is  about  52  m.  in  length,  and  20  in  its  greatest  breadth.  The  form  is 
very  irregular,  and  the  island,  for  the  most  part,  craggy,  mountainous, 
and  barren. 

Maj-or'-ca  (Sp.  Mallorca,  mal-yoR'-ca),  the  largest  of  the  Balearic 
Isles,  situated  in  the  Mediterranean,  between  39°  15'  and  40°  N.  Lat., 
and  2°  23'  and  3°  32'  E.  Lon.  It  is  about  60  m.  long,  measuring  nearly 
E.  and  W. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  47  m.  Majorca 
belongs  to  Spain,  from  the  nearest  part  of  which  it  is  distant  nearly 
110  m.  This  island  is  very  fertile,  though  the  general  surface  of  the 
country  is  hilly.  Pop.  about  140,000.  (P.  C.)  The  climate  is  described 
as  being  exceedingly  mild  and  delightful.  Palma  is  the  capital,  and 
the  largest  town  on  the  island.  Majorca  and  Minorca  were  anciently 
named  Gymnesias ;  while  the  epithet  of  Major,  or  "  the  larger,"  was 
given  the  former,  and  that  of  Minor,  or  "  the  smaller,"  to  the  latter 
island. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Maj-or'-can  or  Mallorquine,  malMor-keen'; 
(Sp.  Mallorquin,  mal-yoR-keen'.) 

Maln-a-bar',  a  name  usually  applied  to  the  whole  W.  coast  of  Hin 
dostan,  from  Cape  Comorin  to  Bombay;  but,  strictly  speaking,  it  de- 
notes only  that  dist.  or  prov.,  with  the  adjoining  coast,  in  which  the  Ma- 
labaric  language  is  spoken,  which  does  not  extend  beyond  12°  30'  N.  Lat. 
— Adj.  Mal  -a-bar'-ic. 

Ma-lac'-ca  a  t.of  S.  Asia,  the  cap.  of  a  small  colony  of  the  same 
name,  belonging  to  Great  Britain,  is  situated  on  the-  W.  coast  of  the 
Malay  peninsula.  It  was  formerly  a  place  of  considerable  importance, 
but  since  the  foundation  of  Singapore,  in  1819,  it  has  sunk  into  compa 
rative  insignificance.  Lat.  2°  10'  N.,  Lon.  102°  5'  E.  Pop.  in  1822 
12,000.     (P.  C.) 

*  Aroostook,  Cumberland,  Franklin,  Hancock,  Kennebec,  Lincoln  Oxford,  Pe« 
nobscot,  Piscataquis,  Somerset,  Waldo,  Washington,  York. 

30* 


354  '  MAL— MAL 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Malacca,  Strait  of,  is  situated  between  the  Malay  peninsula  and 
the  island  of  Sumatra.  Its  breadth  in  some  places  is  less  than  30  m.; 
its  whole  length  is  about  600  m. 

Mai/-a-ga  or  maF-a-ga  (Anc.  MaFaca),  the  principal  seaport  of  the 
Spanish  prov.  of  Granada,  situated  on  a  bay  in  the  Mediterranean,  with 
a  fine  harbour.  From  the  earliest  ages,  under  all  the  nations  who  have 
possessed  it,  this  place  has  been  renowned  for  its  commerce ;  and  at 
present  it  is  the  only  flourishing  city  in  Andalusia.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  36° 
43'  N.,  Lon.  4°  25'  VV.     Pop.  stated  at  52,000.     (B.) 

Malaisia,  mal-a'-she-a,  (Fr.  Malaisie,  ma'-lav-ze',)  or  the  Malay 
Archipelago,  called  also  the  Indian,  and  sometimes  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, the  most  western  and  most  important  of  the  three  great  divi- 
sions of  Oceanica,  is  situated  between  12°  S.  and  21°  N.  Lat.,  and  95° 
and  133°  E.  Lon.  It  comprehends  the  Philippine  and  Molucca  groups, 
the  large  islands  of  Sumatra,  Java,  Borneo,  Celebes,  and  a  multitude  of 
smaller  islands.  The  line  which  separates  Malaisia  from  Polynesia, 
runs  W.  of  Papua  and  E.  of  Gilolo,  Mysol,  and  Ceram.  (See  Ocean- 
ica.) Malaisia  derives  its  name  from  the  circumstance  that  the  inha- 
bitants, for  the  most  part,  belong  to  the  great  Malay  race. — Adj.  Malai- 
sian,  mal-a'-she-an. 

MXlaren,  maMar-en,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  about  70  m.  in  length,  which 
communicates  with  the  Baltic  at  Stockholm. 

Malay  Peninsula,  called  also  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca  or  Ma- 
laya (mal~a/-ya),  a  long  and  narrow  territory  in  Chin  India,  forming 
the  most  southern  part  of  the  continent  of  Asia,  situated  between  1° 
15'  and  about  12°  N.  Lat,  and  98°  and  104°  20'  E.  Lon.  It  is  about 
800  m.  long,  with  a  breadth  varying  from  50  to  above  180  m.  Area 
estimated  at  80,000  sq.  m.  The  soil  appears  to  be,  in  general,  not  dis- 
tinguished for  fertility ;  but  the  mineral  wealth  of  this  region  is  remark- 
able. Gold  is  found  in  all  the  rivers,  and  is  also  obtained  from  mines 
in  quantities  sufficient  to  justify  the  name  of  Chersonesus  Aurea,  or  the 
"  golden  peninsula,"  which  the  ancients  gave  to  this  country.  Tin  is 
also  found  in  abundance.  The  inhabitants  of  the  peninsula  are  Siamese 
and  Malays;  the  former  occupy  that  portion  which  is  N.  of  the  5th  or 
6th  degree  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  Malays  the  remainder. — Adj.  Mal-ay^- 
an  and  Mal-ay';  inhab.  Malay. 

The  Malays,  according  to  Blumenbach,  constitute  the  fourth  grand 
division  of  the  human  race.  In  form  they  are  short  and  robust.  The  me- 
dium height  of  the  men  may  be  5  ft.  2  inches ;  that  of  the  women  4  ft. 
11  inches.  The  face  is  round,  the  mouth  wide,  and  the  teeth,  in  general, 
remarkably  fine.  These  people  have  great  mental  activity,  and  eagerly 
apply  themselves  to  commerce  and  navigation.  (P.  C.)  Some  of  them 
appear  to  have  made  considerable  advancement  in  civilization,  and  to  be 
well  acquainted  with  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts.  They  have 
also  made  some  progress  in  medicine  and  in  music.  The  Malays  are 
spread  not  only  over  the  islands  of  the  Malay  Archipelago,  Madagascar, 
and  the  southern  part  of  the  Asiatic  continent,  but  appear  also  to  be 
found  even  in  the  remotest  parts  of  Polynesia. 


MAL— MAN  355 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  tit,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Mal'-dives  orMAL'-DivE  Islands  (called  by  the  natives  Mal-e-dee^- 
va,  from  Male,  the  principal  island,  and  deeva,  a  word  signifying 
"  island"),  a  chain  of  small  islands  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  extending  from 
about  1°  S.  to  7°  N.  Lat.,  and  situated  between  72°  30'  and  74°  E. 
Lon.     The  whole  number  is  near  700.     Total  pop.  stated  at  1.9,000. 

MaiZ-low,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Cork,  18  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Cork. 
Pop.  in  1831,  7,099.     (M.) 

Malmo,  may-mo,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Sweden,  in  the  prov.  of 
Sk&ne,  the  cap.  of  the  dist.  of  Malmohus  (maF-mo-hooce),  situated  on 
the  sound  nearly  opposite  to  Copenhagen.  Lat.  55°  37'  N.,  Lon.  13° 
l'E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Malo,  Saint,  sin  mav-k/,  a  fortified  and  walled  t.  of  France,  in  the 
Ille  and  Vilaine,  situated  on  the  Channel  (La  Manche),  with  a  harbour 
large  and  safe,  but  difficult  of  access,  on  account  of  the  narrowness  of  its 
entrance,  and  of  the  rocks  and  shoals  which  obstruct  it.  The  tide  here 
is  said  to  be  higher  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  European  coast.  St. 
Malo  has  an  active  commerce  and  considerable  manufactures.  Lat. 
48°  39'  N.,  Lon.  2°  1'  W.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Mal-ta  (Anc.  MeVita),  an  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  the 
English,  about  55  m.  S.  from  the  nearest  part  of  Sicily,  and  intersected 
by  the  parallel  of  35°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  14°  30'  E.  Lon. 
It  is  about  17  m.  in  length,  and  9  in  its  greatest  breadth.  Poo.  in 
1837,  104,521.  (P.  C.)  Valetta  is  the  capital.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Mal- 
tese'. 

MAl'-wah,  a  prov.  of  Hindostan,  on  the  r.  Nerbuddah,  situated  prin- 
cipally between  22°  and  26°  N.  Lat,  and  74°  and  80°  E.  Lon. 

Man,  Isle  of  (Anc.  Mo'na,  Mona'pia,  and  Monae'da),  a  small  i.  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain,  in  the  Irish  Sea,  about  28  m.  from  the  nearest 
part  of  Cumberland.  Length,  35  m.;  greatest  breadth  about  13  m. 
Pop.  47,975.— Adj.  Manx. 

Man-aar',  Gulf  of,  is  situated  between  the  Island  of  Ceylon  and 
the  S.  extremity  of  Hindostan. 

Mancha,  La,  la  man'-cha,  a  prov.  of  Spain,  in  the  S.  part  of  New 
Castile,  bordering  on  Andalusia. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Man-chV-gan  ;  (Sp 
Manchego,  man-cha/-go.) 

Manche,  maNsh,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on 
the  English  Channel  (called  by  the  French  La  Manche).  Pop.  594,382f. 
(B.)     Capital,  St.  L6. 

Man'-ches-ter,  the  great  centre  of  the  cotton  manufacture  of  Great 
Britain,  and  the  principal  manufacturing  town  in  the  world,  is  situated 
in  Lancashire,  on  the  Trwell,  a  branch  of  the  Mersey,  31  m.  E.  of 
Liverpool,  and  163  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  A  multitude  of  mean-looking 
houses,  in  which  the  manufacturers  lodge,  a  number  of  irregular,  nar- 
row, and  ill-paved  streets,  and  the  continual  smoke  which  rises  from  so 
many  steam-engines,  render  the  general  aspect  of  this  place  rather 
repulsive.  The  newer  parts  of  the  town,  however,  are,  for  the  most 
part,  of  a  very  different  character.  The  streets  are  handsome,  and 
eeveral  of  the  public  edifices  might  be  accounted  ornaments  to  any 

x 


356  MAN— MAN 

Fite,  far,  fS.ll,  fat;  me",  m£t;  pine  orpine,  pin;  n6,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good; 

capital  in  the  world.  Manchester  contains  two  colleges,  besides  nu- 
merous other  literary  institutions.  In  point  of  population,  it  is  the 
third  town  in  the  kingdom.  Its  growth  has  been  greatly  promoted  by 
the  different  canals  which  terminate  here,  and  by  the  railways,  through 
which  it  communicates  with  all  the  principal  places  in  England.  In 
1773,  the  pop.  of  this  town  was  estimated  to  be  less  than  23,000 ;  in 
1801,  it  was  76,788 ;  in  1831,  it  amounted  to  187,022 ;  and  in  1841,  to 
242,983.  The  borough  includes  an  area  of  above  9  sq.  m.  Lat.  53° 
29'  N.,  Lon.  2°  15'  W. 

Manchooria.     See  Mantchooria. 

Man'-da-vee\  a  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan,  the  most  populous  and  com- 
mercial t.  of  Cutch,  on  the  S.  coast.  Lat.  22°  50'  N.,  Lon.  69°  27'  E. 
Pop.  in  1818  estimated  at  35,000.     (B.) 

Man-fre-do'-nj.-a  or  man-fra-do'-ne-a,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples, 
on  a  gulf  of  the  Adriatic  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  41°  38'  N.,  Lon.  15° 
56'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Mangalore,  mangs-ga-lore',  a  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov. 
of  Canara.  Lat.  12°  52'  N.,  Lon.  74°  54'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above 
30,000.     (B.) 

Manheim  or  Mannheim,  mann'-hime,  a  handsome  t.  of  Germany,  the 
largest  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden,  and  the  cap.  of  the  circle  of  the 
Lower  Rhine,  is  situated  on  the  Rhine,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Nec- 
kar,  32  m.  N.  of  Carlsruhe.  It  is  regularly  and  handsomely  built,  with 
broad  streets.  The  palace  of  the  grand-duke  is  one  of  the  finest  build- 
ings of  the  kind  in  Germany.  The  right  wing  of  this  edifice  contains 
a  gallery  of  pictures,  a  cabinet  of  natural  history,  a  collection  of  anti- 
quities and  of  plaster  casts  of  the  finest  ancient  statues,  and  a  library 
of  60,000  vols.  Manheim  has  also  a  gymnasium,  an  academy  of  paint- 
ings and  sculpture,  and  various  other  institutions.  This  place  is  a 
free  port,  and  has  an  extensive  trade.  The  observatory  is  in  49°  29' 
14"  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  27'  51"  E.  Lon.     Pop.  above  22,000.     (B.) 

Manilla.     See  Luzon. 

Man-is'-sa  (Anc.  Magnesia),  a  commercial  t.  of  Asia  Minor,  25  m. 
N.  E.  of  Smyrna.     Pop.  estimated  at  40,000.     (B.) 

Manitouwoc,  manx-e-too-wok',  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bor 
dering  on  L.  Michigan.     Pop.  235. 

Manresa,  rnan-ra'-sa,  (Anc.  Minorisa,)  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain, 
in  Catalonia,  34  m.  N.  W.  of  Barcelona.     Pop.  13,000.     (M.) 

Mans,  Le,  ]ch  maN,  (Anc.  Suindinum,  afterwards  Cenomani,)  the  cap 
of  the  French  dep.  of  Sarthe,  and  formerly  of  the  prov.  of  Maine,  is 
situated  on  the  r.  Sarthe,  115  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  It  contains  a 
public  library  of  45,000  vols.,  and  several  other  institutions.  Lat.  48° 
N.,  Lon.  0°  12'  E.     Pop.  20,000.     (B.) 

Mant-choo'-rx-a.  or  Mandshooria,  a  country  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Asia,  belonging  to  China,  between  41°  and  56°  N.  Lat.,  and  117°  anu 
140°  E.  Lon.,  and  bordering  on  the  Sea  of  Japan.  It  is  chiefly  remark- 
able as  the  original  seat  of  the  present  ruling  dynasty  of  China.  The 
Inhabitants  are  Tartars. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Mant'-choo. 


MAN— MAR  357 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Man'-tu-a  (It.  Mantova,  man'-to-va),  an  ancient  and  celebrated  t.  in 
the  N.  of  Italy,  the  cap.  of  a  delegation  of  the  same  name,  on  the 
Mincio,  21  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Verona.  It  is  nearly  surrounded  by  lakes, 
partly  natural  and  partly  formed  by  the  damming1  up  of  the  river.  It 
is  regularly  fortified,  and  is  perhaps  the  strongest  bulwark  of  Austrian 
Italy.  Among  the  remarkable  buildings  of  Mantua,  we  may  notice  the 
Cathedral,  one  of  the  finest  in  Italy,  adorned  with  many  excellent 
paintings;  and  the  Public  Library  and  Museum,  containing  80,000 
printed  vols.,  besides  many  manuscripts,  and  a  sculpture  gallery,  which 
ranks  next  after  those  of  Rome,  Florence,  and  Naples.  That  which 
perhaps  has  contributed  more  than  anything  else  to  the  fame  of  Man- 
tua, is  the  circumstance  that  Virgil  was  born  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
town,  whence  he  has  been  called  the  •'•  Mantuan  bard."  Lat.  45°  9'  N.; 
Lon.  10°  48'  E.     Pop.  28,000.     (B.) 

ManzanareSj  man-than-a'-rcs,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  prov.  of  La  Man- 
cha,  about  100  m.  S.  of  Madrid.  Lat.  39°  N.,  Lon.  3°  23'  W.  Pop. 
9,100.     (M.) 

Maracaybo  or  Maracaibo,  mar-a-kiMx),  a  fortified  city  of  Venezuela, 
cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Zulia,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  strait  connecting  L. 
Maracaybo  with  the  sea.  Lat.  10°  39'  N.,  Lon.  71°  40'  W.  Pop. 
about  20,000.     (B.) 

Maracaybo,  Lake  of,  is  situated  in  the  N.  part  of  Venezuela,  extend- 
ing from  about  9°  to  10°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  about  70°  50'  to  72°  10'  W. 
Lon.  Length  above  110  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  80  m.  In  its  form 
it  resembles  a  decanter.  The  strait  by  which  it  is  connected  with  the 
Gulf  of  Maracaybo  is  scarcely  5  m.  wide. 

Mar'-a-nham'  or  Maranhao,  marv-an-ya'-o,  (Port.  pron.  of  both  words, 
mar-an-ya'-6N,)  or  San  Luis,  a  seaport  t.  of  Brazil,  the  cap.  of  a  prov. 
of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  the  Island  of  Maran- 
ham,  with  a  good  harbour.  Lat.  2°  32'  S.,  Lon.  44°  16'  W.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  28,000.     (B.) 

The  Island  of  Maranham  or  Maranhao,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  a 
r.  of  the  same  name,  is  about  30  m.  in  length,  and  18  in  breadth. 

Maravee  (Maravi),  ma-ra/-ve,  a  large  lake  in  the  interior  of  Africa 
intersected  by  the  10th  parallel  of  S.  Lat.,  and  the  34th  meridian  of  E. 
Lon.     It  is  supposed  to  be  above  200  m.  long,  but  little  is  known  with 
certainty  respecting  it. 

Mar  anon.     See  Amazon. 

Marbella,  maR-bel'-ya,  (Anc.  Salduba,)  a  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia.     Lat.  36°  31'  N.,  Lon.  4°  53'  W.     Pop.  4,300.     (B.) 

Mar^-ble-head,  a  port  of  entry  of  Mass.,  in  Essex  co.,  on  a  penin- 
sula projecting  into  Massachusetts  Bay.  Lat.  42°  30' N.,  Lon.  70°  51 
VV.     Pop.  of  the  township,  6,167. 

Mar'-burg  (Ger.  pron.  maR'-booRG),  a  t.  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Germany, 
the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Upper  Hesse,  with  a  university,  founded  in 
1527,  containing  a  library  of  100,000  vols,  and  attended  by  about  456 
students.     Lat.  50°  48'  N.,  Lon.  8°  40'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 


358  MAR— MAR 

Fate,  far, fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Marburg,  a  t.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Styria,  on  the  Drave.  Lat. 
46°  35'  N.,  Lon.  15°  43'  E.     Pop.  4,578.     (M.) 

Marche,  La,  la-maRsh,  one  of  the  provinces  into  which  France  was 
divided  before  the  revolution,  now  chiefly  included  in  the  deps.  of 
Creuse  and  Upper  Vienne. 

Mar-deen'  (Mardin),  a  fortified  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  Mesopota- 
mia, built  on  a  mountain  of  limestone.  Lat.  37°  20'  N.,  Lon.  40°  35' 
E.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.     (B.) 

Mar-en'-go,  a  village  of  N.  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  states,  3i  m.  E. 
S.  E.  of  Alessandria,  memorable  tor  a  great  victory  won  by  Napoleon 
over  the  Austrians,  in  1800. 

Marengo,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Tombig- 
bee.     Pop.  27,831.     Co.  t.  Linden. 

Margarita,  mar-ga-ree'-ta,  an  i.  off  the  N.  coast  of  S.  America,  be- 
longing to  Venezuela.  Lat.  about  11°  N.  Lon.  64°  W.  Length  about 
45  m.  ;  greatest  breadth  above  20  m. 

Margate,  mar^-gct,  a  seaport,  watering-place,  and  one  of  the  pret- 
tiest towns  of  England,  in  Kent,  on  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  65  m.  E.  by  S. 
of  London.  Its  fine  baths  are  said  to  be  frequented  by  30,000  or  40,000 
persons  annually.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  near  6  sq.  m., 
11,050. 

Ma/-rj-en-bergn  (Ger.  pron.  ma-ree^-en-beRGv,  a  t.  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  2,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  with  mines  of  silver,  iron, 
tin,  and  cobalt,  and  about  4,000  inhabitants.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  50°  40'  N., 
Lon.  13°  5'  E. 

Ma'-rj-en-burg"  (Ger.  pron.  ma-ree^-en-b66RGv),  a  t.  of  W.  Prussia, 
the  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  Nogath  (no'- 
gaat),  an  arm  of  the  Vistula,  27  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Dantzic.  It  is  chiefly 
celebrated  as  having  been  the  seat  of  the  grand-master  of  the  Teutonic 
Order  from  1309  to  1466.  The  remains  of  the  palace  of  the  Order  are 
represented  as  extremely  grand.  Lat.  54°  T  N.,  Lon.  19°  2'  E.  Pop. 
5,600.     (B.) 

Ma'-rj.-en-wer'-der  (Ger.  pron.  ma-ree^-en-WeR^-der),  a  well-built  t. 
of  Prussia,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  2  or  3  m.  from  the 
right  bank  of  Vistula,  and  44  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Dantzic.    Pop.  5,520.  (M.) 

Marienzell,  ma-ree'-en-tsell',  or  Mariazell,  ma-ree'-a-tsell',  i.  e. 
the  "  cell  or  shrine  of  [Saint]  Mary,"  a  small  t.  of  Styria,  with  a 
church  and  famous  statue  of  the  Virgin.  It  has  been  called  the  Loretto 
of  Austria,  being  the  most  celebrated  place  of  pilgrimage  in  the  empire. 
It  is  said  to  be  annually  visited  by  about  100,000  persons.  Distant  56  m. 
S.  W.  from  Vienna. 

Marigliano,  ma-reel-ya/-no,  a  t.  of  Naples,  12  m.  N.  E.  of  the  capi- 
tal.    Pop.  estimated  at  5,000.     (M.) 

Marino,  San.     See  San-Marino. 

Ma'-ri-on,  a  dist.  in  the  E.  of  S.  C,  intersected  by  the  Great  Pedee, 
and  bordering  on  N.  C.     Pop.  17,407.     Seat  of  justice,  Marion  c.  h. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  between  the  Flint  and 
Chattahoochee  rivers.     Pop.  10,280.  Co.  t.  Tazewell. 


MAR— MAR  359 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Miss.  Pop. 
7,833.    Co.  t.  Pikeville. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  Pearl  r.,  and 
bordering-  on  La.     Pop.  4,410.     Co.  seat,  Columbia. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  White  r., 
and  bordering  on  Mo.     Pop.  2,302.     Co.  t.  Yellville. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.  and 
Ga.     Pop.  6,314.     Co.  t.  Jasper. 

Marion,  a  co.  nearly  in  the  centre  of  Ky.  Pop.  11,765.  Co.  t.  Le- 
banon. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  Scioto.  Pop. 
12,618.     Co.  t.  Marion. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  centre  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  White  r.  Pop. 
24,013.     Co.  t.  Indianapolis. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  111.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Kaskas- 
kia  r.     Pop.  6,720.     Co.  t.  Salem. 

Marion,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi. 
Pop.  12,230.  Co.  t.  Palmyra. 

Maritza,  mu-rit'-sa,  or  Mar-is'-sa  (Anc.  He'brus),  a  r.  of  European 
Turkey,  which  has  its  source  in  the  Balkan  Mountains,  and  flowing 
first  easterly,  and  then  southerly,  empties  itself  into  a  small  bay  of  the 
Archipelago,  called  the  Gulf  of  Enos.    Its  whole  course  is  above  300  m. 

MariAbo-rouqh,  a  dist.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  S.  C.  Pop. 
10,789.  Seat  of  justice,  Marlborough  c.  h. 

Mar'-mo-ra*  or  Mar'-ma-ra,  Sea  of  (Anc.  Propon^tis),  is  situated 
between  Europe  and  Asia,  communicating  with  the  Grecian  Archipe- 
lago by  the  strait  of  the  Dardanelles,  and  with  the  Black  Sea  by  the 
Bosphorus.  Its  extreme  length  is  above  160  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth 
near  50  m.  This  sea  receives  its  appellation  from  Marmora  (Anc. 
Proconne'sus),  a  small  island  towards  its  western  extremity,  which  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  marble  quarries,  whence  it  is  supposed  to 
derive  its  name ;  marmor  (in  the  plural  marmbra)  being  the  Latin  word 
for  "  marble." 

Marne,  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  France,  which  flows  into  the  Seine,  2  m. 
or  3  m.  above  Paris. 

Marne,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  r.  Marne. 
Pop.  345,245.   (B.)     Capital,  Chalons-sur-Marne. 

Marne,  Upper,  (Fr.  Haute  Marne,  ote  maRn,)  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E, 
part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  r.  Marne,  and  bordering  on  the  pre- 
ceding dep.     Pop.  255,969.  (B.)     Capital,  Chaumont.  ^ 

Marosch,  ma'-rosb,  (Hung.  Maros,  mor-osh,)  a  r.  of  the  Austrian 
empire,  which  rises  in  the  E.  pait  of  Transylvania,  and  flowing  west- 
erly, falls  into  the  Theiss,  opposite  to  Szegedin,  in  Hungary.  Its  length 
is  above  300  m. 

*  "And  you  and  I  m»y  chance  ere  morning  rise 

To  find  our  way  to  Marmora  without  boats." — Byron 


360  MAR— MAR 

Kite,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  ndt ;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Maros-va'sa'rhely,  morv-osh/-vaa-shaaR'-heT/,  or  Szekely  (sa-kel) 
Vasarhely,  (Ger.  Neumarkt,  noi'-maRkt,  i.  e.  "  new  market,")  a  royal 
free  t.  of  Transylvania,  on  the  r.  Marosch,  53  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Her- 
manstadt.  It  contains  a  Protestant  college,  a  Roman  Catholic  gymna- 
sium, and  a  noble  library  of  80,000  vols.,  which  is  open  to  the  public. 
Lat.  46°  31'  N.,  Lon.  24°  31'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Marquesas,  mar-ka'-sas,  sometimes  called  the  Mendaha  (men-dan^- 
ya)  Archipelago,  from  the  name  of  the  discoverer,  a  group  of  small 
islands  in  the  Pacific,  between  7°  50'  and  10°  30'  S.  Lat.,  and  138°  and 
141°  W.  Lon.  Nukahiva  (noo-ka-hee'-va),  the  largest,  is  about  20  m. 
long,  and  12  m.  broad. 

Marquette,  mar-kett/,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Wisconsin,  a  little 
E.  of  the  Wisconsin  r.  Pop.  8,642.  Co.  t.  Marquette. 

Marsala,  maR-saMa,  a  seaport  t.  at  the  W.  extremity  of  Sicily,  near 
the  site  of  the  ancient  Lilybce^um  or  Lilybseum,  celebrated  for  its 
wines,  which  form  an  important  article  of  exportation.  It  has  a  royal 
college,  and  about  21,000  inhabitants.  (B.)  Lat.  37°  48'  N.,  Lon.  12° 
27  E. 

Marseilles,  mar-sailz^,  (Fr.  Marseille,  maRN-saii'  or  maRv-sa'e  ;*  Lat. 
Massil/ia  ;  Gr.  Maaoa%ia,)  a  large  commercial  city  and  seaport  of 
France,  the  cap  of  the  dep.  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  situated  on 
the  E.  side  of  a  small  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Lyons.  Its  harbour  is  a  fine 
basin,  about  1,000  yards  in  length,  and  extending  into  the  very  centre 
of  the  city.  Its  depth  varies  from  12  to  24  ft.,  so  that  it  is  exceedingly 
well  adapted  for  moderate-sized  merchantmen,  but  not  for  ships  of  the 
largest  dimensions.  The  trade  of  Marseilles  is  very  extensive  and 
rapidly  increasing;  and  the  revenue  derived  from  customs  is  greatei 
than  that  of  any  other  town  in  France,  not  even  excepting  Le  Havre. 
This  city  contains,  among  other  institutions,  a  national  college,  a 
school  of  navigation,  an  academy  of  sciences,  belles-lettres  and  arts,  and 
a  public  library  of  60,000  vols.  Massilia  was  founded  about  600  years 
before  Christ,  by  a  colony  of  Greeks,  from  Phocsea.  It  was  evidently 
a  place  of  great  importance,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Csesar.  In  the  mid- 
dle ages,  we  find  it  holding  a  distinguished  place  both  as  a  commercial 
and  warlike  power.  The  Marseillais  appear  to  have  been  actively 
engaged  in  the  crusades;  and  in  the  third  crusade,  several  armaments 
Bailed  from  their  port.  For  a  short  time  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th 
century,  Marseilles  constituted  an  independent  republic.  The  Observa- 
tory is  in  Lat.  43°  IT  50"  N.,  Lon.  5°  22'  15"  E.  The  pop.  of  the  whole 
commune,  in  1836,  was  146,239  (B.),  but  at  present  it  is  said  to  exceed 
170,000. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Marseillais  or  Marseilles,  marx-salex-ya' 
or  marv-sa%-ya' ;  feminine,  Marseillaise,  mar'-salex-yaze/;  and  Mas- 
sil'-i-an,  when  the  ancient  town  is  referred  to. 

Mar'-shall,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Va.,  bordering  on 
the  Ohio  r.'    Pop.  10,138.  Co.  t.  Elizabethtown. 


*  See  Int.  XIX.,  18. 


MAR— MAR  361 

<cm,  as  in  owr ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  n#. 

Marshal^,  a  co.  in  the  N,  E.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  8,846. 

Marshall,  a  co.  m  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Tennessee. 
Pop.  29,6^9.     Co.  seat,  Holly  Springs, 

Marshall,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Duck.  r.     Pop.  15,616. 

Marshall,  a  co.  near  the  W.  extremity  of  Ky.,onTe*  n.  r.  p.  5,209. 

Marshall,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  midway  between  the  Wa- 
bash and  Erie  Canal  and  the  S.  border  of  Mich..  Pop,  5,348.  Co.  t. 
Plymouth. 

Marshall,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  UL,  intersected  by  Illi- 
nois r.     Pop.  5,1.80.     Co.  L  Lacon. 

Mar'-ta-ban',  a  t.  of  the  Birman  empire,  formerly  the  cap.  of  a  pirov 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  r.  Salwin  (Than-lyeng),  near  its  mouth.  Lat 
16°  28'  Nn  Lon.  97°  40'  &     Pon.  uncertain. 

Mart  a.  Santa.     See  Santa.  Marta. 

Martigues,  Lbs,  l\  manx-teegA,  a  well-built  t.  in  the  S.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone.  Lat.  43°  23'  N.,  Lon.  5°  2  E. 
Pop.  in  1831,  5,335.     (P.  C.) 

Mar'-tin,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N-  C,  bordering  on  the  Roanoke. 
Pop.  8,307.     Co.  t  Wrlliamston. 

Martin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind~  intersected  by  the  E.  fork  of  the 
White  r.  -  Pop.  5,941.     Co.  t.  Mt.  Pleasant. 

Martinique,  mar  -tin-eek/,  (Sp.  Martinico,  maR-te-nee'-ko.)  one  of 
the  West  India  Lslands,  belonging  to  the  French,  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  14°  40'  N.  Lat  and  61st  meridian  of  VV.  Lon.  Length 
about  45  m.;  mean  breadth  about  12  m.  Pop.  in  183(3,  147,802,  (M.) 
Fort  Royal,  in  the  S.  VV.  part  of  the  island,  is  the  capital.  Pop.  7,000. 
(B.)  The  celebrated  empress  of  France,  Josephine,  was  a  native  of 
Martinique. 

Martins,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  W.  of,  and  bordering 
on  the  Atchafalaya  r.     Pop.  11,107-  Seat  of  justice,  St.  Martinsville. 

Marwar.     See  Joodpgor. 

Ma'-ry-lan©,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  extending  from 
about  38°  to' 39°  42'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  about  75°  to #9°  25'  w7Lon.; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Pennsylvania,  E.  by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic, 
and  S.  and  W.  by  Virginia;  and  divided  into  19  counties.*  The  length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  according  to  Tanner's  Map,  is  only  about  208  m. ;  but 
some  others  make  it  near  230  rn. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S., 
120  m.  Area  estimated  from  about  9,500  to  near  14,000  sq.  m.  Pop. 
583,035;  consisting  of  418,590  whites,  74,077  free  coloured  persons, 
and  90,368  slaves.  Annapofis  is  the  capital — Inhab.  Ma'-ry-land-er. 
Ma-'-ry-port,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  the  co.  of  Cumberland,  on 
Sol  way  Frith.  25  m.  S.  VV.  of  Carlisle.     Pop.  5,311. 

*  Alleghany,  Anne  Arundel,  Baltimore,  Calvert,  Caroline,  Cecil,  Charles,  Dor- 
chester, Frederick,  Harford,  Kent,  Mary's,  St.,  Montgomery,  Piince  George'e, 
Queen  Anne's,  Somerset,  Talbot,  Washington,  Worcester. 

31 


362  MAR— MAT 

F&te,  far,  fall,  f&t ;  me,  met.;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  nfit ;  o5 as  in  good; 

Mary's,  St..  a  co.  of  Maryland,  occupying  the  angle  between  the 
Potomac  and  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  Pop.  13,698.  Co.  t.  Leon^-ard- 
town. 

Mary's,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  At- 
chafalaya  r.     Pop.  8,808.     Seat  of  justice,  Franklin. 

Mary's,  St.,  a  port  of  entry  of  Ga.,  in  Camden  co.,  on  a  r.  of  its 
own  name. 

Ma'-son,  a  eo.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  Kanawha, 
«nd  bordering  on  the  Ohio.     Pop.  7,539.     Co.  t.  Point  Pleasant. 

Mason,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
18,341.     Co.  t.  Washington. 

Mason  (Notipescago),  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on 
L.  Michigan.    Pop.93. 

Mason,  a  co.  in  the  W*.  central  part  of  111.,  on  the  Illinois  r.,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Sangamon.     Pop.  5,921. 

Masx-sa-chu'-setts,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  extending 
from  41°  30'  to  42°  53'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  about  70°  to  73°  30'  W.  Lon.; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  New  Hampshire  and  Vermont,  E.  by  the  Atlantic, 
S.  by  the  Atlantic,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut,  and  W.  by  New 
York;  and  divided  into  14  counties*  Length,  from  the  S.  W.  extre- 
mity to  the  most  easterly  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  above 
180  m.;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  93  m.  Area,  7,800 
sq.  m.     Pop.  994,499.     Boston  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Masulipatam,  mas-soo'-le-pa-tam',  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan, 
in  the  prov.  of  the  Northern  Circars,  at  the  mouth  of  one  of  the  arms 
of  the  Krishna,  and  the  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name;  its  harbour  is 
the  best  on  the  Coromandel  Coast.  This  town  has  lonsr  been  famous 
for  the  manufacture  of  chintzes.  Lat.  16°  IF  N.,  Lon.  81°  13'  E.  Pop. 
supposed  to  be  about  7r>,000.     (B.) 

Mat-an'-zas  or  ma-tanMhas,  a  seaport  t.  of  Cuba,  second  only  to  Ha- 
vana in  commercial  importance.  Lat.  20°  2'  N.,  Lon.  81°  38'  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  20,000.     (M.) 

Mat-a-pan',  Cape  (Anc.  Tcena'rium  Promonto'rium),  the  most  south- 
ern point  of  Greece.     Lat.  36°  23'  20"  N.,  Lon.  22°  30'  E. 

Mataro,  ma-ta-ro\  a  seaport  and  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Cata- 
lonia.    Lat.  41°  32'  N.,  Lon.  2°  27'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  13,000.  (B.) 

Mat-ar-ee'-yeh,  often  written  Mataria  or  Mataryeh,  (Anc.  Heli- 
op^olis,  ?'.  e.  the  "city  of  the  sun,")  a  village  of  Lower  Egypt,  remarka- 
ble for  the  remains  of  edifices  belonging  to  the  ancient  On  or  Hon, 
called  afterwards  Heliopolis,  by  the  Greeks,  on  account  of  its  magnifi- 
cent temple,  dedicated  to  the  sun.     Lat.  30°  48'  N.,  Lon.,  31°  58'  E. 

Matthews,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Chesapeake 
Bay.     Pop.  6,714.     Seat  of  justice,  Matthews  c.  h. 

Mathura,  mat'-oo-ra,  sometimes  written,  and  usually  pronounced 
Mut'-tra,  an  ancient  t.  of  Hindostan,  supposed  to  have  been  the  birth- 


*  Barnstable,  Berkshire,  Bristol,  Dukes,  Essex,  Franklin,  Hampden,  Hampshire. 
Middlesex,  Nantueket,  Norfolk,  Plymouth,  Suffolk,  Worcester. 


MAT—MAY  363 

<oix,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  tk,  as  in  this ;  sr,  nearly  like  ng. 

place  of  the  deity  Krishna,  on  which  account  it  is  highly  venerated  by 
the  Hindoos.     Lat.  27°  31'  N.,  Lon.  77°  33'  E. 

Matura,  ma-too'-ra,  a  small  fortified  t.  at  the  S.  extremity  of  Cey- 
ion,  remarkable  for  a  celebrated  temple  of  Boodha,  in  its  vicinity.  Lat. 
5°  58'  N.,  Lon.  80°  39'  E. 

Maucb  Chunk,  a  town  of  Pa.,  capital  of  Carbon  co.,  on  the  r. 
Lehigh,  about  70  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  N.  VV.  of  Philadelphia.  A 
railroad,  about  8m.  in  length,  down  an  inclined  plane,  connects  the 
coal-mines  of  Mauch  Chunk  with  the  town.  The  cars,  when  laden 
■with  coal,  run  the  whole  distance  by  their  own  weight,  and  require  no 
other  attention  than  to  have  their  velocity  occasionally  moderated  by 
means  of  a  brake.  They  are  drawn  up  by  mules,  which  are  rewarded 
for  their  severe  labours  by  being  allowed  to  ride  down,  in  vehicles 
made  for  their  especial  accommodation.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  after 
having  become  accustomed  to  the  indulgence  of  riding,  no  severity  or 
persuasion  will  induce  them  to  walk  down  the  inclined  plane. 

Maui,  mou'-e,  sometimes  written  Mowee,  one  of  the  largest  of  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  about  25  m.  distant  from  the  N.  extremity  of  Hawaii, 
and  intersected  by  the  21st  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  meridian  of 
156°  30'  W.  Lon.  Length,  about  50  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  30  m.  Pop. 
18,671.    Lahaina  {la-hl'-na)  is  the  principal  town. 

Mau-mee',  a  r.  which  commences  in  Indiana,  and,  flowing  through 
the  N.  VV.  part  of  Ohio,  empties  itself  into  Maumee  Bay,  at  the  W. 
end  of  L.  Erie. 

Maumee,  a  port  of  entry  of  Ohio,  in  Lucas  co.,  on  the  above  r.,  at 
the  head  of  boat  navigation. 

Maura,  Santa.     See  Santa  Maura, 

Maurepas,  mo'-re-pa\  a  small  L.  in  the  eastern  part  of  La.,  W,  of, 
and  communicating  with  L.  Pontchartrain. 

Mauritius,  mau-rish'-e-us,  or  Isle  of  France,  an  i.  of  the  Indian 
Ocean,  intersected  by  the  20th  parallel  of  S.  Lat.  and  the  meridian  of 
57°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length,  near  40  m.;  greatest  breadth,  about  25  m. 
The  area  is  estimated  at  700  m. ;  the  pop.  at  100,000  (P.  C.) ;  about  three- 
fourths  of  whom  were  originally  negro  slaves,  now  free.  Port  Louis 
or  Port  North  West,  on  the  N.  W.  skle  of  the  island,  is  the  capital. 
Lat.  20°  10°  S.,  Lon.  57°  29'  E.     Pop.  26,000.     (P.  C.) 

Mauritius,  with  the  neighbouring  island  of  Bourbon,  was  discovered 
by  the  Portuguese  in  1505,  and  the  whole  group  was  called  the  Mas- 
carenhas  (mas-ka-ren'-yaV)  Islands,  from  the  name  of  the  discoverer. 
The  Dutch  afterwards  took  possession  of  Mauritius,  which  they  named 
in  honour  of  Maurice  (in  Latin  Mauritius),  the  stadtholder  of  the  Ne- 
therlands. In  1715,  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  who  called 
it  the  Isle  de  France,  but,  in  1810,  it  was  taken  from  them  by  the  Bri- 
tish, in  whose  possession  it  has  since  remained. 

Mau'-ry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by 
Duck  r.     Pop.  29,520.     Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Mayenne,  rn&'-yenn',  a  dep.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  France,  inter- 


364       '  MAY— MEC 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me1,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n&,  n&t;  oo  as  In  good; 

sected  by  a  r.  of  the  same  name,  whigh  Sows  into  the  Loire.  Pop, 
361,765.  (B.)     Capital,  Laval. 

Mayenne,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,,  in  the  above  dep.,  on  the 
r.  Mayenne,  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Laval.     Pop.  8,790.     (M/> 

Mayn.     See  Main. 

Mav'-o,  a  eo.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Connaught,  border- 
ing on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  367,956.     (P.  C.) 

Mays'- ville,  a  t.  of  Ky.,  in  Mason  co.,  on  the  Ohio,  about  60  m. 
N.  E.  of  Lexington-.     Pop.  4,255-. 

Mazanderan,  ma-zan'-der-IW,  usually  pronounced,  by  the  Persians, 
Ma-zan'-der-oon',  a  prov.  in  the  N.  of  Persia,  S.  of,  and  bordering  or$ 
the  Caspian  Sea. 

Mazzara,  mat-sa'-ra,  (Ane.  Mazarum,)  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Sicily, 
on  the  S.  W.  coast,  near  the  W.  extremity  of  the  island.  Lat,  37°  40' 
N.,  Lon.  12°  34'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  8,00:).     (B.) 

Meade,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
7,393.     Co.  t.  Brandenburg. 

Mead'-ville,  the  cap.  of  Crawford  eo.,  Pa.,  on  French  creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Alleghany  r.,  about  32  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  of  Erie, 
It  is  the  seat  of  Alleghany  College,  founded  in  1815. 

Meath,  meeTH,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Leinster, 
bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  176,826.     (P.  C.) 

Meaux,  mo,  (Anc.  Jatinum,  afterwards  Meldi,)  a  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Seine  and  Marne,  on  the  r.  Marne,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Paris. 
It  contains  a  museum,  a  public  library  of  11,000  vols.,  and  other  insti- 
tutions.    Lat.  48°  58'  N.,  Lon.  2^  53'  E.    Pop.  in  1831,  8,481.  (P.  C.) 

Mec'-ca,  a  celebrated  city  of  Arabia,  in  the  prov.  of  Hedjaz,  remark- 
able as  being  the  birth-place  of  Mahomet,  and  the  great  centre  or  capi- 
tal of  the  Moslem  religion.  It  is  situated  in  a  sterile  valley,  in  the 
midst  of  mountains,  about  two  days*  journey  E.  of  its  port  Jidda,  on 
the  Red  Sea.  The  most  remarkable  edifice  is  the  temple  of  the  Kaaba 
(kaa/-ba) ;  a  massive  structure,  forming  an  oblong  square,  18  paces 
long,  14  broad,  and  nearly  40  ft.  high,  covered  by  an  immense  curtain 
of  black  silk,  on  whieh  is  inscribed,  in  letters  of  gold,  the  sentence 
which  imbodies  the  essential  part  of  the  Mahometan's  creed :  "  There 
is  no  god  but  God  ;  Mahomet  is  the  prophet  of  God."  The  sacred 
fountain  of  Zem-zem — said  to  be  that  found  by  Hagar,  when  her  son 
Ishmael  was  dying  of  thirst — is  enclosed  in  a  substantial  square  build- 
ing, with  marble  basins  for  ablution,  and  a  room  appropriated  for  pil- 
grims, who  come  in  crowds  to  taste,  and  to  be  purified  by,  its  waters. 
Mecca  appears  to  have  lost  the  reputation  which  it  once  possessed  as  a 
seat  of  Mahometan  learning.  Lat.  about  21°  30'  N.,  Lon.  40°  15'  E. 
Pop.  uncertain,  said  to  be  above  80,000  during  the  period  of  pilgrimage 
(B.)  ;  at  other  tiroes,  it  may  be  between  20,000  and  30,000 — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Meccawee,  mek'-ka-wee\  sometimes  written  Meccaway. 

Mechlin,  mek'-lin,  or  Mechelen,  mex'-el-en,  (Fr.  Ma  lines,  mav- 
leen' ")  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  Antwerp,  on 
the  Dyle,  14  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Brussels.     It  is  regularly  laid  out  with 


MEC—MED  365 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

broad,  clean,  and  well-paved  streets.  The  lace  manufactured  in  Mech- 
lin has  long  been  in  high  repute,  and  brings  a  great  price :  it  is  said, 
however,  that  this  branch  of  business  has  declined  of  late.  The  town 
has  recently  acquired  additional  importance  from  being  the  central 
point  at  which  several  railways  in  Belgium  meet.  The  archbishop  of 
Mechlin  is  the  primate  of  the  kingdom.  Lat.  51°  2'  N.,  Lon.  4°  29 
E.  Pop.  24,000.    (B.) 

Meck'-len-burg  (Ger.  pron.  mekMen-bo6RGx),  a  territory  of  Ger 
many,  between  53°  3'  and  54°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  40'  and  14°  E.  Lon., 
and  divided  into  two  grand-duchies,  viz.,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  and 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

Mecklenburg-Schwerin  (shweR-eenO  constitutes  the  western  and 
much  the  larger  division  of  the  above  territory.  Area,  4,833  sq.  m. 
Pop.  482,925.  (M.)     Schwerin  is  the  capital. 

Mecklenburg-Strelitz  (strel'-its)  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the 
above,  and  contains  an  area  of  997  sq.  m.  Pop.  89,528.  (M.)  Stre- 
litz  is  the  capital. 

Mecklenburg,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the 
Roanoke,  and  bordering  on  N.  C.     Pop.  20,630.     Co.  t.  Boyd  town. 

Mecklenburg,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Catawba  and  S.  C.     Pop.  13,914.     Co.  t.  Charlotte. 

Medina,  med-ee'-na,  (i.  e.  the  "  city,"  so  called  by  way  of  eminence,) 
one  of  the  cities  held  sacred  by  Mahometans,  and,  next  to  Mecca,  their 
principal  place  of  pilgrimage,  is  situated  about  260  m.  N.  of  Mecca, 
and  about  100  m.  N.  E.  of  its  port  Yembo,  on  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  not 
open,  like  Mecca,  but  surrounded  with  walls  about  40  ft.  high,*  flanked 
by  30  towers  (M.),  and  is  entered  by  three  fine  gates.  The  glory  of 
Medina,  is  the  possession  of  the  tomb  which  contains  the  remains  of 
the  Prophet.  We  may  remark,  that  the  story  long  current  in  Europe, 
of  Mahomet's  coffin  being  suspended  in  the  air  by  a  loadstone,  is  un 
known  in  the  East.  Medina  has  but  little  commerce,  and  scarcely 
any  manufactures.  The  inhabitants,  too  numerous  to  be  supported  by 
the  productions  of  the  sterile  country  by  which  they  are  surrounded, 
are  said  to  be  maintained,  in  a  great  measure,  by  the  gifts  which 
are  sent  or  brought  to  them  by  the  faithful.  Pop.  estimated  at 
18,000.     (M.) 

Me-dV-na,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  a  little  W.  of  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  Canal.     Pop.  24,441.     Co.  t.  Medina. 

Medina  Sidonia,  med-ee'-na  se-do'-ne-a,  an  ancient  t.  of  Spain,  in 
Andalusia,  22  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Cadiz,  with  extensive  manufactures  of 
earthenware.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Med'-it-er-ra'-ne-an  Sea  (Lat.  Ma're  Meditem/neum:  i.  e.  "mid- 
land sea,"  and  Ma're  Inter/num ;  i.  e.  the  "  inner  or  inland  sea") ;  a  large 
inland  sea,  situated  between  Africa,  on  the  S.,  and  Europe  and  Asia 
on  the  N.,  extending  from  about  30°  20'  to  45°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  from 


*  Balbi  says  "ninety  feet  high"  (hauts  de  90  pieds).  This,  however,  is  perhaps  e 
typographical  error. 

21* 


3G6  MED— MEL 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t;  o<5  as  in  good; 

about  5°  30'  W.  to  38'  E.  Lon.  It  is  rather  more  than  2,200  m.  in 
length  ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from  Venice  to  the  S.  extremity  of  the 
Bay  of  Sidra,  is  about  l,L0m.  Area  estimated  at  690, 000 sq.  m.  The 
Mediterranean  communicates  with  the  Atlantic  by  the  Strait  of  Gib- 
raltar, with  the  Black  Sea  by  the  Dardanelles,  the  Sea  of  Marmora, 
and  the  Bosporus.  The  depth  of  this  sea  is  very  great,  it  being,  in 
most  places,  unfathomable.  It  is  said,  however,  that  between  Sicily 
and  Tunis,  the  channel  is  nowhere  more  than  30  fathoms  deep.  The 
Mediterranean,  though  poetically  termed  a  "  fcideless  sea,"  is  not 
strictly  so :  in  the  Adriatic,  as  well  as  between  that  sea  and  the  coast 
of  Africa,  the  tides  rise  from  5  to  7  feet,  and  their  influence  is  also  felt 
more  or  less  along  the  shores  of  Sicily  and  the  W.  side  of  the  Morea. 
A  great  number  of  rivers  flow  into  the  Mediterranean,  particularly 
from  the  N.,  and  a  strong  current  comes  down  through  the  Dardanelles 
from  the  Black  Sea;  yet,  so  rapid  is  the  evaporation,  that  a  constant 
influx  takes  place  through  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  in  order  to  preserve 
its  equilibrium  with  the  Atlantic. 

Med'-way,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  of  England,  which  flows  into  the  estuary 
of  the  Thames,  on  the  right. 

Megna.     See  Brahmapootra. 

Mehallet-el-kebeer  (or  el-kebir),  meh-halMet-el-ke^-beeR',  i.  e. 
"the  great  place,"  an  important  t.  of  Lower  Egypt,  though  now  much 
decayed,  situated  on  a  canal  communicating  with  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Nile.  Lat.  31°  N.,  Lon.  31°  12'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  above  17,000.  (B.) 

Meigs,  megz,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  4,879. 

Meigs,  a  co.in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
17,971.    Co.  t.  Chester. 

Meinam  (ma-namO-     See  Cambodia. 

Meiningen,  mV-ning-en,  or  Meinungen,  mi'-nooner-en,  a  small  t.  of 
Germany,  cap.  of  the  duchy  of  Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen,  on 
the  VVerra.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  well  built;  and  contains  a 
lyceum,  a  library  of  25,000  vols.,  and  other  institutions.  Lat.  50°  35' 
N.,  Lon.  10°  24'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Meissen,  mi'-cen,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  in 
a  circle  of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe,  15  m. 
N.  W.  of  Dresden.  The  porcelain  manufactured  at  Meissen  is  said 
to  rival  or  surpass  that  of  China  in  beauty  and  durability.  Pop.  5,000. 
(B.) 

Mek^-i-nezv  or  Mek/-nas,  also  written  Mequinez,  a  large  t.  of  Mo- 
rocco, situated  in  a  beautiful  and  well-watpred  valley,  about  35  m.  W 
by  S.  from  Fez.  Among  its  various  manufactures,  that  of  leather  is 
the  most  important.  Lat.  about  34°  N.,  Lon.  5°  30'  W.  Pop.  56,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Mel-rose',  a  small  village  of  Scotland,  in  Roxburghshire,  remarkable 
for  the  remains  of  Melrose  Abbey,  the  finest  monastic  ruin  in  that 
country.     It  is  about  31  m.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 


MEL— MEN  367 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Mel'-ton-Mow'-bray  (mo'-bre),  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Leicester- 
shire, 92  m.  N.  by  VV.  of  London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  3,740. 

Me-lun'  (Fr.  pron.  m'luN';  Anc.  Melodu'num);  cap.  of  the  French 
dep.  of  Seine  and  Marne,  situated  on  the  Marne,  25  m.  S.  E.  of  Paris. 
Pop.  6,830.     (B.) 

Mem'-el  or  ma/-mel,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  E.  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  cir- 
cle of  the  same  name,  and  the  most  northern  town  in  the  Prussian 
dominions,  situated  near  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Kurische  Haff,  about 
50  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Tilsit.  It  has  a  large  and  safe  harbour,  with  deep 
water,  and  a  flourishing  commerce.  Lat.  55°  42'  N..  Lon.  21°  8'  E. 
Pop.  near  10,0!  0.     (B.) 

Memel  River.     See  Niemen. 

Mem'-ming-en,  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  t.  of  Bavaria,  44  m. 
S.  W.  of  Augsburg,  with  a  lyceum  and  several  other  institutions.  Lat. 
about  48°  N.,  Lon.  10°  12'  E.     Pop.  above  7,000.     (B.) 

Men-ard',  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the 
Sangamon.     Pop.  6,349.     Co.  t.  Petersburg. 

Mende  or  maNd,  an  ancient  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Lo- 
zere,  on  the  Lot.  It  is  badly  built,  but  is  well  supplied  with  water 
from  numerous  public  fountains.  Lat.  44°  31'  N.,  Lon.  3°  30'  E.  Pop. 
5,109.     (B.) 

Men  do'-za  (Sp.  pron.  men-do'-tha),  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  the  repub- 
lic of  La  Plata,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
L.  of  Mendoza.  Lat.  about  32°  50'  S.,  Lon.  69°  15'  W.  Pop.  esti- 
mated by  Balbi  at  7,000  or  8,000,  but  some  other  geographers  state  it 
as  high  as  20,000. 

Menin,  me-naV,  (Flemish,  Meenen,  ma'-nen,)  a  manufacturing  t. 
and  fortress  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  W.  Flanders,  on  the  Lys,  11  rn. 
N.  of  Lille.     Lat.  50°  49'  N.,  Lon.  3°  5'  E.     Pop.  7,909.     (P.  C.) 

Mentz,  ments,  or  Mainz,  mints,  (Fr.  Mayence,  ma^-yaNce' ;  Anc.  Ma- 
gontiacum  or  Moguntiacnm,)  a  fortified  city  of  Germany,  the  cap.  of  the 
prov.  of  Rheinhessen,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  formerly  of  the  electorate 
of  its  own  name,  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Rhine,  nearly  oppo- 
site to  its  junction  with  the  Main.  It  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses 
of  Europe,  and  the  chief  bulwark  of  Germany  against  France.  The 
village  of  Kastel  or  Kassel,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Rhine,  is  in- 
cluded within  its  system  of  fortifications,  and  is  connected  with  Mentz 
by  a  bridge  of  boats,  about  1,800  ft.  in  length.  The  town  is  old  fa- 
shioned, and,  on  the  whole,  badly  built,  and  the  streets,  with  few 
exceptions,  are  narrow,  crooked,  and  gloomy.  Among  the  remarkable 
edifices,  we  may  mention  the  church  of  St.  Ignatius,  which  is  consi- 
dered a  model  of  beautiful  ecclesiastical  architecture;  and  the  magnifi- 
cent grand-ducal  palace,  formerly  the  house  of  the  Teutonic  Order. 
Mentz  is  remarkable  for  having  given  to  the  world  the  first  complete 
specimen  of  a  printed  book,  and  for  being  the  centre  whence  the  typo- 
graphical art  has  spread  itself  over  the  globe.  One  of  the  squares  of 
the  city  is  named  in  honour  of  Gutenberg  (gooM;en-berg),  the  inventor 
of  the  art  of  printing  with  moveable  types,  and  a  splendid  monument 


368  MEN— MER 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  ndt ;  So  as  in  good; 

has  recently  been  erected  to  his  memory.  Among  its  various  literary 
and  scientific  institutions,  Mentz  contains  a  city  library  of  above  90,000 
vols.,  in  which  are  preserved  some  of  the  earliest  extant  specimens  of 
printing-.  The  remains  of  a  Roman  bridge  over  the  Rhine,  and  an 
aqueduct  in  the  vicinity,  among  other  monuments,  attest  the  ancient 
origin  of  Mentz.  Magontiacurn,  whence  the  modern  town  derives  its 
name,  was  founded  by  Drusus,  about  10  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
Lat.  50°  N.,  Lon.  8°  11' E.  Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  garrison  (which 
amounts  to  about  6,000),  31,000.     (B.) 

Menzaleh,  men-za/-le/i,  a  small  t.  of  Lower  Egypt,  near  an  exten- 
sive lagoon  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  Lat.  30°  45'  N.,  Lon.  31°  55' 
E.     Lake  Menzaleh  is  above  50m.  long,  and  near  30m.  wide. 

Mequinez.     See  Mekinez. 

Mer'-cer,  a  co.  in  the  middle  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware*.    Pop.  27,992.     Co.  t.  Trenton. 

Mercer,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio.  Pop. 
33,172.     Co.  t.  Mercer. 

Mercer,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  New  r.  Pop. 
4,222. 

Mercer,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  the  Ken- 
tucky r.     Pop.  14,067.     Co.  t.  Harrodsburg. 

Mercer,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Ind.  Pop.  7,712 
Co.  t.  St.  Mary's. 

Mercer,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi.    Pop.  5,246.     Co.  t.  New  Boston. 

Merdin.     See  Mardeen. 

Mergui  or  Merghi,  mer-gee',  a  t.  of  Farther  India,  cap.  of  a  British 
prov.  of  the  same  name,  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Tenasserim,  with  a 
good  harbour.  Lat.  12°  30'  N.,  Lon.  98°  35'  E.  Pop.  in  1825,  about 
8,000.     (B.) 

Mer'-i-da  (Anc.  Augus'ta  Emer'ita),  a  decayed  t.  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Guadiana,  remarkable  for  its  magni- 
ficent ruins.  Among  these  we  may  mention  a  triumphal  arch  which 
has  been  attributed  to  Trajan,  and  a  bridge  over  the  Guadiana,  one 
of  the  largest  in  Europe,  remarkable  for  its  solidity  and  fine  preserva- 
tion. Augusta  Emerita  was  founded  by  a  Roman  general,  under  the 
Emperor  Augustus:  it  afterwards  became  the  capital  of  Lusitania,  and 
the  most  magnificent  city  in  Roman  Spain.  At  the  time  of  the  Arab 
invasion,  it  was,  according  to  a  Moslem  historian,  8  m.  in  circumference, 
and  garrisoned  by  90,000  men.  Lat.  38°  51'  N.,  Lon.  6°  15'  W.  Pop. 
about  6,000.     (B.) 

Merida,  the  cap.  of  the  Mexican  state  of  Yucatan,  situated  about 
50  m.  from  the  sea.  Lat.  about  20°  50'  N.,  Lon.  89°  40'  W.  Pop. 
28,000.     (P.  C.) 

Merida,  a  t.  of  Venezuela,  in  the  dep.  of  Zulia,  the  cap.  of  a  prov. 
of  the  same  name,  with  a  university.  Lat.  about  8°  15'  N.,  Lon.  71° 
14'  VV.     Pop.  about  5,000,     (B.) 


MER— MES  369 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  N,  nearly  like  ng. 

Mer'-j-on'-eth-shjre,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Wales,  bordering 
on  the  sea.     Pop.  89,332. 

Mer'-i.-weth'-er,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
Flint  r.,  near  its  source.     Pop.  10,475.     Co.  t.  Greeneville. 

Mer'-rj-mack\  a  r.  of  New  England,  which  rises  in  the  N.  central 
part  of  New  Hampshire,  and,  flowing  southerly  into  Massachusetts, 
afterwards  changes  its  course  to  the  N.  E.,  and  empties  itself  into  the 
Atlantic  about  20  m.  S.  of  Portsmouth.  Its  whole  length  is  near 
200  m.  The  navigation  is  obstructed,  especially  in  the  upper  part  of 
its  course,  by  a  number  of  rapids  and  falls. 

Merrimack  or  Mar'-a-mec\  a  r.  of  Mo.,  which  falls  into  the  Missis- 
sippi about  20  m.  below  St.  Louis. 

Merrimack,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  N.  H.,  intersected  by  the 
Merrimack  r.     Pop.  38,445.     Co.  t.  Concord. 

Mer'-se-burg^  (Ger.  pron.  miR^-se/i-booRo'),  a  manufacturing  and 
commercial  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  r.  Saale,  18  m.  W.  of  Leipsic.  It  has  a  fine  cathedral, 
with  one  of  the  largest  organs  in  Germany.  Lat.  51°  22'  N.,  Lon.  12° 
E.    Pop.  above  8,000.     (B.) 

Mer'-sey,  an  important  r.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  England,  which 
flows  into  the  Irish  Sea.  About  15  m.  from  its  mouth,  it  expands  into 
an  estuary,  which,  at  its  broadest  part,  is  about  3  m.  wide.  The  Mer- 
sey and  Irwell  have  been  rendered  navigable  as  far  as  Manchester. 

Merthyr  Tydvil  or  Tydfil,  mer'-thir  tid'-vil,  a  t.  of  Wales,  in 
Glamorganshire,  19  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Cardiff,  with  rich  mines  of  coal 
and  iron  ore.  It  has  increased  very  rapidly  within  the  last  few  years. 
Lat.  51°  44'  N.,  Lon.  2°  20'  W.     Pop.  of  the  entire  parish,  34,977. 

Mesh'-ed,  often  written  Mushed,  a  decayed  city  of  Persia,  in  Kho- 
rassan,  remarkable  for  the  mausoleum  of  Imam  Reza,  "  the  magnificence 
of  which,  with  its  silver  gates,  jewelled  doors,  rails  once  of  solid  gold, 
glittering  domes  and  minarets,  and  handsome  arcades,  is  almost  une- 
qualled in  Persia."  (M.)  This  city  carries  on  considerable  trade  with 
the  neighbouring1  towns  of  central  Asia,  and  has  some  important  manu- 
factures. Lat.  36°  18'  N.,  Lon.  59°  35'  E.  Pop.  45,000.  It  is,  how- 
ever, often  doubled  by  the  number  of  pilgrims  who  visit  the  shrine  of 
Imam  Reza.     (P.  C.) 

Mes'-o-po-ta'-mx-a  (Arab.  Al  Jezira  or  El-Jez-ee'-reft,  "  the  island"), 
the  name  given  by  the  ancient  Greeks  to  a  country  of  Asia,  which  lies 
between  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris.  Its  length,  from  N  W.  to  S.  E., 
is  between  600  m.  and  700  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  is  near  200  m. 
Mesopotamia  signifies  literally  "  between  the  rivers." 

Messina,  mes-see'-na,  (Anc.  Zan'cle  and  Messe'ne  or  Messa'na,)  a 
fortified  city  of  Sicily,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  near  the  N.  E. 
extremity  of  the  island,  with  the  best  harbour  in  the  kingdom  of  the 
two  Sicilies.  The  port  of  Messina  is  formed  by  a  semicircular  strip  of 
land,  which,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  sickle,  suggested  the  original 
name  of  the  town ;  Zancle  (in  Greek,  Zayxa.^)  signifying  a  "  sickle," 
or  "  pruning-hook."     This  city  contains  several  remarkable  buildings, 


370  MET— MEX 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m£,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good ; 

a  royal  college,  and  an  extensive  public  library,  which  is  rich  in  Greek 
manuscripts;  it  also  possesses  the  most  extensive  commerce  and  manu- 
factures of  all  the  towns  of  Sicily.  Lat.  38°  14'  N.,  Lon.  15°  35'  E. 
Pop.  60,000.     (P.  C.) 

Metz,  mets,  (Fr.  pron.  mace;  Anc.  Divodu'rum;  afterwards  Medio- 
mat'rici,  and  Mentis  or  Mentis,)  a  city  and  fortress  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Moselle,  situated  on  the  Moselle,  about 
80  m.  W.  N.  YV.  of  Strasburg.  The  interior  of  the  town  is  in  general 
handsome;  the  streets  are  straight,  wide,  and  well  paved.  The  most 
remarkable  of  the  public  edifices  is  perhaps  the  cathedral,  a  Gothic 
building  remarkable  for  the  boldness  and  lightness  of  its  architecture. 
Its  length  is  about  387  ft.,  and  the  height  of  the  tower  near  400  ft. 
Metz  contains  an  acad6mie  universitaire,  a  national  college,  an  acade- 
my of  letters  and  arts,  a  practical  school  of  artillery  and  military  en- 
gineering (the  finest  institution  of  the  kind  in  Europe),  a  public  library 
of  31,000  vols.,  and  numerous  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions. 
Lat.  49D  T  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.     Pop.  42,793.     (B.) 

Meurthe,  muRt,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  France,  intersected  by 
the  r.  Moselle.     Pop.  424,366.  (B.)     Capital,  Nancy. 

Mf;usE,  muze,  (Fr.  pron.  muz  ;  Dutch,  Maas,  maas;  Anc.  Mo'sa,)  a  r. 
which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  France,  and,  flowing  through  Belgium 
and  the  southern  part  of  Holland,  falls  into  the  N.  Sea,  in  about  51° 
56'  N.  Lat.,  and  4°  3'  E.  Lon.  Above  40  m.  from  its  mouth,  its  waters 
unite  with  those  of  the  Rhine  or  VVhaal,  but  the  stream  thus  formed 
still  retains  the  name  of  Maas.  The  entire  length  of  this  river  is  esti- 
mated at  400  m.  It  is  navigable  to  Verdun,  in  France,  or  about  three- 
fourths  of  its  course. 

Meuse,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above 
r.,  and  bordering  on  Belgium.     Pop.  317.701.  (B.)  Capital,  Bar-le-Duc. 

Mex'-i-co,  (Sp.  pron.  Meb'-He-ko,)  the  United  States  of,  a  federal 
republic  of  North  America,  situated  between  16°  and  33°  N.  Lat.  and 
91°  and  117°  W.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  the  United  States 
and  Gulf  of  Mexico;  S.  and  W.  by  the  United  States  of  Central  Ameri- 
ca and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Extreme  length  from  S.  E.  to  N.W.  about 
1900  m. ;  greatest  breadth  from  E.  to  W.  about  800  m.  The  area  is 
estimated  at  800,000  sq.  m.  The  pop.  is  probably  about  7,000,000. 
Owing  to  the  civil  dissensions  of  the  Mexicans,  and  other  causes,  it 
appears  impossible  to  obtain  any  entirely  satisfactory  information  re- 
specting the  political  condition  of  this  republic*  It  is  divided  into  19 
states  and  the  federal  district,  besides  several  territories.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  the  states: — Chiapa  (che-a'-pa),  Yucatan  (yoo-ka- 
tanO^Tabasco  (ta-bas'-ko),  Oaxaca  (wa-iia'-ka).  Vera  Cruz  (v;V-r£ 
krooce),  Puebla  (pweb'-la),  Mexico,  Michonoan  (me^-cho-a-kW),  Xa- 

*  In  consequence  of  the  late  war  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States  the 
former  was  compelled  to  cede  to  the  latter  the  territories  of  New  Mexico  and 
Upper  California.  In  1845  the  state  of  Yucatan  declared  itself  independent 
for  the  second  time. 


MEX— MEX  371 

ou,  as  in  oar ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this :  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

liseo  or  Jalisco  (HJ-lees'-ko),  Guanaxuato  (gwan-a-Hwa'-to),  Queretaro 
(k(  r-a'-ta-roj,  San  Luis  Potosi  (sin  loo-is'  po-to-see'),  Zacatecas  (sa-ka- 
ti'-kas),  Durango  (doo-rang'-go),  Occidente  (ok-se-den'-ta),  So-no'-ra 
and  Cinaloa  (se-na-lo'-a),  Chihuahua  (che-wa'-wa),  Cohahuila  (ko-a- 
wee'-la),  Nuevo  Leon  (nwa'-vo-la-one'),  Tamaulipas  (ta-mou-lee'-pas). 
The  territories  are: — Colima  (ko-lee'-ma.),  Tlascala  (tlas-ka'-la),  and 
Lower  California.  The  climate  of  Mexico,  as  might  be  expected  in  a 
country  of  such  vast  extent,  varies  greatly  in  different  parts.  In  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  capital,  at  an  elevation  of  more  than7,000ft.above 
the  sea,  the  thermometer  rarely  falls  below  freezing  point.  The  winter 
may  be  compared  to  that  of  Naples,  while  in  summer  the  temperature  is 
seldom  above  75°,  in  the  shade.  On  the  table-land  of  Toluca  (S.  S.  W.  of 
the  City  of  Mexico),\vhicb  has  an  elevation  of  near  9,000  ft.  above  the  sea, 
the  air  is  so  cold,  during  the  greater  part  of  the  day,  that  the  thermo- 
meter generally  ranges  from  42°  to  46°,  so  that  even  those  persona 
who  have  been  brought  up  in  northern  regions,  find  the  climate  very 
unpleasant.  (P.  C.)  In  the  southern  portions  of  the  country,  on  the 
low  lands,  the  climate  is  very  hot,  as  in  other  intertropical  regions. 
Humboldt  has  asserted,  that  in  this  country  may  be  grown  almost  all 
the  vegetable  productions,  which  are  found  between  the  equator  and 
the  poles.  Maize  constitutes  the  principal  food  of  the  lower  classes, 
and  is  produced  everywhere,  even  on  the  highest  table-lands,  where 
wheat  will  not  grow.  On  the  low  lands,  bananas  are  extensively  cul- 
tivated, or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  are  produced  abundantly,  with 
scarcely  any  cultivation.  "Humboldt  affirms  that  half  a  hectare  (about 
an  acre)  of  land,  planted  with  bananas,  will  furnish  food  for  more  than 
fifty  individuals;  whereas  the  same  extent  of  land,  if  sown  with  wheat 
in  Europe,  would  not  support  more  than  two  individuals."  (M.)  But 
this  facility  of  obtaining  a  subsistence,  appears  to  have  exerted  a  most 
baneful  influence  on  the  character  of  the  Mexicans,  by  fostering  impro- 
vidence and  sloth.  Mexico  is  especially  remarkable  for  its  mineral 
wealth.  Not  only  gold  and  silver,  but  copper,  iron,  and  lead,  exist  in 
abundance.  Quicksilver  is  also  found.  The  carbonate  of  soda,  which 
is  necessary  for  the  smelting  of  the  silver  ore,  is  collected  in  several 
lakes,  where  it  is  found  crystallized  on  the  surface,  in  great  abundance. 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Mex'-j.-can  (Sp.  Mexicano,  mrh-ne-ka'-no). 

Mexico  (called  by  the  aborigines  Tenochtitlan),  the  cap.  of  the 
united  Mexican  states,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities  in  the  world, 
and,  till  recently,  the  largest  in  America,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  an 
elevated  plain,  surrounded  by  mountains,  at  the  height,  of  7,468  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  streets  are  wide,  well  paved,  and 
flagged,  and  cross  each  other  almost  uniformly  at  right  angles.  The 
Great  Square  (Plaza  Mayor,  pW-sa  ma-yoRe')  is  one  of  the  finest,  to 
be  sepn  in  any  metropolis :  in  its  centre  is  a  colossal  statue  of  Charles 
IV.  of  Spain,  said  to  be  superior  to  any  other  work  of  this  kind  existing 
in  the  New  World.  The  Cathedral,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Great  Square, 
is   regarded  as  the  finest  ecclesiastical  edifice  in   America.     There 

Y 


372  MEX— MIC 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  boas  in  good ; 

are,  besides,  a  number  of  churches,  remarkable  for  the  magnificence 
of  their  architecture,  and  the  costliness  of  their  paintings,  sculptaro, 
and  other  decorations.  Mexico  was  formerly  inferior  to  none  of  the 
American  cities,  as  a  seat  of  science  and  literature;  but,  in  these  as 
in  most  other  respects,  its  course  has  been  retrograde  fur  several  years 
past.  There  is  a  university,  a  college  of  mines,  with  a  rich  collection 
of  minerals,  and  a  number  of  other  institutions,  most  of  which,  how- 
ever, are  said  to  be  in  a  state  of  decay.  Lat.  19°  26'  N.,  Lon.  99°  5' 
W.     Pop.  estimated  at  180,000.     (B.) 

Mexico,  Gulf  of,  on  the  S.  E.  coast  of  N.  America,  between  about  18° 
10'  and  30°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and  81°  and  98°  W.  Lon.  Its  length,  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W.,  is  near  1,100  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  above  600  m. 

Mezieres,  mezN-e-aiR/,  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  Ardennes,  on  the  Meuse.  Lat.  49°  46'  N.,  Lon.  4°  44'  E. 
Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

Miaco,  me-a'-ko,  or  Kee^-o,  a  large  city  of  the  Japanese  empire,  situ- 
ated on  the  island  of  Niphon,  230  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Yeddo.  Tt  was  for- 
merly the  capital  of  Japan,  and  is  now  the  residence  of  the  Dairi 
(da-ee-ree)  or  chief  priest,  and  contains  a  number  of  remarkable  edi- 
fices. One  of  the  temples  has  a  colossal  image  of  the  god  Daiboots,  or 
the  Grand  Boodha,  made  of  wood  and  covered  with  gilt  paper,  repre- 
sented, like  the  Hindoo  idols,  sitting  on  a  flower  of  lotus.  The  total 
height  is  more  than  90  ft.,  the  statue  being  about  80,  and  the  flower  above 
10  ft.  high.  The  image  is  25  ft.  (4  toises)  between  the  shoulders,  and 
is  capable  of  containing  several  people  in  the  palm  of  the  hand.  In  a 
neighbouring  building  is  suspended  the  largest  bell  in  the  known 
world.  It  is  about  18  ft.  high,  and  weighs  2,040,000  Dutch  pounds,  or 
about  1,000  tons !  (B.)  Miaco  is  the  first  manufacturing  and  probably 
the  first  commercial  town  in  Japan.  Here,  also,  all  the  money  of  the 
empire  is  coined.  Miaco  signifies  "capital;"  Keeo  (or  Kio),  a  "resi- 
dence." Lat.  about  34°  30'  N.,  Lon.  136°  E.  The  pop.  probably  ex- 
ceeds 500,000.     (B.) 

Mi-am'-x,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ohio,  and, 
flowing  south-westerly,  joins  the  Ohio  at  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the 
state,  about  20  m.  below  Cincinnati.  Its  whole  length  is  probably 
150  m. 

Miami,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  above  r. 
Pop.  24,996.     Co.  t.  Troy. 

Miami,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Wa- 
bash and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  11,304.  Co.  t.  Peru. 

Michael,  St.,  (Port.  Sam  Miguel,  s^6n  (almost  soung)  me-geV),  the 
largest  i.  of  the  Azores,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  37°  50'  N.  Lat. 
and  the  meridian  of  25°  30'  W.  Lon.  Length  above  40  m. ;  greatest 
breadth,  14  m.     Ponte  Delgada  is  the  chief  town. 

Michigan,  misb/-e-gan,  one  of  the  five  great  lakes  of  N.  America 
connected  with  the  r.  St.  Lawrence,  situated  between  41°  30'  and  46° 
N.  Lat,  and  85°  50'  and  88°  W.  Lon.  Its  length,  following  the  curve, 
is  near  350  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  about  90  m.     The  surface  of  thi3 


MIC— MID  373 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  K,  nearly  like  ng. 

lake  is  about  600  ft  above  the  level  of  the  sea ;  its  depth  is  stated  to 
<»e  900  ft.  Lake  Michigan  is  connected,  at  its  N.  E.  extremity,  by  the 
Strait  of  Mackinaw,  with  Lake  Huron. 

Michigan,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  41°  40'  and  48°  N. 
Lat.,  and  82°  10'  and  91°  W.  Lon.  It  consists  of  two  great  natural 
divisions,  viz.,  the  lower  peuinsula,  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N.  VV.  by 
Lake  Michigan,  on  the  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Lake  Huron,  the  r.  and  Lake 
St.  Clair,  the  Detroit  r.  and  Lake  Erie,  and  on  the  S.  by  Ohio  and  In- 
diana ;  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  290  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E. 
to  W.,  rather  more  than  200  m. :  and  the  upper  peninsula,  situated  be- 
tween the  lakes  Superior,  Huron,  and  Michigan,  and  bounded  on  the 
S.  VV.  by  Wisconsin;  its  length  is  near  330m.,  with  a  mean  breadth 
of  50  or  60  m.  The  total  area  is  estimated  at  above  60,000  sq.  m.  The 
state  is  divided  into  72  counties.*  Pop.  397,654.  Lansing  is  the  seat 
of  government.     Michigan  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1836. 

Michilimackinac.     See  Mackinaw. 

Mid'-del-burg\  an  ancient  t.  of  Holland,  in  the  i.  of  Walcheren, 
cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Zealand.  Among  its  literary  institutions,  the  Athe- 
naeum or  Academy  deserves  to  be  mentioned.  Lat.  51°  30'  N.,  Lon.  3° 
37'  E.     Pop.  3,500.     (M.) 

Middlebury,  mid'-del-btr-re,  the  cap.  of  Addison  co.,  Vt,  on  Otter 
creek,  33  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  W.  of  Montpelier.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 3,517.     Middlebury  College,  of  this  place,  was  founded  in  1800. 

Mid'-dles-bo^-rouqh,  a  t.  and  river  port  of  England,  in  the  N.  Riding 
of  Yorkshire,  on  the  Tees,  16  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Darlington,  with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  railway.  Pop.  5,463 ;  in  1831,  it  was  only 
154.     (M.) 

Mid'-dle-sex\  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  England,  N.  of,  and  border- 
ing on  the  Thames.  It  comprises  within  its  limits  the  greater  part  of 
the  metropolis.     Pop.  1,576,636. 

Middlesex,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mass.,  bordering  on  N.  H. 
Pop.  161,383.     Co.  towns,  Cambridge  and  Concord. 

Middlesex,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Conn.,  intersected  by  the  Con- 
necticut r.,  and  bordering  on  Long  Island  Sound.  Pop.  30,680.  Co.  t. 
Middletown. 

Middlesex,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  on  the  Raritan  r.  and  bay. 
Pop.  28,635.     Co.  t.  New  Brunswick. 

*  Alcona  (Negwegon),  Allegan,  Alpena  (Anamickee),  Antrim  (Megissee),  Are- 
nac, Barry,  Berrien,  Branch,  Calhoun,  Cass.  Charlevoix  (Kishkawkee),  Cheboy- 
gan, Chippewa,  Clair  St.,  Clare  (Kaykakee),  Clinton,  Crawford  (Shawwano) 
Eaton,  Emmet  (Tonedagana),  Genesee,  Gladwin,  Gratiot,  Hillsdale,  Ingham, 
Ionia,  Iosco  (Kanotin),  Isabella,  Jackson,  Joseph  St.,  Kalamazoo,  Kalcasca  (War- 
bassee),Kent,  Lake(Aishcum),  Lapeer,  Leelenaw,  Lenawee,  Livingston.  Macomb, 
Manistee,  Mason  (Notipeskago),  Michilimackinac,  Midland,  Missaukee,  Monroe, 
Montcalm,  Montmorency  (Cheonoquet),  Necosta,  Newaygo,  Oakland,  Oceana, 
Ogemaw,  Omeena,  Osceola  (Unwattin),  Oscoda,  Ottawa,  Otsego  (Okkuddo),  Presque 
Isle,  Roscommon  (Mickenauk),  Saginaw,  Shiawassee,  Van  Buren,  Washtenaw, 
"Wayne,  Wexford  (Kawtawwabet),  Wyandot,  Delta,  Houghton,  Huron,  Mar- 
quette, Ontonagon,  Schoolcraft,  Tuscola. 

32 


374  MID— MIL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Middlesex,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Rappahannock.     Pop.  4,394.     Co.  t.  Urbanna. 

Mid'-dle-ton,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  5  m. 
N".  N.  E.  of  Manchester.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  near  3  sq.  m.t 
7.740. 

Mid'-dle-town\  a  city  and  port  of  entry  in  Middlesex  co.,  Conn.,  on 
the  W.  bank  of  the  Connecticut  r.,  about  22  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N.  E. 
of  New  Haven, with  numerous  manufactures,  of  which  that  of  swords  and 
fire-arms  is  perhaps  the  most  remarkable.  The  Wesleyan  University 
founded  in  1831,  is  situated  in  Lat.  41°  33'  N.,  and  Lon.  72°  39'  W. 
Pop.  of  the  city  of  Middletown,  3,511. 

Midland,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Saginaw  Bay. 
Pop.  65. 

Mif'-flin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  Juniata.  Pop. 
14,980.     Co.  t.  Lewistown. 

Mil'-an*  (It.  Milano,  me-la'-no;  Lat.  Mediola'num),  the  principal 
city  of  N.  Italy,  and  the  third  in  the  Italian  peninsula  (being  inferior 
only  to  Naples  and  Rome),  is  situated  between  the  Olona  and  Lambro, 
on  the  Naviglio  Grande  (na-veel'yo  gran'-da)  or  "great  canal,"  which 
connects  these  rivers  with  each  other,  and  flows  all  round  the  original 
town  or  city  proper,  of  which  it  marks  the  boundary.  The  suburbs 
which  have  been  built  outside  of  this  boundary,  occupy  more  space  than 
the  original  city.  They  are  surrounded  with  a  line  of  ramparts,  which 
is  planted  with  trees,  and  serves  as  a  promenade.  Much  of  the  space, 
however,  between  the  ramparts  and  the  Naviglio,  is  occupied  by  gardens. 
Among  the  number  of  magnificent  buildings  that  adorn  Milan,  the  most 
remarkable  is  the  Duomo  or  Cathedral,  which,  after  St.  Peter's,  at  Rome, 
is  the  largest  and  most  sumptuous  ecclesiastical  edifice  in  Ttaly,  and 
one  of  the  finest  in  Christendom.  The  exterior,  with  its  hundred  spires, 
and  its  three  thousand  statues  of  various  sizes,  looks  like  a  forest  of 
marble.  Milan  is  distinguished  as  a  centre  of  learning  and  the  arts; 
and  it  is  said  that  more  books  are  published  here  than  in  all  the  rest  of 
Italy  put  together.  Among  other  institutions,  this  city  contains  an 
academy  of  fine  arts,  one  of  the  most  extensive  establishments  of  the 
kind  in  Europe,  and  a  picture  gallery,  rich  in  the  choicest  productions 
of  the  ancient  Italian  masters.  The  library  of  Brera  (bnV-ra)  contains 
100,000  vols.,  and  is  open  to  the  public.  Milan  is  the  residence  of  an 
archbishop,  of  the  Austrian  viceroy,  and  of  the  governor-general  of 
the  Lombard  provinces.  The  Observatory,  which  is  considered  the 
first  in  Italy,  is  in  Lat.  45°  2$'  1"  N.,  Lon.  9°  11'  48"  E.  The  pop., 
according  to  Balbi,  is  above  1*55,000,  and  increases  rapidly  from  year 
to  year. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Mil'-an-ese'. 

Milazzo,  me-lat'-so,  or  Melazzo,  ma-laf-so,  (Anc.  My'lae,)  a  fortified 
seaport  t.  on  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  near  the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  island, 

*  All  the  poets  place  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable  of  this  n?vne.  Byron  and 
Mo^re  rhyme  it  with  villain.  This  appears  to  be  the  prevailing,  if  not  universal 
pronunciation,  among  correct  speakers. 


MIL— MIN  375 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

on  the  W,  side  of  a  small  bay,  to  which  it  gives  its  name.     Lat.  38° 
15'  N.,  Lon.  15°  14'  E.     Pop.  in  1831,  9,206.     (Bff.j 

Mil/-ford,  a  small  t.  of  S.  Wales,  in  Pembrokeshire,  on  the  N.  side 
of  an  extensive  basin  or  inlet  of  the  sea,  called  Milford  Haven.  Lat. 
51°  43'  N.,  Lon.  5°  VV. 

Milhau,  meMo',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aveyron,  on  the  Tarn, 
Lat.  44°  5'  N.,  Lon.  3°  5'  E.     Pop.  9,437.     (M.) 

MrLiTARY  Frontier,  the  name  given  to  a  tract  of  country  extending 
along  the  S.  and  S.  E.  frontier  of  the  Austrian  empire,  from  the  Adri- 
atic to  the  E.  extremity  of  Transylvania.  It  is  distinguished  from  the 
rest  of  the  empire  by  having  a  purely  military  government.  The 
object  of  this  establishment  was  originally  to  secure  the  frontier 
against  the  inroads  of  the  Turks.  All  the  peasants  are  soldiers,  and 
hold  their  lands  from  the  state  as  fiefs,  on  tenure  of  military  and  civil 
service.  In  time  of  peace,  45,000  men  are  always  under  arms,  who 
feed  and  clothe  themselves,  and  perform  their  appointed  services  with- 
out any  expense  to  the  Austrian  government.  In  time  of  war,  they 
serve  the  state  in  the  same  manner  as  the  rest  of  the  army,  and  march 
out  of  the  country,  if  required,  and  they  receive  the  usual  pay.  It  is 
said  that,  in  any  extremity,  they  can  muster  200,000  men,  and  that,  by 
means  of  alarm-fires  and  bells,  this  immense  force  can  be  summoned 
together,  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  frontier,  in  the  space  of 
four  hours!     (M.) 

Mil/-ledge-ville\  the  seat  of  justice  of  Baldwin  co.,  Ga..  and  the 
cap.  of  the  state,  situated  on  the  Oconee,  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation.     Lat.  33°  7'  N.,  Lon.  83°  20'  VV.     Pop.  2,216. 

Miller,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the 
Osage  r.     Pop.  3,834.     Co.  t.  Tuscumbia. 

Milo,  meMo,  (Anc.  Me'los,)  an  i.  in  the  yEgean  Sea,  about  70  m.  E. 
of  the  Morea.  It  is  about  14  m.  long,  and  8  m.  wide.  The  N.  coast 
is  indented  by  a  deep  bay,  which  forms  one  of  the  best  and  safest  har- 
bours in  the  Levant.  The  Lat.  of  this  port  is  36°  42'  N.,  Lon.  24°  14 
E.     Pop.  of  the  island  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Milwaukee  City.     See  AVisconsin. 

Mil-wau'-kie,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on 
L.  Michigan.     Pop.  31,077.  Co.  t.  Milwaukie. 

Mincio,  min'-cho,  (Anc.  Min'cius,)  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  which  has 
its  source  in  the  lake  of  Garda,  and,  flowing  southerly,  passes  by  Man- 
tua, and  joins  the  Po,  12  m.  S.  E.  of  that  city. 

Mindanao,  min-da-na'-o,  or  Magindanao,  (Sp.  pron.  ma-Heen-da- 
na'-o,)  the  most  southern,  and,  after  Luzon,  the  largest  of  the  Philip- 
pine Islands,  is  situated  between  5°  and  10°  N.  Lat!",  and  121°  30'  and 
126°  E.  Lon.  It  appears  like  two  islands  connected  with  each  other 
by  a  narrow  isthmus.  The  eastern  portion  is  above  300  m.  in  length,  from 
N.  to  S.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  80  or  90  m.;  the  western  is  about  170  m 
long,  and,  on  an  average,  perhaps  50  m.  broad.  The  area  is  estimated 
at  about  34,000  sq.  m.  The  inhabitants  appear  to  be  chiefly  Malays. 
(See  Philippine  Islands.) 

Min^-den,  an  ancient  t.  and  fortress  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  in 


376  MIN— MIN 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  mbt;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Westphalia,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  came,  on  the  Weser. 
Lat.  52°  18'  N.,  Lon.  8°  53'  E.     Pop.  8,000. 

Min-do'-rOj  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  intersected  by  the  13th 
par.  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  121st  mer.  of  E.  Lon..  Length  100  m., 
breadth  50  m. 

Minx-e-so'ta  or  Minnesota  (originally  spelled  Minnay-Sotor),  a  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British  America, 
E.  by  Lake  Superior  and  Wisconsin,  S.,  S.  W.,  and  W.  by  Iowa  and  the 
Missouri  and  White-Earth  rivers.     Area  estimated  at  120,000  sq.  m. 

Minho  in  Portuguese,  and  Miiio  in  Spanish,  pronounced  alike, 
meen'-yo  (Anc.  MhVius),  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  Spanish  penin- 
sula, which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Galicia,  and,  flowing  south-westerly, 
falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  about  41°  53'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  47'  W.  Lon.  In 
the  latter  part  of  its  course,  it  forms  a  portion  of  the  boundary  between 
Spain  and  Portugal. 

Min-ne-so'-ta,  a  Territory  of  the  United  States,  a  portion  of  the  old 
North  West  Territory,  and  more  recently  of  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  lies 
between  42°  30'  and  49°  N.  Lat.;  and  between  89°  30'  and  103°  30'  W. 
Lon.,  having  a  mean  length  from  E.  to  W.  of  about  410  miles,  and 
an  average  breadth  of  390  miles  ;  including  an  area  of  nearly  166,000 
sq.  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British  America ;  E.  by  Lake 
Superior  and  the  State  of  Wisconsin ;  S.  by  Iowa  and  Missouri  Ter.; 
and  W.  by  Missouri  Ter.  The  Lake  of  the  Woods,  with  a  chain  of 
small  lakes,  and  their  outlets,  form  a  part  of  the  N.  boundary,  the 
St.  Croix  and  Mississippi  rivers  a  part  of  the  E.,  and  the  Missouri 
and  White  Earth  rivers  form  the  W.  boundary. 

Population. — By  the  census  of  1850,  Minnesota  had  6,077  inhabit- 
ants, of  whom  6,038  were  white,  and  39  colored  persons.  The  deaths 
for  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1850,  were  30,  or  only  five  in  every 
one  thousand.  Governor  Ramsey  estimated  the  Indian  population  in 
1852  at  25,000. 

Counties. — Minnesota  is  divided  into  nine  counties,  viz.  Benton, 
Dacota,  Itasca,  Mahkahta,  Pembina,  Ramsey,  Wabasha,  Wahnahto, 
and  Washington.     The  capital  is  St.  Paul's. 

Face  of  the  Country. — Though  there  are  no  mountains  in  Minnesota, 
it  is  the  most  elevated  tract  of  land  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
Hudson's  Bay.  A  plateau  of  about  200  miles  in  length,  and  from 
15  to  40  miles  in  breadth,  known  as  the  "Coteau  des  Prairies/'  or 
Prairie  Heights,  runs  through  the  middle  of  the  southern  part  of 
Minnesota.  Its  greatest  elevation  is  about  1916  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  its  average  elevation  is  about  1450  feet.  The  northern 
and  highest  portion  is  about  890  feet  above  Big  Stone  Lake,  which 
lies  in  its  vicinity. 

Passing  the  St.  Peter's  river,  we  come  upon  another  range  of  heights, 
called  the  "  Coteau  du  Grand  Bois,"  or  the  Wooded  Highlands,  which 
extend  for  more  than  100  miles  nearly  parallel  with  the  Coteau  des 
Prairies,  and  form  the  eastern  wall  of  the  valley  of  St.  Peter's.  These 
heights  are  mostly  covered  with  an  extensive  forest  of  hard  wood. 
Through  the  middle  of  the  triangle  which  occupies  the  N.  E.  part  of 


MIN— MIN  37r 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  territory  runs  another  range  of  heights,  known  as  the  "  Hauteur 
de  Terre,"  or  "  High  Lands,"  which  extends  west  by  south  about 
300  miles,  and  forms  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters  which 
flow  into  Hudson's  Bay  and  those  which  flow  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  A  range  of  highlands  extends  north  from  the  Coteau  des 
Prairies,  and  forms  with  them  the  water  shed  of  the  rivers  flowing 
into  the  Mississippi  and  Red  rivers  on  the  east,  and  the  Missouri  on 
the  west.  The  other  parts  of  the  territory,  as  far  as  known,  are  varied 
with  rolling  prairies,  extensive  woodlands,  and  rich  meadows. 

Lakes  and  Rivers. — Minnesota  abounds  in  lakes,  giving  origin  to 
rivers  which  flow  toward  every  point  of  the  compass,  and  whose  wa- 
ters mingle  with  those  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Hudson's  Bay,  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.  The  largest  of  the  lakes,  with  the  exception  of  Lake 
Superior,  which  bounds  about  70  miles  of  the  N.  E.  of  Minnesota, 
are  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Red  Lake,  Mini-Wakan  or  Devil  Lake, 
Rainy  Lake,  Leech  Lake,  and  Mille  Lac  or  Spirit  Lake.  Besides 
these,  there  are  hundreds  of  smaller  lakes,  varying  from  mere  ponds 
to  lakes  of  30  miles  in  length.  These  generally  have  clear  pebbly 
bottoms,  and  are  well  stocked  with  fish,  among  which  are  the  white 
fish,  pike,  pickerel,  maskelonge,  sucker,  perch,  and  trout.  The  wild 
rice  grows  on  the  shores  of  many  of  these  lakes,  especially  in  the 
north.  Devil  Lake,  which  is  on  the  48th  parallel  of  lat.  in  the  N. 
W.  of  the  territory,  is  40  miles  in  length  by  about  15  in  breadth.  It 
has  no  outlet,  and  the  waters  are  brackish.  Red  Lake,  on  the  same  par- 
allel, E.  of  the  Red  River,  with  which  it  communicates,  is  about  the 
same  size  as  Devil  Lake.  Lake  of  the  Woods  and  Rainy  Lake  are 
both  on  the  N.  boundary  line ;  the  former  is  quite  a  large  lake. 

The  rivers  and  streams  of  Minnesota  are  almost  as  numerous  as  its 
lakes.  The  far-famed  Mississippi  river  issues  out  of  Itasca  Lake,  N.  E. 
from  the  centre  of  the  territory,  in  lat.  47°  13'  N.  and  at  an  elevation 
of  1575  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  has  a  course  of  about  800 
miles  within  Minnesota,  of  which  500  are  navigable ;  200  below  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  300  above.  In  the  S.  E.,  where  it  forms 
the  boundary  between  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  its  banks  are  very 
precipitous,  reaching  an  elevation  of  from  200  to  500  feet.  The  Rum 
and  St.  Croix,  noted  for  the  pine  forests  in  their  vicinity,  are  the 
principal  tributaries  from  the  E.;  and  Crow-Wing,  Crow,  and  St. 
Peter's  from  the  W.  The  latter  has  a  course  of  about  470  miles 
through  a  very  fertile  country,  and  is  navigable,  at  high  water,  120 
miles.  The  St.  Croix  is  navigable  to  the  falls,  about  80  miles.  The 
Red  River  of  the  north  drains  all  the  northern  slope  tending  to  Hud- 
son's Bay.  It  has  a  course  of  800  miles,  of  which  500  are  within  Min- 
nesota, and  of  this  portion  of  its  course  400  are  said  to  be  navigable. 

The  Riviere  a  Jacques  (reev-ve-air'  ah  zhak)  about  600  miles  long, 
and  the  Sioux,  350,  are  tributaries  of  the  Missouri  on  the  W.  from 
this  State.     They  run  south. 

Soil  and  Productions. — About  60,000  sq.  miles  in  the  N.  E.  of  the 
territory  are  mostly  composed  of  volcanic  rocks,  or  arid,  sandy  hills 
32*      ■ 


378  MIN— MIN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  ndt;  o5  as  in  #00^, 

and  plains.  The  rest  of  the  territory  is  believed  to  be  mostly  fertile, 
consisting  of  woods  and  prairies,  and  well  adapted  to  agricultural 
settlements.  The  valley  of  the  St.  Peter's  is  especially  fertile.  Go- 
vernor Ramsey,  in  one  of  his  messages,  thus  speaks :  "  Experience  has 
demonstrated  that,  beyond  all  doubt,  we  can  produce  from  the  soil  in 
its  natural  state,  in  every  part  of  Minnesota  in  which  the  test  has 
been  made,  wheat,  corn,  oats,  and  potatoes,  in  quality  equal  to  that 
produced  in  any  of  the  States  of  the  Union,  and  in  quantity  that 
astonishes  even  those  who  have  been  familiar  with  the  most  fertile 
bottom  lands  of  Indiana  and  Illinois."  Under  the  48th  parallel, 
wheat  and  corn  grow  luxuriantly,  and  the  best  of  wheat  is  produced 
at  the  Red  river  settlement  in  49°  N. 

Among  the  indigenous  products  are  cranberries  in  great  quantities, 
maple-sugar  trees  in  abundance,  strawberries,  crab-apples,  wild  rice, 
plums,  currants,  grapes,  &c. 

Timber  is  abundant  in  different  parts  of  Minnesota.  Pine  forests 
of  great  extent  exist  on  the  St.  Croix  and  Rum  rivers.  In  the  winter 
of  1850-1,  it  was  computed  that  21,000,000  feet  of  lumber  were  cut  on 
the  St.  Croix  and  its  tributaries.  The  other  forest-trees  are  oak,  elm, 
ash,  birch,  maple  (sugar),  hickory,  linden,  poplar,  cedar,  spruce,  fir. 
tamarack,  &c. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Minnesota  have  not  yet  been  much  deve- 
loped ;  but  lead,  copper,  iron,  limestone,  and  the  red  pipe-stone  are 
found.  From  the  latter  the  Indians  manufacture  their  pipes.  This 
mineral  is  believed  to  be  peculiar  to  the  region  of  the  "  Coteau  des 
Prairies. " 

The  animals  are  abundant,  and  this  has  always  been  a  favorite 
hunting-ground  of  the  Indians.  The  buffalo,  deer,  black  bear,  gray 
antelope,  wolverine,  beaver,  otter,  muskrat,  mink,  martin,  fisher,  wolf, 
raccoon,  and  other  fur-bearing  animals  abound.  The  moose,  elk, 
grizzly  bear,  and  American  reindeer  are  sometimes  met  with. 

Climate,  Meteorology,  &c. — The  climate  of  Minnesota  compares 
favourably  with  New  England  and  Northern  New  York,  though  ex- 
tending several  degrees  farther  north.  The  winters  being  drier,  and 
the  ground  frozen  less  deeply,  favours  the  wheat  crop.  Bilious  fevers 
prevail  but  little,  and  fever  and  ague  are  almost  unknown.  Observa- 
tions kept  at  St.  Paul's,  in  44°  56'  N.lat.  in  Dec,  Jan.,  and  Feb.  of  the 
winter  of  1850-1,  give  the  following  results:  Clear  days,  22  ;  variable, 
45;  cloudy,  23;  rain,  5,  snow,  24;  and  hail,  one.  Greatest  height  of 
the  mercury,  47°;  least  height,  32°  5';  average  of  the  winter,  15°23/; 
coldest  day,  (Jan.  30,)  20°  ;  mildest  day,  (Feb.  25,)  36°  6'.  Mercury  37 
days  below  zero ;  31  days  at  or  above  freezing.  Thawed  in  the  sun 
33  days.  Winds  N.  N.  W.  to  N.,  50  days  ;  S.  E.  to  E.  N.  E.,  20  days ; 
variable,  20  days.  The  amount  of  rain  for  this  winter  is  stated  as 
being  unusually  large,  from  which  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere 
may  be  inferred.  The  earliest  closing  of  the  navigation  by  ice,  be- 
tween 1844  and  1850,  was  Nov.  8 ;  the  latest,  Dec.  8.  The  earliest 
opening  in  the  same  year  was  March  31 ;  the  latest,  April  19. 


MIN— MIS  379 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Towns. — St.  Paul,  the  capital  of  Minnesota,  and  the  largest  town, 
is  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  2070  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  lat. 
44°  50/  N.  It  is  9  miles  by  land  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Steamboats  connect  it  with  St.  Louis  and  other  towns  on  the  Missis- 
sippi.    Pop.  about  1500. 

St.  Anthony,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Mississippi,  at  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  is  destined,  from  its  great  amount  of  water-power,  to  be 
an  important  manufacturing  town.     Pop.  about  1000. 

Stillwater  and  St.  Croix,  both  on  the  St.  Croix,  are  largely  engaged 
in  the  lumber  trade.  The  former  has  800  and  the  latter  600  inhabit- 
ants.    The  penitentiary  is  at  Stillwater. 

Wabasha,  below  Lake  Pepin,  is  open  5  or  6  weeks  in  the  year 
longer  than  the  towns  above. 

Min-or'-ca,  sometimes  written  Menorca,  (anciently  one  of  the  Gym- 
nesiae :  see  Majorca,)  one  of  the  Balearic  Isles,  intersected  by  the 
40th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  4th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  32  m. 
in  length,  and  about  13  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.  Area  about  300 
sq.  m.  Pop.  35,000.  (P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Minorquine,  min-or- 
keen',  or  Min-or'-c_\n. 

Minsk,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Russian  Poland,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of 
the  same  name.  Lat.  53°  57'  N.,  Lon.  27°  40'  E.  Pop.  stated  at 
20,000.    (P.O.) 

Miramichi,  mirx-a-me-shee/,  a  r.  and  bay  in  the  E.  part  of  New 
Brunswick,  near  47°  N.  Lat.  and  65°  W.  Lon. 

Mirandola,  me-raV-do-la,  a  fortified  t.  of  N.  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Modena.     Lat.  44°  50'  N.,  Lon.  11°  7  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Mirepoix,  mlrx-e/i-pwa7,  or  meeRs-pwa',  a  small  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Ariege.  Lat.  43°  5'  N.f  Lon.  1°  52'  E.  Pop.  about 
4,000.     (M.) 

Miskolcz,  mish-kolts',  a  large  t.  of  Hungary,  with  a  Protestant  and 
a  Roman  Catholic  gymnasium.  Lat.  48°  7'  N.,  Lon.  20°  47'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  about  28,000.    (B.) 

Misv-sis-sip'-pj.  (i.  e.  the  "  great  water"),  a  large  r.  of  N.  America, 
which  forms  with  the  Missouri,  its  principal  affluent,  the  longest  river 
in  the  loorld.  It  rises  from  two  small  lakes,  in  about  47°  20'  N.  Lat., 
and  95°  30'  W.  Lon.,  which  are  estimated  to  be  about  1,500  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  general  course  is  nearly  S. ;  it  enters  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  by  several  mouths,  in  about  29°  N.  Lat.,  and  89°  20' 
W.  Lon.  The  waters  of  the  Mississippi,  as  it  advances  southward,  are 
swollen  by  a  number  of  important  tributaries,  viz.,  the  Wisconsin.  Illi- 
nois, and  Ohio  on  the  left,  and  the  St.  Peters,  Desmoines,  Missouri, 
Arkansas,  and  Red  River  on  the  right.  Below  the  entrance  of  the 
Ohio,  the  breadth  of  the  main  river  averages  about  900 yards,  and  its 
mean  depth  varies  from  90  to  120  ft.  The  velocity  of  the  stream,  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  is  on  average  from  60  to  70  m.  a  day.  In 
the  latter  part  of  its  course,  however,  a  number  of  bayous  (see  Bayou), 
leaving  the  principal  stream,  very  materially  diminish  the  body  of 


380  MIS— MIS 

Fate,  f ar,  f All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n&t ;  66,  as  in  good  ; 

water,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  current.  The  length  of  this  mighty 
river  is  about  3,200  m.,  or,  if  we  measure  from  the  head  of  the  Mis- 
souri, which  may  be  regarded  as  its  true  source,  it  will  amount  to 
4,400  m.  It  is  navigable,  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  considerably  above 
its  junction  with  the  Missouri,  or  more  than  2,000  in.  above  its  mouth. 
Mississippi,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  the  30th  and  35th 
degrees  of  N.  Lat,  and  88°  10'  and  91°  50'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  Tennessee,  E.  by  Alabama,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Louisi- 
ana, and  W.  by  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Mississippi  r. ;  and  divided  into  59  counties.*  Length,  from  N.  to 
S.,  about  340  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  184  m.  The  area 
is  estimated  at  48,000  sq.m.  Pop.  606,555;  consisting  of  295,758 
whites,  899  free  coloured  persons,  and  309,898  slaves.  Jackson  is 
the  capital.     Mississippi  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1819. — Inhab. 

MlSN-SIS-SIP^-PJ-AN. 

Missolonghi,  misv-so-long'-ge,  a  fortified  t.  of  Greece,  on  a  bay  or 
lagoon  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Patras,  which  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  the  Turks  in  1826,  after  a  long  siege.  Lord  Byron  died 
here,  April  19,  1824.     Lat.  38°  23'  N.,  Lon.  21°  28'  E. 

Missouri,  mis-soo'-re,  a  large  r.  of  N.  America,  which  rises  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  in  about  45°  N.  Lat.,  and  110°  30'  VV.  Lon.,  and, 
after  a  very  tortuous  course  of  about  3,000  m.,  fails  into  the  Mississippi, 
in  about  38°  5U'  N.  Lat.,  and  90°  10'  W.  Lon.  It  is  navigable  to  the 
Great  Falls,  or  about  2,500  m.  from  its  mouth.  The  waters  of  this 
river  are  remarkably  turbid,  from  which  circumstance,  it  is  said,  the 
name,  signifying  "mud  river,"  is  derived. 

Missouri,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  36°  and  40°  40'  K. 
Lat.,  and  89°  and  95°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Iowa,  E.  by 
Illinois  and  Kentucky,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Mississippi,  S 
by  Arkansas,  and  W.  by  the  Indian  territory;  and  divided  into  79  coun- 
ties.!    Greatest  extent,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  300  m. ;  from  N.  to  S., 

*  Adams,  Amite,  Attala,  Bolivar,  Carrol],  Chickasaw,  Choctaw,  Claiborne, 
Clarke,  Coahoma,  Copia,  Covington,  De  Soto,  Franklin,  Greene,  Hancock,  Har- 
rison, Hinds,  Holmes,  Issaquena,  Itawamba,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Jones, 
Kemper,  Lafayette,  Lauderdale,  Lawrence,  Leake,  Lowndes,  Madison,  Marion, 
Marshall,  Monroe,  Nashoba,  Newton,  Noxubee,  Oktibbeha,  Panola,  Perry,  Pike, 
Pontotoc,  Rankin,  Scott,  Simpson,  Smith,  Sunflower,  Tallahatchie,  Tippah, 
Tishamingo,  Tuncia,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  Wilkinson,  Winston,  Yala- 
busha,  Yazoo. 

f  Adair,  Andrew,  Atchison,  Audrain,  Barry,  Bates,  Benton,  Boone,  Buchanan, 
Butler,  Caldwell,  Callaway,  Camden,  Cape  Girardeau,  Cass,  Carroll,  Cedar,  Chari- 
ton, Charles  St.,  Clair  St.,  Clark,  Clay,  Clinton,  Cole,  Cooper,  Crawford,  Dade, 
Dallas,  Daviess,  DeKalb,  Dodge,  Dunklin,  Francois  St.,  Franklin,  Gasconade, 
Genevieve  St.,  Gentry,  Greene,  Grundy,  Harrison,  Henry,  Hickory,  Holt,  How- 
ard, Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Johnson,  Knox,  La  Clede,  Lafayette,  Lawrence, 
Lewis,  Lincoln,  Linn,  Livingston,  Louis  St.,  Macon,  Madison,  Marion,  McDo- 
nald, Mercer,  Miller,  Mississippi,  Moniteau,  Monroe,  Morgan,  Montgomery,  New 
Madrid,  Newton,  Nodaway,  Oregon,  Osage,  Ozark,  Perry,  Pettis,  Platte,  Pike, 
Polk,  Putnam,  Pulaski,  Ralls,  Randolph,  Ray,  Reynolds,  Ripley,  Saline,  Scott, 
Scotland,  Schuyler,  Shannon,  Shelby,  Stoddard,  Sullivan,  Taney,  Texas,  Van 
Buren,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,'  Wright. 


MIT— MOG  381 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  N,  nearly  like  ng. 

about  290  m.  Area  estimated  at  68,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  682,043,  of 
whom  592,077  were  whites,  2,544  free  coloured,  and  87,422  slaves. 
Jefferson  City  is  the  seat  of  government.  Missouri  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  1821. 

Mittau,  mit'-tou,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Koorland,  remarkable  for  its  literary  institutions,  among-  which  its 
gymnasium,  with  an  observatory  and  a  library  of  24,000  vols.,  may  be 
mentioned.     Lat.  56°  39'  N.,  Lon.  23°  44  E.     Pop.  16,500.     (P.  C.) 

Mobile,  mo-beel',  a  r.  of  Ala.,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Tombig- 
bee  and  Alabama  rivers  ;  after  a  course  of  4  or  5  miles  it  divides  into 
several  branches ;  the  western  or  main  channel  is  called  the  Mobile, 
the  eastern  the  Tensaw  r.  They  flow  S.,  and  terminate  in  Mobile 
Bay,  which  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Mobile,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ala.  Total  pop. 
27,600. 

Mobile,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Ala.,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situ- 
ated on  the  VV.  side  of  the  Mobile  r.,  near  its  mouth.  It  is  by  far  the 
most  considerable  town  in  the  state,  both  as  regards  population  and 
commerce,  and,  next  to  New  Orleans  and  Charleston,  is  the  greatest 
market  for  cotton  in  the  whole  country.  The  situation  of  this  town 
was  formerly  very  unhealthy,  but  it  has  of  late  been  much  improved  by 
drainage.     Lat.  30°  40'  N.,  Lon.  88°  11'  W.     Pop.  20,513. 

Mo^-oha  (Arab.  pron.  mo'-K.a'),  a  decayed,  though  still  important 
seaport  t.  of  Arabia,  in  Yemen,  on  the  Red  Sea.  Lat.  13°  16' N.,  Lon. 
43°  10'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  5,000  to  7,000.     (B.  and  M.) 

Mod'-en-a  or  mod'-en-a*  (Anc.  Mu'tina),  a  well-built  city  of  Italy, 
cap.  of  a  duchy  of  the  same  name,  situated  near  the  right  bank  of  the 
Secchia  (sek'-ke-a),  a  tributary  of  the  Po,  24  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Bologna. 
The  ducal  palace  is  vast,  splendid,  and  richly  furnished.  It  contains 
a  gallery  of  paintings,  executed  by  some  of  the  most  distinguished 
Italian  masters,  and  a  library  of  90,000  printed  vols.,  besides  3,000 
manuscripts.  There  is  also  a  university,  a  college  of  nobles,  of  distin- 
guished reputation,  with  28  professors  and  teaehers,  and  various  other 
institutions.  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  44°  38'  53"  N.,  Lon.  10°  55' 
48"  E.     Pop.  about  27,000.     (B.) 

The  duchy  of  Modena  has  an  area  of  about  2,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  403,000.  (M.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Modv-en-ese'. 

Modica,  mod^-e-ka,  (Anc.  Motyca,)  a  t.  of  Sicily,  the  cap.  of  a  dist. 
of  the  same  name,  near  the  S.  E.  extremitv  of  the  island.  Lat.  36°  53' 
N.,  Lon.  14°  45'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  20*,000.     (B.) 

Mogv-a-dore'  (called  by  the  Moors  Swee'-ra),  a  fortified  t.  of  Mo- 
rocco, the  principal  place  for  maritime  commerce  in  the  empire,  is  situ- 

*"If  ever  you  should  come  to  Modena, 
Stop  at  a  palace  near  the  Ropaio  gate." 

Rogers'  Italy,  Part  First,  XVIII. 


382  MOG— MON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

ated  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Lat.  31°  30'  N.,  Lon.  9°  40'  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10.000.     (M.) 

Mogul.     See  Mongolia. 

Moha'cs,  mo'-haach',  a  t.  of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube.  Lat.  45°  58 
N.,  Lon.  18°  44'  E.     Pop.  8,3i:0.     (M.) 

Mo'-hawk,  a  r.  of  N.  Y.,  which  rises  in  Lewis  co.,  and,  flowing 
south-easterly,  falls  into  the  Hudson,  about  3  m.  above  Troy.  Its  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  near  140  m. 

Mo-hee'-lef  (often  written  Mohilew  or  Moghilev),  a  commercial  t. 
of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Dnieper. 
It  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  and  a  Roman  Catholic  archbishop.  Lat. 
53°  54'  N.,  Lon.  30°  25'  E.     Pop.  stated  at  21,800.     (P.  C.) 

Moissac.  mwa -siuV,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Tarn  and  Garonne, 
on  the  Tarn  (which  is  here  navigable),  97  m.  S.  E.  of  Bordeaux.  Pop. 
6,190.     (M.) 

Moldau,  mol'-dou,  a  r.  of  Bohemia,  which  rises  in  the  Bohmer-wald 
Mountains,  on  the  south-western  frontier,  and,  flowing  northerly,  joins 
the  Elbe,  at  Melnik,  about  20  m.  N.  of  Prague.  Its  length  is  estimated 
at  above  200  m.     It  is  navigable  for  boats  to  Budweis. 

Mol-da'-vx-a  (Turk.  Boghv-dan/),  a  principality  nominally  included 
in  European  Turkey,  of  which  it  forms  the  most  northern  part,  but  in 
reality  under  the  protection  of  Russia.  (See  Wallachia.) — Adj.  and 
whab.  Mol-da'-vj-an. 

Mol-fet'-ta.  (Anc.  Res^pa),  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  and 
seaport  of  Naples,  on  the  Adriatic.  Lat.  41°  13'  N.,  Lon.  16°  37'  E. 
Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Molokai,  moMo-ki',  or  MorokaY,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands,  near 
21°  10'  N.  Lat,  and  intersected  by  the  157th  meridian  of  W.  Lon. 
Length  near  40  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  about  8  m.     Pop.  3,000. 

Mo-luc'-cas  or  Molucca  Isles,  a  group  belonging  to  the  Malay 
archipelago,  between  5°  N.  and  9°  S.  Lat.  and  125°  and  131°  E.  Lon. 
In  a  more  limited  sense,  the  Moluccas  include  only  the  Spice  Islands; 
namely,  Amboyna,  Banda,  Ceram,  Ternate,  Tidore,  and  Batchian. 
Balbi  distributes  the  Moluccas  into  three  groups,  as  follows  :  1st,  the 
Group  of  Amboyna,  comprising  the  island  of  this  name,  Ceram,  Boo- 
roo,  and  the  adjacent  islets ;  2dly,  the  Group  of  Banda,  consisting  of 
ten  small  islands,  near  4°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  130°  E.  Lon.;  and  3dly,  the 
Group  of  the  Moluccas,  properly  so  called,  comprehending  the  large 
island  of  Gilolo,  with  the  smaller  ones  of  Batchian,  Morty  or  Mortay, 
Mysol,  Tidore,  Ternate,  and  numerous  others  lying  immediately  around 
Gilolo.  Almost  all  the  islands  of  these  different  groups  are  dependent 
on  the  Dutch,  who  carry  on  an  important  commerce  in  the  various  na- 
tural productions,  among  which  cloves  and  nutmegs  are  almost  the  only 
articles  that  are  sent  to  Europe  or  this  country. 

Mom-pox^  (Sp.  pron.  mom-poir),  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  New  Granada, 
on  the  Magdalena.  Lat.  9°  14'  N.,  Lon.  74°  27'  W.  Pop.  estimated 
at  10,000.     (B.) 

Monaco,  mon'-a-ko,  principality  of,  a  small  state  of  N.  Italy,  under 


MON— MON  383 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  protection  of  Sardinia,  situated  between  Nice  and  Genoa,  and  bor- 
dering- on  the  Mediterranean.  Area,  51  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  7,000.  (M.) 
Monaco,  a  little  town  on  the  Mediterranean,  containing  about  1,000 
inhabitants,  is  the  capital.     Lat.  43°  42'  N.,  Lon.  7°  28'  E. 

Monaghan,  mon'-a-Han,  an  inland  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ireland,  in  the  S. 
part  of  the  prov.  of  Ulster.     Pop.  in  1831,  195,536.     (M.) 

Monaghan,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  68  m.  N.  N.  W.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,848.     (M.) 

Mondego,  mon-da'-go,  a  r.  of  Portugal,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic 
near  40°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  50'  W.  Lon. 

MoNDonEDo,  mon-d6n-y<V-Do,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Galicia. 
Lat.  43°  24'  N..  Lon.  7°  25'  W.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Mondovi,  mon-do-vee',  a  fortified  t.  of  N.  Ttaly,  in  Sardinia,  the  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  with  manufactures  of  cloth,  silk,  and 
paper.     Lat.  44°  28'  N.,  Lon.  7°  59'  E.     Pop.  15,700.     (P.  C.) 

Monferuato,  mon-fer-ra'-to,  a  former  principality  of  N.  Italy,  S.  of, 
and  bordering  on  the  Po,  now  forming  a  part  of  the  Sardinian  terri- 
tories. 

Monghir,  mung-geerf,  a  t.  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of  Bahar,  some- 
times called,  on  account  of  its  extensive  manufactures  in  iron  and  steel, 
the  Birmingham  of  India.  Lat.  25°  23'  N.,  Lon.  86°  40'  E.  Pop.  pro- 
bably above  30,000.     (B.) 

Mon-go'-h-a,  an  extensive  country  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Asia,  belong- 
ing to  China,  between  38°  and  53°  N.  Lat.,  and  84°  and  124°  E.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Asiatic  Russia,  E.  by  Mantchooria,  S.  by  China 
and  Thibet;  on  the  W.  its  limits  do  not  appear  to  be  known.  Indeed, 
its  extent  towards  the  S.  or  E.  can  be  only  very  vaguely  stated.  The 
length,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  perhaps  1,700  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  from 
N.  to  S.,  may  amount  to  near  1,000  m.  The  pop.  is  loosely  estimated 
at  2,000,0»K).  (P.  C>— Adj.  Mon-go'-lj-an,  and  Mon-gol'  or  Mon-gul>  ; 
inhab.  Mongol. — The  name  Mo-gul/,  though  evidently  of  the  same 
origin  with  Mongol,  is  properly  restricted  to  the  empire  founded  in 
Hindostan  by  Baber  (a  descendant  of  the  great  Mongol  conqueror, 
Tamerlane),  about  the  year  1526. 

Mon'-mouth,  a  co.  in  the  W.  of  England,  bordering  on  the  Bristol 
Channel.     Pop.  134,355. 

Monmouth,  a  t.  of  England,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  the  Wye, 
25  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Bristol.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  above  4  sq.  m., 
5,446. 

Monmouth,  a  co.  in  the  E.  middle  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the 
Atlantic.     Pop.  30,313.     Co.  t.  Freehold. 

Mo-nonv-ga-he'-la,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Va.,  and,  flow- 
ing into  Pa.,  unites  with  the  Alleghany  to  form  the  Ohio. 

Mo-non-ga'-h-a,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Pa 
Pop.  13,387.     Co.'t.  Morgantown. 

Mo-nop^-o-lj.,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  prov.  of  Ban",  re- 
markable for  the  subterranean  dwellings  found  in  its  vicinity,  which  are 


384  MON— MON 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

supposed  to  have  been  excavated  in  the  remotest  antiquity.  Lat.  40° 
56  N.,  Lon.  16°  58'  E.     Pop.  in  1833,  15,535.     (M.) 

Mon-roe',  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  Ge- 
nesee r.,  and  bordering  on  L.  Ontario.     Co.  t.  Rochester.  Pop.  87,650. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Delaware  r. 
Pop.  13,270.  Co.  t.  Stroudsburg. 

Monroe,  a  co.  towards  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Greenbrier  and 
New  rivers.     Pop.  10,204.  Co.  t.  Union. 

Monroe,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Ocmulgee. 
Pop.  16,985.    Co.  t.  Forsyth. 

Monroe,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of 
Florida.     Co.  t.  Key  West.    Pop.  2,643. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Ala- 
bama r.     Pop.  12,013.     Co.  t.  Monroeville. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
21,172.  Co.  seat,  Athens. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  White  r. 
Pop.  2,049.  Co.  t.  Clarendon. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Tennessee  r.  Pop. 
11,874.    Co.  t.  Madisonville. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop.  7,756. 
Co.  t.  Tompkinsville. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Pop.  28,351.     Co.  t.  Woodsfleld. 

Monroe,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Mich.  Pop.  14,698. 
Co.  t.  Monroe. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  W.  fork  of 
the  White  r.     Pop.  11,286.     Co.  t.  Bloomington. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  7,679.     Co.  t.  Waterloo. 

Monroe,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  10,541.   Co.  t.  Paris. 

Mons,  mON,  (Flemish,  Bergen,  beW-Hcn,)  a  strongly  fortified  city  of 
Belgium,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Hainault,  situated  on  the  Mons  and 
Conde  Canal,  32  m.  S.  W.  of  Brussels.  It  contains  a  college,  a  medi- 
cal school,  and  other  institutions.  Lat.  50°  26'  N.,  Lon.  4°  E.  Pop. 
23,000.     (B.) 

Montagnana,  mon-tan-ya'-na,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of 
Austrian  Italy,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Padua,  with  a  noted  college  for  young 
ladies.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Montargis,  m6Ntx-aRv-zhe/,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Loiret, 
39  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Orleans.     Pop.  7,757.     (M.) 

Montauban,  moNtv-6v-baN',  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  Tarn  and  Garonne,  is  situated  on  the  Tarn,  112  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Bordeaux.  It  has  long  been  one  of  the  principal  seats  of  the  re- 
formed religion  in  France;  on  account  of  which,  it  suffered  much 
during  the  reigns  of  Louis  XIII.  and  Louis  XIV.     Among  its  literary 


MON—MON  385 

<ns,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin-;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

institutions,  are  a  Protestant  theological  seminary,  and  a  public  library 
of  10,000  vols.     Lat  44°  1'  N„  Lon.  1°  21'  E.     Pop.  17,531.     (B.) 

Montbrison,  miW-bre^z'.'N'.,  the  cap.  of  the  French  dep.  of  Loire. 
Lat.  45°  37'  N.,  Lon.  4°  4'  E,     Pop.  6,020.     (B.) 

Montcalm,  mont-kam',  a  co.  in  the  S,  W.  central  part  of  Mich.,  a 
little  N.  of  Grand  r.    Pop.  S91. 

Mqxt-de-Marsan,  otW  dcA.  ma»v-saN',  the  cap.  of  the  French  dep. 
of  Landes,  64  m.  S.  of  Bordeaux.     Pop.  3,924.     (B.) 

Monte- Leone,  mon'-ta  U-o'-na,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  CaJabria  Ultra. 
Lat.  33d  42'  N.,  Lon.  16°  10'  E.     Pop.  about  7,00;).     (R) 

Montelimart,  moNv-ter-e%-ma»',  an  ancient  fortified  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Drome.     Lat.  44°  33'  N.,  Lon.  4°  44'  E,    Pop.  6,150.  (M.) 

Monterev,  oioH-t<Way/,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  the  cap,  of  the  state  of 
Nuevo  Leon,     Lat  about  25"  45'  N,,  Lon.  100°  25  VV.   Pop.  15,000. 

Monterey  (California),     See  Appendix, 

Mon-te-vk'-be-o  or  monMa-veeJ-da-o,  the  cap,  of  the  republic  of 
Uruguay,  in  S.  America,  sitHated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  de  la 
Plata,  which  is  here  70  m.  wide.  This  town  has  suffered  greatly  in 
the  recent  wars.  The  pop.,  which  was  formerly  estimated  at  26.000, 
amounts,  at  present,  only  to  about  10,<H)0.  (B.)  Lat.  34°  55'  S.,  Lou. 
56°  14'  VV. 

Montgomery,  mont-gum7-er-e,  an  inland  <co.  of  N,  Wates,  on  the 
sources  of  the  Severn.  Pop.  69.219. — Also  a  small  it,  cap.  of  the 
above.     Lat.  52°  34'  N.,  Lon.  3°  8'  VV. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  Mo- 
hawk.    Pop.  31,902.    Co.  t  Canajoharie. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  Schuyl- 
kill.    Pop.  58,291.     Co.  t.  Norristown. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  o?  Md.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac  and  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.     Pop.  15,860.     Co.  t,  Rockviile. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  towards  the  S.  VV.  extremity  of  Va.,  E.  of,  and 
bordering  on  New  r.     Pop.  8,359.     Co.  t.  Christ iansbur^. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  central  part  of  N.  C,  E.  of,  and 
boniering- on  the  Yadkin,     Pop.   6,872,      Co.  t.  Lawrence ville, 

Montgomery,  a  co  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by 
the  Oconee.     Pop.  2,154.     Co.  t.  Mt.  Vernon. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ala.,  on  the  Tala- 
poosa  and  Alabama  rivers.     Pop.  29,795.     Co.  t.  Montgomery. 

Montgomery,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co..  and  of  the  state  of  Ala., 
P.  4,955.  on  the  Alabama  r.,  about  100  ra.  S.  E.  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  VV.  part  of  Tenn..  bordering  on 
Ky..  and  intersected  by -the  Cumberland  r.     Pop  21,04"). 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ky.,  a  little  S.  VV.  of 
the  Licking  r.     Pop.  0,903.     Co.  t.  Mt.  Sterling 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Miami  r.     Pop,  38,219.     Co.  t.  Dayton. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  13,084      Co.  t.  Crawfordsville. 


986  MON— MOO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  55,  as  in  good*, 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  111.,  S.  of  Springfield. 
Pop.  6,276.     Co.  t.  Hillsborough. 

Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Mo.,  N.  of,  and  bordering 
en  the  r.  Missouri.     Pop.  5,489.     Co.  t.  Danville. 

Montilla,  mon-teel^-ya,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  l$m.  S.  by  E, 
of  Cordova.     Pop.  estimated  at  12,800.     (M.) 

Montmartre,  moN'-maRtr',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Seine,  ira 
the  immediate  vicinity  and  N.  of  Paris.     Pop.  6,234.     (M.) 

Montx-Mo-ren'-cj,  (Cheonoquet),  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mich. 

Mont-pe'-h-er,  a  small  f.  of  Vt.,  the  cap.  of  the  state  and  the  seat 
of  justice  of  Washington  co.,  situated  on  the  Onion  r.  Lat.  44°  17'  N., 
Lon.  72°  36'  W.     Pop.  3,757. 

Mont-peiZ-lj.-er  (Fr.  pron.  mV-piT-IeW),  an  important  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  t.  in  the  S,  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of 
Herault,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  bill  commanding  a  view  of  the 
sea,  which  is  about  5  m.  distant.  Among  its  numerous  literary  and 
scientific  institutions  may  be  mentioned  the  Aeademie  Universilaire, 
with  a  library  of  35,000  vols. :  the  medical  department  of  this  institu- 
tion enjoys  a  distinguished  reputation:  the  Royal  College:  and  the 
Botanic  Garden,  the  most  ancient,  and  one  of  the  best  institutions  of 
the  kind  in  France.  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  43°  36"  16"  N.,  Lon. 
3°  52'  54"  E.     Pop.  36,000.     (B.) 

Montreal,  monts-re-aul',  (Fr.  Montreal,  motf-rMI',)  the  cap.  and 
principal  emporium  of  Canada,  situated  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  an  i.  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  142  m.  S.  VV.  of  Quebec.  Its  most  remarkable  edifice 
is  the  new  Roman  Catholic  Cathedral,  opened  in  1829;  one  of  the 
largest  churches  on  the  New  Continent,  and  capable  of  containing 
from  lt),000  to  12,000  persons.  Montreal  possesses  a  college,  erected 
in  1819,  and  attended  by  about  300  students;  an  English  university, 
chartered  in  1821;  and  a  number  of  other  institutions  for  education. 
Lat  45°  31'  N.,  Lon.  73°  34'  W.  Pop.  in  1851,  including  the  suburbs, 
57,517. 

Montreale,  mont-ra-aMa,  or,  more  properly,  Monreale,  an  archie- 
piscopal  t.  near  the  N.  coast  of  Sicily,  7  m.  S.  W.  of  Palermo.  Pop. 
near  13,000.     (B.) 

MoNT-ROgE',  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Forfarshire,  60  at.  N.  N.  E. 
of  Edinburgh,  with  a  good  harbour.  This  town  has  long  been  cele- 
brated for  its  schools.  Tt  was  the  first  place  in  Scotland  in  which 
Greek  was  taught,  and  has  since  preserved  the  character  which  it  so 
early  (1534)  attained.  (M.)     Pop.  13,402. 

Monza,  mon'-za,  (Anc.  Modi'cia  or  Modce'tia),  a  t.  of  Austrian  Ttaly, 
en  the  Lambro,  9  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Milan,  remarkable  for  having  been  the 
cap.  of  the  Lombard  kings.  The  iron  crown  of  Lombardy,  and  other 
relics,  are  kept  in  the  ancient  cathedral,  supposed  to  have  been  built 
in  the  7th  century.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Mooltan  or  Moultan,  mool-tan',  an  ancient  and  decayed  city  op 
Hindostan,  in  the  Punjaub,  on  the  Chenaub.  Lat.  30°  9'  N.,  Lon.  about 
71°  30y  E.     Pop.  60,000.     (B.) 


MOO— MOR  387 

ou,  as  in  our;  tb,  as  in  thin  ,•  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Moore,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  N.  C,  W.  of  Cape  Fear  r. 
Pop.  9,342.     Co.  t.  Carthage. 

AIoorshbdabad,  mo©rx -she-da-bad',  a  large  but  badly  built  city  of 
Hindustan,  in  Bengal,  of  whvch,  previously  to  the  British  conquest,  it 
was  the  capital.  It  stands  on  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Ganges,  115  in. 
N.  of  Calcutta.     Pop.  estimated  at  165,000.     (B.) 

Moqr-zook/,  a  walled  t.  of  N,  Africa,  the  cap.  of  Fezzan.  Lat.  25° 
54'  N.,  Lon.  about  14°  W  E. 

Moose-Head  Lake,  the  principal  source  of  the  Kennebeck  i\,  in 
Maine,  and  the  largest  lake  in  the  state,  situated  between  the  counties 
of  Somerset  and  Piscataquis.  Its  form  is  very  irregular.  The  length 
is  above  35  m. ;  the  breadth  varies  from  about  2  m.  to  6  or  7  m. 

Morava,  mo-ra'-va,  (Morawa,)  a  r.  in  the  N.  part  of  European  Tur- 
key, which  falls  into  the  Danube. 

Mo-ra'-vj-a  (Ger.  Mahren,  ma'-ren),  an  important  prov.  of  the  Aus- 
trian empire, 'between  48°  40'  and'  50°  25'  N.  Lat.,  and  15°  10'  and 
about  19°  E.  Lon.  Length,  near  180  ni.;  greatest  breadth,  above  100  m. 
Area  estimated  at  10,240  sq.m.  Pop.  2,143,052.  (M,)  Briinn  is  the 
capital. — Adj.  and  iniiab.  Mo-ra'-vj.-an. 

Moray,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Mur^-ray.     (See  Elgin.) 

Moray  Frith  (Anc.  iEstuarium  Vararis),  a  bay  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Scotland,  between  Ross-shire  and  Elginshire. 

Morbihan,  moR'-be'-aN',  a  dep.  in  the  W.  of  France,  N.  of,  and  bor- 
dering on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.     Pop.  449,743.     Capital,  Vannes. 

Mo-re'-a,*  the,  (Anc.  Peloponne'sus,)  a  peninsula  forming  the  S. 
extremity  of  continental  Greece.  Its  length  is  near  160  m.;  its 
breadth  about  100  m.  Area  estimated  at  8,800  sq.  m.  In  shape,  it  is 
supposed  to  resemble  a  mulberry  leaf.  The  name  Morea  was  given  to 
this  peninsula  by  the  Italians,  from  the  quantity  of  mulberries  (in  their 
language  " more")  which  it  produces.  (P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Mo'- 
»e-ot\ 

Mor'-gan,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E»  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac. 
Pop.  3,557.     Co.  t  Bath. 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  10,744.  Co.  t.  Madison. 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ala.,  S.  o£  and  bordering  on  the 
Tennessee  r.     Pop.  10,125.  Co.  t.  Somervilla 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  a  little  N.  of  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  3,430.     Co.  t.  Montgomery. 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Licking  r. 
Pop.  7,620,     Co.  t  West  Liberty. 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Mus- 
kingum.    Pop.  28,585.    Co.  t.  McConnelsville. 

Morgan,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  tho 
-White  r.     Pop.  14,576.    Co.  t.  Martinsville. 

*  "  Slow  sinks,  more  lovely  ere  his  race  be  run, 
Along  Morea 's  hills  the  selling  sun." — Byron 
Z 


388  MOR-  MOR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pfo ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  gooi$t 

M organ,  a  eo.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ilk,  E.  off  and  bordering  on  the  Illi- 
nois r.     Pop.  16,064.     Co.  t.  Jacksonville. 

Morgyn,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Osage  I, 
Pop.  4,659.     Co.  t.  Versailles, 

Morlaix,  rnoRMi',  a  seaport  and  manufacturing"  t.  of  Prance,  in  the 
ilep.  of  Finistere:  it  was  the  birtb-pkce  of  General  Moreau.  Lat.  40* 
35'  N.,  Lon.  3°  52'  VV.     Pop.  7,800..    (M.) 

Mo-roc'-co,  empire  of,  (called  by  the  natives  Moghrib  wl  Aesa,  mt/- 
arib  col  ak'-sa,  i.  e.  the  "•  farthest  west.:"  the  Mauritania  Tingita'na 
of  the  ancient  Romans-,)  is  situated  in  the  N.  W.  of  Africa,  between 
the  28th  and  36th  degrees  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  1st  and  12th  of  W.  Lon.  ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Mediterranean  ami  Strait  of  Gibraltar,  E.  by 
Algiers,  S.  by  the  Sahara,  and  VV.  and  N.  W.  by  the  Atlantic.  Length, 
from  N.  E.  to  S.  VV.,  above  700m.  't  greatest  breadth,  perhaps  3(H)  in. 
Area  estimated  at  175,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  6,000,000,  (B.)  The  climate 
of  Morocco  ia  not  so  hot.  as  might  be  expected  from  its  position,  a  cir- 
cumstance which  is  chiefly  owing  to  the  alternation  of  sea  and  land 
breeze,-',  and  to  the  influence  of  the  various  mountain  range*  by  which 
this  country  is  intersected.  The  thermometer  rarely  rises,  in  the  hot- 
test places,  so  high  as  90° ;  and  along  the  sea,  it  seldom,  if  ever, 
falls  below  39°  or  40°.  The  seasons  are  divided  into  wet  and  dry. 
The  wet  season  corresponds  with  our  winter,  and  usually  continues, 
with  slight  interruptions,  from  October  to  March,  During  the  dry 
season  or  summer,  showers  are  of  rare  occurrence.  The  fruits  of 
this  country,  and  the  vegetable  productions  generally,  are,  with  slight 
exceptions,  like  those  of  Southern  Europe.  The  prevailing  religion 
of  Moroceo  is  Mahometanism.  Among  all  the  followers  of  the  prophet, 
the  Moors  are  said  to  be  most  bigoted.  The  government  is  an  absolute 
despotism,  the  sultan  being  the  head  of  both  church  and  state,  and 
having  unlimited  power  over  the  property  and  lives  of  his  subjects. — 
Adj.  Moor'-ish  and  Moresque,  mo-resk' ;  inhab.  Moor  and  Mo/- 
©hreb-in  (Arab-  M6'-ghra-beev ;  m  the  plural,  Mo^-ghan'-b-a. — See 
Int.  XVI.,  Obs.  4). 

Morocco  (Arab.  Ma-raksb/),  a  large  though  decayed  city  of  Africa, 
the  cap.  of  the  above  empire,  situated  near  the  r.  Tensift,  about  110 rn. 
from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  wall,  30  ft.  high  and 
near  6  m.  in  circuit.  The  area  enclosed  contains  several  large  gardens 
and  open  spaces.  The  most  remarkable  building  is  the  sultan's  palace, 
which  occupies  an  oblong  space  on  the  outside  of  the  main  wall,  about 
1,500  yards  in  length,  and  600  i  a  breadth;  which  includes,  besides  the 
sultan's  residence,  a  number  of  gardens  and  detached  pavilions.  The 
most  important  branch  of  industry  in  Morocco  is  the  manufacture  of 
leather.  The  tanners  possess  the  art  of  tanning  the  skins  of  lions  and 
panthers,  and  giving  them  a  snow-white  colour)  with  the  softness  of 
silk.  (P.  C.)  Their  bright  colours  are  considered  inimitable  in  Europe. 
Lat.  31°  37'  N.,  Lon.  7°  36'  W.  Pop.  probably  between  5»>00Q  and 
60,000.     (B.) 


MOR— MOS  389 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Mor'-ris,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  J.,  intersected  by  the  Morris 
Canal.     Pop.  30,158.     Co.  t.  Morristown. 

Mos'-cdw  (Russ.  Mos-kwa/),  a  large  city  of  European  Russia,  the  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  and  formerly  the  seat  of  the  imperial  govern- 
ment, is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and  highly  cultivated  country, 
on  the  r.  Moskwa,  about  380  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  The  view  of 
the  city  from  a  distance  has  excited  the  admiration  of  all  travellers. 
The  innumerable  towers,  some  with  cupolas,  either  gilt  or  painted 
green,  others  rising  in  the  form  of  minarets,  and  the  many  gardens  and 
trees  intermixed  with  houses,  give  the  city  quite  an  Oriental  appear- 
ance. Since,  however,  the  conflagration  of  1812,  the  aspect  of  Moscow 
has  been  considerably  changed,  and  it  is  becoming  more  and  more  like 
the  capitals  of  western  Europe.  Among  the  remarkable  buildings,  may 
be  mentioned  the  Kremlin,  the  old  residence  of  the  czars,  which  has 
been  repaired  since  the  attempts  of  the  French  to  blow  it  up  in  1812, 
and  still  retains  its  ancient  irregularity  and  grandeur:  the  Great  Hall 
for  exercising  the  troops  in  bad  weather,  which  is  about  5G0  ft.  long, 
180  ft.  wide,  and  50  ft.  high ;  the  ceiling  of  such  vast  extent  has  not  a 
single  pillar  to  support  it :  and  the  building  of  the  Foundling  Hospital,  re- 
garded as  the  handsomest  and  most  extensive  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  The 
ancient  capital  of  Russia  possesses  a  great  number  of  literary  and  scienti- 
fic institutions,  among  which  we  may  notice  the  University,  the  first  in  the 
empire  for  the  number  of  its  professors  and  students;  its  library,  partly- 
destroyed  in  1812,  has  been  restored,  and  contained  in  1835  about 
45,000  volumes  (M.)  :  the  Anatomical  Museum,  one  of  the  most  exten- 
sive in  the  world:  the  Imperial  Society  of  Naturalists;  and  the  Society 
of  Amateurs  of  Russian  History  and  Antiquities.  Moscow  is  the  great 
entrepot  for  the  internal  commerce  of  European  Russia  :  it  is  also  the 
residence  of  two  archbishops.  Lat.  55°  46'  N.,  Lon.  35°  33/  E. 
Balbi  estimated  the  pop.  at  250,000 ;  Johnston,  in  1846,  at  350,000. 

Mo-{sellf/  (Ger.  Mosel,  mo'-zel ;  Anc.  Mosel'la  or  "  Little  Meuse")  , 
a  r.  which  rises  in  the  mountains  between  the  deps.  of  Vosges  and  Up- 
per Rhine,  in  France,  and,  flowing  northerly,  crosses  the  French  fron- 
tier, and,  passing  through  the  Prussian  territory,  joins  the  Rhine  at 
Coblentz.  Its  whole  course  is  about  280  m.,  for  170  of  which  it  is  navi- 
gable. 

Moselle,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r., 
and  bordering  on  the  grand-duchy  of  Luxemburg  and  the  Prussian  ter- 
ritories.    Pop.  427,250.  (P.  C.)     Capital,  Metz. 

Mosk/-wa  (Russ.  pron.  mos-kwa'),  a  r.  in  the  central  part  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  which  flows  into  the  Oka. 

Mosquito,  mos-kee'-to,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Florida,  bordering  on 
the  Atlantic.     Pop.  73.     Co.  t.  New  Smyrna. 

Mo'-sul  or  Moo'-sul,  a  decayed  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  in  the  pasha- 
lik  of  Bagdad,  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Tigris.  A  bridge  of  boats  con- 
nects the  town  with  the  E.  side  of  the  river,  where  some  mounds  are 
eupoosed  to  maik  the  site  of  the  ancient  Nineveh.  The  manufactures 
33* 


390  MOU— MUN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  60  as  in  good; 

in  cotton,  for  which  Mosul  was  once  so  celebrated,*  have  greatly  de- 
clined, though  they  are  still  extensive.     Lat.  36°  21'  N.,  Lon.  about 

43  E.     Pop.  probably  above  60,000.     (B.)      v 

Moulins,  mooMai*',  a  commercial  and  manufacturing-  t.  of  France, 
the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Allier,  on  the  r.  Allier  (here  crossed  by  a  fine 
stone  bridge,  above  700  ft.  in  length),  165  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Paris.  It  pos- 
sesses a  royal  college,  a  public  library  of  20,000  vols,  and  some  other 
institutions.     Lat.  46°  34'  N.,  Lon.  3°  19'  E.     Pop.  14,502.     (B.) 

Mourzouk.     See  Moorzook. 

Mozambique,  mov-zarn-beek',  (called  by  the  natives  Mas-am-beek',) 
a  seaport  t.  of  E.  Africa,  the  cap.  of  a  Portuguese  colony  of  the  same 
name.     Lat.  14°  49'  S„  Lon.  40°  45'  E.     Pop.  unknown. 

Muh'-len-burg^,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Green  r. 
Pop.  9,809.     Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Muhlhausen,  miile/-hous-zen,  a  walled  t.  in  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the 
Unstrut,  with  numerous  manufactures  and  an  active  commerce.  Lat, 
51°  13'  N.,  Lon.  10°  29'  E.     Pop.  near  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Muhlhausen,  muleN-hou/-zen,  (Fr.  Mulhouse,  muT-ooze',)  a  manufac- 
turing and  commercial  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Upper  Rhine,  on  the 
111,  a  tributary  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  the  great  centre  of  the  manufacture 
of  printed  cottons  and  silks,  so  much  esteemed  for  their  brilliant  and 
indelible  colours.  This  business  is  carried  here  to  a  higher  degree  of 
perfection,  and  conducted  on  a  more  extensive  scale  than  in  any  other 
place  in  the  world.  The  manufactures  of  Muhlhausen  and  its  imme- 
diate vicinity,  occupy  near  60,000  workmen,  the  annual  value  of  whose 
productions  is  estimated  at  50,f- 00,000  francs.  (B.)  Lat.  47°  47'  N., 
Lon.  7°  21'  E.  The  present  pop.,  according  to  Balbi,  amounts  to  more 
than  24,000,  having  quadrupled  itself  since  the  commencement  of  the 
present  century. 

Muhlheim,  muleMiime,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  the  Prussian  states, 
on  the  Ruhr  (roor),  an  affluent  of  the  Rhine.  Lat.  51°  26'  N.,  Lon. 
6°  53'  E.     Pop.  6,400.     (B.) 

Mull,  one  of  the  Hebrides,  forming  a  part  of  Argyleshire,  and  sepa- 
rated from  the  main  land  of  Scotland  by  a  channel  called  the  Sound  of 
Mull.  It  is  about  35  m.  in  length  and  14  in  its  greatest  breadth,  con- 
taining an  area  of  about  300  sq.  m. 

Mul -lin-gar^,  the  cap.  of  the  co.  of  Westmeath,  Ireland,  situated 

44  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  4,295.     (M.) 
Mun'-den,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hano- 
ver, at  the  confluence  of  the  Fulda  and  Werra,  whose  united  streams 
here  take  the  name  of  Weser.     Lat.  51°  26'  N.,  Lon.  9°  38'  E.     Pop 
5,300.     (B.) 

Mu'-nich  (Ger.  Munchen,  miin'-Hen),  a  city  of  Bavaria,  the  cap.  of 
the  circle  of  the  Isar,  and  of  the  whole  kingdom,  is  situated  on  the  Isar, 
225  m.  W.  of  Vienna.  This  town  has  been  greatly  improved  and  en- 
larged  since  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  and  now  ranks 

*  From  the  name  of  this  town,  the  word  muslin  has  been  derived. 


MUN— MUR  •      391 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

among  the  handsomest  in  Germany.  New  and  splendid  streets  are 
seen  extending  in  all  directions,  adorned  with  elegant  houses  and  mag- 
nificent public  buildings.  The  king's  palace,  when  the  important 
alterations  undertaken  by  the  reigning  sovereign  shall  have  been  com- 
pleted, will  probably  be  the  richest  and  most  beautiful  royal  residence 
in  the  Germanic  empire.  As  a  seat  of  learning  and  the  arts,  Munich 
stands  in  the  first  rank  of  European  cities.  Among  the  most  remarka- 
ble institutions,  we  may  name  the  University,  formerly  established  at 
Ingolstadt,  whence  it  was  removed,  in  1800,  to  Landshut,  and  in  1827 
transferred  to  the  Bavarian  capital ;  there  are  58  ordinary  and  10  ex- 
traordinary professors,  and  between  1,300  and  1,400  students ;  the 
University  library  contains  105,0  0  vols. :  the  Public  Library,  with 
400,000  printed  vols,  and  8,500  manuscripts :  the  Royal  Academy  of 
Arts:  and  the  Military  Academy.  Munich  is  greatly  indebted  to  the 
taste  and  liberality  of  the  present  sovereign,  Ludwig  I.,  not  only  for 
the  recent  improvement  in  the  buildings  and  general  appearance  of  the 
city,  but  especially  for  its  distinguished  reputation  as  a  seat  of  the  fine 
arts.  The  magnificent  collections  in  painting  and  sculpture,  deposited 
in  the  Pinacotheca,  "  picture-repository,"  and  the  Glyptotheca,  "  sculp- 
ture-repository," are  regarded  as  the  chief  glory  of  the  Bavarian  capi- 
tal, and  may  rank  among  the  finest  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  The  observatory  of  Munich,  one  of  the  best  in  Europe,  is  in 
Lat.  48°  8'  45''  N..  Lon.  11°  36'  37"  E.     Pop.  about  100,000.     (B.) 

Mun'-ster  (Ger.  Mun'-ster),  a  city  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  the 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  whole  prov.  of  Westpha- 
lia, is  situated  on  the  Aa,  a  tributary  of  the  Ems,  with  which  river  it 
also  communicates  by  a  canal.  It  was  formerly  strongly  fortified,  but 
in  1765  the  fortifications  were  destroyed,  and  the  ramparts  planted 
with  linden  trees  and  converted  into  a  promenade.  Munster  has  an 
academy,  attended  by  350  students,  with  a  faculty  of  philosophy,  and 
one  of  theology  (for  the  Roman  Catholics);  and  a  gymnasium,  attpnded 
by  nearly  400  students,  with  a  library  of  25,000  vols.  Lat.  51°  58'  N., 
Lon.  7°  36'  E.     Pop.  21,000.     (B.) 

Mun'-ster,  one  of  the  four  provinces  into  which  Ireland  is  divided, 
occupying  the  S.  W.  portion  of  the  island,  comprising  the-counties  of 
Clare,  Cork,  Kerry,  Limerick,  Tipperary  and  Waterford. 

Murcia,  mur'-she-a,  (Sp.  pron.  mooRMhe-a,)  a  prov.  and  formerly 
a  kingdom  in  the  S.  E.  of  Spain,  bordering  on  Andalusia  and  the  Medi- 
terranean. Extreme  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  130  m.^  greatest 
breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  near  110  m. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Murcian,  mur'- 
she-an  ;  (Sp.  Murciano,  mooR-the-a'-no.) 

Murcia,  a  city  of  Spain,  the  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  situated  in  a 
beautiful  and  fertile  valley,  watered  by  the  r.  Segura  (seg-oo'-ra),  about 
26  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  from  the  sea.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  col- 
leges and  other  institutions.  The  silk  manufactures  of  this  place  are 
said  to  have  formerly  employed  16,000  hands,  but  now  only  400.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  capital,  like  those  of  the  province  generally,  are  de- 
scribed as  slothful,  gloomy,  and  reserved,  on  which  account  Murcia  is 


392  MUR— NAG 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  66  as  in  good, 

said  to  be  one  of  the  dullest  cities  in  Spain.     Lat.  38°  N.,  Lon.  1°  14 
W.     Pop.  36,100.     (B.) 

Mur'-frees-bo- rough,  a  small  t.  of  Tenn.,  the  seat  of  justice  of 
Ru;i.erford  co.,  and  formerly  the  cap.  of  the  state,  situated  32  m.,  in  a 
straight  line,  S.  E.  of  Nashville. 

Murray.     See  Elgin. 

Mur'-ray,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
14,433.  Co.  t.  Spring-place. 

Murray  Frith.     See  Moray  Frith. 

Murviedro,  mooR-ve-a'-dro,  (Anc.  Sagun'tum,  afterwards  Murve- 
tum  or  Mu'ri  Veneres,  i.  e.  "  old  walls,")  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  the  prov.  of 
Valencia,  chiefly  interesting  on  account  of  its  antiquities.  Lat.  39°  41' 
N.,  Lon.  0°  17'  W.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Mus-cat',  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Arabia,  the  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Oman,  important  as  the  great  entrepot  for  the  merchandise  brought 
through  the  Persian  Gulf  from  India  to  Persia  and  Arabia,  and  as  the 
centre  of  the  trade  in  pearls,  which  are  found  in  such  abundance  in  the 
Persian  Gulf.  Lat.  about  23°  30'  N.,  Lon.  58°  39'  E.  Pop.  ordinarily 
estimated  at  about  12,000  (B.),  though  some  rate  it  much  higher.  The 
imam  (or  sacerdotal  prince)  of  Muscat  is  an  independent  sovereign, 
possessing,  besides  the  little  state  of  Muscat,  the  island  of  Zanzibar,  of 
Africa,  and  some  territory  on  the  opposite  coast. 

Muscatine,  musv-ka-teen',  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on 
the  Mississippi.     Pop.  5,731.     Co.  t.  Muscatine. 

Mus-co'-gee  (g  hard),  a  co.  i.i  the  W.  part  of  Georgia,  bordering  on 
the  Chattahoochee.     Pop.  18,578.     Co.  t.  Columbus. 

Muskingum,  mus-king^-gum,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  which 
flows  into  the  Ohio  r.     It  is  navigable  for  boats  about  100  m. 

Muskingum,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by 
the  above  river.     Pop.  45,049.     Co.  t.  Zanesville. 

Musselburgh,  mus'-sel-burv-reft,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Edin- 
burgshire,  on  the  Frith  of  Forth,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  5  m.  E.  of 
Edinburgh.     Pop.  6,331. 

Mysore,  mi-sore',  a  large  prov.  in  the  S.  of  Hindostan,  belonging  to 
the  presidency  of  Madras,  between  11°  30'  and  15°  N.  Lat.,  and  74° 
45'  and  78°  40'  E.  Lon.     Pop.  estimated  at  2,500,000.     (M.) 

Mysore,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  occupies  a  considerable  space  ot 
ground,  which  is  enclosed  by  a  wall.  Lat.  12°  19'  N.,  Lon.  76°  42' E 
Pop.  probably  above  50,000.     (B.) 

Naas,  nace,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Kildare,  18  m.  S.  W.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,808. 

Nag-poor/,  a  large  but  badly  built  city  of  Hindostan,  in  the  prov.  of 
Gundvvana,  the  cap.  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  21°  9'  N., 
Lon.  79°  10'  E.     Pop.  in  1825,  115,000.     (B.) 

Nagy  Enyed,  nody  (almost  nodge — see  Int.  XXII.,  16  and  17)  en'- 
yed',  a  large  village  of  Transylvania,  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Ma- 
rosch,  remarkable  for  its  Protestant  college,  which  is  regarded  as  the 


NAG— NAN  393 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

first  institution  of  the  kind  in  that  country.  Lat.  46°  18'  N.,  Lon.  23° 
41'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Nagy  Karoly,  nody  kaa'-roi\  a  t.  in  the  E.  part  of  Hungary,  37  m. 
E.  by  N.  of  Debreczin,  Pop.  above  11,000.     (P.  C.) 

Nagy  Szombath.     See  Tyrnau. 

Nagy  Varad.     See  Gross-Wardein. 

Nairn'-shire,  a  co.  of  Scotland,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  Moray  Frith. 
Pop.  9,217. 

Nairn,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  a  seaport  t.  at  the  mouth  of  a  small 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  Moray  Frith.     Pop.  2,672. 

Na'-mur  (Fr.  pron.  na'-muR^  Flem.  JSfamen,  na'-men);  a  prov.  in 
the  S.  E.  part  of  Belgium,  bordering  on  France.  Area,  1,413  sq.  m. 
Pop.  212,725.     (P.  C.) 

Namur  (Lat.  Namur'cum),  the  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  situated  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Sambre  and  the  Meuse.  It  is  regarded  as  the 
strongest  fortress  in  Belgium,  and  is  the  seat  of  various  manufactures, 
particularly  of  arms  and  cutlery.  Lat.  50°  28' N.,  Lon.  4°  51'  E.  Pop. 
19,000.     (B.) 

Nancy  (Fr.  pron.  naNv-se0»  a  t.  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of 
Meurthe,  and  formerly  of  Lorraine,  near  the  r.  Meurthe,  30  m.  S.  of 
Metz.  It  has  an  academie  universitaire,  a  royal  college,  a  rich  mu- 
seum, a  public  library  of  23,000  vols.,  and  other  institutions.  Lat.  48° 
42'  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.     Pop.  30,000.     (B.) 

Nangasaki,  nang'-ga-sa'-ke,  a  seaport  t.  of  Japan,  on  the  island  of 
Keoo-seoo  (Kiu-siu),  the  only  place  in  the  empire  which  is  open  to  Eu- 
ropeans. The  streets  are  narrow  and  winding;  but  the  numerous  tem- 
ples render  the  appearance  of  the  town  picturesque  to  those  approach- 
ing from  a  distance.  Lat.  32°  46'  N.,  Lon.  129°  52'  E.  Pop.  variously 
estimated  from  15,0f)0  or  18,000  (P.  C),  to  6f),000  or  70,000  (M.) 
This  great  difference  may  perhaps  be  accounted  for  by  the  occasional 
influx  of  foreigners. 

Nan-kin'  or  Nan-king'  called  also  Kiang  Ning,  a  large  city  of  China, 
formerly  the  cap.  of  the  empire,  situated  near  the  right  bank  of  the  river 
Yang-tse-kiang,  about  120  m.  from  its  mouth.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls, 
nearly  20  m.  in  circuit,  composed  of  limestone,  cemented  by  sunburnt 
clay.  The  city  has  declined  much,  both  in  size  and  splendour,  since  the 
end  of  the  13th  century,  when  Kublai-Khan  removed  the  imperial  resi- 
dence to  Pekin.  At  that  time,  Nankin  was  the  largest  town  on  the  globe. 
The  streets  of  this  city,  though  not  so  wide  as  those  of  Pekin,  are  regu- 
lar and  generally  handsome,  clean,  well-paved,  and  bordered  with  well- 
furnished  shops.  The  most  remarkable  edifice  is  the  famous  porcelain 
tower,  an  octagonal  building,  above  200  ft.  high  :  each  side  of  the  base 
is  40  ft.  long.  There  are  9  stories,  of  equal  height;  at  the  termination 
of  each,  a  roof,  built  in  fhe  Chinese  fashion,  projects  some  feet  on  the 
outside,  and  under  it  is  a  passage  round  the  tower.  At  the  projecting 
corners  of  these  roofs  imall  bells  are  fastened,  which  sound  with  the 
slightest  breeze.  The  material  of  which  the  walls  are  constructed  is 
said  to  be  a  kind  of  white  brick,  made  of  fine  clay.     Nearly  the  whole 


394  NAN— NAP 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good  ; 

of  the  interior  is  gilded.  Nankin  is  connected  by  canals  with  the 
Yang-tse-Kiang ;  it  carries  on  an  active  commerce,  and  is  the  seat  of 
numerous  manufactures.  It  is  also  distinguished  as  a  centre  of  learn- 
ing and  the  arts.  Lat.  32°  5'  N.,  Lon.  118°  47'  E.  The  pop.,  which  is 
said  to  have  once  been  4,000,000,  is  at  present  estimated  by  Balbi  at 
about  500,000. 

Nan'-se-mond\  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  N.  C. 
Pop.  12,283.     Co.  t.  Suffolk. 

Nantes  (Fr.  pron.  naNt :  Anc.  Condevic'num ;  afterwards  Namne^- 
tes),  a  city  of  France,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Lower  Loire,  delightfully 
situated  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Loire,  210  rn.  W.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  It  is,  for 
the  most  part,  well  built,  and  contains  about  20  places  or  squares. 
Among  its  various  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  this  town  possesses 
a  royal  college,  a  school  of  medicine,  a  museum  of  antiquities,  a  valu- 
able cabinet  of  natural  history,  a  public  library  of  30,000  vols.,  &c. 
Nantes  is  one  of  the  most  commercial  places  in  France,  and  is  the 
seat  of  numerous  manufactures.  Lat.  47°  13'  N.,  Lon.  1°  32'  W.  Pop. 
75,150.     (B.) 

Nan-tuok'-et,  an  i.  in  the  Atlantic,  belonging  to  Massachusetts,  from 
the  main  land  of  which  it  is  distant  about  20  m.  It  is  about  16  m.  in 
length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  4  or  5m.  It  forms  the  co.  of  Nan- 
tucket, which  has  a  pop.  of  8,452. 

Nantucket,  a  port  of  entry,  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  on  the  N. 
side  of  the  i.,  with  a  good  harbour.     Lat.  41°  17'  N.,  Lon.  70°  6'  W. 

Nant'-wich,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Cheshire,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  Chester. 
Pop.  5,489. 

Na'-ple,s  (It.  Napoli,  na'-po-le:  Anc.  Parthen'ope  and  Neap'olis).  an 
archiepiscopal  city  and  seaport  of  Italy,  the  cap.  of  a  kingdom  to  which 
it  gives  its  name,  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  a  small  bay  of  the  Me- 
diterranean, called  the  Gulf  of  Naples,  118  m.  S.  E.  of  Rome.  It  con- 
tains but  few  buildings  deserving  admiration  for  their  architecture; 
they  are  generally  either  disproportionate  in  their  parts,  or  overloaded 
with  ornaments.  The  houses  of  Naples  are  flat-roofed  and  covered 
with  a  kind  of  stucco,  which  becomes  indurated  on  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere.  Most  of  them  have  balconies  in  front,  making  the  streets, 
which  are  generally  narrow,  appear  still  narrower.  The  most  remark- 
able edifices  are:  the  royal  palace  (La  Reggia,  la  red'-ja),  a  large  mass 
of  buildinys,  constructed  at  different  times;  the  new  palace  has  a  front 
nearly  400  ft.  in  length,  with  three  orders  of  pillars,  one  above  the 
other,  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  ;  the  apartments  are  adorned  with 
valuable  paintings  of  the  old  Italian  masters:  the  Palazzo  degli  Studj 
Publici  (p;\-lat'-so  d£l-ye  stoo'-de-e,  poobMe-che),  erected  in  the  early 
part  of  the  17th  century,  originally  intended  and  used  for  a  university, 
but  afterwards,  in  1790,  converted  into  a  great  national  museum  ;  this, 
called  Museo  Borbonico  (moo-sa'-o  boR-bon'-e-ko),  is  said  to  be  unrival- 
led in  its  collection  of  various  antiquities;  it  contains  also  the  Royal 
Library  of  150,000  vols.,  which  is  open  to  the  public.  Naples  possesses 
a  great  number  of  institutions  for  education,  among  which  we  may  citd 


NAP— NAT  395 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  University,  founded  in  1224,  and  attended  at  present  by  about  1,500 
students :  the  Lyceum  del  Salvatore  :  an  establishment  for  unrolling  and 
decyphering  the  manuscripts  found  at  Herculaneum,  and  other  ancient 
towns:  a  botanic  garden,  one  of  the  richest  in  Italy:  and  a  "  Royal 
House  for  the  Poor,"  where  nearly  6,000  children  are  taught  the  differ- 
ent arts  and  trades,  at  the  expense  of  the  government.  Naples  is  cele- 
brated for  its  delicious  climate  and  for  the  beauty  of  the  surrounding 
country.  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  40°  5P  46"  N.,  Lon.  14°  15'  4" 
E.  Pop.  in  1835,  exclusive  of  the  garrison  and  non-resident  foreigners, 
850,000.  in  1845  400,800.  Adj.  and  inhab.  Nev-a-pol'-i-tax. 

Naples,  kingdom  of,  otherwise  called  the  Kingdom  of  the  Two 
Sicilies,  a  state  comprising  the  S.  portion  of  Italy,  with  Sicily  and 
the  adjacent  islands,  situated  between  36°  30'  and  43°  N.,  Lat.  and  11° 
50'  and  18°  30'  E.  Lon.  The  length  of  the  peninsular  portion,  follow 
ing  the  curve,  is  near  390  m.;  the  breadth  varies  from  about  13  m.  to 
above  130  m.  Area  of  the  whole  kingdom  estimated  at  42,0(0  sq.  m. 
Population  8,423,316.  The  kingdom  of  Naples  is  divided  into  22  pro- 
vinces, or  intendencies,  15  belonging  to  the  peninsula,  and  7  to  Sicily. 
The  gov.  is  nominally  a  limited  monarchy,  but  approaches  very  nearly 
to  a  despotism.  The  reigning  family  is  a  branch  of  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon. 

Nar-bonnf/  (Anc.  Nar'bo  Mar'tius),  a  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Aude,  6  or  7  m.  from  the  Mediterranean,  on  a  canal  which  communicates 
with  this  sea  and  the  r.  Aude.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  flanked  with 
towers,  and  entered  by  four  gates.  A  Roman  colony  was  planted  here 
about  116  years  before  the  Christian  era.  Narbo  is  afterwards  men- 
tioned by  Cicero  and  Strabo  as  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of 
Gaul.  Several  fragments  of  Roman  architecture  may  be  seen  here, 
incorporated  in  the  walls  of  the  town,  and  a  number  of  inscriptions 
exist  in  excellent  preservation.  The  pop.  of  Narbonne,  which  in  the 
middle  awes  amounted  to  more  than  40,000,  is  now  only  10,000.  (B.) 
Lat.  43°  11' N.,  Lon.  3°  E. 

Nash,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  Tar  r.  Pop. 
10,657.  Co.  t.  Nashville. 

Nash-o'-bn,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by 
Pearl  r.     Pop.  2,437.     Co.  seat,  Philadelphia. 

Nash'-ville,  the  largest  t.  in  Tenn.,  the  cap.  of  Davidson  co.  and  of 
the  state,  is  situated  on  the  S.  bank  of  the  Cumberland  r.,  which  is 
navigable  for  steamboats  to  this  place.  It  is  the  centre  of  an  active 
trade.  The  University  of  Nashville,  founded  in  1806,  is  the  principal 
literary  establishment.     Lat.  36°  9'  N.,  Lon.  86°  49'  W.  Pop.  10,478. 

Nas'-sau  (Ger.  pron.  nas'-sou),  Duchy  of,  a  state  of  Germany,  be- 
tween 49°  55' and  50°  50'  N.  Lat,  and  7°  31'  and  8°  35'  E.  Lon. 
The  area  is  variously  estimated,  but  is  probablv  about  1,900  sq.  m. 
Pop.  in  1838,  379,272.  (P.  C.)     The  capital  is  W'isbaden. 

Nassau  (usually  pronounced  Nas-sau'),  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  Florida.     Pop.  2,164      Co.  t.  Fernandina. 

Natch'-ez,  a  port  of  entry  and  the  principal  t.  of  Miss.,  on  the  Mis- 


396  NAT— NAX 

Fate,  f ar,  fall,  fat ;  m£,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  65,  as  in  good  ,' 

sissippi  r.,  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  the  state.  It  is  the  centre  of 
an  extensive  commerce,  but  the  insalubrity  of  the  climate  has  some- 
what retarded  its  growth.  Lat.  31°  34'  N.,  Lon.  91°  25'  W.  Pop. 
estimated  at  10,000. 

Natch  -j.-toch'-es,  sometimes  pronounced  riakN-e-tush^,  a  parish  in 
the  W.  part  of  La.,  on  the  Red  r.  Pop.  14,201.  Capital,  Natchi- 
toches. 

Nat-o'-h-a,  Ann-a-to'-lj-a  or  An-a-do'-li,  (from  the  Greek  avaro^, 
i.  e.  the  "  rising  or  east,"  being  equivalent  to  the  French  word  levant,) 
a  part  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  now  generally  considered  as  synonymous 
with  the  Asia  Minor  of  the  ancients.  Natolia  or  Anadoli,  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  is  employed  to  denote  an  extensive  province,  occupy- 
ing the  W.  and  N.  VV.  portions  of  Asia  Minor. 

Naum;-burg  (Ger.  pron.  noum'-booRG),  a  flourishing  t.  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  the  Saale,  near  its  junction  with  the  Unstrut.  It  is  the 
seat  of  the  supreme  tribunal  for  the  governments  of  Merseburg  and 
Erfurt.     Lat.  51°  9'  N.,  Lon.  11°  40'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Nau'-pli-a  or  Napoli  di  Romania,  na'-po-le  de  ro-ma-nee'-a,  a  sea- 
port t.  of  Greece,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  Morea,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name.  The  ancient  Nauplia  was  the  port  and  arsenal  of  Argos,  during 
the  flourishing  period  of  Grecian  history,  but  was  almost  or  quite  de- 
serted in  the  time  of  the  early  Roman  emperors.  Under  the  Byzan- 
tine sovereigns  it  revived,  and  afterwards  became  the  chief  settlement 
of  the  Venetians  in  the  Morea,  until  it  was  taken  by  the  sultan  Soly- 
man,  in  1537.  Its  situation,  so  picturesque  and  so  advantageous  for 
commerce  and  defence,  caused  it  to  be  chosen,  after  the  war  of  inde- 
pendence, for  the  capital  of  Greece ;  but,  in  1834,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  transferred  to  Athens.  Lat.  37°  34'  N.,  Lon.  22°  47'  E. 
Pop.  probably  near  12,000.     (B.) 

NaV-an,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Blackwater 
and  Boyne.  26  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Dublin.  Pop.  in  1831,  including  the 
suburbs,  about  6,000.     (M.) 

Navartno,  nav-a-ree'-no,  or  Neocastro,  na  -o-kas'-tro,  a  small  t.  anc* 
fortress  of  Greece,  in  the  S.VV.  part  of  the  Morea,  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  remarkable  as  the  scene  of  a  great  naval  contest,  October  20th, 
1827,  between  the  combined  fleet  of  the  French,  English,  and  Russians, 
under  Admiral  Codrington,  and  the  Turco-Egyptian  fleet,  commanded 
by  Ibrahim  Pasha.  The  allies  gained  a  complete  victory,  which  esta- 
blished the  independence  of  Greece. 

Nav-arre'  (Sp.  pron.  Navarra,  na-var'-ra),  a  prov.  and  formerly  a 
kingdom  of  Spain,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  France,  S.  E.  by  Aragon,  S.VV. 
by  Old  Castile,  and  VV.  by  the  Basque  provinces  or  Biscay.  Leng-th 
from  N.  to  S.,  about  80  m.;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  64  m. 
Pamplona  is  the  capital. — Adj.  nnd  inhab.  NaV-ar-he.^. 

Navigators'  Islands,  a  group  in  the  Pacific,  between  13°  and  15° 
S.  Lat.,  and  169°  and  173°  VV.  Lon. 

Naxia,  nax-ee'-a  (Anc.  Nax'os),  a  Grecian  i.,  the  most  tertile  of  the 
Cyclades,  intersected  by  the  37th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  meridian 


NEA— NES  397 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

of  25°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length,  21  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  15  m.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  10,000.  (P.  C.)  The  chief  town,  called  also  Naxia,  is  on 
the  N.  W.  side  of  the  island.     Pop.  4,(  00.     (M.) 

Neagh,  Lough,  16h  ni,  the  largest  lake  in  the  United  Kingdom,  is 
situated  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  about  90  m.  N.  of  Dublin.  Its 
form  resembles  a  parallelogram.  Length  about  20  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
rather  more  than  10  m. ;  greatest  depth,  about  100  ft. 

Neck'-ar,  a  r.  in  the  S.  VV.  of  Germany,  which  flows  through  Wur- 
temberg  and  Baden,  and  joins  the  Rhine  at  Manheim. 

Ne-cos'-ta,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mich. 

Nedjd,  nej'd,  or  Nedj^-ed,  an  extensive  prov.  occupying  the  central 
part  of  Arabia,  inhabited  chiefly  by  wandering  tribes  of  Bedouins. 

Neg'-ro-pontx  or  Eg'-rj-po  (Anc.  Eubce'a),  a  large  i.  near  the  E. 
coast  of  continental  Greece,  between  37°  57'  and  39°  4'  N.  Lat.  and 
22°  57'  and  24°  35'  E.  Lon.  It  is  about  110  m.  long,  and  from  3  or  4 
to  26  m.  wide.  The  channel  (Anc.  Euri'pus)  which  separates  this 
island  from  the  main  land  varies  from  40  yards  to  about  14  m.  in 
breadth.  On  the  narrowest  part  is  situated  Euripos  or  Negropont  (Anc. 
Chal'cis),  the  chief  town  of  the  island.  Lat.  38°  30'  N.,  Lon.  23°  54' 
E.     Pop.,  before  the  war  of  independence,  estimated  at  16,000.     (B.) 

Neisse,  nV-ceh,  a  well-built  t.  and  fortress  of  Prussian  Silesia,  the 
cap.  of  a  principality  of  the  same  name,  which  belongs  partly  to  Prus- 
sia and  partly  to  Austria.  The  town  is  situated  on  the  r.  Neisse,  a  branch 
of  the  Oder,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  important  fortresses  in 
the  Prussian  dominions.  In  case  of  a  siege,  the  adjacent  country  can  be 
laid  under  water.  It  contains,  besides  other  manufactories,  a  powder- 
mill  and  a  royal  manufactory  of  arms.  Lat.  50°  25'  N.,  Lon.  17°  16' 
E.     Pop.  above  10,001).     (E.) 

Nel/-son,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r. 
Pop.  12,758.     Co.  t.  Livingston. 

Nelson,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ky.,  S.W.  of  Frankfort.  Pop. 
14,789.     Co.  t.  Bardstown. 

Nelson  River.     See  Saskatchawan. 

Nenagh,  na/-na,  a  t.  of  Tipperary,  Ireland,  near  a  r.  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  the  Shannon,  87  m.  W.  S.  VV.  of  Dublin.  Pop. 
in  1831,  8,446.     (M.) 

Neot's,  St.,  sent  neets,  or  s'n  neets,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Hun- 
tingdonshire, on  the  Ouse,  50  m.  N.  by  VV.  of  London. 

Ne-paul'  or  Nepal,  an  independent  kingdom  of  Hindostan,  situated 
between  26°  30'  and  30°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  80°  and  88°  E.  Lon.  Length 
above  501)  m. ;  mean  breadth  about  100  m.  Pop.  2,500,000.  (B.)  The 
government  is  despotic;  the  prevailing  religion  is  Boodhism.  Cat- 
mandoo  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Nepv-aul-ese'. 

Ner-bud'-d\h  or  NaT-ma' -da,  a  large  r.  of  Hindostan,  which  rises  in 
the  prov.  of  Gundwana,  in  about  22°  40'  N.  Lat.  and  82°  E.  I.on.,  and, 
flowing  westerly,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Cambay,  in  Lat.  21°  36  N.,  Lon. 
72°  50'  E.,  after  a  course  of  about  700  m. 

Ness,  Loch,  Iok  ness,  a  lake  of  Scotland,  in  Inverness-shire;  it  is 
34 


398  NET— NEU 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  60,  as  in  good  t 

about  22  m.  long,  and  from  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  near  2  m. 
wide. 

Neth'-er-lands  (Dutch,  Nederland,  ny-der-lanf ;  Ger.  Ni^derlande, 
nee'-der-lan-deA ;  Fr.  Pays  Bas,  pae-ba;  each  name  signifying,  in  its 
respective  language,  "low  land  or  low  countries"),  the  name  formerly 
applied  to  the  whole  country  which  constitutes  the  territories  of  Hol- 
land and  Belgium,  but  now  usually  employed  to  denote  the  kingdom 
of  Holland  only.  In  the  beginning  of  the  16th  century,  almost  the 
whole  of  the  Netherlands  belonged  to  the  house  of  Austria  ;  but  Charles 
V.,  emperor  of  Germany,  united  them  in  1548  to  the  crown  of  Spain. 
In  consequence  of  the  cruel  persecution  of  the  Protestants,  during  the 
reign  of  his  son  Philip  II.,  king  of  Spain,  seven  of  the  provinces,  viz. 
Holland,  Gelderland,  Zealand,  Utrecht,  Friesland,  Overyssel,  and  Gro- 
ningen,  revolted  and  formed  the  celebrated  republic  of  the  Seven  United 
Provinces,  which  was  afterwards  generally  called  Holland,  from  the 
name  of  the  largest  and  most  influential  province.  To  these  were 
afterwards  added,  by  conquest  and  treaty,  other  territories,  including 
Drenthe  and  N.  Brabant.  The  remaining  provinces,  including  S.  Bra- 
bant, continued  united  to  the  Spanish  crown  til]  1706,  when,  after  the 
battle  of  Ramilies,  they  acknowledged  as  their  sovereign  Charles  VI., 
afterwards  emperor  of  Germany,  and  were  thenceforward  known  as  the 
Austrian  Netherlands.  In  the  seven  Dutch  provinces,  the  house 
of  Orange  obtained  the  hereditary  dignity  of  Stadtholder,  in  1747. 
After  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  in  1813,  the  Prince,  who,  during  the  ascen- 
dancy of  the  French  influence,  had  been  compelled  to  live  in  exile, 
was  recalled  and  governed  the  country,  with  the  title  of  "  Sovereign 
Prince."  In  1815,  the  seven  northern  and  ten  southern  provinces,  after 
a  separation  of  200  years,  were  again  united  under  the  name  of  the 
kingdom  of  the  Netherlands.  This  union  continued  for  15  years,  till 
the  revolt  of  the  Belgians,  in  1830.     (See  Belgium  and  Holland.) 

Neu'-burg  (Ger.  pron.  noi'-booRG),  a  handsome  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Danube,  45  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Ratisbon.  Lat.  48°  44'  N.,  Lon.  11°  11 
E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Neufchatel,  nushv-a-teV,  often  written  Neuchatel  (Ger.  Neuen- 
burg,  noi'-en-booRG),  a  small  canton  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Switzerland, 
bordering  on  France.  Area,  about  250  sq.m.  Pop.  in  1837,58,616. 
(P.  C.)  Neufchatel  is  a  principality,  of  which  the  king  of  Prussia  is 
the  sovereign  prince ;  it  has,  however,  a  legislative  body,  seven-eighths 
of  whom  are  elected  from  the  various  districts  of  the  canton.  Neuf- 
chatel, the  capital,  on  the  N.  W.  side  of  the  lake  of  the  si  me  name,  is 
distinguished  for  its  manufacturing  industry.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Neufchatel,  Lake  of  (Ger.  Neuenburger-See,  noi'-en-booa'-Ger  sa), 
called  also  the  Lake  of  Yverdun,  ev-vpR'-duN',  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  the 
above  canton,  is  25  m.  in  length,  and  about  5  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth  ; 
greatest,  depth,  about  400  ft.  The  surface  is  estimated  to  be  1,320  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Neu-Ruppin.     See  Ruppin,  New. 

Neu'-satz  or  noi'-sats  (Hung.  Ujvidek,  oo-e-ve-daik),  a  royai  free  t. 


NEU— NEW  399 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

of  Hungary,  on  the  Danube,  opposite  to  Peterwardein,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  46  m.  N.  W.  of  Belgrade.  It  is  the 
centre  of  an  extensive  trade.     Pop.  above  17,000.     (B.) 

Neuse,  a  r.  of  N.  C,  flowing  into  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Pamlico 
Sound.     Length  about  300  m.     It  is  navigable  for  boats  200  m. 

Neu'-sohl  or  noi'-sole  (Hung.  Besztercze  Banya,  bts-URt-sa  baan- 
yoh),  a  royal  free  t.  of  Hungary,  remarkable  for  the  copper  mines  in 
its  vicinity.     Lat.  48°  40'  N.,  Lon.  19°  3'  E.     Pop.  10,000. 

Neu'-stadt  or  noi'-statt  (often  called  Wiener  (Wee'-ner)  Neustadt, 
from  its  proximity  to  Vienna),  a  handsome,  flourishing,  and  well-forti- 
fied t.  of  Lower  Austria,  27  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Vienna,  with  which  it  com- 
municates by  a  canal.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  military  academy, 
attended  by  about  500  pupils,  and  contains  a  number  of  flourishing 
manufactures.    Lat.  47°  48'  N.,  Lon.  16*  13  E.    Pop.  above  8,000.  (B.) 

Neustadt  (Hung.  Nagy-Banya,  nody — (almost  nodge)  baan-yo^),  a  t. 
of  Hungary,  near  the  N.  frontier  of  Transylvania,  remarkable  for  its 
rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  and  lead.  Lat.  47°  39'  N.,  Lon.  23°  32' E. 
Pop.  above  4,000.     (B.) 

NEu'-wiEDjOrnoi'-weet,  a  manufacturing  t.of Prussia,  on  the  Rhine, 
7  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Coblentz,  with  a  gymnasium,  a  valuable  collection  of 
Roman  antiquities,  and  of  specimens  in  natural  history,  and  5,200 
inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly  Moravians. 

Ne'-va  (Russ.  pron.  n^-va),  a  r.  of  Russia,  which  forms  the  outlet 
of  L.  Ladoga,  and  joins  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  at  St.  Petersburg. 

Nevada,  La  Sierra.     See  the  next  article. 

Nevado,  na-va'-Do,  a  Spanish  word  signifying  "covered  with  snow," 
which  has  been  applied  to  numerous  mountain  peaks  in  S.  America 
and  Mexico. 

La  Sierra  Nevada  (la  se-er'-ra  na-va'-Da),  or  the  "  snow-clad  ridge," 
is  a  chain  of  mountains  in  Granada,  Spain,  which  runs  due  E.  and  W., 
and  is  about  60  m.  in  length.  The  peak  of  Mulahacen  (moo-la-a-then'), 
near  the  centre  of  this  chain,  in  37°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  3°  28'  W.  Lon., 
is  the  highest  mountain  summit  in  the  Spanish  peninsula,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  the  Alps,  the  highest  in  Europe,  having  an  elevation  of 
11,658  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  Sierra  Nevada  is  perpetually 
covered  with  snow  above  the  height  of  9,500  ft. 

Nevado  de  Sorata.     See  Sorata. 

Nevers,  neft-vaRe',  (Anc.  Noviodu^num,  afterwards  Niver^num  or 
Nevir'num,)  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Nievre,  on  the  Loire,  at  the  junction  of  the  little  r.  Nievre, 
133  in.  S.  by  E.  of  Paris.  Tt  contains  a  royal  cannon  foundry,  and 
other  extensive  manufactures  in  iron.  The  crockery  made  here  is  re- 
garded as  the  best  in  France.  Lat.  46°  59'  N.,  Lon.  3°  10'  E.  Pop. 
15,000.     (B.) 

New'-ark,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Nottinghamshire,  on  the  Trent,  110  m. 
N.  by  W.  of  London.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  about  3  sq.  m., 
10,220. 

Nfwark,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  J.,  the  cap.  of  Essex  co.,  and  the 


400  NEW— NEW 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  plh;  n6,  n5t;  66  as  in  g-ood, 

largest  t.  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the  Passaic,  9  m.  W.  of  New  Yorn 
The  river  is  navigable  for  sloops  of  80  tons  to  this  place ;  4  ra.  below 
the  t.  it  falls  into  Newark  Bay.  The  position  of  this  city  is  very  favour- 
able for  trade,  standing,  as  it  does,  on  the  railroad  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia,  and  communicating  with  the  Delaware  at  Easton,  by 
means  of  the  Morris  Canal.  It  is  the  seat  of  numerous  and  flourishing 
manufactures,  and  contained,  in  1850,  38,894  inhabitants,  exhibiting  an 
increase  of  more  than  21,000  since  the  census  of  1840.  Lat.  40°  45'  N., 
Lon.  74°  10'  W. 

Newark  Bay  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Passaic  and  Hacken- 
sack  rivers.  It  is  6  or  7  m.  long,  and  above  2  m.  wide,  communicating 
at  its  S.  extremity  with  Staten  Island  Sound. 

New  Bed'-fcrd,  a  seaport  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Mass.,  in  Bristol 
co.^  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  seats  of  justice,  on  an  arm  of  Buzzard's 
Bay,  about  50  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  by  E.  of  Boston.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  this  town  own  a  large  amount  of  shipping,  and  are  very  exten- 
sively engaged  in  the  whale  fishery.  Lat.  41°  38'  N.,  Lon.  70°  56'  W. 
Pop.  16,464. 

New'-bern,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  C,  cap.  of  Craven  co.,  is  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Trent  and  Neuse,  about  10!)  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Ra- 
leigh.    Lat.  35°  20'  N.,  Lon.  77°  5'  W.     Pop.  4,722. 

New'-ber-ry,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  S.  C,  between  the 
Saluda  and  Broad  rivers.    Pop.  20,143.    Seat  of  justice  Newberry  c.  h. 

New  BrunV-wick,  a  prov.  of  British  America,  lying  on  the  YV.  side 
of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  190  m.  ; 
average  breadth  estimated  at  150  m.  Pop.  in  1834,  119,457.  (P.  C.) 
Frederickton  is  the  capital. 

New  Brunswick,  a  t.  of  N.  J.,  the  cap.  of  Middlesex  co.,  on  the 
Raritan,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  New  York  and  Philadelphia  rail- 
road, 28  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  W.  of  New  York.  With  this  city  it 
has  daily  intercourse,  by  means  of  steamboats  on  the  Raritan,  as  well 
as  by  the  railroad,  while,  through  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  it 
has  a  water  communication  with  Trenton  and  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
10.019. 

New'-burg,  a  well-built  t.  of  N.  Y.,  in  Orange  co.,  on  the  Hudson, 
about  60  m.,  by  water,  from  New  York.  It  is  alternately  with  Goshen 
the  co.  t.     Lat.  41°  31'  N.,  Lon.  74°  1'  W.     Pop.  11,415. 

Newburyport,  nu'-ber-re-porf,  a  beautiful  t.  and  port  of  entry  in 
Essex  co.,  Mass.,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Merrimack.  It  was  formerly 
very  flourishing,  but  in  1811  a  fire  destroyed  nearly  300  buildings, 
from  the  effects  of  which  calamity  it  has  never  recovered.  Lat.  42°  48' 
N.,  Lon.  70°  50'  W.     Pop.  9,534. 

Newcastle,  nu'-kas-s'l,  the  most  northern  of  the  three  counties  of 
Del.     Pop.  42,784.     Co.  t.  Newcastle. 

New-cas'-tle-upon-Tyne,  an  important  commercial  t.  and  river-port 
of  England'  in  Northumberland,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  Tyne,  10  m. 
from  its  mouth.  It  is  connected  with  Gateshead,  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river,  in  the  co.  of  Durham,  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge,  with  9 


NEW— NEW  401 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

elliptical  arches.  This  town  owes  its  importance  and  prosperity  to  its 
extensive  commerce  in  coal,  which  is  procured  from  numerous  pits, 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Tyne,  from  within  2  m.  of  its  mouth  to  16 
or  ISm.  up  the  river.  Newcastle  forms  a  little  county  of  itself,  with 
an  area  of  only  2,000  acres.  It  has  nearly  doubled  in  pop.  during 
the  present  century.  Lat.  50°  58'  N.,  Lon.  1°  37'  W.  Pop.  of  the  t. 
and  co.  of  Newcastle,  48,860.  Gateshead,  which  is  regarded  by  some 
as  a  suburb  of  the  above,  contains  about  19,000  inhabitants. 

Newc\stle-under-Lyme  or  Lyne,*  a  t.  of  England,  in  Staffordshire, 
135  m.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  9,838. 

New  England,  a  name  given  to  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  U.  S.,  in- 
cluding the  six  states  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  The  whole  area  may  be  esti- 
mated at  about  67,000  sq.  m.,  being  rather  less  than  that  of  Virginia. 
Total  pop.  2,727,397.  The  inhabitants  of  New  England  are  distin- 
guished for  their  intelligence  and  enterprise.  There  is  probably  no 
country  on  the  globe,  in  which  the  obligations  of  morality  and  religioi*. 
are  more  generally  respected  and  obeyed. 

Newv-found-land',  a  large  i.  of  British  America,  situated  in  th& 
Atlantic,  S.  E.  of  Labrador,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Strait  of 
Belle  Isle,  between  46°  40'  and  51°  37'  N.  Lat.,  and  52°  25'  and  59° 
15'  W.  Lon.  Its  form  approaches  that  of  a  triangle.  The  length, 
measuring  nearly  N.  and  S.,  is  about  320  m.;  greatest  breadth,  near 
300  m.  Area  estimated  at  50,000  sq.m.  Pop.  fluctuating,  in  conse- 
quence of  many  persons,  who  visit  the  island  in  the  fishing  season, 
leaving  it  during  winter:  according  to  the  census  of  1836,  it  amounted 
to  73,705.  (P.  C.)  Little  is  known  of  the  interior  of  Newfoundland. 
It  appears,  however,  to  be  generally  barren.  The  inhabitants  depend 
chiefly  on  fishing  for  their  subsistence. 

New  Granada,  gra-na7-da,t  (Sp.  Nueva  Granada,  nwa'-va  gra-na7- 
Da,)  one  of  the  three  republics  of  S.  America,  into  which,  in  1836, 
Colombia  was  divided.  (See  Colombia.)  The  boundary  line  between 
Granada  and  Ecuador,  appears  not  to  be  exactly  settled,  but  it  lies  be- 
tween 1°  and  2°  N.  Lat. :  towards  the  N.  this  republic  extends  to  12° 
30'  N.  Lat.:  it  is  situated  between  69°  and  83°  W.  Lon;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  the  Caribbean  sea,  E.  by  Venezuela  and  Brazil,  S.  by  Brazil 
and  Ecuador,  and  W.  by  the  Pacific  and  Central  America.  The  great- 
est length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  near  800  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to 
W.,  about  650  m.  Area  estimated  at  400,000  sq.m.  Pop.  in  1826, 
1,320,000.  (B.)  There  is  reason  to  believe  that,  in  consequence  of  the 
unsettled  state  of  the  country,  it  has  not  materially  increased  since  that 
period.     Bogota  is  the  capital. 

*  It  appears  from  old  records  that  an  ancient  forest  on  the  borders  of  Cheshire 
was  called  Lyme  or  Lime  (probably  from  limes,  a  "  boundary") ;  from  their  prox 
imity  to  which,  a  number  of  places  are  supposed  to  have  "received  the  addition 
to  their  names  of  under  lyme  or  lyne. 

t  See  note  under  Granada. 
34* 


402  NEW— NEW 

Fate,  far,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

New  Guinea.     See  Papua. 

New  Hamp'-shire,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  situated  be- 
tween 42°  40'  and  45°  20'  N.  Lat.,  and  70°  40'  and  72°  30'  W.  Lon. , 
bounded  on  the  E.  by  Maine  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  by  Massac!  u- 
setts,  W.  N.  VV.  and  N.  by  Vermont  and  Canada,  and  divided  into  10 
counties.*  Length,  193  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  S7  in. 
Area  estimated  from  8,000  to  near  10,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  317,864  Con- 
cord  is  the  seat  of  government. 

New  Han'-o-ver,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  Cap* 
Fear  r.,  and  bordering  on  the  sea.     Pop.  17,668.     Co.  t.  Wilmington. 

New  Ha-'ven,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Conn.,  bordering  on  Long  Island 
Sound.     Pop.  62,126. 

New  Haven,  a  port  of  entry,  the  largest  t.  in  Conn.,  the  cap.  of  the 
above,  and,  alternately  with  Hartford,  the  seat  of  the  state  government, 
situated  at  the  head  of  a  small  bay,  projecting  from  Long  Island  Sound, 
about  34  pa.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  S.  W.  of  Hartford,  with  which  town 
it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  The  general  appearance  of  New  Haven 
is  neat,  and  even  elegant.  The  state-house,  built  on  a  Grecian  model, 
is  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  edifice.  This  town  is  the  seat  of  Yale 
College,  founded  in  1700,  and  one  of  the  most  flourishing  collegiate 
institutions  in  the  whole  country.  The  collection  of  minerals  is  said 
to  be  the  finest  in  the  United  States.  The  college  is  in  Lat.  41°  18'  30" 
N.,  Lon.  72°  56'  45"  W.  Pop.  of  the  township  of  New  Haven,  22,500 ; 
of  the  city  alone,  20,345. 

New  Holland.     See  Australia. 

New  Jer'-sey,  one  of  the  original  U.  S.,  between  38°  56'  and  41° 
20'  N.  Lat.,  and  73°  54'  and  75°  33'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.by  the 
state  of  New  York,  E.  by  the  Hudson  r.  and  Staten  Island  Sound 
(which  divide  it  from  New  York),  and  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  S.  and 
S.  W.  by  the  Atlantic  and  Delaware  Bay,  and  W.  by  the  states  of  De- 
laware and  Pennsylvania,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  r.  Dela- 
ware ;  and  divided  into  20  counties,  f  Length,  170  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
74  m.  At  its  narrowest  part,  near  the  middle,  it  is  only  37  m.  broad, 
Area  estimated  at  8,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  489,555.  Trenton  is  the  seat  of 
government. 

New  Kent,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Pamunky 
and  York  rivers.     Pop.  6,064.     Seat  of  justice,  New  Kent  c.  h. 

New  Leb'-a-non,  a  village  of  Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  24  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Albany,  remarkable  as  being  one  of  the  principal  settlements  of  the 
Shakers  in  the  United  States. 

New  London  (lun'-don),  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Conn. 
Pop.  51,821.     Co.  towns,  New  London  and  Norwich. 


*  Belknap,  Carroll,  Cheshire,  Coos,  Grafton,  Hillsborough,  Merrimack,  Rock 
ingham  Strafford,  Sullivan. 

t  Atlantic,  Bergen,  Burlington,  Cape  May,  Cumberland,  Essex.  Gloucester,  Hud 
eon,  Hunterdon,  Mercer,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Morris,  Passaic,  Salem,  Somer 
Bet.  Sussex,  Warren,  Camden,  Ocean. 


NEW— NEW  403 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

New  London,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Connecticut,  in  the  pre- 
ceding county,  of  which  it  is  one  of  the  seats  of  justice,  on  the 
Thames,  3  rri.  from  its  mouth,  and  44  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  E.  of  New 
Haven.  Its  harbour  is  the  best  in  the  state.  Lat.  41°  22'  N.,  Lon.  72° 
9'W.^  Pop.  8,994. 

New  Mad'-rid,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Mo.  Pop.  5,541. 
Co.  t.  New  Madrid. 

New  Mexico. — New  Mexico  is  a  territory  of  the  United  States, 
formed  in  1850,  from  the  Mexican  province  of  that  name  (acquired 
by  the  treaty  with  Mexico  in  1848)  and  from  portions  of  California 
and  Texas.  It  lies  between  32°  and  38°  of  N.  lat.;  and  103°  and  117 
of  W.  Ion.;  being  about  700  miles  in  average  length,  and  about  350 
in  mean  breadth,  including  an  area  of  about  210,744  square  miles. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Utah,  and  Indian  Territory ;  E.  by  In- 
dian Territory  and  Texas  ;  S.  by  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  W.  by  the 
State  of  California,  from  which  it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Colorado 
river.  The  population,  by  the  census  of  1850,  was  61,505  ;  of  which 
61,488  were  white,  and  17  coloured  persons.  Deaths  in  the  year  end- 
ing June  30th,  1850,  1,507,  or  more  than  24  in  every  thousand. 

This  territory  is  divided  into  seven  counties.* 

Rivers. — The  Rio  Grande'  (see  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte')  and  its  branches 
drain  the  eastern  part  of  New  Mexico.  This  river  passes  through  the 
territory  from  N.  to  S.  between  two  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  form- 
ing the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The  Pecos  is  the  principal  branch 
on  the  east.     See  Appendix, 

The  Puerco,  (pwer'ko,)  the  principal  western  branch  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  rises  in  the  Sierra  Madre  Mts.,  and,  though  running  over  100 
miles,  its  channel  is  often  entirely  destitute  of  water,  during  the  dry 
season,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course. 

The  Canadian,  a  branch  of  the  Arkansas,  drains  a  mountain  valley 
in  the  N.  E.  of  this  territory.     See  Appendix. 

The  Colorado  of  the  West  enters  New  Mexico  from  Utah,  and  tra- 
versing the  N.  W.  part,  strikes  the  W.  boundary  on  the  35°  of  N.  lat. 
From  this  point  to  the  Mexican  frontier  it  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween New  Mexico  and  California.  None  of  the  rivers  of  this  terri- 
tory are  navigable,  unless  it  may  be  the  Colorado  and  Gila  near  their 
mouths.  Most  of  the  smaller  rivers,  except  near  their  sources,  for  a 
great  part  of  the  year  have  either  dry  channels,  or  are  a  series  of 
sandy  pools.  Even  the  Rio  Grande  itself,  Major  Emory  found  but 
25  yards  wide,  and  hub  deep,  at  Albuquerque,  nearly  300  miles  from  its 
source.  He  also  states  that  it  seldom  rises  more  than  two  feet.  More 
than  150  miles  farther  south,  at  the  same  season,  it  was  but  118  feet 
wide  and  14  inches  deep.  Lieut.  Simpson,  however,  in  his  journal, 
Sept.  22d,  1849,  at  the  same  place,  has  this  passage: — "  The  river  at 
this  point  is  about  200  yards  wide,  the  stream  rapid,  and  its  depth 

*  Bernallillo,  Rio-Ariba,  Santa-Anna,  Santa-Fe,  San-Miguel,  Taos,  and 
Valencia. 

2A 


404  NEW— NEW 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat,  m&,  met;  pine,  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

four  feet."  He  afterwards  mentions  croosing  in  a  ferry-boat  at  Albu- 
querque and  Socorro. 

The  Gila  (hee'la)  river  rises  in  the  Sierra  Madre  Mts.,  and  running 
nearly  west  on  the  southern  boundary,  discharges  itself  into  the  Colo- 
rado, after  a  course  of  about  500  miles.  It  is  hemmed  in  by  moun- 
tains for  more  than  half  its  course,  forming  a  narrow  valley,  in  some 
parts  not  more  than  300  feet  wide. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Mountains,  &c. — This  extensive  territory  is  for 
the  most  part  a  high  table  land,  crossed  by  several  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, and  generally  destined  to  hopeless  sterility.  The  eastern  section 
comprises  the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  its  tributaries,  and  lies 
among  the  different  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  cross  the 
country  in  a  direction  nearly  N.  and  S.  The  larger  portion  lies  west 
of  the  Sierra  Madre  mountains,  and,  as  far  as  known,  partakes  of 
the  general  characteristics  of  the  great  Fremont  Basin.  (See  Utah.) 
The  Colorado  on  the  west,  and  the  Gila  on  the  south,  with  their  tri- 
butaries, drain  this  portion.  The  mountain  ranges,  commencing  at 
the  east,  are  first  the  Guadalupe  Mts.,  which  diverge  from  the  main 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mts.  and  pass  off  in  a  S.  E.  direction  into  Texas. 
Next  are  the  Sierra  Grande,  a  chain  of  mountains  which  separate  the 
valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Pecos,  and  passing  south  into  Texas, 
approach  the  former  river  nearly  to  its  banks,  which  they  coast  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Pecos.  The  Sierra  Madre  Mts.  form  the  western  limit 
of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  run  from  N.  to  S.  through  New 
Mexico.  In  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  which  is  itself  a  table  land 
of  6000  feet  elevation  in  the  northern  part,  there  are  various  detached 
mountains,  bearing  local  names ;  one,  about  half  a  degree  south  of 
Santa  Fe,  has  been  called  Gold  Mountain,  from  its  containing  that 
metal.  A  portion  of  the  great  American  Desert  enters  the  N.  E.  corner 
of  N.  Mexico.  Passing  the  Sierra  Madre  Mts.,  we  enter  upon  ground 
that  has  been  little  explored,  except  a  small  portion  between  35°  and 
36J°  N.  lat.,  and  between  107°  and  110°  W.  Ion.,  which  was  traversed 
by  Lt.  Simpson  of  the  Topographical  Corps  of  Engineers  in  1849,  who 
describes  the  country  as  "  one  entire  naked  barren  waste,  sparsely 
covered  with  cedar  and  pine  of  a  scrub  growth,  thickly  sprinkled  with 
gage  and  artemisia,  and  having  a  yellow,  buff-coloured  soil."  The 
exception  to  this  general  sterility  is  in  the  valleys,  where  there  is  some 
ground  cultivated  by  the  Pueblo  Indians.  A  range  of  mountains  hem 
in  the  Gila  to  the  north,  as  far  as  the  112th  degree  of  W.  Ion.  One 
of  the  peaks  of  this  range  Major  Emory  estimated  at  5724  feet  above 
the  sea,  and  the  upper  end  of  the  valley  of  the  Gila  at  4347  feet. 

Soil  and  Productions. — We  have  characterized  this  territory  as  ge- 
nerally sterile,  but  it  is  not  without  considerable  exceptions.  Many 
parts  of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  as  well  as  the  valleys  of  other 
rivers  and  streams,  are  exceedingly  fertile,  and  produce  fine  crops 
of  wheat,  Indian  corn,  and  other  grains,  besides  grapes,  melons, 
peaches,  and  other  fruits  and  garden  vegetables.  But  everywhere  in 
New  Mexico  irrigation  is  necessary  to  successful  agricultural  opera- 


NEW— NEW  405 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

tions.  During  the  dry  season,  however,  even  this  resource  fails,  as 
many  of  the  rivers,  except  near  their  sources  in  the  mountains,  are 
completely  dried  up  or  reduced  to  a  series  of  pools.  On  the  table- 
lands, which  are  utterly  useless  for  agriculture,  there  grows  a  pecu- 
liar grass  which,  in  the  dry  season,  cures  and  preserves  its  nutritious 
qualities.  On  this  grass  the  cattle,  sheep,  horses  and  mules  feed  all 
winter,  and  preserve  themselves  in  excellent  condition,  till  the  rainy 
season  causes  the  green  grass  to  spring  up  anew.  Pasturage  is  the 
principal  source  of  wealth  in  New  Mexico.  The  herds  and  flocks, 
however,  are  subject  to  be  driven  off  by  Indian  depredators.  The 
mutton  of  New  Mexico  is  excellent,  but  the  wool  almost  valueless  for 
want  of  a  market.  Only  a  small  portion  of  the  surface  is  covered  with 
forests,  and  the  country  is  almost  entirely  destitute  of  the  hard  woods. 
Some  of  the  streams  are  fringed  with  the  cotton-wood,  and  pine  of  an 
inferior  quality  occurs  on  the  mountains.  The  sycamore,  ash,  cedar, 
walnut,  evergreen  oak,  and  willow  are  found  in  small  quantities. 

From  the  great  number  of  ruined  pueblos,  or  Indian  habitations,  in 
the  valleys  west  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Mts.,  it  would  seem  that  a  greater 
population  existed  here  formerly  than  at  present ;  supported,  prob- 
ably, by  a  system  of  irrigation. 

Minerals. — The  geological  structure  of  the  country  indicates  that 
New  Mexico  conceals  in  its  bowels  rich  mineral  treasures ;  but  these 
have  not  as  yet  been  much  developed.  Gold-mines  have  been  known 
and  worked  for  a  long  time  in  this  region,  but  hitherto  with  no  great 
success,  either  through  the  jealousy  of  the  Indians  or  for  want  of 
skilful  mining.  Reports  have  reached  us,  that  appear  to  be  well 
founded,  of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  several  places  on  the  Gila  river, 
and  of  silver  at  El  Paso.  Copper,  iron,  salt,  coal,  and  other  minerals 
have  also  been  found. 

Animals. — Deer,  mountain  sheep,  wild  hogs,  turkeys,  geese,  brant, 
swa*ns,  ducks,  scorpions,  and  lizards,  are  met  with ;  though  animal 
does  not  appear  to  be  more  prolific  than  vegetable  life  in  this  region. 

Towns. — Santa  Fe,  (san'ta-fa,)  the  capital  and  largest  town  in  New 
Mexico,  is  situated  on  the  Santa  Fe  r.,  a  branch  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
from  which  it  is  but  a  few  miles  distant  in  an  air  line.  Lat.  35°  40/ 
N.  It  is  the  great  emporium  of  the  overland  trade  that  has  been 
carried  on  since  1822  with  the  State  of  Missouri.  It  is  principally 
built  of  adobes,  or  unburnt  brick.  The  houses  form  a  square,  with  a 
court  within,  upon  which  nearly  all  the  apartments  open.  There  is 
generally  but  one  entrance  from  the  street,  which  is  wide  and  high 
enough  to  admit  animals  with  their  packs.  The  town,  however, 
presents  but  a  poor  appearance.     Pop.  7,713. 

Albuquerque  (al-boo-ker'kay)  is  situated  on  the  Rio  Grande,  about 
50  m.  south  of  Santa  Fe,  in  the  midst  of  some  of  the  most  fertile  land 
in  New  Mexico.     Pop.  about  1,000. 

San'ta  Domin'go,  a  pueblo,  or  Indian  town,  is  situated  on  the  Rio 
Grande,  about  25  miles  S.  W.  of  Sania  Fe.  The  houses  are  of  two 
stories,  the  upper  being  set  retreatingly  on  the  lower,  so  that  the 
roof  of  the  lower  story  serves  for  a  terrace  to  the  upper.     The  houses 


406  NEW— NEW 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  nd,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good} 

are  entered  by  ladders  ascending  to  this  terrace,  there  being  no  doors 
to  the  lower  story.  This  is  a  description  of  all  the  pueblos  in  New 
Mexico.     Pop.  about  800. 

Zuni,  (soon'-ye,)  Laguna,  (la-goo'-na,)  and  Jemez,  are  situated  from 
30  to  100  m.  W.  of  the  Rio  Grande.,  and  inhabited  by  Indians  who 
have  herds  of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep.  Their  populations  are,  res- 
pectively, about  1,200,  800,  and  400. 

New  Or'leans,*  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Louisiana,  and  seat 
of  justice  of  the  parish  of  Orleans,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  105  m.  by  water,  and  80  m.  in  a  direct  line 
from  its  mouth.  Lat.  29°  58'  N.,  Long.  90°  V  W.  Pop.  of  the  parish 
119,461,  of  whom  18,068  are  slaves.  Its  site  is  an  alluvial  flat,  which 
is  several  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  river  at  high  water,  and  is  so 
marshy  that  there  are  no  cellars  to  any  of  the  houses.  To  prevent 
inundations,  an  embankment,  or  levte,  has  been  raised,  which  ex- 
tends more  than  100  miles  above  the  city,  and  in  some  places  is  30 
feet  high.  This  forms  a  convenient  landing  for  the  cargoes  of  ves- 
sels. The  river,  which  is  here  more  than  100  feet  deep,  makes  a 
curve  to  the  left,  from  which  the  familiar  name  of  "  Crescent  City" 
is  derived.  The  city,  which  extends  about  5  miles  along  the  river 
and  half  a  mile  back,  is  divided  into  three  municipalities.  The  first, 
which  includes  the  city  proper,  or  middle  section,  is  the  most  populous  ; 
the  second,  which  includes  the  upper  suburbs,  contains  the  finest 
residences  ;  and  the  third  comprises  the  lower  section.  The  houses 
are  chiefly  built  of  brick,  and  the  streets  are  straight,  regularly  laid 
out,  and  lighted  with  gas.  The  principal  edifices  are  a  large  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral,  a  state-house,  custom-house,  a  U.  S.  branch 
mint,  an  exchange,  and  a  college.  It  also  contains  several  hospitals, 
and  38  churches,  of  which  12  are  Roman  Catholic.  A  large  propor- 
tion of  the  citizens  are  of  French  and  Spanish  descent,  and  perhaps 
no  city  presents  a  greater  mixture  of  races  and  languages.  The  low 
situation  renders  the  air,  in  the  warm  season,  very  unhealthy :  the 
yellow  fever  often  commits  fearful  ravages.  But  notwithstanding 
these  drawbacks,  the  town  is  increasing  in  wealth  and  population,  its 
commerce  attracting  multitudes  from  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 

As  a  place  of  trade,  New  Orleans  enjoys  unequalled  advantages. 
It  is  the  outport  of  all  the  commerce  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tribu- 
taries. It  is  accessible  for  ships  of  the  largest  size,  while  its  lev6e 
is  thronged  with  smaller  vessels  of  every  description.  Sometimes 
50  steamboats  may  be  seen  at  once.  The  chief  article  of  export  is 
cotton,  of  which  a  million  bales  have  been  received  here  in  one  year. 
In  the  value  of  its  exports,  New  Orleans  exceeds  every  other  city  in 
the  Union.  In  the  year  ending  September  1,  1851,  the  exports 
amounted  to  $81,216,900,  of  which  54  millions  were  to  foreign 
countries,  and  27  millions  to  other  ports  of  the  United  States.  The 
number  of  arrivals  of  steamers  and  other  vessels  in  1851,  was  5,050. 

New'port,  a  port  of  entry  of  R.  I.,  the  cap.  of  a  co.  of  the  same 

*  See  note  to  Orleans. 


NEW— NEW  407 

OU,  as  in  our;  th;  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  tills ;  N,  nearly  like  ng. 

name,  and  one  of  the  seats  of  the  state  government,  is  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  Narragan sett  Bay,  on  one  of  the  finest  harbours 
in  the  world.  It  stands  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  Rhode  Island,  about  5 
m.  from  the  sea,  and  22  m.  in  a  straight  line,  S.  by  E.  of  Providenee, 
The  beauty  of  its  situation,  and  the  salubrity  of  its  climate,  have 
made  this  town  a  place  of  fashionable  resort  for  persons  from  the 
southern  and  middle  states,  during  the  summer  months.  Lat.  41° 
28'  N.,  Lon.  71°  21'  W.  The  pop.  of  Newport  was  greater  before 
the  revolution  than  at  the  present  time,  though  it  is  now  on  the  ad- 
vance :  in  1840,  it  was  8,333.     Pop.  of  the  co.  of  Newport,  20,007. 

New  Sarum.     See  Salisbury. 

New  South  Wales,  a  colonial  territory  of  Great  Britain,  occu- 
pies the  eastern  portion  of  the  Australian  continent.  Its  northern 
and  western  limits  are  not  yet  determined.  On  the  east  it  is 
bounded  by  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  and  on  the  south  by  thd  pro- 
vince of  Victoria.  A  colony  of  convicts  was  established  here  in 
1788.  In  1840,  the  transportation  ceased,  and  at  present  there  are 
but  very  few  convicts  in  the  country.  The  pop.  in  1848,  was 
220,474,  and  since  the  recent  discovery  of  gold,  has  been  rapidly 
increasing.  A  mountain  ridge  extends  for  many  hundred  miles 
nearly  parallel  with  the  coast,  at  an  average  distance  of  40  or  50 
miles,  and  with  a  mean  altitude  of  3,500  feet.  Different  parts  of  this 
ridge  are  called  the  Blue  Mountains,  and  the  Australian  Alps.  The 
region  west  of  this  range  is  drained  by  the  Macquarrie,  Lachlan, 
and  Darling  rivers,  none  of  which  are  navigable.  Those  which  in- 
tersect the  space  between  the  mountains  and  the  sea  are  quite 
small,  and  furnish  very  limited  communication  with  the  interior. 
The  coast  is  indented  with  several  good  harbours,  among  which  are 
Port  Jackson,  Port  Macquarrie,  and  Botany  Bay.  The  country  next 
to  the  sea,  for  five  or  six  miles,  is  occupied  by  barren  ridges,  pro- 
ducing a  few  stunted  trees  and  bushes.  As  we  advance  toward  the 
interior  it  improves  in  appearance,  and  at  the  distance  of  twenty  or 
twenty-five  miles  it  presents  a  beautiful  undulating  surface,  clothed 
with  luxuriant  herbage,  and  adorned  with  groves,  whiph  are  lofty, 
but  not  dense.  The  forests  of  Australia  are  less  dense  than  those 
of  other  continents.  The  soil  is  generally  fertile  and  better  adapted 
to  pasturage  than  to  tillage.  Wheat,  maize,  oats,  and  the  grape  are 
cultivated  successfully  ;  out  it  is  chiefly  by  the  production  of  wool 
that  this  colony  is  rising  into  commercial  importance.  In  1850, 
32  million  pounds  of  wool  were  exported  from  this  province  and 
Victoria.  The  climate  is  warm,  and  subject  to  drought,  but  is  very 
salubrious.  The  chief  towns  are  Sydney,  the  capital,  Paramatta, 
Bathurst,  and  Goulbourn.     See  Australia  and  Sydney. 

Newton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Oc- 
mulgee,  near  its  source.     Pop.  13,296.     Co.  t.  Covington. 

Newton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Miss.,  E.  of  Jackson 
Pop.  4,465.     Co.  seat,  Decatur. 

Newton,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Mo.     Pop.  4,268. 


408  NEW— NEW 

Fite,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met:  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

New  York,  one  of  the  original  U.  S.,  between  40°  30'  and  45°  N. 
Lat.,  and  72°  and  79°  50'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  N.  W.  and 
W.  by  Canada,  the  r.  St.  Lawrence,  Lake  Ontario,  the  Niagara  r., 
Lake  Erie,  and  Pennsylvania ;  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey,  E.  by  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and  Vermont.  These 
limits,  however,  do  not  include  Long  Island,  which  extends  from 
near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  the  continental  portion  of  the  state, 
more  than  100  m.  in  an  easterly  direction.  (See  Long  Island.) 
The  greatest  length  of  N.  Y.,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  322  m. ;  extreme 
breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  300  m.  Area  estimated  at  49,000  sq. 
m.  Pop.  3,097,394.  The  state  is  divided  into  59  counties.*  New 
York,  though  not  the  largest,  is  in  almost  every  other  respect  the 
leading  state  in  the  Union;  its  pop.  exceeds  -  that  of  Pennsylvania 
(the  second  of  the  United  States,  as  regards  the  number  of  its  in- 
habitants), by  more  than  700,000,  and  surpasses  the  whole  popula- 
tion of  the  six  New  England  states,  by  nearly  200,000.  To  New 
York  is  due  the  honour  of  having  first  undertaken  and  brought  into 
successful  operation  those  extensive  internal  improvements  which 
have  since,  though  on  a  smaller  scale,  been  extended  to  almost  every 
portion  of  the  Union.     Albany  is  the  capital. 

New  York,  the  metropolis  of  the  above  state,  the  most  populous  city 
and  greatest  emporium  in  the  New  World,  and  with  its  suburbs, 
Brooklyn  and  Williamsburg  (as  legitimately  a  part  of  New  York  as 
Southwark  is  of  London),  the  third  in  point  of  wealth  and  popula- 
tion of  the  cities  of  Europe  and  America,  is  situated  on  the  southern 
extremity  of  Manhattan  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  about 
18  m.  from  the  Atlantic,  and  80  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  N.  E.  of  Phila- 
delphia. The  city  and  county  have  the  same  limits,  comprising  the 
whole  of  Manhattan  island,  which  is  13|  m.  in  length,  and  2  m.  in 
its  greatest  breadth.  The  densely  inhabited  portion  of  the  city  is 
situated  on  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island,  extending  northward  3  or 
4  m.  In  the  old  or  southern  quarter  of  the  town,  the  streets  are  for 
the  most  part  narrow  and  irregular,  but  nearly  all  the  northern  or 
newer  part  is  remarkable  for  the  regularity  and  beauty  of  the  streets, 
as  well  as  for  the  elegance  of  the  houses.  Broadway,  the  principal 
street,  and  one  of  the  finest  to  be  seen  in  any  city,  is  80  ft.  wide,  and 
about  3  m.  long.  Commencing  at  the  Battery  (an  open  space  plant- 
ed with  trees  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  island),  it  extends  N.  N.  E. 
through  nearly  the  whole  length  of  the  town.  It  may  be  compared 
to  a  great  river  ;  the  streets  which  terminate  in  it,  and  those  which 

*  Albany,  Alleghany,  Broome,  Cattaraugus,  Cayuga,  Chatauque,Cheinung,  Che- 
nango, Clinton,  Columbia,  Cortland,  Delaware,  Dutchess,  Erie,  Essex,  Franklin, 
Fulton,  Genessee,  G-reen,  Hamilton,  Herkimer,  Jefferson,  King's,  Lewis,  Living- 
ston, Madison,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  New  York,  Niagara,  Oneida,  Onondaga, 
Ontario,  Orange,  Orleans,  Oswego,  Otsego,  Putnam,  Queen's,  Rensselaer,  Rich- 
mond, Rockland,  Saratoga,  Schenectady,  Schoharie,  Seneca,  Steuben,  St.  Law- 
rence, Suffolk,  Sullivan,  Tioga,  Tompkins,  Ulster,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne, 
Westchester,  Wyoming,  Yates. 


NEW— NEW  409 

tra,  as  m  our;  th,  as  in.  &«*,•  th,  as  in  tfAis;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

It  intercepts,  being  tributaries  tbat  supply  a  constantly  increasing 
tbrong  of  people,  and  vebi-cles  of  every  description,  as  we  advance 
towards  its  scutbern  extremity.      Perhaps  the  most  important  of 
these  affluents   is  Chatham  street,  which  forms  the  outlet   of  the 
Bower}%  East  Broadway,  and  several  other  considerable  streets,  and 
unites  with  Broadway  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  Park.     The  city 
contains  a  number  of  public  squares  or  open  spaces,  adorned  with 
trees  and  resorted  to  as  places  of  promenade ;  the  most  remarkable 
of  which  are  the  Battery  { already  mentioned),  the  Park,  a  triangu- 
lar enclosure,  situated  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  Bat- 
tery, midway  between  the  Hudson  and  East  River;  it  contains  the 
City  Hall,  the  Kali  of  Records,  and  other  buildings  ;  -and  Washing- 
ton  Square,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  city.     The  principal  business 
of  New  York  is  carried  on  in  the  lower  or  southern  section  of  the 
town,  where,  along  the  wharves,  in  every  direction,  may  be  seen  fo- 
rests of  masts,  and  where  countless  vessels,  of  every  description,  and 
from  every  part  of  the   globe,  pour  their   rich  tribute  into  the  lap 
of  this  queen  of   commercial  cities.     Steamers  of  such  she,  splen- 
dour, and  speed,  as  the  world  has  never  before  seen,  forming  regular 
lines  of  packets  to   Liverpool,  Southampton,  Glasgow,  Havre,  Bre- 
men, San  Francisco   and  other  ports  in  the  Union,  arrive  at,  and  de- 
part from  its  docks  almost  daily,  loaded  with  passengers  and  mer- 
chandise.    The  registered  tonnage  of  this  port  amounts  to  694,843. 
The  total  value  of  exports  in  1851,  was  $87,653,849  ;  of  imports  in 
the  same  year,  $131,356,952,  (about  two-thirds  of  the  imports  of  the 
whole  IT.  S.)     New  York  is  fast  approaching  the  European  capitals 
In  the  statelmess  of  its  private  mansions  and  the  solidity  and  gran- 
deur of  its  public  buildings.     Among  the  most    remarkable  of  the 
latter    olass    may  be   mentioned  the  City   Hall,   situated    in    the 
Park  ;  it  is  216  ft.  in  length,  105  ft.  in  breadth,  with  a  front  of  white 
marble:  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  in  Wall  street,  a  magnificent  edi- 
fice of  granite:  the  Custom  House,  a  vast  and  costly  structure,  situ- 
ated in  the  same  street :  the  Astor  House,  on  Broadway,  opposite 
to   Chatham    street,  an  immense    hotel  of  granite,   containing  390 
rooms  :  and  Trinity  Church,  on  Broadway,  lately  rebuilt,  which  may 
rank  among  the  finest  modern  specimens  of  Gothic   architecture. 
Among  its  250  churches,  there  are  at  least  20  structures  of  brown 
sandstone    and    marble,  of  no   mean   architectural   merit.      Grace 
Church  especially,  built  of  white  marble,  at  an  angle  in  Broadway, 
two  miles  from  the  Battery,  cannot  fail  to  arrest  the  attention  of  every 
stranger.     Among  the  numerous  literary  and  scientific  institutions, 
we  may  cite  Columbia  College,  founded  in  1754  •    the  University  of 
New  York,  founded  in  1831  ;  including  the  faculties  of  medicine 'and 
law:    the  Astor  Library  which  is  about  to  be  opened  (1852),  with 
lOO.OO'Q  vols.,  in  a  building  erected  for  the   purpose  in   Lafayette 
Place:  the  Society  Library,  with  nearly  40,000  vols. :  the  mercantile 
Library  Association,  with  above  33,000  vols. :  and  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts:  the  American  Art  Union:  the  Dusseldorf  Gallery  :  and 
b  5 


410  NEW— NEW 

Fate,  far,  fall,  f&t ;  me,  met;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  nSt ;  oo  asm  good 'f 

the  Lyceum  of  Natural  History.  This  city  also  contains  a  great 
number  of  charitable  establishments :  the  most  important  of  'which 
are  the  City  Hospital ;  the  Alms  House,  which  is  situated  at 
Bellevue,  near  the  East  river,  at  some  distance  above  the  thickly 
settled  portion  of  the  city  ;  the  New  York  Hospital ;  the  Blooming- 
dale  Lunatic  Asylum ;  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  ;  the  Blind  Asy- 
lum ;  and  other  institutions  of  a  kindred  character,  Stewart's  store,. 
a  building  of  white  marble,  occupying  an  entire  block  on  Broad- 
way, is  perhaps  unsurpassed  in  any  city  as  a  private  mart  of  merchan- 
dise. New  York  particularly  excels  in  the  size  and  number  of  its  ho- 
tels, which  are  thronged  with  strangers  visiting  this  grand  centre  of 
pleasure  and  business  for  half  a  continent.  Besides  the  Astor  Houser 
already  mentioned,  a  vast  pile  of  buildings  has  been  erected  on  the 
site  of  Niblo's  Garden,  which  is  to  be  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  a 
hotel,  under  the  name  of  the  Metropolitan,  Brooklyn  adds  a 
number  of  fine  edifices  to  adorn  this  great  metropolis ;  prominent 
among  which  are  its  City  Hall,  a  structure  of  white  marble,  in  the 
Ionic  style  ;  the  Church  of  the  Pilgrims,  of  gray  stone;  and  several 
other  churches.  Two  miles  S.  E.  of  Brooklyn  is  Greenwood  Ceme- 
tery, occupying  242  acres  of  ground,  perhaps  the  most  extensive 
place  of  sepulture  of  modern  tunes.  The  grounds  are  as  varied  as 
extensive,  composed  of  constant  alternations  of  hill  and  dale  and 
wood  and  water.  New  York  is  plentifully  supplied  with  excellent 
water  from  the  Croton  liver,  by  means  of  the  recently  constructed 
hydraulic  works.  The  aqueduct  which  conveys  the  water  to  the  re- 
servoir from  which  it  is  distributed  to  the  city,  is  above  40  m.  in 
length.  It  is  an  irregular  hollow  cylinder,  formed  of  hydraulic 
stone  and  brick  masonry,  (except  where  the  water  is  conveyed  across 
two  valleys,  and  from  the  receiving  to  the  distributing  reservoirs,  in 
which  case  iron  pipes  are  employed:)  the  greatest  interior  breadth 
is  7  ft.  5  inches ;  the  greatest  height  is  8  ft.  5J  inches.  The  total 
cost  of  the  aqueduct,  from  the  Croton  dam  to  the  distributing  reser- 
voir inclusive,  is  estimated  at  9,000,000  of  dollars. 

The  City  Hall  is  in  Lat.  40°  42/  40"  N.,  Lon.  74°  Y  8"  W.  The 
pop.  of  the  city  and  county  in  1850  was  515,547.  Including  the 
suburbs,  it  was  650,000. 

New  Zealand,  an  insular  group  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  between 
34°  and  47°  S.  Lat.,  and  166°  and  179°  E.  Lon.  It  consists  principally 
of  two  large  islands,  of  which  the  more  southern,  called  New  Mini- 
ster, is  the  larger,  being  about  520  m.  in  length,  and  150  m.  in  its 
greatest  breadth:  the  other,  named  New  Ulster,  is  nearly  500  m.  in 
length,  and  200  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth,  but  its  mean  breadth  is 
con's iderably  less  than  that  of  the  former.  The  area  of  all  the 
islands  is  estimated  at  86,000  sq.  m.  A  range  of  mountains  runs 
through  the  middle  island,  some  of  whose  peaks  rise  from  12,000  to 
14,000  ft.  above  the  sea.  This  range  is  continued  in  the  N.  island  ;  in 
the  S.  W.  of  which  is  Mt.  Egmont,  an  extinct  volcano,  of  from  9,000  to 
10,000  ft.  elevation.  There  are  several  active  volcanoes.  Much  of  the 
soil  is  too  rugged  for  cultivation,  but  there  are  large  tracts  of  arable 


NEW— NEW  411 

on,  as  in  mir;  th,  as  in.  thin;  th,  as  in  £/«s;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

land.  There  are  ten  principal  settlements ;  among  the  most  populous 
of  which  are  Auckland  district,  with  a  population  of  7,000,  and  Wel- 
lington, with  about  5,000,  the  former  in  the  N.  E.,  and  the  latter 
in  the  S.  of  the  N.  island.  European  pop.  of  the  group,  about 
20,000 ;  aborigines,  120,000.  Auckland,  the  capital,  has  about  3,500 
inhabitants.     Inhab.  New  Zea'-land-er, 

Nezii-een'  (Nejin  or  Neschin),  a  flourishing  and  beautiful  t.  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  in  the  gov.  of  Tchernigof.  Lat.  51°  3'  N.,  Lon.  31°  50' 
E.     Pop.  16,000.     (MO 

Ni-ag'-a-ra  or  ni-ag^-ra  (see  Int.  XII.,  Obs.  2),  a  r.  of  N.  America, 
which  forms  the  outlet  of  L.  Erie,  and  a  part  of  the  boundary  between 
the  state  of  New  York  and  Canada.  About  3  m.  below  its  commence- 
ment, it  divides  into  two  arms,  which  embrace  an  island,  called  Grand 
Island,  12  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  7  m.  wide.  A  mile  and  a  half  below 
Grand  Island,  the  entire  waters  of  the  Niagara  are  precipitated  over  a 
ledge  of  rocks  about  160  ft.  in  perpendicular  height,  forming  the  Nia- 
gara Falls,  the  most  stupendous  cataract  on  the  globe.  The  entire 
breadth  of  the  river  at  the  falls  (including  Goat  Island,  which  divides 
the  waters  so  as  to  form  two  distinct  cataracts),  is  about  1,300  yards, 
but  a  little  below  it  contracts  to  less  than  200  yards  in  width.  The 
whole  length  is  about  35  m. 

Niagara,  a  co.  forming  the  N.W.  extremity  of  N.  Y..  bordering  on 
Niagara  r.  and  L.  Ontario.     Pop.  42,276.     Co.  t.  Lockport. 

Nicaragua  (nik-ar-a'-gwa),  Lake  of,  situated  in  the  state  of  the 
same  name,  in  Central  America,  about  12  m.  from  the  nearest  part  of 
the  Pacific,  and  70  from  the  Caribbean  Sea,  with  which  it  communi- 
cates through  the  river  San  Juan.  It  is  about  110  m.  in  length,  and  40 
in  its  greatest  breadth. 

Nice,  nece,  (It.  Nizza,  nh/-sa;  Anc.  Nica^a;)  a  city  and  seaport  of 
the  Sardinian  dominions,  the  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  beau- 
tifully situated  near  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  on  the  Mediterranean,  95  m. 
S.  W.  of  Genoa.  It  is  much  resorted  to  by  strangers  as  a  winter  resi- 
dence. Lat.  43°  41'  N.,  Lon.  7°  17'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  near  30,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Nich'-o-las,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  r.  Kanawha. 
Pop.  3,963.    Co.  t.  Summersville. 

Nicholas,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Lick- 
ing r.     Pop.  10,361.  Co.  t.  Carlisle. 

Nic-o-bar'  Islands,  a  group  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  N.  W.  of  Suma- 
tra, between  6°  30'  and  9°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  93°  and  94°  20'  E.  Lon., 
consisting  of  two  large  and  a  number  of  smaller  islands.  The  largest 
is  about  40  m.  long,  and  near  20  m.  broad.  The  great  insalubrity  of 
the  climate  has  prevented  any  permanent  settlements  being  made 
among  the  Nicobars  by  Europeans. 

Nic'-o-las,  Saint  (Fr.  pron.  sen  ne'-koMa'),  a  nourishing  t.  of  Bel 
gium,  12  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Antwerp.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Nj-corf-o-Li  (Anc.  Nicop'olis),  a  fortified  t.  of  European  Turkey,  on 


412  NIC— NIK 

Fate,  far,  fall,  f&t;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  na,  n5t;  oo  as  in  good; 

the  Danube  ;  it  is  the  seat  of  a  Greek  archbishopric.  Lat.  43°  46'  N„ 
Lon.  24°  53'  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (B.) 

Ni-coZ-sx-a,  the  principal  t.'of  Cyprus,  situated  near  the  centre  of 
the  island.  'Lat.  35°  13'  N.,  Lon.  about  33°  40' E.  Poo.  estimated 
from  12,000  to  16,000.     (B.) 

Nie'-men  (Polish  pron.  nyenV-en),  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  Russia,  near  the  t.  of  Minsk,  and  after  a  very  winding-  course,,  enters 
the  Prussian  territories,  where  it  takes  the  name  of  Memel  (mem'-el)* 
and  finally  falls  into  the  Kurische  Haff,  in  about  55°  20' N.  Lat.,  and 
21°  20'  E.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  near  400m.  The 
Niemen  is  remarkable  among  the  rivers  of  Europe  for  its  great  and  de- 
structive inundations.  At  the  melting  of  the  snows,  in  spring,,  its  wa- 
ters are  said  sometimes  to  rise,  in  the  short  space  of  10  or  14  days,  20 
it.  above  the  ordinary  leveL 

Nievre,  ne-aivr/,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  France,  intersected* 
by  the  Loire.     Pop.  297,550.  (B.)     Capital,  Nevers. 

Niger,  nV-jer,  or  Quor'-ra,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course  called 
JoiZ-i-ba,  a  large  r.  in  the  W.  part  of  Africa,,  which  rises  in  about  8° 
N.  Lat.,  and  6°  W.  Lon.,  and  flowing  at  first  north-easterly,  then 
south-easterly,  and  afterwards  southerly,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea 
by  numerous  mouths,  in  about  5°  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  E.  Lon.  Its  whole 
length  is  estimated  at  above  2,300  m.  The  Joliba  or  upper  portion  of 
the  Niger  appears  to  have  been  known  to  the  ancients,  though  they 
were  probably  entirely  ignorant  of  its  termination.  Mungo  Park,  sent 
out  by  the  African  Association  in  1795,  was  the  first  European  who  ex- 
plored the  upper  portion  of  the  Niger,  but  he  was  unable  to  throw  any 
light  upon  the  question  as  to  what  became  of  its  waters.  Various  hy- 
potheses had  been  and  were  still  entertained  ;  some  geographers  sup- 
posed that  they  were  lost  in  the  sands  in  the  interior  of  the  continent, 
or  flowing  into  some  inland  lake  were  evaporated,  like  those  of  the 
Desaguadero  of  Bolivia,  in  S.  America  ;  others  adopted  an.  opinion  very 
prevalent  among  the  natives  of  Northern  Africa,  that  the  Niger  flowed 
eastward  and  joined  the  Nile,  being  in  fact  the  Nile- itself:  another 
generally  received  hypothesis,  and  one  which  Park  himself  adopted, 
was,  that  the  waters  of  the  mysterious  river,  after  travelling  a  long^ 
course  through  Central  and  Southern  Africa,  were  finally  poured  into 
the  Atlantic,  through  the  estuary  of  the  Congo.  But  all  the  doubts 
and  conjectures  respecting  the  course  of  this  remarkable  stream  were 
at  length  set  at  rest  by  the  brothers  Richard  and  John  Lander,  who,  in 
the  year  1830,  sailed  from  Boossa  (to  which  place  the  Niger  had  been 
previously  explored  by  Park)  to  the  month  of  the  river  previously 
called  the  Nun,  in  the  Bight  of  Benin. 

Num.     See  Nizhnee. 

Nikolaief  or  Nikolaiew,  neN-ko-H'-eT ,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  in 
the  gov.  of  Kherson,  on  the  r.  Bug  (boog),  about  20  m.  above  its  en- 
trance into  the  estuary  ef  the  Dnieper.  Lat.  46°  59'  N.„  Lon.  32°  2' 
E.     Pop.  8,500.     (MO 


NIK— NIM  413 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Nik/-ols-burg"  (Ger.  pron.  ne/-kols-b66RGx),  a  manufacturing  t.  of 
Moravia,  28  m.  S.  of  Briin.     Pop.  7,01)0.     (B.) 

Nile  (Gr.  Nu%o$;  Lat.  NiMus;  Arab.  Bahr-Nil)  ;  a  great  and  cele- 
brated r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Africa,  which  is  formed  by  the  junction 
of  two  streams  (in  15°  34'  N.  Lat.,  and  32°  31'  E.  Lon.),  of  which  one, 
called  the  Blue  River  (Bahr-el-Azrek),  rises  in  Abyssinia,  in  about  11° 
N.  Lat,  and  38°  55'  E.  Lon. ;  the  other,  named  the  White  River  (Bahr- 
el-Abiad),  has  its  sources  considerably  farther  west,  probably  on  the 
northern  declivity  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon.  These  branches, 
which  are  sometimes  denominated  the  Blue  and  White  Nile,  derive 
their  names  from  the  colour  of  their  respective  waters ; — those  of  the 
Bahr-el-Abiad  being  coloured  by  a  fine  white  clay  which  is  usually 
suspended  in  them.  The  Nile,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  makes 
two  extensive  circuits,  which,  together,  resemble  the  form  of  the  letter 
S ;  but  below  the  cataracts,  its  general  direction  is  almost  north,  with 
comparatively  few  deviations.  The  whole  length  of  this  r.,  from  the 
highest  sources  with  which  we  are  acquainted,  is  estimated  at  2,750  m. 
The  most  remarkable  phenomena  connected  with  the  Nile,  are  per- 
haps its  annual  inundations,  to  which  Egypt  may  be  said  to  owe  its 
existence  as  a  habitable  country.  The  cause  of  these  inundations  is 
now  ascertained  to  be  the  periodical  rains  which  fall  around  the 
sources  of  the  river  within  the  tropics.  The  rise  of  the  Nile  com- 
mences in  June,  and  continues  increasing  till  September.  The  Delta 
then  looks  like  an  immense  marsh,  interspersed  with  numerous  islands, 
with  villages,  towns,  and  plantations  of  trees,  just  above  the  water. 
The  inundation  having  remained  stationary  for  a  few  days,  begins  to 
subside,  and  about  the  end  of  November  most  of  the  fields  are  left  dry, 
covered  with  a  fresh  layer  of  rich  brown  slime:  at  this  time  the  lands 
are  put  under  culture.  From  its  junction  with  the  Tacazze(in  17°  45'  N. 
Lat.)  to  its  termination,  a  distance  of  about  1,350  m.,  the  Nile  does  not 
receive  a  single  affluent  on  either  side ;  an  instance  which  is  without  a 
parallel  in  the  geography  of  the  globe.  This  great  r.  is  navigable, 
without  any  obstruction,  to  the  cataracts,  or,  more  properly  speaking, 
rapids,  in  Lat.  24°  8'  N.,  which  are  regarded  as  constituting  the  south- 
ern limit  of  Egypt.  (For  further  particulars  respecting  the  Nile,  see 
Egypt.) — Adj.  Ni-lot'-ic. 

Nimeguen.     See  Nimwegen. 

Nimes  or  Nismes,  neem,  (Anc.  Nemau'sus,)  a  city  in  the  S.  of 
France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Gard,  30  m.  N.  E.  of  Montpellier.  As  a  seat 
of  manufactures  and  commerce,  it  ranks  among  the  first  towns  in  the 
country ;  but  it  is  chiefly  interesting  to  the  traveller  and  antiquary 
for  its  striking  monuments  of  ancient  grandeur.  The  Maison  Carree 
(ma'-zoN^  karv-ra/),  i.  e.  literally  the  "  square  house,"  though  it  is  in 
fact  a  parallelogram,  is  regarded  as  an  extraordinary  specimen  of  ar- 
chitectural beauty.  This  ancient  temple  appears  to  be  in  good  preser- 
vation, and  is  now  used  as  a  museum  for  objects  of  antiquity.  The 
State  House  at  Richmond,  in  Va.,  is  a  copy  of  the  Maison  Carree,  the 
plan  and  drawings  having  been  sent  to  Virginia  by  Jefferson,  when  ho 
35* 


414  NIM— NOL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good 


was  the  minister  of  the  United  States  at  Paris.  Nimes  contains  an 
academie  universitaire,  a  royal  college,  an  extensive  public  library, 
and  numerous  other  institutions.  Lat.  43°  50'  N.,  Lon.  4°  22'  E.  Pop. 
41,194.     (B.) 

Nimwegen,  nim-Wa/-Gen,  or  more  correctly  Nymwegen,  nime-WaJ- 
Gen,  (supposed  to  be  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  NovionVagus,)  a  strongly 
fortified  t.  of  Holland,  in  the  prov.  of  Guelderland,  on  the  Waal.  Lat. 
51°  51/  N.,  Lon.  5°  51'  E.     Pop.  16,000.     (B.) 

Ning-Po  (called  formerly  Liampo),  a  seaport  city  of  China,  of  the 
first  rank,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Kin  and  Yaoo,  near 
their  entrance  into  the  harbour  of  Cbusan,  about  200  m.  S.  E.  of  Nan- 
king. Lat.  29°  58'  N.,  Lon.  120°  18'  E.  Pop.  estimated  from  200,000 
to  400,000.     (M.) 

Niort,  ne-oit',  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  France,  cap. 
of  the  dep.  of  the  Two  Sevres  (Deux-Sevres),  on  the  Sevre-Niortaise 
(which  is  navigable  from  this  place),  43  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Poitiers.  It 
contains  a  college,  a  public  library  of  15,000  vols.,  and  several  other 
institutions.     Lat.  46°  18'  N.,  Lon.  0°  19'  W.     Pop.  18,015.    (B.) 

Niphon.     See  Japan. 

Nischnei.     See  Nizhnee. 

Nish'-a-poor',  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  in  Khorassan,  for  a  long 
time  the  residence  of  the  Seljook  sultarts.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  mud 
wall,  but  the  greater  part  of  the  enclosed  area  is  covered  with  ruins. 
In  its  neighbourhood,  about  40  m.  towards  the  W.  N.  W.,  are  the 
famous  Turquoise  mines:  these  gems  constitute  the  only  article  of 
foreign  trade,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Nishapoor.  Lat.  36°  8'  N.,  Lon.  58® 
55'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (P.  C.) 

Nivelles,  nes-vell/,  (Flem.  Nyvel,  ni^-vcl,)  a  manufacturing  t.  of 
Belgium,  in  S.  Brabant,  17  m.  S.  of  Brussels.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Nizh7-nee  (Nijni)  Novv-go-rod/,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  and 
commercial  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oka  with  the  Volga.  Here,  at  present,  is  held  the 
great  annual  fair,  which  a  few  years  since  gave  so  much  importance  to 
the  little  town  of  Makarieff,  situated  on  the  Volga,  50  m.  E.  S.  E.  of 
Nizhnee  Novgorod.  The  value  of  goods  sold  at  this  fair  in  1836, 
amounted  to  126,514,046  rubles,  or  above  $  100,000,000 !  (P.  C).  The 
fair  is  attended,  as  is  estimated,  by  not  less  than  300,000  strangers.  It 
begins  on  the  1st  of  July,  and  continues  a  month  or  six  weeks.  Be- 
tween 4.000  and  5,000  warehouses  and  booths,  presenting,  for  ten 
months  of  the  year,  the  silence  of  a  desert,  are  exclusively  appropriated 
to  the  business  of  the  fair.  Lat.  56°  20'  N.,  Lon.  44°  28'  E.  Perma- 
nent, pop.  about  25,000.     (P.  C.) 

Noble,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ind.  Pop.  7,946.  .  Co.  t. 
.Augusta. 

Nocera,  no-cha'-ra,  (Anc.  Nuce^ria,)  a  t.  of  Naples,  on  the  Sarna 
Lat.  43°  T  N.,  Lon.  12°  46'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

N0/-14,  an  ancient  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Neapolitan  dominions,  in  a  for- 
li'e  plain  (the  Campania  Felix  of  the  ancients),  14  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Na- 


NOR— NOR  415 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  tit,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

pies.  It  contains  several  interesting-  remains  of  antiquity.  Pop.  about 
9.000.     (B.) 

Nord,  noR,  a  dep.  forming1  the  N.  extremity  of  France,  whence  it  is 
called  the  dep.  du  Nord,  i.  e.  "of  the  north."  Pop.  1,026,417.  (B.) 
Co.  t.  Lille. 

Nordhausen,  noRt-hou'-zen,  a  flourishing  commercial  and  manufac- 
turing t.  of  Prussian  Saxony.  Lat.  51°  31'  N.,  Lon.  10°  47'  E.  Pop. 
10,000.     (B.) 

Nordlingen,  noRtMing-en,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  Bava- 
ria, on  the  Eger.  Lat.  48°  51'  N.,  Lon.  10°  28'  E.  Pop.  near  6,000.  (B.) 

Nor'-folk,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  Wash 
and  the  N.  Sea.     Pop.  412,664. 

Norfolk,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mass.,  bordering  on  Massachusetts 
Bay  and  R.  I.     Co.  t.  Dedham.     Pop.  78,892. 

Norfolk,  a  co.  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the 
Chesapeake  and  N.  C.     Pop.  33,036.     Co.  t.  Norfolk. 

Norfolk,  a  port  of  entry,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  is  situated  on 
Elizabeth  r.,  8  m.  from  Hampton  Roads,  in  Chesapeake  Bay,  with  a 
large,  safe,  and  convenient  harbour.  Lat.  36°  51'  N.,  Lon.  76°  19'  VV. 
Pop.  14,300.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  r.  is  Gosport,  with  aU.S, 
Navy  Yard  and  an  extensive  dry-dock. 

Nor'-man-dy  (Fr.  Normandie,  noRx-maV -de'),  a  former  prov.  of 
France,  now  distributed  among  the  departments  of  Calvados,  Eure 
Manche,  Orne,  and  Lower  Seine.  This  country  was  conquered  by  the 
Normans  or  Northmen  (Danes  or  Norwegians),  near  the  close  of  the 
9th  century,  and  from  them  received  its  name. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Norm- 
al* n  (Fr.  Norm  and,  noR'-maN'). 

Norrkoping,  noR'-cho-ping,  an  important  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial t.  of  Sweden,  on  the  r.  Motala,  near  its  mouth,  in  the  Baltic, 
with  a  commodious  harbour,  85  m.  S.  VV.  of  Stockholm.  Lat.  58°  35 
N.,  Lon.  16°  11'  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Nor-thamp'-ton,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  and  trading  t.  of  Eng- 
land, cap.  of  Northamptonshire,  on  the  great  N.  road  and  on  the  r.  Nen, 
60  m.  N.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  21,242. 

Northampton,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware r.     Pop.  40,235.     Co.  t.  Easton. 

Northampton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  E.  of  the  Chesapeake 
Bay.     Pop.  7,498.     Co.  t.  Eastville. 

Northampton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Roanoke  r.  and  Va.     Pop.  13,335.     Co.  t.  Jackson. 

Nor-thamp'-ton-shire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  England, 
lying  N.  VV.  of  London.     Pop.  199,228. 

North  Sea  or  German  Ocean  is  situated  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  Netherlands,  Germany,  Denmark,  and  Norway.  It  is  considered 
to  extend  from  the  Strait  of  Dover  to  the  northernmost  of  the  Shetland 
Islands.     Length,  650  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  about  400  m. 

Nor-thum'-ber-l.and  (Lat.  NorthunVbria),  the  most  northerly  co.  of 


416  NOR— NOT 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  mfet;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good ; 

England,  bordering  on  Scotland  and  the  N.  Sea.  Pop.  250,278. — Adj. 
and  inhab.  Nor-thum^-brj-an. 

Northumberland,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna.    Pop.  23,272.     Co.  t.  Sunbury. 

Northumberland,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Potomac.     Pop.  7,346.     Co.  t.  Heathsville. 

North  West  Territory,  a  region  lying  W.  and  N.  W.  of  L.  Mi- 
chigan. This  name  is  now  scarcely  used;  Wisconsin,  which  essen- 
tially coincides  with  it  in  limits,  having  been  substituted  for  it. 

Nor'-way  (Lat.  Norwe'gia ;  in  Norw.  Norge,  noR'-ga),  a  country 
in  the  N.  of  Europe,  comprehending  the  western  portion  of  the  Scandi- 
navian peninsula,  and  extending,  if  we  include  Norwegian  Lapland, 
from  58°  to  71°  N.  Lat.,  and  from  5°  to  31°  E.  Lon.  Its  length  is 
above  1,000  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  about  250  m.  The  area  is  esti- 
mated at  about  130,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  1,150,000.  (P.  C.)  Norway  for- 
merly constituted  a  kingdom  of  itself,  but  at  present  is  united  to  the 
crown  of  Sweden.  (See  Sweden.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Nor-we'-gj-an  or 
nor-wee'-jun. 

Norwich,  nor'-ridge,  an  important  manufacturing  city  of  England, 
cap.  of  the  co.  of  Norfolk,  forming  also  a  little  co.  of  itself,  is  situated 
on  the  r.  Wensum,  96  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  London.  This  town  has  been 
celebrated  for  its  manufactures  of  woollens  since  the  era  of  Henry  I., 
when  the  Flemings  first  settled  here  and  introduced  the  spinning  and 
weaving  of  worsteds.  Norwich  is  especially  interesting  to  the  natural- 
ist, from  its  containing  the  magnificent  botanical  museum  of  Sir  James 
Edward  Smith  (the  founder  of  the  Linnssan  Society  of  London),  which 
is  one  of  the  richest  and  best  chosen  collections  of  the  kind  in  the 
world  ;  here  may  also  be  seen  specimens  in  other  departments  of  natu- 
ral history,  collected  by  Linnaeus  himself,  together  with  some  of  the 
unpublished  manuscripts  of  that  illustrious  naturalist.  The  co.  of  Nor- 
wich has  an  area  of  about  9sq.  rn.,  with  a  pop.  of  62,344. 

Nor^-wioh,  a  city  of  Conn.,  and  one  of  the  seats  of  justice  of  New 
London  co.,  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation,  on  the  Thames,  12  m. 
N.  of  New  London.  Lat.  41°  33'  N.,  Lon.  72°  7  W.  Pop.,  exclusive 
of  the  township,  10,265. 

No'-to,  a  t.  of  Sicily,  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Nec'tum,  16  m. 
S.  W.  of  Syracuse.     Pop.  about  11,000.     (B.) 

Not^-ta-way,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Va.,  and, 
flowing  into  N.  C,  contributes  to  form  the  Chowan. 

Nottaway,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources  of  the 
above  r.     Pop.  8,437.     Seat  of  justice,  Nottaway  c.  h. 

Not'-ting-ham,  a  handsome  and  important  manufacturing  t.  of  Eng- 
land, cap.  of  Nottinghamshire,  on  the  r.  Lene  or  Leen,  about  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  from  its  junction  with  the  Trent,  108  m.  N.  N.  W. 
of  London.  Connected  with  the  Grand  Trunk  or  Trent  and  Mersey 
Canal,  ikhas  ready  communication  with  several  of  the  principal  places 
in  the  kingdom.  This  town  is  celebrated  as  the  great  centre  of  the 
bobbin-net  and  lace  manufacture ;  it  is  also  extensively  engaged  in  the 


NOT— NOV  417 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

hosiery  business.  Nottingham  forms  a  little  county  of  itself,  with  an 
area  of  about  4sq.  m.,  and  a  pop.  of  53,091. 

Not'-ting-uam-shire,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  England,  in- 
tersected by  the  Trent.     Pop.  249,910. 

Novara,  no-va/-ra,  (Anc.  Nova'ria,)  a  fortified  t.  of  the  Sardinian 
states,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  near  the  Gogna  (gone'-ya)  an 
affluent  of  the  Po,  27  m.  VV.  by  S.  of  Milan.  Lat.  45°  27'  N.,  Lon.  8Q 
38'  E.     Pop.  15,300.     (P.  C.) 

Nova  Scotia,  no'-va  sko'-she-a  (i.  e.  "  New  Scotland"),  a  British 
colony  of  N.  America,  between  43°  20'  and  46°  N.  Lat.,  and  61°  and 
66°  20'  W.  Lon.  It  is  surrounded  by  the  sea,  except  at  its  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity, where  it  is  connected  with  the  territory  of  New  Brunswick  by  an 
isthmus  about  9  m.  wide.  Its  length,  from  Cape  Canso  on  the  E.,  to  Cape 
St.  Mary  on  the  W.,  is  above  260  m. ;  its  greatest  breadth,  measuring 
on  a  line  at  right  angles  with  the  preceding,  is  about  100  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  15,620  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1838,  155,000.  (M.)  The  prov.  or 
gov.  of  Nova  Scotia  comprehends,  in  addition  to  the  above  peninsula, 
the  i.  of  Cape  Breton. 

No/-va  Zem'-bla  (a  corruption  of  the  Russian  name  Novaja  Zem- 
la,  no'-vi-a  zem-la'  or  "  new  land"),  an  i.  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  between 
70°  30'  and  77°  N.  Lat.,  and  52°  and  78°  E.  Lon.  Length,  nearly 
400  m. ;  mean  breadth,  about  50  m.  There  appears  to  be  no  vegetation 
on  this  island,  except  lichens  and  mosses ;  but  white  bears,  foxes,  wal- 
ruses, and  seals  abound.  Though  several  expeditions  for  this  purpose 
have  been  sent  out  by  the  Russian  government,  the  island  has  not  yet 
been  fully  explored. 

Novx -go-rod'  or  No'-vo-go-rod'  Vei/-i-kee  (i.  e.  the  "  Great  New 
City")  an  ancient  and  decayed  city  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov. 
of  the  same  name,  is  situated  on  the  Volkhof,  at  its  exit  from  L.  Ilmen, 
100  m.  S.  E.  of  St.  Petersburg.  This  town  is  one  of  the  most  ancient, 
and  was  formerly  the  most  important,  in  the  Russian  empire,,  having 
been  founded,  it  is  said,  in  the  5th  century.  In  the  9th  century,  it  had 
its  own  prince,  and  in  the  12th,  a  republic  was  established  here,  which 
soon  became  very  powerful,  and  extended  its  territory,  it  is  said,  from 
Livonia  on  the  W.  to  Siberia  on  the  E.,  and,  if  we  may  believe  the  tes- 
timony of  several  historians,  the  pop.  of  the  city  at  one  time  amounted 
to  400,000 !  (B.)  In  1477,  it  was  conquered  by  the  grand  duke  of 
Russia,  since  which  time  it  appears  to  have  gradually  declined.  Its 
present  pop.  does  not  exceed  10,000.  (P.  C.)  Yet,  when  viewed  from 
a  distance,  it  has  a  very  striking  appearance,  owing  to  its  fine  situation 
and  the  gilded  domes  of  its  63  churches,  which  remain  as  monuments 
of  its  ancient  splendour.  Its  commerce  and  manufactures  are  still  con- 
siderable. It  is  the  residence  of  an  archbishop.  Lat.  58°  32'  N.,  Lon. 
31°  16'  E. 

No'-vj,  a  pleasant,  well-built  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  territories, 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  with  an  active  trade.  Lat.  44°  47 
N.r  Lon.  8°  48'  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 


418  NOX— OAH 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  orpine,  pin;  nd,  not;  oo  as  in  good; 

Nox'-u-bee,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
16,299.  Co.  seat,  Macon. 

Noyon,  no/iN-yoN/,  (Anc.  Noviom'agus  Veromanduo'rum,)  a  small  t.  of 
France,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  on  a  branch  of  the  r.  Oise,  once  the  resi- 
dence of  the  cour*  of  Charlemagne,  and  remarkable,  in  later  times,  as 
the"  birth-place  of  John  Calvin.  Lat.  49°  35'  N.,  Lon.  3°  1'  E.  Pop. 
3,473.     (M.) 

Nu'-bj-a  (Anc.  iEthio'pia^an  extensive  country  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Africa,  between  Egypt  and  Abyssinia,  and  included  between  the  24th 
and  10th  parallels  of  N.  Lat,  and  the  30th  and  39th  meridians  of  E. 
Lon.  The  term  Nubia  appears  to  be  of  very  vague  application.  The 
natives  apply  the  name  Nooba  (Nouba)  or  VVady  el  Nooba  to  a  compa- 
ratively small  tract  between  Derr  and  Dongola,  while  in  Egypt,  it  is 
loosely  employed  to  denote  the  region  of  Sennaar  and  the  countries  S. 
of  it.  This  portion  of  the  African  continent,  since  the  conquests  made 
by  his  son  Ismael  Pasha,  in  1821,  may  be  regarded  as  forming  a  part 
of  the  extensive  dominions  of  Mehemet  Ali,  the  vice-roy  of  Egypt.  It 
is  divided  into  Lower  Nubia  or  Nubia  Proper,  extending  N.  to  the 
mouth  of  the  r.  Tacazze,  and  Upper  Nubia,  which  includes  Shendy, 
Hal  fay  (Anc.  Mer'oe)  and  Sennaar.  Area  and  pop.  unknown.  In  the 
northern  portion  of  this  country,  as  fir  S.  as  17°  30'  N.  Lat,  heavy 
rains  occasionally  fall  throughout  the  year;  but,  further  S.,  the  rains 
are  periodical,  beginning  in  the  early  part  of  spring,  and  continuing 
about  three  months,  thus  producing  the  annual  swelling  of  the  Nile. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Nu'-bi-an. 

Nueces,  noo-a/-ses,  or  nwa'-ces,  a  r.  of  Texas,  flowing  into  a  bay 
of  the  same  name,  near  27°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  98°  W.  Lon. 

Nu'-rem-berg  (Ger.  Niirnberg,  niiRnM)CRG),  a  city  of  Bavaria,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Regnitz,  93  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Munich.  In  the  middle 
ages,  this  town,  in  wealth,  commerce,  and  manufactures,  ranked  among 
the  first  cities  of  Europe.  Its  pop.  was  then  about  90,000.  (B.)  Though 
many  circumstances  have  contributed  to  diminish  its  ancient  prosperity, 
its  trade  and  manufacturing  industry  assign  it  still  a  distinguished 
rank  among  the  towns  of  Germany.  It  is  also  remarkable  for  its  nu- 
merous and  well  conducted  public  institutions  of  every  kind,  among 
which,  its  celebrated  gymnasium  and  its  polytechnic  school  may  be 
particularly  mentioned.  The  world  is  indebted  to  Nuremberg  for  the 
invention  of  watches,  of  brass,  and  of  the  lock  for  fire-arms,  and  of  some 
Dther  articles  of  less  importance.  Albert  Diirer,  the  distinguished 
painter,  was  a  native  of  this  town.  Lat.  49°  27'  N.,  Lon.  11°  4'  E.  Pop. 
41,000.    (P.  C.) 

Oahu,  wo/^-hoo,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  Sa^uvvich  Islands, 
lying  about  130  m.  N.  W.  of  Hawaii,  and  intersected  by  the  parallel  of 
21°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  the  158th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  Length,  43  m. ; 
greatest  breadth,  24  m.  Pop.  in  1850,  23,145.  Honolulu  (ho'-no- 
loo'-loo),  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
island,  is  the  chief  town  of  Oahu,  the  cap.  of  the  whole  group  (see 
Sandwich  Islands),  and  the  great  centre  of  civilization   in  the  Ha 


OAK— ODE  419 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


waiian  Archipelago.  Two  newspapers  are  now  printed  in  this  town. 
Pop.  8,000. 

Oak'-land,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  a  little  N.  W.  of  Detroit 
r.     Pop.  31,270.     Co.  t.  Pontiac. 

Oaxaca,  wa-ha'-ka,  written  also  Guaxaca,  a  beautiful  city  of  Mexico, 
cap.  of  a  state  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Rio  Verde  (ree'-o  veit'-da), 
165  m.  S.  W.  of  Vera  Cruz.  Lat  17°  3'  N.,  Lon.  97°  15'  W.  Pop., 
including1  the  immediate  environs,  estimated  at  40,000.     (B.) 

O'-bx,  or,  more  properly,  Ob,  a  large  r.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  rises  near 
the  50th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  89th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Its 
course  is  south-westerly,  till  its  junction  with  the  Irtish,  in  about  61° 
N.  Lat.  and  69°  E.  Lon.,  when  it  changes  to  the  N.,  and  continues  in 
this  direction  to  its  termination  in  the  Gulf  of  Obi.  Lat.  66°  40'  N., 
Lon.  about  67°  E.  The  whole  length,  measuring  from  the  source  of 
the  Irtish,  is  estimated  at  near  3,000  m. 

O'-bi-on,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  YV.  extremity  of  Tenn.  Pop.  7,633. 
Co.  t.  Troy. 

Ocaiia,  o-kan'-ya,  an  ancient  t.  of  New  Castile,  Spain,  34  m.  S.  by 
E.  of  Madrid.  Lat.  39°  56'  N.,  Lon.  3°  31'  W.  <Pop.  stated  at  about 
5,000.     (M.) 

Oceana,  o-she-an'-a,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  L. 
Michigan.     Pop.  300. 

Oceanica,  o-she-an'-e-ka,  (Fr.  Oceanie,  ox-sav-av-ne^,)  the  name  of  the 
fifth  division  of  the  globe,  which  includes  the  continent  of  Australia, 
and  all  the  islands  in  the  Eastern  and  Pacific  Ocean,  between  95°  E. 
and  100°  W.  Lon.,  which  are  not  considered,  from  their  proximity,  to 
belong  to  the  continents  of  Asia  or  America.  Its  limits  are  somewhat 
indefinite,  but  it  may  be  said  to  be  bounded  on  the  N.  W.  and  N.  by  a 
line  running  through  the  Strait  of  Malacca  and  the  China  Sea  north- 
eastward (excluding  the  island  of  Formosa  and  the  Japan  islands),  to 
the  35th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  thence  eastward  to  about  the  160th  meri- 
dian of  W.  Lon.,  on  the  N.  E.  and  E.  by  a  line  drawn  from  this  meri- 
dian due  S.  E.  to  the  100th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.,  and  thence  S.  to  the 
56th  parallel  of  S.  Lat.  This  parallel  may  be  taken  for  the  southern, 
and  the  95th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  for  the  western  boundary  of  Oceanica. 
This  grand  division  of  the  world  is  subdivided  into  three  parts,  viz. 
Malaisia  or  Western  Oceanica,  Polynesia  or  Eastern  Oceanica,  and 
Australia,  which  see. 

Oc-mulg'-ee,  a  r.  of  Ga.,  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  the  state,  and, 
flowing  in  a  general  south-easterly  course,  unites  with  the  Oconee  to 
form  the  Altamaha.     It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Macon. 

O-co^-nee,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  and,  flowing 
S.  S.  E.,  unites  with  the  above.  It  is  navigable  for  steamboats  to  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

Odense,  o'-dcn-se^,  one  of  the  prettiest  towns  in  the  kingdom  of 
Denmark,  on  the  island  of  Fiinen,  of  which  it  is  the  capital.  It  has 
several  literary  institutions.  Its  cathedral  is  one  of  the  finest  in  Den» 
mark.     Lat.  55°  24'  N.,  Lon.  10°  24'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 


420  ODE— OGE 

Fate,  far,  fS.ll,  fat;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n&t ;  o<5  as  in  good; 

O'-der,  a  large  r.  of  Germany,  which  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Moravia, 
and,  flowing-  in  a  general  north-westerly  course  through  the  Prussian 
dominions,  empties  itself  into  the  Stettiner  Haff,  near  Stettin,  by 
several  mouths.  Length  460  m.  It  is  navigable  for  barges  of  40  or 
50  tons  as  high  as  Breslau,  near  51°  N.  Lat.,  and  17°  E.  Lon. 

O-des'-sa,  a  seaport  and  important  commercial  t.  of  Southern  Rus- 
sia, in  the  gov.  of  Kherson,  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  the  Black  Sea.  This 
town  was  a  miserable  village  in  1791,  when  the  empress  Catharine 
obtained  possession  of  Otchakof  (Oczakow).  The  new  town  was 
begun  in  1794,  in  1817  it  was  declared  a  free  port  for  30  years, 
and  Odessa  has  now  become  the  first  commercial  place  on  the 
Black  Sea.  Much  of  the  prosperity  of  this  city  is  owing  to  the 
enlightened  administration  of  the  Duke  of  Richelieu,  a  French  emi- 
grant nobleman,  who  was  appointed  governor  by  the  emperor  Alex- 
ander. The  town  is  well  built;  the  streets  are  broad  and  straight,  but 
not  paved.  The  principal  institution  for  education,  among  many,  is 
the  Lyceum,  founded  by  the  Dukeof  Richelieu, and  called  by  his  name. 
Lat.  46°  30'  N.,  Lon.  30°  45'  E.  Pop.,  including  the  suburbs,  in  1837, 
63,000.     (P.  C.)   and  in  1845  78,000. 

Oe'-den-burg^  or  6^-den-b66RGv,  (Hung.  Soprony,  sho-profi ;  Anc. 
Sopro'nium),  a  royal  free  t.  of  Hungary,  cap.  of  a  palatinate  of  the 
same  name,  37  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Vienna,  long  noted  for  its  excellent 
wines.     Lat.  47°  41'  N.,  Lon.  16°  34'  E.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Oe'-land  or  oMand,  a  long  and  narrow  i.  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to 
Sweden,' between  56°  11'  and  57°  22' N.  Lat,  and  16°  20'  and  17°  12 
E.  Lon.  Length  about  85  m. ;  breadth,  varying  from  3  to  11  m.  Area 
estimated  at  400  sq.  m.     Pop.  at  31,000.     (M.) 

Oels,  els,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  cap.  of  a  principality  of  the  same 
name.     Lat.  51°  25'  N.,  Lon.  17°  22'  E.     Pop.  5,300.     (B.) 

Oer'-e-bro  or  6^-re-bro,  a  handsome  commercial  t.  of  Sweden,  cap. 
of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  59°  17'  N.,  Lon.  15°  13'  E.  Pop. 
4,135.     (M.) 

Oe'-sel  or  6-sel,  an  i.  in  the  Baltic,  belonging  to  Russia,  intersected 
by  the  parallel  of  58°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  by  the  22d  and  23d  meridian  of 
E.  Lon.  Length  about  60  m. ;  greatest  breadth  near  30  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  1,150  sq.  m.  Pop.,  including  the  adjacent  islands,  about 
35,000.     (M.) 

Oettingen,  et'-ting-en,  (Ger.  pron.  ot'-ting-en),  a  manufacturing  t. 
of  Bavaria,  on  the  Wernitz,  an  affluent  of  the  Danube.  Lat.  48°  57' 
N.,  Lon.  10°  36'  E.     Pop.  3,200.     (B.) 

Ofen.     See  Buda. 

Offenbach,  of-fen-baK',  an  important  manufacturing  and  commercial 
t.  of  Ger.,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  5  m.  E.  by  S.  of 
Frankfort.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Og'-den,s-burgx,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  in  St.  Lawrence  co.,  on  the 
r   St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oswegatchie. 

O-gee^-chee  (g  hard),  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  which  flows  into 


OGL— OKA  421 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  Atlantic,  near  31°  50'  N.  Lat,  and  81°  10  W.  Lon.  It  is  navigabla 
for  sloops  30  or  40  m.  from  its  mouth. 

O-ule,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  Rock  r.  Pop. 
10,020. 

CK-gle-thorp,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Oconee, 
Pop.  12,259.     Co.  t.  Lexington. 

O-hi'-o,  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  the  U.  S.,  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  Alleghany  and  JVlonongahela  rivers,  at  Pittsburg,  in  the  W.  part 
of  Pa.  It  flows  in  a  general  south-westerly  direction,  separating  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois  on  the  right,  from  Virginia  and  Kentucky  on  the 
left,  and  enters  the  Mississippi  in  37°  N.  Lat.,  and  about  89°*  10'  VV. 
Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  about  950  m.  Its  breadth  varies  from  400  to 
1,400  yards.  At  Cincinnati  it  is  about  800  yards  wride,  which  may  be 
regarded  as  the  mean  breadth.  The  current  is  very  gentle,  and  is  no 
where  broken  by  any  considerable  falls,  except  at  Louisville,  where  the 
river  descends  22  £  ft.  in  2  m.,  producing  a  very  rapid  current,  which, 
however,  boats  have  frequently  ascended.  (Morse.)  A  canal  for  steam- 
boats has  been  constructed  round  these  rapids.  (See  Louisville.) 
The  difference  between  high  and  low  water  on  the  Ohio,  is  usually 
about  50  ft.  and  is  sometimes  60  ft.  When  lowest,  it  may  be  forded  in 
several  places  above  Louisville. 

Ohio,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  situated  between  38°  30'  and  42°  N.  Lat.,  and 
80°  30'  and  84°  40'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Michigan  and  L. 
Erie,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  S.  by  Kentucky,  and 
W.  by  Indiana;  and  divided  into  87  counties.*  Greatest  length,  from 
E.  to  VV.,  about  220  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  near  210  m. 
Area  estimated  at  44,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  1,980,408.  Columbus  is  the 
seat  of  government.     Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1802. 

Ohio,  a  co.  near  the  N.  N.  W.  extremity  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the 
Ohio  r.  and  Pa.     Pop.  18,006.     Co.  t.  Wheeling. 

Ohio,  a  co.  in  the  western  part  of  Ky.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on 
Green  r.     Pop.  9,749.     Co.  t.  Hartford. 

Oise  (Fr.  pron.  waz,  almost  wize),  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  France,  which 
flows  into  the  Seine. 

Oise,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r.  Pen. 
398,641.  (B.)     Capital,  Beauvais. 

O'-ka,  a  considerable  r.  in  the  central  part  of  European  Russia, 
which  flows  into  the  Volga. 

*  Adams,  Allen,  Ashtabula,  Athens,  Belmont,  Brown,  Butler,  Carroll,  Cham 
paign,  Clark,  Clermont,  Clinton,  Columbiana,  Coshocton,  Crawford,  Cuyahoga, 
Darke,  Delaware,  Erie,  Fairfield,  Fayette,  Franklin,  Gallia,  Geauga,  Greene 
Guernsey,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Hardin,  Harrison,  Henry,  Highland,  Hocking, 
Holmes,  Huron,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Knox,  Lake,  Lawrence,  Licking,  Logan, 
Lorain,  Lucas,  Madison,  Marion,  Medina,  Meigs.  Mercer,  Miami,  Monroe,  Mont, 
gomery,  Morgan,  Muskingum,  Ottawa,  Paulding,  Perry,  Pickaway,  Pike,  Portage, 
Preble.  Putnam,  Richland,  Ross,  Sandusky,  Scioto,  Seneca,  Shelby,  Stark.  Sum 
rnit.  Trumbull,  Tuscarawas,  Union,  Van  Wert,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne. 
Williams,  Wood,  Wyandot,  Morrow,  Vinton,  Ashland,  Auglaize,  Defiance,  Ful- 
ton, Mahoning. 


422  OKH— OLO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  oo  as  in  good  ; 

Okhotsk/  (Russ.  pron.  o-notsk'),  a  small  t.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  cap. 
of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk,  im- 
portant as  the  only  place  by  which  intercourse  is  carried  on  between 
Siberia  and  the  Russian  dominions  in  N.  America,  or  between  Siberia 
and  Kamtchatka.     Lat.  59°  20'  N.,  Lon.  143°  14'  E. 

Okhotsk,  Sea  of,  a  large  gulf  in  the  N.  E.  of  Asia,  between  the 
peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  on  the  E.  and  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia  and 
the  island  of  Saghalien  on  the  W.  It  is  separated  from  the  Pacific 
Ocean  on  the  S.  E.  by  the  chain  of  Koorile  islands.  Extreme  length, 
above  1,200  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  rather  more  than 
700  m. 

Oktibbeha,  ok-tib'-be-haw\  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  a 
little  W.  of  the  Tombigbee  r.     Pop.  9,171.     Co.  seat,  Starksville. 

Oi/-den-burg  (Ger.  pron.  ol'-den-booRG"),  Grand-Duchy  of,  a  state 
in  the  N.  W.  of  Germany,  consisting  (exclusive  of  some  detached  por- 
tions enclosed  by  the  duchv  of  Holstein)  of  an  oblong  territory,  between 
52°  29'  and  53°  43'  N.  Lat.,  and  7°  35'  and  8°  46'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  the  German  Ocean,  E.,  S.,  and  W.  by  the  territories  of 
Hanover.     Area,  2,512  sq.  m.     Pop.  265,570.     (M.) 

Oldenburg,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Germany,  cap.  of  the  above  grand- 
duchy,  on  the  navigable  r.  Hunte  (hoon'-te/i),  an  affluent  of  the  VVeser. 
It  contains,  among  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge,  a 
library  of  45,000  vols.,  and  a  rich  collection  of  German  antiquities,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  those  found  in  the  grand-duchy.  Lat.  53°  9'  N.,  Lon. 
8°  15'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Old'-ham,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  7  m.  N.  E. 
of  Manchester.  The  township,  with  an  area  of  near  7sq.  m.,  has  a 
pop.  of  42,595. 

Oldham,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  Ohio.  Pop.  7,629.  Co. 
t.  La  Grange. 

Oleron,  oN-lav-r6N^,  or  Oloron  (Anc.  Iluro),  a  t.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Lower  Pyrenees.  Lat.  43°  11'  N.,  Lon.  0°  36'  E.  Pop.  6,620. 
(P.  C.) 

O-lin'-da  or  o-leen'-da,  a  decayed  t.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Brazil,  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Pernambuco.  Lat.  8°  13'  S.,  Lon.  35°  5'  W. 
Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Ol-j-ven^-za  or  Olivenqa  (Sp.  pron.  ol-e-ven'-tha),  a  fortified  t.  of 
Spain,  in  Estremadura,  about  6  m.  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Guadiana. 
Lat.  38°  42'  N.,  Lon.  6°  55'  W.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (B.) 

Ol'-mutz  or  Ollmitz,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Moravia  (of  which  it 
was  formerly  the  cap.),  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  the  Aus- 
trian dominions,  situated  between  two  arms  of  the  r.  March.  It  con- 
tains a  university,  with  a  library  of  above  50,000  vols.,  and  several 
noble  public  edifices.  Lat.  49°  36'  N.,  Lon.  17°  16'  E.  Pop.,  including 
(he  military,  19,000.     (B.) 

O-lo-nets'  or  Olonetz,  a  gov.  in  the  N.  part  of  European  Russia, 
bordering  on  L.  Ladoga — Also  a  small  town,  the  former  capital  of  the 


OLO— OOJ  423 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

above.  Lat.  61°  N.,  Lon.  32°  50'  E.  Petrozavodsk  is  the  present 
capital. 

O-lot',  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  53  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Barcelona. 
Its  vicinity  is  interesting-  to  the  geologist,  on  account  of  the  number  of 
extinct  volcanoes  which  it  contains:  the  largest,  called  Santa  Marga- 
rita, has  a  crater  455  ft.  deep,  and  about  a  mile  in  circumference. 

O'-mer,  Saint,  (Fr.  pron.  saist  ov-maiR^,)  a  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial t.  and  important  fortress  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Pas  de  Ca- 
lais, on  the  r.  Aa,  and  on  the  canal  of  St.  Omer,  which  connects  the 
town  with  the  Lys.    Lat.  50°  45'  N.,  Lon.  2°  15'  E.   Pop.  18,789.   (M.) 

Omsk,  a  small  but  well  fortified  t.  of  Siberia,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Irtysh.     Lat.  about  55°  N.,  Lon.  73°  30'  E. 

OnATE,  6n-ya/-ta,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  28  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bilbao, 
with  a  university.  In  its  vicinity  are  extensive  iron  foundries.  Pop. 
stated  at  12,000.     (M.) 

O-ne'-ga  (Russ.  pron.  o-na/-ga),  next  to  Ladoga,  the  largest  L.  in 
Europe,  is  situated  in  the  gov.  of  Olonets,  being  intersected  by  the  61st 
and  62d  parallels  of  N.  Lat.,  and  by  the  35th  and  36th  meridians  of  E. 
Lon.  Length,  about  140  m.;  greatest  breadth,  45  m.  Its  navigation 
is  impeded  by  sand-banks. 

Oneida,  o-ni/-da,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by 
the  Erie  Canal.  Pop.  99,566.  Co.  towns,  Utica,  Rome,  and  VVhites- 
boro. 

Oneida,  a  L.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  lying  partly  within  the 
above  co.  Length  about  20  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  6  or  7  m.  The  out- 
let of  this  lake,  called  the  Oneida  r.,  16  m.  long,  flows  westerly,  and 
joins  the  Seneca  to  form  the  Oswego  r. 

Onondaga,  onv-on-dau^-ga,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y., 
intersected  by  the  Erie  Canal,  and  bordering  the  Oneida  L.  Pop. 
85,890.     Co.  t.  Syracuse. 

Onr'-low,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  8,283.     Seat  of  justice,  Onslow  c.  h. 

On-ta'-rj.-o,  Lake,  the  smallest  and  most  easterly  of  the  five  great 
lakes  which  communicate  with  the  r.  St.  Lawrence,  situated  between 
43°  10'  and  44°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  and  80°  W.  Lon.  Length,  about 
180  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  55  m.  Area  estimated  at  5,400  sq.  m.  The 
surface  is  about  334  ft.  below  that  of  L.  Erie,  and  231  ft.  above  the 
tidewater  in  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson.  The  greatest  depth  is 
upwards  of  600  ft. 

Ontario,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Erie 
canal,  and  bordering  on  Seneca  lake.  Pop.  43,929.  Co.  t.  Canan- 
daigua. 

Oojein,  oo-jane^,  (Anc.  Ozene,)  one  of  the  best  built  cities  of  Hin- 
dostan,  and  formerly  the  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Sindhia.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  schools  and  its  observatory,  regarded  as  the  first  in 
the  country ;  from  this  the  Hindoo  geographers  reckon  their  longi- 
tudes.    Ancient  Oojein  stood  about  a  mile  N.  of  the  modern  town. 


424  OOR— ORA 

Fate,  far,  fS.ll,  fat ;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  nd,  n6t ;  55  as  in  good; 

Lat.  23°  11'  N.,  Lon.  75°  51'  E.  Pop.  unknown,  but  probably  near 
100,000.     (B.) 

Oor'-fa,  (Anc.  Edes'sa),  a  fortified  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  80  m.  S.  W. 
of  Diarbekir,  important  on  account  of  its  population  as  well  as  its  com- 
merce and  manufactures.  Lat.  about  37°  10'  N.,  Lon.  38°  50'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  50,000.  (B.)     McCulloch,  however,  states  it  at  30,000. 

Oo-roo-mee'-a  (Urumiya;  commonly  written  Ourmiah  or  Urmia),  a 
salt  lake  in  the  N.  of  Persia,  intersected  by  the  38th  parallel  of  N.  Lat., 
and  the  46th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Length,  about  90  m. ;  greatest 
breadth  near  40  m. 

Oosterhout,  6ce'-ter-hout\  a  t.  of  Holland,  in  N.  Brabant,  5m.  N. 
E.  of  Breda,  with  extensive  manufactures  of  earthenware.  Pop.  above 
6,000.     (B.) 

Oosn-ti-oog^  Vei/-i-kee  (Ustiug  Veliki),  a  commercial  t.  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Yoog  (Jug),  and  Sookhona, 
which,  by  their  junction,  form  the  Dwina.  Lat.  60°  45'  N.,  Lon.  about 
46°  10'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (M.) 

O-por-^to  (i.  e.  o  Porto,  or  "  the  Port"),  an  important  commercial 
city,  and  seaport  of  Portugal,  is  delightfully  situated  on  two  hills,  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Douro,  in  the  prov.  of  Minho.  It  contains  several 
institutions  for  public  instruction,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Academy  of  Navigation  and  Commerce,  and  the  School  of  Surgery  and 
Anatomy.  The  well-known  red  wine,  called  Port,  is  produced  in  the 
interior  of  Portugal,  and  derives  its  name  from  being  exclusively 
shipped  at  this  city.  Lat.  41°  9'  N.,  Lon.  8°  37'  W.  Pop.  about 
70,000.     (B.) 

Op'-peln,  a  walled  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  cap.  of  a  government,  of  the 
same  name,  situated  on  the  Oder.  Lat.  50°  36'  N.,  Lon.  about  18°  E. 
Pop.  6,300.     (B.) 

Or'-ange  (Fr.  pron.  ov-raNzh/ ;  Anc.  Arau'sio) ;  a  t.  in  the  S.  E.  of 
France,  in  the  dep.  of  Vaucluse,  remarkable  for  the  Roman  antiquities 
found  in  its  vicinity,  among  which  there  is  a  splendid  triumphal  arch, 
almost  entire,  about  64  ft.  in  length  and  breadth,  and  rather  more  in 
height.  In  the  middle  ages,  this  town  was  the  capital  of  a  principality, 
which,  for  a  considerable  period,  belonged  to  the  house  of  Nassau.  On 
the  death  of  William  III.  of  England,  his  heir,  the  king  of  Prussia, 
ceded  it  to  France,  but  the  title  of  Prince  of  Orange  is  still  retained 
by  the  royal  family  of  Holland.  Lat.  44°  8'  N.,  Lon.  4°  48'  E.  Pop. 
5,897.     (M.) 

Orange,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Vt.,  bordering  on  the  Connecticut  r. 
Pop  27,296.     Co.  t.  Chelsea. 

Orange,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  N.  J.  and 
the  Hudson  r.     Pop.  57,145.     Co.  towns,  Goshen  and  Newburg. 

Orange,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Rappahannock.     Pop.  10,067.  Seat  of  justice,  Orange  c.  h. 

Orange,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C.,  on  the  head  waters  of  Cape 
Fear  r.     Pop.  17,055.     Co.  t.  Hillsborough. 


ORA— ORE  425 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Orange,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  the  E.  fork  of 
White  r.     Pop.  10,809.  Co.  t.  Paoli. 

Or/-ange-burg\  a  dist.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  S.  C,  on  the  Edisto  r. 
Pop.  23,582.     Seat  of  justice,  Orangeburg. 

Oreijro.     See  Oerebro. 

Or'-e-gon  River  or  Columbia.  River,  a  large  r.  of  N.  America, 
which  rises  on  the  VV.  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  50°  N. 
Lat.  and  116°  VV.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  in  a  very  circuitous  course,  falls 
into  the  Pacific,  in  about  46°  15'  N.  Lat.,  and  124°  W.  Lon.  The 
entire  length  is  estimated  at  1,200  m.  It  is  navigable  all  seasons  of 
the  year,  for  vessels  drawing  12  ft.  water,  to  the  Cascades,  about  150  m. 
by  water  from  its  mouth. 

Oregon  Territory,  the  extreme  northwestern  portion  of  the 
possessions  of  the  American  Confederacy,  lies  between  42°  and  49° 
N.  Lat.,  and  between  109°  and  125°  W.  Lon.,  being  about  GOO  miles 
in  mean  length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  about  486  in  breadth  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  including  an  area  of  241,403  sq.  miles,  or  nearly  220,00,000 
acres.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  British  ximerica,  E.  by  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  which  separate  it  from  Missouri  or  N.  "W".  Territory,  and 
a  small  portion  of  Indian  territory  ;  south  by  the  42d  degree  of  N. 
Lat.,  which  separates  it  from  Utah  and  California,  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific.  A  small  part  of  the  N.  W.  boundary  is  formed  by  the  straits 
of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  which  separate  it  from 
Vancouver's  Island.  The  population  by  the  census  of  1850,  was 
13,293  ;  of  whom  12,087  were  white,  and  206  colored  persons.  Deaths 
in  the  year  preceding  June,  1850,  forty-seven,  or  less  than  four  in 
every  thousand.  There  were  in  that  year  2,374  families  inhabiting 
the  same  number  of  dwellings.  The  Indians,  of  whom  there  are 
many  tribes,  are  not  included  in  the  census  returns. 

Oregon  is  divided  into  ten  counties.* 

Rivers,  Lakes,  Harbours,  &c. — The  Oregon  or  Columbia, — the  prin- 
cipal river  not  only  of  this  territory  but  of  the  whole  Pacific  slope, 
and  the  only  important  channel  of  communication  between  the  inland 
regions  and  the  sea — has  its  sources  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  within 
the  British  dominions.  The  two  principal  branches  take  their  rise  in 
about  50°  N.  Lat.,  but  pursuing  opposite  directions,  they  enclose  an 
elliptical  area  of  about  250  miles  in  extent  from  north  to  south.  The 
north  branch  or  Columbia  proper,  runs  N.  "VV.  to  nearly  the  52d 
degree  of  lat.,  then  turning  S.  passes  through  a  series  of  lakes,  and 
joins  the  south  branch  just  within  the  Oregon  limits.  The  south 
branch,  McGillivray's,  Kootanie,  or  Flat  Bow  river,  (for  it  has  re- 
ceived all  these  different  names,)  runs  first  in  a  S.  W.  and  then  in  a 
N.  W.  direction,  and  joins  the  north  branch  as  just  stated.  About 
100  miles  from  its  mouth  the  south  branch  expands  into  Flat  Bow 
Lake.     The  Columbia  now  pursues  a  S.  W.  course  for  about  150 

*  Benton,  Clackamas,  Clark,  Clastop,  Linn,  Lewi?,  Marion,  Polk,  Washington, 
and  Yam  Hill. 

36*  ?-° 


426  ORE— ORE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  ndt;  do  as  in  good; 

miles,  receiving  the  Clarke  or  Flathead  and  Spokain  rivers  from 
the  south,  and  the  Okonag'an  or  Okanag'an  from  the  north.  It  next 
runs  almost  directly  south  for  about  200  miles,  receiving  the  Lewis, 
called  also  the  Saptin  or  Snake  river,  from  the  E.,  and  the  Yakima 
from  the  W.  Below  Fort  Wallawalla  it  pursues  a  westerly,  and  for 
the  last  80  miles  a  N.  W.  direction  to  its  mouth  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
In  this  part  of  its  course  its  affluents  from  the  south  are  the  John 
Day's,  Falls,  and  Willam'ette  rivers ;  and  from  the  north  the  Cowlitz. 
We  will  now  retrace  our  steps  ;  starting  at  the  Cascade  Range  of 
Mountains,  150  miles  from  the  sea,  to  which  point  the  Columbia  river 
is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  12  feet  water.  Here  the  river  is 
narrowed  to  a  channel  of  150  yards  in  width,  and  descends  40  feet 
in  two  miles.  It  is  then  navigable  40  miles  further  up  to  the  Dalles, 
where  it  is  again  compressed  within  a  channel  of  100  yards.  This 
channel  is  formed  by  high  basaltic  rocks,  and  is  half  a  mile  in  length. 
The  river  here  descends  50  feet  in  two  miles  ;  but  in  freshets  rises  60 
feet,  when  the  Dalles  can  be  passed  by  boats  both  up  and  down.  But 
many  fatal  accidents  have  occurred  from  attempts  to  pass  when  the 
water  was  not  in  a  proper  stage.  From  thence  (with  many  interrup- 
tions, however,  by  falls  and  rapids,  which  are  passed  by  portages,) 
the  river  is  navigable  for  small  boats  up  to  the  Dalles  de  Morts,  near 
the  52d  degree  of  N.  Lat.  Near  the  north  boundary  are  Kettle  Falls. 
Again  descending  the  Columbia,  we  have  Clarke  river  rising  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  in  the  E.  of  Oregon,  pursuing  a  N.  W.  course 
through  Lake  Kulluspelm,  and  joining  the  Columbia  after  a  course 
of  about  600  miles.  But  the  great  tributary  of  the  Columbia,  the 
Lewis  or  Saptin,  rises  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  the  S.  E.  of  Ore- 
gon, and  running  first  in  a  S.  W.  and  then  in  a  N.  W  course  from 
800  to  1,000  miles,  joins  the  parent  stream,  after  receiving  the  Bre- 
neau,  Owyhee,  and  Malheur  from  the  west,  and  the  Sickly,  Reid, 
Fayette,  Salmon,  and  Kooskooskie  rivers  from  the  east.  The  Lewis 
is  only  navigable  in  particular  parts,  being  obstructed  by  the 
Salmon  and  American  Falls,  and  other  impediments  to  navigation. 
The  Fall  river  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cascade  range,  and  the  Willam'- 
ette on  the  west,  each  have  a  north  course  of  about  200  miles.  The 
Okanagan,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Columbia  on  the  right  bank, 
has  its  course  principally  in  British  America.  There  are  several 
small  lakes  in  the  S.  W.,  between  the  Cascade  range  and  the  Blue 
mountains,  and  also  in  the  S.  E.  near  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  best  harbours  in  Oregon  are  in  Puget's  Sound,  Hood's  Canal, 
and  Admiralty  Inlet — arms  of  the  straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  Here, 
such  is  the  depth  of  the  water,  and  the  boldness  of  the  shores,  that  a 
vessel's  side  will  strike  before  her  keel.  Between  these  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia  is  Gray's  Harbour — but  its  anchorage  is  limited. 
The  Columbia  river  itself  is  much  obstructed  at  its  mouth  by  bars 
and  shifting  sands,  which  render  the  navigation  dangerous.  The 
Klamet  and  Umpqua  rivers  in  the  S.  W.  are  navigable  for  a  small 
distance.     The  Klamet  has  only  two  fathoms  water  on  the  bar,  but 


ORE— ORE  427 


ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


four  or  five  within.  The  Umpqua  admits  vessels  of  12  feet  draught, 
and  light  steamboats  can  ascend  25  miles.  A  port  of  entry  has  been 
established  at  its  mouth.  The  Willam'ette,  which  enters  the  Colum- 
bia 90  miles  from  the  sea,  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class 
to  Portland,  15  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  sometimes  even  as  high  as 
Milwaukie,  seven  miles  farther  up.  It  is  navigable  for  small  steam- 
boats 60  miles  above  the  falls. 

Face  of  the  country,  Mountains,  &c. — Oregon   is   usually  divided 
into  three  sections,  viz.  the  Lower  Country,  or  portion  next  the  sea ; 
the   Middle   Country,  or   portion  which   lies   between  the  Cascade 
range  and  Blue  mountains  ;  and  the  Upper  Country,  or  portion  which 
lies  between  the  Blue  and  Rocky  mountains.     On   approaching  Ore- 
gon from  the  sea,  it  presents  the  same  bold,  iron-bound  coast  as  Ca- 
lifornia ;  but  with  this  difference,  at  least  south  of  the  Columbia, 
that  the  coast  range,  instead  of  running  parallel  with  the  Pacific,  is 
composed  of  a  series  of  highlands   nearly  at   right   angles   to  the 
shore,  through  the  valleys  of  which  the  rivers  of  the  Callapuya  or 
Callapooya  mountains, — the  western  limit  of  the  Willam'ette  valley, 
— descend  to  the  ocean.     This  section  has  a  breadth  varying  from 
75  to  120  miles  between  the  Pacific  and  the  Cascade  range  ;  and 
although  its  general  features  present  a  rugged  aspect,  yet  this  is  the 
garden  of  Oregon,  the  agricultural  store-house  of  the  territory,  and 
here  are  the  rich  valleys  of  the  Willam'ette,  the  Umpqua,  and  Rogue's 
river,  south  of  the  Columbia,  and  of  the  Cowlitz  and  Chahales,  north 
of  the  same  river,  besides  various  alluvial  basins  on  the  Columbia, 
and  the  scattered  valleys  of  the  smaller  streams.     The  larger  valleys 
vary  in  length  from  40  to  150  miles,  and  in  breadth  from  5  to  85  m. 
One  remarkable  feature  of  the  Willam'ette  valley,  is  the  buttes,  (pro- 
nounced butes,)  high  conical  hills,   which  are  generally  insulated. 
Near  the  mouth  of  the  Coupe  r.  there  are  two  Buttes,  called  Pisgah 
and   Sinai,  which  are   half  a  mile  apart  at  their  bases,  and  about 
1,000  ft.  above  the  plain,  with  a  level  country  all  around  them  for  20 
miles.     From  one  part  of  the  Willam'ette  valley,  near  the  Rickreall, 
seven   peaks  of  the  Cascade   mountains,  crowned  with  everlasting 
snow,  may  be  seen  at  once.     This  scene,  viewed  from  the  valley,  co- 
vered with  its  golden  harvests,  has  a  very  picturesque  effect.     The 
Willam'ette  river  has  a  great  number  of  tributary  streams.     Com- 
mencing at  its  mouth,  on  the  west  side,  and  proceeding  in  order,  we 
have  the  Tuality  (twol'-e-te),  Yam  Hill,  Rickreal  (rick'-re-awl),  Luck- 
imiute  (luck'-e-me-oot'),  Mary's,  and  Long  Tom  rivers,  all  rising  in  or 
at  the  base  of  the  Callapooya  mountains.     Turning,  and  descending 
on  the  right  bank,  we  pass  the  Mackenzie's,  Sexton's, Coupe  (koo-pay'), 
Sandyam,  Pudding,  Clackamus,  and  Milwaukie  rivers.     Several  of 
these  affluents  are  nearly  one-fourth  of  a  mile  wide  at  their  mouths ; 
others  are  what  are  called,  in  the  Middle  States,  creeks.     These  are 
bounded  by  fertile  valleys,  which  offer  great  inducements  to  the  set- 
tler.    The  eastern  branches  rise  in  the  Cascade  range. 

Passing  the  lofty  summits  of  the  Cascade  range,  reaching  from 


428  ORE— ORE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met:  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  oo  as  in  good; 

10,000  to  14,000  ft.  in  elevation,  and  forming  part  of  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains extending  from  60°  N.  Lat.  to  the  southern  point  of  Old  Cali 
fornia,  we  enter  the  second  region,  or  Middle  Country  of  Oregon. 
This  section  extends  from  N.  to  S.  through  the  entire  territory,  cover- 
ing a  breadth  of  about  160  miles;  and  may  be  characterized  as  the 
pastoral  portion.  The  part  south  of  the  Columbia  is  drained  by  the 
EaU's,  John  Day,  Unatilla,  and  Wallawalla  rivers,  which  run  N.  into 
the  Columbia ;  and  also  by  a  number  of  western  affluents  of  the 
Lewis  or  Snake  river.  The  northern  part  of  this  plateau  is  drained 
by  the  Barrier,  Pischous,  Yakima,  and  other  branches  of  the  Colum- 
bia. In  the  southern  part,  the  Blue  mountains  cross  this  section  in 
irregular  E.  and  W.  directions.  Most  of  the  rivers  lying  on  the  emi- 
grant's route,  are  sunk  in  deep  perpendicular  channels  of  lava, 
with  rugged  sterile  banks,  and  few  alluvial  bottoms,  which  fact  has 
given  to  the  whole  country  a  worse  character  than  it  deserves.  At 
some  distance  back  from  the  rivers  are  large  plains,  covered  with  a 
nutritious  grass,  and  there  are  streams  whose  valleys  would  repay 
agricultural  labour.  Crossing  the  Blue  mountains  (which  some- 
times rise  to  the  snow-line,  but  whose  general  elevation  is  from  3,000 
to  4,000  ft.),  we  arrive  at  the  Upper  Country,  which  reaches  to  the 
base  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  is  mostly  a  sterile  and  cheerless 
region,  of  about  150  m.  in  breadth.  The  northern  portion  above  the 
Salmon  river  is  wooded.  The  southern  is  covered  with  volcanic 
mountains  and  plains.  The  rivers  of  this  section  are  somewhat  pe- 
culiar, running  in  deep  troughs,  called  canons,  sometimes  from  500 
to  1,500  ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  inac- 
cessible to  the  traveller.  There  are  some  places  adapted  to  grazing, 
but  it  is  generally  too  cold  for  agriculture. 

Soil  and  Productions. — In  the  Lower  Country,  where  alone  agricul- 
tural operations  are  carried  on  to  any  extent,  wheat  is  the  staple  pro- 
duction ;  but  owing  to  the  cool  evenings,  and  the  drought  in  the  latter 
part  of  summer,  Indian  corn  does  not  mature  well.  Besides  these, 
oats,  barley,  turnips,  and  most  of  the  fruits  of  the  Middle  States 
flourish.  The  want  of  rain  is  unfavourable  to  the  potato.  Among 
the  indigenous  fruits  are  the  crab-apple,  a  large  red  plum,  straw- 
berries, a  yellow  raspberry,  and  some  other  berries.  The  most  fer- 
tile portions  of  Oregon  are  the  lower  valley  of  the  Willam'ette  and 
parts  of  the  Umpqua  valley,  which  possess  a  surpassingly  luxu- 
riant soil.  A  species  of  fir,  called  Lambert's  pine,  grows  in  the 
lower  region  to  an  enormous  size,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of 
nearly  300,  and  a  girth  of  40  ft.— often  of  24  to  36  ft.  This  is  the 
great  wood  of  the  country,  and  large  quantities  are  exportedto  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  and  perhaps  now  to  California.  The  other  timber, 
of  which  there  is  not  a  great  variety  or  great  abundance,  is  the 
cedar,  oak,  ash,  maple,  laurel,  pine,  willow,  dogwood,  cottonwood, 
and  alder.  The  oak,  next  to  the  fir,  is  the  most  valuable  wood,  and 
is  found  most  abundantly  in  the  Willam'ette  and  Umpqua  valleys. 
In  the  middle  region,  timber  is  not  abundant,  and  consists  mostly 


ORE— ORE  429 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

of  soft  wood.  On  the  Blue  mountains,  and  in  parts  N.  of  the  Co- 
lumbia, the  pine  grows.  By  the  census  of  1850,  there  were  135,357 
acres  of  land  under  cultivation,  producing  228,882  bushels  of  wheat; 
2,928  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  325  lb  of  tobacco,  29,596  lb  of  wool, 
211,734  lb  of  butter,  36,030  ft>  of  cheese,  380  tons  of  hay,  and  em- 
ploying farming  implements  and  machinery  to  the  value  of  $183,403. 
Value  of  live  stock  $1,875,987. 

Climate  and  Meteorology. — In  common  with  the  western  shores  of 
all  continents,  Oregon  has  a  milder  climate  than  the  same  latitudes 
on  the  Atlantic  border.  The  coast  region  is  the  mildest,  and  the 
Upper  Region  the  most  rigorous.  In  the  first,  the  winters  last  only 
from  December  to  February,  snow  seldom  falls,  and  S.  and  S.  W. 
winds  prevail,  mitigating  the  severity  of  the  weather.  From  April 
to  November  but  little  rain  falls.  At  Puget's  Sound,  between  May 
and  July,  the  mean  temperature  was  67°,  maximum  98°,  minimum 
39°;  at  Ft.  Vancouver,  from  June  to  September,  the  mean  was 
66°,  maximum  87°,  minimum  51°.  Of  106  days,  76  were  fair,  19 
cloudy,  and  11  rainy.  The  winter  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
England.  In  the  Middle  Region,  the  summers  are  much  drier  and 
warmer,  and  the  winters  colder  than  in  the  Coast  Region,  the  ex- 
tremes varying  from  108°  to  18°.  Daily  range  40°.  No  dews  fall 
here.  The  Upper  Country  is  very  variable,  having  in  each  day  all 
the  changes  of  the  seasons,  and  is  therefore  unfitted  for  agricultural 
operations. 

Animals,  jisJi,  &c. — The  wild  animals  are  deer,  black  and  grizzly 
bears,  elk,  wolves,  antelopes,  foxes,  musk-rats,  martens,  and  beavers. 
The  latter  are  fast  diminishing.  There  are  some  buffaloes  in  the 
eastern  portion.  But  little  game  is  found  in  the  Middle  section. 
In  spring  and  fall,  geese,  ducks,  and  other  water-fowl  are  abundant. 
The  fish  are,  salmon  in  great  abundance  and  excellent  quality, 
(caught  from  May  till  October),  sturgeon,  cod,  carp,  sole,  flounders, 
ray,  perch,  herring,  and  smelt,  with  large  quantities  of  crabs,  clams, 
oysters,  and  mussels. 

History. — Oregon  seems  to  have  been  first  trodden  by  European 
feet  about  1775,  when  a  Spanish  navigator  visited  Juan  de  Fuca 
straits.  Cook  coasted  along  its  shores  in  1778.  The  Columbia  r. 
is  believed  to  have  been  first  made  known  to  the  civilized  world,  in 
1791,  by  Captain  Gray,  of  the  ship  Columbia  of  Boston,  U.  S.,  who 
saw  the  mouth  of  the  river,  but  did  not  enter  it  till  May  of  the  next 
year,  when  he  gave  it  the  name  of  his  ship.     From  this  time  up  to 

1804  the  coast  of  Oregon  was  occasionally  visited  by  British  and 
American  fur-traders.  In  that  year,  President  Jefferson  sent  out  an 
exploring  party  under  Lewis  and  Clark,  who  passed  the  winters  of 

1805  and  ;6  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia.  After  this  period,  over- 
land expeditions  by  fur-traders  became  common,  and  these,  with  the 
British  Hudson  Bay  Company,  held  joint  possession  of  the  country 
(but  not  without  jealous  rivalries  and  bloody  contests),  till  the  treaty 
of  1846,  which  gave  all  below  49°  N.  Lat.  to  the   United  States. 


430  ORE— ORE 

Fite,  far,  fill,  fit ;  me1,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n&t ;  oo  as  in  good  • 

Emigration  from  the  U.  S.  for  the  purpose  of  settlement,  commenced 
in  1839.  Its  growth  for  the  time  is  probably  retarded  by  the  gold- 
mines of  California  attracting  nearly  all  travellers  and  settlers,  but 
their  ultimate  prosperity  will  most  likely  be  mutual,  the  mining  popu- 
lation of  the  one  furnishing  a  market  for  the  agriculturists  of  the 
other.  There  is  no  doubt  that  in  future  times  Oregon  will  play  an 
important  part  in  the  commerce  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  particu- 
larly that  of  the  Polynesian  groups. 

The  government  of  Oregon  is  similar  to  all  other  territorial  govern- 
ments. The  governor  receives  a  salary  of  $3,000,  and  is  besides 
superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs.  His  secretary  receives  $1,800  per 
annum.  Great  interest  is  taken  in  the  cause  of  education.  The 
Methodists  have  an  institute  at  Salem,  and  the  Presbyterians  have 
an  academy  at  Tualatin  Plains,  both  flourishing  institutions.  There 
are  two  female  institutes  at  Oregon  City,  and  good  schools  at  Port- 
land, Lafayette,  and  other  small  towns. 

Towns.- — Portland,  on  the  Willam'ette,  15  m.  from  its  mouth,  is  at 
the  head  of  ship  navigation,  and  is  the  largest  and  most  commercial 
town  in  Oregon.  Pop.  estimated  at  about  1,000.  Oregon  City,  in  a 
canon*  (kan'yon)  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Willam'ette,  25  miles  from 
its  mouth,  is  the  present  capital,  and  has  excellent  manufacturing 
facilities,  derived  from  the  falls  in  the  river  at  this  place.  Pop. 
about  700.  Salem,  also  on  the  Willam'ette,  60  m.  above  Oregon  City, 
is  beautifully  located  in  a  rich  prairie  country,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  towns  in  the  territory.  It  is  in  contemplation  to  re- 
move the  capital  thither.  Pop.  about  600.  Oregon  Institute,  organ- 
ized in  1844,  is  on  a  commanding  site,  about  6  miles  from  Salem.  It 
has  at  present  from  75  to  100  pupils.  Lafayette,  at  the  falls  of  the 
Yam  Hill,  a  western  tributary  of  the  Willam'ette,  has  about  400  in- 
habitants. Marysville  is  situated  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Willam'ette, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mary's  r.     Pop.  200. 

Oregon,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Ark.  Pop. 
1,432. 

Orfa.     See  Oorfa. 

O-rel'  or  Or-loi7,  a  flourishing  city  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Eu- 
ropean Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name  on  the  Oka.  It  has 
an  extensive  trade  in  grain,  and  may  be  regarded  as  the  great  com- 
mercial entrepot  for  the  interior  of  Russia ;  it  is  also  the  seat  of 
various  manufactures.  Lat.  52°  57'  N.,  Lon.  35°  57/  E.  The  pop. 
in  1820  was  20,000 ;  in  1830  it  was  stated  at  31,000  (P.  C);  at  pre- 
sent it  probably  exceeds  40,000. 

*  This  is  a  Spanish  word  signifying  a  "  channel  or  passage."  It  is  usually 
employed,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  to  denote  the  narrow  channel  of  a 
stream  flowing  between  precipitous  banks.  Sometimes,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
canon  at  Oregon  City,  the  stream  does  not  occupy  the  entire  channel,  but 
leaves  a  flat  space  between  the  river  and  the  precipitous  bank  or  wall  which 
encloses  it. 


ORE— ORL  ■  431 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Orellana.     See  Amazon. 

0'-ren-boorgn  (Orenburg),  an  extensive  gov.  of  Russia,  situated 
partly  in  Europe  and  partly  in  Asia.  Oo^-fa  (Ufa),  the  cap.,  is  on  a  r. 
of  the  same  name,  in  Lat.  54°  42'  N.,  Lon.  about  56°  E.  Pop.  6,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Orenbooro,  the  principal  t.  of  the  above  gov.,  situated  on  the  r. 
Ural,  is  regularly  built  and  well  fortified.  It  carries  on  an  extensive 
trade  with  Bokhara.  Lat.  51°  46'  N.,  Lon.  55°  5'  E.  Pop.  stated  at 
20,000.     (P.  C.) 

Orihuela,  o-re-waMa',  a  city  in  the  Spanish  prov.  of  Valencia,  on 
the  r.  Segnra,  in  a  fertile  plain,  which  has  been  justly  styled  "  the 
Garden  of  Spain."  It  contains  a  university  and  several  other  institu- 
tions.    Lat.  38°  8'  N.,  Lon.  1°  W.     Pop.  26,000.     (B.) 

O-rx-no'-co  (i.  e.  the  "  coiled  serpent"),  a  large  r.  of  S.  America,  the 
sources  of  which  have  never  been  visited  by  Europeans.  As  it  is  usually 
laid  down  on  our  maps,  it  strikingly  resembles,  in  its  general  course, 
the  form  of  a  coiled  serpent,  as  its  name  implies.  From  about  4°  S. 
Lat.,  and  68°  W.  Lon.,  it  flows  northerly  above  200  m.,  then  north- 
easterly, and  at  last  almost  E.,  to  the  Atlantic,  which  it  enters  near  9° 
N.  Lat.,  and  61°  W.  Lon.,  by  a  multitude  of  mouths,  called  the  Caiios 
(kan'-yoce)  or  "  channels"  of  the  Orinoco.  The  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  near  1,300  rn.  The  delta  commences  about  100  m.  from  the 
sea.  The  tides  are  sometimes  perceptible  as  far  as  Angostura,  or  about 
250  m.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco.  During  the  rainy  season,  which 
corresponds  to  our  summer,  the  river  overflows  the  Llanos  (lya'-n6s) 
or  plains  which  lie  N.  of  it  to  a  great  extent,  presenting  a  vast  expanse 
of  waters,  said  sometimes  to  exceed  150  m.  in  breadth.  In  the  upper 
part  of  its  course,  the  rise  is  said  to  amount  to  13  fathoms,  which  is 
somewhat  more  than  the  greatest  rise  on  the  Ohio. 

O-ris'-sa,  a  prov.  of  Hindostan,  between  the  18th  and  23d  degrees 
of  N.  Lat,  and  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Bengal. 

Orizaba,  o-re-sa'-ba,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Mexico,  70  m.  W.  S.  W.  of 
Vera  Cruz.  Pop.  between  8,000  and  10,000.  (M.)  Near  it,  in  Lat. 
19°  2'  N.,  Lon.  97°  15'  W.,  rises  the  volcanic  mountain  of  Orizaba 
(now  extinct)  to  the  height  of  17,380  ft.  above  the  Atlantic. 

Ork'-ney  Islands  (Lat.  Or'cades),  a  group  belonging  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, situated  near  the  N.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Scotland,  between  58°  44' 
and  59°  24'  N.  Lat.  They  are  separated  from  the  main  land  of  Scotland 
by  the  Pentland  Frith,  which,  in  the  narrowest  part,  is  about  6  m.  wide. 
The  group  contains  in  all  67  islands  or  islets,  27  of  which  are  perma- 
nently inhabited.  The  largest  is  Pomona  or  Mainland.  (See  Pomona.) 
Total  area  estimated  at  440  sq.  m.     Pop.  30,507. 

Orleanais  or  Orleanois,  0Rx-laN-anv-&/,  one  of  the  former  provinces 
of  France,  now  distributed  among  the  departments  of  Eure  and  Loir, 
Loir  and  Cher,  and  Loiret. 

Or'-le-ans/%  (Fr.  pron.  orM&VW;  Anc.  Gena'bum,  afterwards  Aure- 


•Ve  often  hear  this  a  ame  pronounced  in  two  syllables,  with  the  accent  on 


432  ORL— ORT 

/ate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

lia'ni,  of  which  Orleans  is  a  corruption);  a  manufacturing-  and  com- 
mercial city,  in  the  N.  central  part  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Loi- 
ret,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Loire,  68  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Paris, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  railway.  Among  its  numerous  literary 
institutions,  we  may  name  the  Academie  Universitaire,  a  national  Col- 
lege, and  the  Public  Library,  containing-  25,000  vols.  Genabum  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a  place  of  considerable  importance  among-  the 
ancient  Carnutes.  In  retaliation  for  the  massacre  of  some  Romans 
residing-  in  the  town,  it  was  plundered  and  burned  by  Csesar  (about  50 
B.  C.)  In  later  times,  Orleans  has  undergone  two  of  the  most  remark- 
able sieges  recorded  in  history.  The  first  was  during  the  invasion  of 
Attila  (A.  D.  451),  in  which  that  hitherto  victorious  destroyer  was  suc- 
cessfully resisted.  The  other  took  place  in  1428,  during  the  English 
invasion,  when  Joan  of  Arc,  called  afterwards  the  Maid  of  Orleans, 
commenced  her  wonderful  career,  by  delivering  the  city,  with  the  sig- 
nal defeat  of  its  besiegers.  Lat.  47°  54'  N.,  Lon.  2°  46'  E.  Pop. 
64,000.     (B.) 

Orleans,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Vt.,  bordering  on  Canada.  Pop. 
15,707.     Co.  t.  Irasburg. 

Orleans,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Ontario. 
Pop.  28,501.     Co.  t.  Albion. 

Orleans,  a  parish  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi and  L.  Pontchartrain.  Pop.  119,401.  Seat  of  justice,  New  Orleans. 

OrZ-mus*  or  Ormuz  (Pers.  Hor-mooz'),  a  small  i.  situated  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  near  27°  N.  Lat.  and  56°  30'  E.  Lon. 
Though  now  a  barren  rock,  only  12m.  in  circumference,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  16th  century,  while  in  the  possession  of  the  Portuguese,  it 
contained  a  town  of  40,000  inhabitants,  which  was  one  of  the  wealthi- 
est and  most  important  emporiums  in  all  the  east.  It  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  Shah  Abbas  the  Great,  in  1622. 

Orne,  a  small  r.  in  the  N.  W.  of  France,  which  flows  into  the  Eng- 
lish Channel. 

Orne,  a  dep.  of  France,  on  the  sources  of  the  above  r.  Pop.  443,688. 
Capital,  Alengon. 

O-ron^-tes.  (Arab.  El  Aasy,  aa^-se),  a  celebrated  r.  of  Syria,  which 
falls  into  the  Mediterranean,  in  36°  2'  N.  Lat.,  and  35°  57'  E.  Lou. 
Length  estimated  at  240  m. 

Orthez  or  Orthes,  ORv-ta',  a  t.  in  the  S.  W.  of  France,  in  the  dep 

the  last;  but  all  our  best  speakers  appenr  to  concur  in  making  it  a  trisyllable,  with 
the  accent  on  the  first.  This  is  evidently  the  manner  in  which  Shakspeare  pro- 
nounced Orleans. 

"  This  dreadful  lord 

Retiring  from  the  siege  of  Orleans." 
"  Was  not  the  duke  of  Orleans  thy  foe  ?" — Henry  VI.  Part  I, 

*  "High  on  a  throne  of  royal  state,  which  far 
Outshone  the  wealth  of  Ormus  or  of  Ind, — " 

Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  Book  II. 


ORV— OTS  433 

«ss,  ^s  m  out  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ,•  tk,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


of  the  Lower  Pyrenees.  Lat.  43°  30'  Nn  Lon.  0°  46'  W.  Pop. 
5,267.    (M.) 

Orvieto,  oR-ve-a^-to,  (formerly  Urbs  Vetus,)  a  t  of  Italy,  in  the 
Papal  state,  on  the  Paglia  (pal'-ya),  an  affluent  of  the  Tiber,  59  m.  N. 
N.  W.  of  Rome,  with  a  handsome  Gothic  cathedral.  Pop.  estimated 
at  near  «  GOO,     (B.) 

Ov-sage',  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  Indian  Territory,  near  37°  N.  Lat 
a«d  95°  W.  Lon.,  and,  Sowing  south-easterly,  passes  into  the  state  of 
Missouri,  and  joins  the  Missouri  r,  about  10  m.  below  Jerlerson  City. 

OsagEj  a  co.  of  Ma,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r.    Pop.  6,704. 

Os-cisV-tA  (Unwattin),  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mich.,  inter- 
sected by  Maskego  r. 

Os'-j-mo  ( Anc.  Aux^imum),  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  state,  9  m.  S.  by 
W.  of  Ancooa.  Lat.  43°  30'  N.,  Lon.  13°  27'  E.  Pop.  about  7,000. 
(M.) 

Osh-moo-neyn' — n'me  (Achmonneyn),  a  large  village  of  Egypt,  W. 
of  the  Nile,  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  Hermop'olis  Mag^na.  Lat.  27° 
50'  N.,  Lon,  about  30°  50'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  4,000  to  10,000. 
(!).)     In  its  vicinity  are  some  highly  interesting  remains  of  antiquity. 

i),s'-NA-BRtk:Kx  oros'-na-br66k\  often  -called  i«  English,  Os'-na-burg\ 
a  commercial  t.  of  Germany,  in  Hanover,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Hase  (ha'-se/rj,  an  affluent  of  the  Ems.  It  is  surrounded 
with  a  ditch  and  wall,  with  five  gates.  The  linens  called  Osnaburgs 
derive  their  name  from  this  place.  Lat.  52°  17'  N.,  Lon.  8°  V  E.  Pop. 
11,000.     (B.) 

Ossuna,  os-soo'-na,  a  mannfacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  36  m. 
E.  by  S.  of  Seville.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Os-tend',*  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Belgium,  in  W.  Flanders,  14  m. 
W.  of  Bruges,  with  which  city  it  communicates  by  a  canal  of  sufficient 
dimensions  to  allow  the  largest  Indiarnen  to  pass  through  it.  It  is  also 
connected  with  tlie  principal  towns  of  Belgium  by  railways.  Lat.  51° 
14'  N.,  Lon.  2°  55'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Os-we'-co,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Ontario. 
Pop.  6.2,198.     Co,  towns,  Oswego  and  Pulaski. 

Oswego,  a  flourishing  t.  and  port  of  entry  in  the  above  co.,  situated 
on  the  S.  E.  shore  of  L.  Ontario,  about  68  m.,  ira  a  straight  line,  VV.  N. 
W.  of  Utica.  The  Oswego  Canal,  38  m.  in  length,  connects  it.  with  Sy- 
racuse, on  the  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  12,205. 

Otaheite.     See  Tahiti. 

O-tkan'-to  (Anc.  Hydrun^tum),  a  small  but  once  flourishing  t.,  situ- 
ated near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Italy.  Lat.  40°  9'  N.,  Lon.  18°  29'  E. 
From  this  town,  the  prov.  in  which  it  is  situated  is  called  Terra  di 
(tcr'-ra  de)  Otranto  or  the  "  land  of  Otranto." 

Ot-se'-go,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  sources  of 
the  Susquehanna.     Pop.  48,638.     Co.  t  Cooperstown. 

*  "  Thy  muse  ' —  '  in  bells  delighting,  finds  a  friend, 
In  every  chime  that  jingled  from  Ostend." — ByRON. 

37 


434  OTS— OXF 

File,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me",  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  goad; 

Otsego  (Okkuddo),  a  co.  m  the  N.  part  ©f  Mich.,  E.  of  Traverse  Bay, 

Ottajano,  ot-ta-ya'-no,  a  t.  of  Naples,  at  the  E.  foot  of  Ml  Vesuvius, 
12  m.  E.  of  the  capital.    Pop.  15.000.     (B.) 

Ottawa,  ot'-ta-wa'  or  otMa-wa\  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.W,  part  of  Ohio, 
bordering  on  L.  Erie-.     Pop.  3,308. 

Ottawa,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  L.  Michigan, 
and  intersected  by  Grand  r.     Pop.  5^587.  Co.  t.  Grand  Haven. 

Ottawa,  a  r.  of  Canada,  Sowing  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  near  Mon- 
treal.    It  forms  the  boundary  between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

Oude,  ood,  a  piov.  and  kingdom  under  the  protection  ©f  the  British, 
in  the  N.  of  Hindostan,  between  25°  30"  and  28°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  79? 
and  83°  E.  Lon. 

Oudenarbe,  ous-den-aR^-de£,  or  Oudenaarben,  (Fr.  Andenarde, 
6-den-aRo/),  a  t.  of  Belgium,  on  the  Scheldt,  14  m.  W.  of  Ghent.  Pop. 
5,000.     (B.) 

Our  An.     See  Urai*. 

Ourfa.     See  Oorfa. 

Ouse,  ooz,  a  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  England,  which  forms  the  prin- 
cipal branch  of  the  Horaber. 

Ouse,  Great,  a  r.  m  the  E.  ©f  England,  which  rises  in  Northamp- 
tonshire, and  flows  into  the  Wash. 

O'-ver-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ky.  Pop. 
11,211."  Co.'t.  Monroe. 

Oviedo,  o-ve-a/-no,  (Lat.  Oveturn),  a  city  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Spain,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Astnrias,  supposed  to  have  been  built  near 
the  middle  of  the  8th  century.  During  the  middle  ages,  Oviedo  was 
known  throughout  Christendom  as  "the  City  of  the  Bishops"  (Civitas 
Episeoporum),  owing,  it  is  said,  to  the  great  number  of  the  clergy  who 
took  refuge  here  from  the  persecutions  of  the  Moors.  The  ancient 
cathedral  is  a  magnificent  structure  of  the  pure  Gothie  style,  equalled, 
perhaps,  by  none  in  the  Spanish  peninsula.  The  University,  founded 
in  1580,  is  well  endowed,  and  has  a  large  library.  Lat.  43°  22'  N., 
Lon.  5°  57'  W.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (B.) 

O-we'-go,  a  flourishing  t.  in  the  S.  paTt  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  E.  branch 
of  the  Susquehanna,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Ithaca  and  Owego 
Railroad  (29  m.  long)  with  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  about 
84  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  S.  W.  of  Utica.     Pop.  7,159. 

Ow'-en,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky".,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  Ken- 
tucky r.     Pop.  10,444.   Co.  t.  New  Liberty. 

Owen,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Indiana,  intersected  by  the 
W.  fork  of  White  r.     Pop.  12,100.  Co.  t.  Spencer. 

Owhyhee.     See  Hawaii. 

Ox'-ford  (Lat.  Oxo'nia),  a  beautiful  city  and  celebrated  seat  of 
learning  of  England,  the  cap.  of  Oxfordshire,  is  situated  on  the  Isis,  a 
branch  of  the  Thames,  53  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  The  date  of  the 
university  is  unknown ;  it  is,  however,  certain  that  Oxford  was  a  place 
of  study  in  the  reign  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  if  not  earlier.  The 
University  of  Oxford  at  present  consists  of  19  colleges  and  5  halls. 


GXF— PAD  435 

OfS,  is  in  ©or  9  tfe,  as  iti  thin  i  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

The  total  number  of  members  en  the  books  in  1841,  was  6,514  Among' 
the  different  libraries  of  Oxford,  we  ought  especially  to  notice  the  cele- 
brated Bodleian  Library,  Earned  in  honour  of  Sir  Thomas  Bod-ley,  by 
whom  it  was  founded,  in  1597-  It  contains  about  900,000  printed  vols., 
besides  ■&  great  number  ef  valuable  manuscripts.  The  Observatory  is 
in  Lat  51°  45' 40"  N-,  Lon-.  1°  15'  22"  W.  Pop.,  including  the  univer- 
sity, walk  an  area  ef  above  4  sq.  m.,  "&3,834.  A  student  at  Oxford  is 
called  an  Oxo'-nj-an, 

Gxforw,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  ©f  Maine,  bordering  on  N.  H.  Pop. 
S9,G0S      Co.  t.  Paris. 

Ox '-fore-shirk,  a  eo.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  England,  en  the 
Thames.*    Pop.'  131,643. 

Gx'-us  (called  by  the  natives  A  moo,  aa-moo',  or  Je-hoon'),  a  great  r. 
of  Central  Asia,  which  rises  from  a  mountain  lake  in  37°  27'  N.  Lat, 
and  73°  40'  E.  Lon.,  at  an  elevation  of  15,600  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  (M,.)  Its  general  direction  is  north-westerly :  it  enters  the  sea  of 
Aral  near  43°  38'  N.  Lat,  and  58°  E.  Lon.,  after  a  course  of  about 
1,309  m.  Sir  A.  Burns  crossed  it  on  his  way  to  Bokhara,  and  found  it 
upwards  ef  800  yards  in  breadth,  about  20  ft.  in  depth,  with  muddy 
waters,  and  a  current  of  about  3i  m.  an  hour.     (M-.) 

O-zARK?,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Mo,,  bordering  on  Ark.  Pop,  2*294. 

Pacific  Ocean  (sometimes,  though  improperly,  called  the  South 
Sea),  a  vast  expanse  of  water,  extending  from  the  western  shores  of 
America  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Asia  and  Australia.  Its  most  north- 
ern limit  is  Behring's  Strait,  in  about  66°  N.  Lat. :  towards  the  south- 
ern extremity,  it  is  divided  from  the  Atlantic  by  a  line  drawn  from 
Cape  Horn  to  the  S.  pole.  It  extends  from  120°  E.  to  70°  W.  Lon.,  a 
distance  of  above  11,000  rn.  Its  extent,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  somewhat  less 
than  10,000  m.  The  Pacific  received  its  name  from  Magellan,  the 
first  European  who  traversed  it,  in  consequence  of  the  prosperous 
weather  whieli  he  met  with  while  navigating  its  surface.  Though 
this  ocean  is  subject  to  violent  gales  and  storms  (at  least  in  many  parts 
of  it),  it  would  seem  that  the  winds  and  water-currents  are  generally 
more  regular  and  uniform,  and  in  so  far  less  hostile,  than  those  in  the 
Atlantic.  This  may  be  accounted  for  by  its  great  extent,  which  pre- 
vents the  regular  prevailing  winds  from  feeing  broken  by  those  irregular 
currents,  calms,  and  storms  which  the  vicinity  of  a  large  tract  of  land, 
especially  of  mountain  land,  is  so  apt  to  produce. 

Paberbgrn,  pa'-der-boRn%  a  commercial  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Westphalia, 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name.  It  is  an  ancient  place,  tolerably 
well  built,  and  surrounded  by  a  wall  with  five  gates.  It  is  said  to  have 
been  for  a  time  the  residence  of  Charlemagne.  Lat.  51°  44'  N.,  Lou. 
8°  44'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Pab'-sj-a  (It.  Padova,  paZ-do-va;  Anc.  Pata'vium),  a  city  and  distin- 
guished seat  of  learning,  in  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  situated  Gin  the  Bacchiglione  (bak-keel-yo'-na),  a  small  r.  which 
flows  into  the  Adriatic*     It  is  fortified  with  walls,  ditches,  and  bastions. 


436  PAG-PAL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met  \  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  65,  as  in  good , 

and  is  above  6  m.  in  circumference,  but  is  thinly  inhabited.  At  th-s 
head  of  its  numerous  scientific  and  literary  institutions,  stands  the  Uni- 
versity, one  of  the  most  celebrated  and  most  flourishing  in  Europe.  IS 
was  founded  in  the  early  part  of  the  13th  century,  ami  attained  its 
greatest  popularity  during  the  15th  and  IGth  centuries,  when  it  wis 
attended  not  only  by  a  multitude  of  students  from  all  parts  of  Europe, 
but  even  by  some  from  Mahometan  countries.  Its  medical  school  wa3 
particularly  celebrated.  Fallopius,  Morgagni,  and  the  great  Galileo, 
have  been  among-  its  professors:  Dante,  Petrarch,  and  Tasso-  have  beer* 
of  the  number  of  its  pupils.  The  University  at  present  is  attended1 
by  1,000  students,  but,  during  its  most  nourishing  period,  it  is  said  to 
have  had  six  times  that  number:  there  are  four  faculties;  theology, 
law,  medicine,  and  philosophy,  with  about  60  professors:  the  botanic 
garden,  connected  with  the  University,  is  regarded  as  the  oldest  in 
Europe :  the  library  contains  upwards  of  70,000  vols.  The  clerical' 
college  or  seminary  is  noted  for  its  printing  presses,  which  have  long 
supplied  Italy  with  school-books  and  with  good  editions  of  other  works. 
Its  library  contains  above  55,000  vols.  At  Padua,  Forcellini  compiled 
his  great  Latin  Lexicon,  upon  which  he  spent  40  years  of  Ins  life.  Pa- 
tavium  was  considered  in  the  Roman  times  as  one  of  the  oldest  towns 
in  Italy.  It  is  distinguished  as  the  birth-pkee  of  Livy.  The  Observa- 
tory is  in  Lat.  45°  24'  2"  N.,  Lon.  11°  52'  18"  E.  Pop.  51,000.  (B.> 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Pad'-u-ai*. 

Page,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  R  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  Shenan- 
doah r.     Pop.  7,600. 

Pais/-ley,  a  manufacturing*  L,  the  third  in  Scotland  for  population 
and  commercial  importance,  situated  in  Renfrewshire,  on  the  White 
Cart  r.,  3  m.  above  its  junction  with  the  Clyde,  and  8  m.  W.  by  S.  of 
Glasgow.  Lat.  55°  51'  N.,  Lon.  4°  26'  W.  The  pop.  of  the  parish 
of  Paisley,  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  was  about  6,000;  in  1801, 
it  was  31J179;  in  1841,  it  amounted  to  60,487 :  that  of  the  town  alone 
to  48,426. 

Pals-a-wAn^,  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  extending  from  8°  20'  to 
11°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  from  117°  30'  to  11^  40'  E.  Lon.  Length  about 
270  m.     Mean  breadth,  perhaps  25  m.     Little  is  known  of  the  interior. 

Palencia,  pal-en'-she-a,  (Sp.  pron.  pa-len'-the-a;  Anc.  Pallan^tia,)  a 
city  of  Spain,  in  Leon,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  an  af- 
fluent of  the  Pisuerga  (pe-sweft'-ga),  which  flows  into  the  Douro.  Its 
cathedral  is  one  of  the  largest  and  finest  in  Spain.  Lat.  42°  2'  N., 
Lon.  4°  28'  W.     Pop.  about  11,000.     (B.) 

Palenqite,  pa-l'enk'-a,  or  more  properly  Culhuacan,  frool-wa-kan^, 
an  ancient  city  of  Mexico,  remarkable  for  its  magnificent  ruins,  said  te 
be  the  most  interesting,  and  on  the  larg-est  scale,  of  any  in  the  New 
World. 

Pal-erV-mo  or  pa-leit'-mo  (Anc.  Panor'mus),  the  principal  seaport  and* 
cap.  of  Sicily,  and  the  second  city  of  the  kingdom  of  the  two  Sicilies; 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  N.  coast,  towards  its  W.  extremity.  The 
town  forms  an  oblong  parallelogram,  surrounded  by  walls,  and  furnished 


PAL— PAN  m 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  i?g. 

with  bastions.  The  royal  palace  is  an  old  building,  fortified  like  a 
castle,  with  a  magnificent  chapel,  built  by  Roger  of  Sicily,  in  1129. 
On  the  summit  of  the  palaee  is  the  observatory  where  Piazzi  discovered, 
in  1801,  the  planet  Ceres.  Palermo  is  the  see  of  an  archbishop;  and 
the  seat  of  a  university,  founded  in  1447,  and  attended  by  about  600 
students,  with  a  library  of  40,000  volumes.  Panormus  appears  to  have 
been  a  place  of  considerable  consequence  in  ancient  times ;  the  name 
signifying  "  All-port,"  may  be  regarded  as  indicating  its  early  com- 
mercial importance.  The  observatory  is  in  Lat.  38°  6'  44"  N.,  Lon. 
13°  21'  24"  E.     Pop.  about  168,000.     (B.) 

Pal/-es-tinev  (Lat  Palessti^na,  usually  called  by  the  Romans  Judaea), 
the  name  commonly  applied  to  the  land  anciently  inhabited  by  the 
Israelites,  including  the  country  of  the  Philistines.  Its  precise  boun- 
daries are  not  well  defined.  It  appears,  however,  to  have  been  situated 
between  31°  and  33°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  34°  and  36°  30'  E.  Lon.,  being 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Syria,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  the  desert,  and  VV. 
by  the  Mediterranean.  Length,  perhaps  180  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about 
80  m.     Area  estimated  at  11,000  sq.  m.     (P.  C.) 

Palma,  pal'-ma,  one  of  the  Canary  Islands,  intersected  by  the  parallel 
»f  28°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  18th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  Length  about 
26  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  16  m.  Area  19  sq.  leagues.  Pop.  in 
1835,  33,089.     (P.  C.) 

Palma,  a  fortified  t,  the  cap.  of  Majorca  and  of  all  the  Balearic  Is- 
lands, is  situated  on  the  S.  W.  coast,  on  a  bay  of  the  same  name,  which 
forms  a  good  harbour.  In  the  13th  century,  Palma  was  one  of  the  chief 
trading  places  in  Europe,  but  at  present  its  commerce  is  comparalively 
unimportant  Lat.  39°  34'  N.,  Lon.  2°  44'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
34,000.     (B.) 

Palm as  or  Las  Palm  as,  las  pal'-mas,  the  chief  t.  of  the  Grand  Ca- 
nary, and  the  cap.  of  all  the  Canaries,  is  situated  on  the  N.  E.  coast. 
Lat.  28°  8'  N.,  Lon.  15°  26'  W.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (B.) 

Pam'-h-co  (called  in  the  upper  part  ot  its  course  Tar  River),  a  r.  of 
N.C.,  flowing  into  Pamlico  Sound,  near  35°15'N.Lat  and  76°30'W.  Lon. 
Pamplona,  pam-plo'-na,  or  Pampeluna,  pam-pa-loo/-na(Anc.  Pompe- 
lon  or  Pompeiop'olis),  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Navarre, 
and  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Navarrese  kings,  is  situated  on  the 
r.  Arga,  an  affluent  of  the  Ebro.  Lat.  42°  50',  Lon.  1°  42'  VV.  Pop. 
15,000.     (B.) 

Panama,  pan-a-ma',  a  fortified  seaport  t  of  New  Granada,  cap.  of  a 
prov.  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  dep.  of  the  Isthmus  (Istmo),  situated 
on  the  Bay  of  Panama.  Lat.  8°  59  N.,  Lon.  79°  27°  VV.  Pop.  not  10,000, 
(B.),  but.  the  statements  of  several  other  writers  make  it  considerably 
above  this  number. 

Panama,  Isthmus  of,  called  also  the  Isthmus  w  Darien  (d.V-rc-rn), 
the  narrow  neck  of  land  which  unites  North  and  South  America, 
situated  between  7°  and  9°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  77°  and  83'  W.  Lon.  The 
narrowest  part  is  about  20  m.  E.  of  Panama,  between  9°  and  9°  30'  N 
Lat.,  and  near  79°  W.  Lon.,  where  it  is  scarcely  30  m.  wide. 


4S8  PAN— PAR 

Fate,  Far,  f All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

Panay,  pa-nl^  one  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  intersected  by  the  11th 
parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  117th  and  118th  meridians  of  E.  Lon. 
Length,  about  110  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  near  91)  m.  Its  form  is  almost 
an  equilateral  triangle.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  populous 
islands  in  the  whole  group.  Pop.  estimated,  in  1837,  at  about  406,000. 
(P.C.) 

Pa'ncsova,  paan'-chov-vd/i\  a  trading  t.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Hungary, 
on  the  Temes  (tenV-esh^),  near  its  junction  with  the  Danube,  10m.  E. 
N.  E.  of  Belgrade.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Pa-no'-la,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  the  Tal- 
lahatchie r.     Pop.  11,444.  Co.  seat,  Panola. 

Papa,  paa/-po/f,  a  large  t.  of  Hungary,  about  80  m.  S.  E.  of  Vienna. 
Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

Papal  State  (It.,  Stato  Pontificio,  staMo  pon-te-fee'-che-o,  or  Stato 
dellaChiesa,sta/-todel-la  ke-a/-sa,  i.  e.  "state  of  the  church"),  a  division 
of  Italy,  comprehending  the  dominions  of  the  see  of  Rome,  of  which  the 
Pope  is  the  monarch.  It  is  principally  situated  between  41°  10'  and 
45°  N.  Lat,  and  11°  and  14°  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the 
Austrian  dominions,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  the  Adriatic  and  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples, S.  W.  by  the  Mediterranean,  and  W.  and  N.  VV.  by  Tuscany  and 
Modena.  Its  length  is  about  270m. ;  the  breadth  varies  greatly;  in 
one  part  it  extends  across  the  Italian  peninsula,  and  is  near  140  m. 
broad.  Area  estimated  at  17,200  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1833,  2,732,036. 
(M.)     The  seat  of  gov.  is  at  Rome. 

Papua,  pap'-oo-a  or  pa'-poo-a,  called  also  New  Guinea,  a  Targe  i.,  or 
perhaps  cluster  of  islands,  in  the  Eastern  seas,  between  130°  and  150° 
E.  Lon.,  and  0°  and  10°  S.  Lat.  Not  only  its  interior,  but  even  its  coast 
line  is  in  many  parts  unknown.  Europeans  have  little  or  no  commer- 
cial intercourse  with  this  island.  The  inhabitants  consist  of  two  and 
perhaps  more  classes ;  the  Papuas,  who  inhabit  the  western  portion 
of  the  island,  received  their  name  from  the  Malays,  in  whose  language 
it  signifies  "  frizzled  hair;"  and  the  Haraforas,  who  are  said  to  occupy 
the  interior  and  eastern  coasts.  Both  these  races  appear  to  live  in  a 
state  of  great  barbarism.  The  Papuas  are  said  to  resemble  the  Aus- 
tralians, though  they  are  perhaps  rather  less  degraded. — Adj.  Papuan, 
pap'-oo-an. 

Para,  pa-ra^,  called  formerly  Belem,  ba-Ieiv'  or  ba-Ieng',  a  seaport  t. 
of  Brazil,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  its  own  name,  is  situated  on  the  river  or 
estuary  of  Para,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Tocantins  with  the  Tagi- 
puru  (ta-zhe-poo-roo'),  the  southern  arm  of  the  Amazon.  Lat.  1°  28' 
8.,  Lon.  48°  22'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at  nearly  20,000  (B.),  though 
some  say  that  the  troubles  and  massacres  which  occurred  in  Para,  in 
1834-5,  have  greatly  reduced  the  number  of  its  inhabitants. 

Paraguay,  par-a-gwa'  or  par-a-gwi^,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  which  rises 
in  Brazil,  in  about' 13°  30'  S.  Lai,  and  56°  20'  W.  Lon. ;  it  flows  south- 
erly, separating  the  state  of  Paraguay  from  Bolivia  and  La  Plata,  and 
empties  itself  into  the  Parana,  in  about  27°  20'  S.  Lat,  and  58°  40'  W. 
Lon.     Its  length  is  estimated  at  above  1,100  m.     Vessels  of  300  ions 


PAR— PAR  439 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

may  ascend  as  far  as  Assumption,  and  smaller  vessels  several  hun- 
dred miles  within  the  boundary  of  Brazil. 

Paraguay,  an  independent  state  of  S.  America,  situated  between 
19°  and  27°  30  S.  Lat.,  and  54°  and  59°  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N. 
and  E.  by  Brazil,  S.  by  La  Plata,  and  W.  by  La  Plata  and  Bolivia. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  near  600  m.;  greatest  breadth,  about  210  m.  Area 
estimated  at  90,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1826,  250,000  (B.),  at  present  it 
probably  exceeds  300,000.  The  Guaranis  (gwa-ra-nees'),  a  tribe  of 
aborigines,  constitute  the  principal  portion  of  the  inhabitants.  Dr. 
Francia,  the  late  dictator,  through  his  wise,  though  arbitrary  govern- 
ment, appears  to  have  succeeded  in  bringing  these  people  into  a  more 
perfect  state  of  subordination  and  civilization,  than  has  ever  been 
done  before  with  any  nation  of  American  aborigines ;  and,  at  the  same 
time,  he  has  preserved  the  country  from  those  dissensions  and  civil 
wars  from  which  the  other  S.  American  states  have  suffered  so  deeply. 
His  policy  of  rigorously  excluding  from  his  dominions  all  foreigners, 
without  exception,  has  doubtless  contributed  greatly  not  only  to  pre- 
serve the  tranquillity  of  the  country,  but  also  to  consolidate  the  different 
elements  of  the  population  into  one  mass,  and  to  form  them  into  a 
nation.  Little  is  known  with  certainty  respecting  the  present  condi- 
tion of  this  country.     Assumption    (Asuncion)  is  the  capital. 

Parahyba  or  Paraiba,  pa-ra-ee'-ba,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Brazil, 
which  rises  about  80  m.  W.  of  Rio  Janeiro,  and  after  a  very  circuitous 
course  of  above  500  m.,  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  about  170  m.  N.  E.  of 
the  Brazilian  capital,  in  21°  40'  S.  Lat.,  and  near  41°  W.  Lon. 

Paramaribo,  paf'-a-mar^-e-bo,  the  cap.  of  Dutch  Guiana,  in  S.  Ame- 
rica, is  situated  on  the  r.  Surinam,  about  20  m.  from  its  mouth.  Lat. 
5°  45'  N.,  Lon.  55°  24'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  18,000  to  20,000. 

(B) 

Parana,  pa-ra-na',  a  large  r.  of  S.  America,  which  rises  in  the  S.  E. 

part  of  Brazil,  near  22°  S.  Lat.  and  45°  W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  in  a  gene- 
ral westerly  course,  receives  the  Parana-Iba*  (parv-a-na  ee'-ba)  in  20° 
40'  S.  Lat.,  and  52°  20'  W.  Lon.,  after  which  it  runs  at  first  southerly, 
then  westerly,  to  its  junction  with  the  Paraguay.  On  receiving  this 
great  tributary,  it  again  takes  a  southerly  course  to  its  termination  (Lat. 
34°  S.,  Lon.  58°  30'  W.),  where,  by  its  union  with  the  Uruguay,  it 
forms  ihe  Rio  de  la  Plata.  The  whole  length  of  the  Parana  may  be 
estimated  at  2,000  m.  It  is  navigable  about  750  m.  for  vessels  of  300 
tons. 

Parana-Iba  or  Paranahyba.     See  the  preceding  article. 

Paranahyba,  par-a-na-ee'-ba,  orPARNAHiBA,  paR-na-ee^-ba,  a  r.  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  Brazil,  which  flows  into  the  Atlantic,  in  2°  50'  S.  Lat., 
and  near  42°  W.  Lon.  Length  above  700  m.  It  is  navigable  above 
400  m.  for  vessels  of  from  15  to  40  tons.^ 

*  Some  geographers  call  that  portion  of  the  river  which  is  above  the  junction 
of  the  Parana-Iba,  the  Rio  Grande  (ree'-o  gran'-da),  considering  the  Parana  to  be 
formed  by  the  union  of  these  two  branches. 


440  PAR 

Fate,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  66,  as  in  good , 

Paris,  parMs,  (Fr.  pron.  pa'-re^ ;  Anc.  Lute'tia,  afterwards  Paris'- 
sii;)  a  great  city  and  distinguished  seat  of  civilization,  learning,  and 
the  arts,  the  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Seine,  and  the  metropolis  of  France,  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  r.  Seine,  about  110  m.,  in  a  direct  line, 
from  its  mouth,  and  210  m.  S.  E.  of  London.  The  limits  of  the  town 
are  defined  by  a  wall  erected  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XVI.,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  introduction  of  commodities  without  the  payment  of  local 
taxes.  The  outline  thus  formed,  though  irregular,  approximates  to  an 
oval.  Through  the  wall  there  are  58*  entrances,  at  each  of  which  is  a 
toll-house.  (M.)  Round  the  walls,  on  the  outer  side,  is  a  road  planted 
with  rows  of  trees,  what  are  termed  the  exterior  boulevards.  The 
entire  circuit  of  these  boulevards  is  rather  more  than  15  m. ;  the  area 
included  within  the  walls  is  about  8,500  acres,  or  134  sq.  m.  Paris  is, 
for  the  most  part,  irregularly  built,  with  lofty  houses  and  narrow  streets  : 
a  few  of  these,  however,  are  truly  magnificent,  such  as  the  Rue  de  la 
Paix  (ru  d'la  pa),  de  Castiglione  (deh  kasN-tigv-lev-on0,  de  Rivoli  (d'rev- 
vof-eO,  &c.  As  in  London,  the  fashionable  part  of  the  city  is  at  the 
W.  end.  The  more  densely  inhabited  portion  of  Paris  is  encircled  by 
the  interior  boulevards,  between  which  and  the  walls,  are  the  suburbs 
or  faubourgs  (fov-booR'),  forming  some  of  the  best  built  quarters  of  the 
town.  There  are  in  Paris  about  70  places  or  squares,  the  principal  of 
which  are — the  Place  de  la  Concorde  (plas  d'la  kongN-koRd/),  an  open 
space  W.  of  the  garden  of  the  Tuileries,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  the 
obelisk  lately  brought  from  Luxor,  in  Egypt;  the  Place  Vendome ;  the 
Place  des  Victoires  (da  vicv-twaR0 ;  the  Place  du  Trone  ;  the  Place  du 
Carrousel  (kar'-roo'-zeF) ;  and  the  Place  Royale.  There  are  several 
public  gardens,  as  the  garden  of  the  Tuileries  (tweeMer-eez),  the  Lux- 
embourg, and  the  Champs  Elysees  (shaNz  Slv-eN-za/),  or  "  Elysian  Fields." 
The  Champ  de  Mars  (shaN  d'maR),  i.  e.  "  Field  of  Mars,"  is  a  very 
large  oblong  enclosure,  bordered  by  a  double  avenue  of  trees,  for  re- 
viewing troops,  horse-racing,  &c.  Among  the  remarkable  buildings  of 
Paris,  we  may  mention  the  Tuileries,  a  palace  of  vast  dimensions,  but 
not  to  be  admired  for  its  architecture  ;  the  Louvre  (loovr),  formerly  a 
royal  residence,  a  striking  and  magnificent  edifice,  connected  with  the 
Tuileries  by  a  long  gallery,  containing  a  superb  collection  of  pictures, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world :  the  Cathedral  of  Notre-Dame,  founded 
in  the  11th  century,  one  of  the  noblest  existing  specimens  of  Gothic 
architecture :  Sainte  Genevieve,  or  the  Pantheon,  considered  by  many 
as  the  finest  church  in  the  French  metropolis :  and  the  new  church  of 
Madeleine  (madMane')  or  "  Magdalen,"  an  imitation  of  a  Corinthian 
temple,  regarded  as  the  most  imposing  and  chaste  specimen  of  this 
kind  of  architecture  which  has  ever  been  produced  in  modern  times. 
There  are  in  Paris  several  splendid  triumphal  arches,  of  which  the  Arc 
de  PEtoile  (aRc  dlax-twaV)  is  the  most  remarkable,  being  indeed  the 
most  stupendous  structure  of  the  kind  ever  erected,  either  in  ancient 

*  The  Penny  Cyclopaedia  states  that  in  1830  the  entrances  were  reduced  to  50 


I 


PAR— PAR  441 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


or  modern  times.  It  forms  a  mass,  of  which  the  plan  is  147  ft.  by  73  ft. 
the  height  is  162  ft.  The  effect  of  its  extraordinary  dimensions  ia 
greatly  enhanced  by  the  simplicity  of  its  form,  and  by  its  position ;  for, 
standing  quite  separate  from  any  other  building,  it  is  seen  to  the  very 
best  advantage.  Paris  is  perhaps  superior  to  every  other  city  in  the 
world,  with  respect  to  the  number  and  character  of  its  scientific  and 
literary  establishments.  Of  these,  our  limits  will  permit  us  to  notice 
but  a  very  few.  The  most  remarkable  are:  the  Academie  Universi- 
taire,  or  the  University  (date  unknown),  attended  by  7,446  students, 
(B.)  being  the  most  frequented  of  any  in  the  world  ;  the  College  of 
France,  which  may  be  regarded  as  equivalent  to  a  university,  attended 
by  near  1,000  students  ;  the  Museum  of  Natural  History,  the  richest 
collection  of  the  kind  that  exists,  with  a  menagerie  and  botanic  garden; 
the  lectures  on  the  natural  sciences,  at  the  Botanic  garden  ( Jardin  des 
Plantes,  zhaRv-da.N'da  plaisrt),  are  attended  by  near  3,000  persons  :  the 
Polytechnic  School,  a  distinguished  institution,  which  has  been  imi- 
tated in  several  other  countries :  and  the  school  of  Astronomy  (at  the 
Observatory),  one  of  the  first  establishments  of  the  kind  existing  in 
any  country.  The  following  libraries  are  open  to  the  public :  the  Na- 
tional Library,  containing  above  500,000  vols.,  80,000  manuscripts, 
1,600,000  engravings,  and  100,000  medals  and  coins:  the  Library  of 
the  Arsenal,  with  180,000  vols,  and  5,000  manuscripts:  and  the  Library 
of  Sainte  Genevieve,  with  112,000  vols.  The  Library  of  the  Institute 
(not  public)  contains  70,000  vols.  There  are,  in  the  French  capital, 
numerous  learned  societies,  at  the  head  of  which  is  the  National  Insti- 
tute ;  this  establishment  for  a  long  time  comprehended  four  depart- 
ments, called  academies,  viz.,  the  French  Academy,  (L'Academie 
Franchise,  lav-kax-demx-e'  fraN-saze',)  the  office  of  which  is  the  regula- 
tion and  improvement  of  the  French  language :  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences; Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles-Lettres ;  and.  the  Academy 
of  the  Fine  Arts.  A  fifth  academy,  of  the  moral  and  political  sciences, 
has  been  added  by  Louis  Philippe,  the  last  king.  Among  the  multi- 
tude of  charitable  institutions  in  Paris,  there  are  17  hospitals,  5  of 
which  are  for  the  military.  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  48°  50' 
13"  N.,  Lon.  2°  20'  22£"  E.  Pop.  1,053,897.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Pa- 
risian, par-ish'-un  (Fr.  Parisien,  pav-rev-ze-aV  (masculine),  and  Pari 
sienne,  pax-rex-ze-enn'  (feminine). 

Park,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash.  Pop. 
14,968.     Co.  t.  Rockville. 

Par'-ma  or  paR'-ma,  Duchy  of,  an  independent  state  of  Northern 
Italy,  between  44°  22'  and  45°  8'  N.  Lat.  and  9°  20'  and  10°  37'  E.  Lon.; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Austrian  dominions,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Po,  E.  by  Modena,  S.  by  the  Modenese,  Tuscan,  and  Sardi- 
nian territories,  and  W.  by  the  dominions  of  Sardinia.  Its  extent,  from 
E.  to  W.,  is  above  60  m. ;  from  N.  to  S.,  near  50  m.  Area  estimated  at 
2,280  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1833, 465,673.  (M.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Parx-me-san/. 

Parma,  the  cap  of  the  preceding  duchy,  situated  in  a  fine  plain,  about 

2D 


442  PAR— PAT 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n<b,  n&t ;  55,  as  in  gooi 

12  m.  S.  of  the  Po.  It  is  surrounded  by  walls,  and  is  rather  more  than 
4  m.  in  circumference.  The  streets  are  wide  and  straight,  but  appear 
somewhat  dull  and  deserted.  Parma  has  a  superior  school  or  lyceum, 
with  the  chairs  of  theology,  medicine,  and  philosophy,  attended  by 
about 400  students;  a  public  library,  with  80,000  printed  vols,  and  4,000 
manuscripts;  and  several  other  literary  institutions.  The  Ducal  Gal- 
lery has  many  valuable  paintings,  by  some  of  the  first  Italian  masters: 
most  of  the  churches  of  Parma  are  adorned  with  those  of  Corregio. 
The  aucient  Parma  was  a  town  of  the  Etruscans :  it  became  a  Roman 
colony  at  the  same  time  as  Mutina  (now  Modena),  183  years  before 
Christ.  Lat.  44°  48'  N.,  Lon.  10°  27  'E.  Pop.  about  36,000.  (P.  C.  and 
M.)     Balbi,  however,  states  it  at  about  30,000. 

Parsonstown.     See  Birr. 

Pascagoula,  pasv-ka-gooMa,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  which 
flows  into  a  bay  of  the  same  name. 

Pasco  or  Cerro  Pasco,  scr'-ro  pas'-ko,  a  t.  of  Peru,  situated 
14,278  ft.  (P.  C.)  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  remarkable  for  its  silver 
mines,  which  are  among  the  richest  in  the  world.  Lat.  about  10°  40' 
S.,  Lon.  75°  43'  W.  Pop.  fluctuating,  between  12,000  and  16,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Pas-de-Calais,  pav  d'  ka'-la',  or  the  "  Strait  of  Calais,"  a  dep.  near 
the  N.  extremity  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Strait  of  Dover.  Pop. 
664,654.  (B.)     Capital,  Arras. 

Pas'-quo-tank  ,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  N.  C,  bordering 
on  Albemarle  Sound.     Pop.  8,950.     Co.  t.  Elizabeth  City. 

Pas-sa'-ic,  a  small  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  J.,  flowing  into  Newark 
Bay.  Near  Paterson  it  has  a  perpendicular  descent  of  50  ft.  and  a 
total  fall  of  70  ft.,  affording  an  immense  water-power. 

Passaic,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  N.  Y.  Pop. 
22,575.     Co.  t.  Paterson. 

Passau,  pas'-sou,  a  t.  and  important  fortress  of  Bavaria,  cap.  of  the 
circle  of  the  Lower  Danube,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Inn  and  the  lis 
(ilts)  with  the  Danube.  A  handsome  bridge,  resting  on  7  piers  of 
granite,  crosses  the  last-named  river,  which  is  754  ft.  wide.  Two 
suburbs,  the  one  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Inn,  and  the  other  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Hz,  are  called  respectively  Innstadt  and  Ilzstadt.  Passau 
is  in  48°  34'  N.  Lat.,  and  13°  28' E.  Lon.  Pop.,  including  the  suburbs, 
about  10,500.     (P.  C.) 

PatV\-go'-nj.-a,  an  extensive  country  of  S.  America,  occupying  the 
S.  extremity  of  the  continent,  and  extending  from  39°  to  <aear  54°  S. 
Lat.,  and  from  63°  to  75°  40'  W.  Lon.  It  is  separated  on  the  N.  from 
the  territories  of  La  Plata  by  the  r.  Negro;  the  line  which  divides  it 
from  Chili  is  not  accurately  determined  :  on  all  other  sides  it  is  bounded 
by  the  sea.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  1,060  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
from  E.  to  W.,  600  m.  The  area  is  probably  above  300,000  sq.  m.  The 
natives  of  this  country  are  called  Patagonians  ;  a  name  which  they 
received  from  Magellan,  on  account  of  the  supposed  magnitude  of  their 


PAT— PAV  443 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  rig. 

feet,*  which,  being  wrapped  up  in  skins,  probably  appeared  to  him 
much  above  their  actual  size.  The  Patagonians  have  in  fact  compara- 
tively small  feet  and  hands.  About  the  middle  of  the  last  century, 
Captain  Byron  met  with  a  number  of  these  people,  who,  if  we  may 
trust  his  statements,  were  not  less  than  8  ft.,  some  even  exceeding 
9  ft.  in  height.  It  appears,  however,  to  be  now  generally  admitted 
that  there  has  been  great  exaggeration  respecting  the  stature  of  the 
Patagonians:  nevertheless  they  are,  according  to  the  most  authentic 
information  we  possess,  the  tallest  people  of  whom  we  have  any  know- 
ledge ;  the  average  height  being  probably  above  6  ft.  The  plains  of 
Patagonia  appear  to  be  generally  sterile,  owing  partly  to  the  nature  of 
the  soil  and  partly  to  a  deficiency  of  rain.  The  climate,  though  cold 
in  winter,  is  said  to  be  healthy,  and  generally  pleasant. — Adj.  and  in- 
hab.  Pat^-a-go'-nj-an. 

Pat'-er-son,  a  flourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  N.  J.,  cap.  of  Passaic 
co.,  on  the  Passaic  r.,  near  the  falls,  17  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  N.  Y.  Pop. 
11,341. 

Pat'-na,  a  large  city  of  British  India,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Bahar, 
situated  on  the  Ganges,  near  300m.  N.  W.  of  Calcutta.  Lat.  25°  37 
N.,  Lon.  85°  15'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  300,000.     (M.) 

Pa-tras'  (Anc.  Pat'rse),  a  seaport  t.  of  Greece,  on  the  N.  N.  W. 
coast  of  the  Morea.  It  sufFered  extremely  in  the  war  of  independence, 
but  appears  now  to  be  rapidly  recovering  its  former  prosperity.  Lat. 
38°  14'  N.,  Lon.  21°  47'  E.     Pop.  probably  above  8,000.     (B.) 

Pat'-rick,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  N.  C.     Pop.  9,609.     Co.  t.  Taylorsville. 

Pau,  po,  a  t.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  the 
Lower  Pyrenees,  on  a  small  river  called  the  Gave  de  Pau  (gav  d'  po), 
an  affluent  of  the  Adour.  It  is  regularly  laid  out  and  well  built.  As 
a  pleasant  and  healthy  residence,  it  is  much  resorted  to  by  strangers, 
especially  by  the  English.  It  contains  an  academie.  universitaire,  a 
roy.il  college,  and  other  institutions.  Pau  is  remarkable  as  the  birth- 
place of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  of  Bernadotte,  the  late  kinc  of 
Sweden.     Lat.  43°  18°  N.,  Lon.  0°  22'  W.     Pop.  11,959.     (M.) 

Paul'-ding,  a  co.  in  the  iN.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
7,039.     Seat  of  justice,  Paulding  c.  h. 

Paulding,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ohio,  bordering  on 
Ind.     Pop.  1,766.     Co.  t.  Paulding. 

Pavia,  pa-vee'-a,!  (Anc.  Tici'num,)  a  city  and  celebrated  seat  of 
learning  in  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  is  situated 
on  the  Ticino,  19  m.  S.  of  Milan.  At  the  head  of  its  numerous  lite- 
rary and  scientific  institutions,  stands  the  University,  the  first  in  Italy, 
which,  among  its  professors  in  our  own  times,  can  boast  of  Scarpa, 

*  Patagon  (pat-a-gone')  in  Spanish  signifies  a  large  foot. 
1  "  And  now  appear  as  on  a  phosphor  sea. 
Numberless  barks  from  Milan,  from  Pavia." 

Rogers'  Italy,  Part  First  VII 


444  PAX-PEI 

Fate,  fAr,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

Voita,  Configliacchi,  and  other  distinguished  men.  It  has  three  facul- 
ties, those  of  law,  medicine  and  philosophy.  It  is  particularly  cele- 
brated as  a  school  of  medicine.  The  University  of  Pavia  was  founded 
by  Charlemagne,  and  restored  in  the  14th  century  by  Galeazzo  Vis- 
conti ;  but  it  owes  its  present  form  and  institutions  to  the  empress 
Maria  Theresa,  and  her  enlightened  minister,  count  Firmian.  The 
number  of  students  is  about  1,400.  Pavia  was  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  *  Lombard  kings,  and  was  afterwards  the  capital  of  one  of  the 
short-lived  Italian  republics.  From  its  numerous  public  edifices,  it  was 
called  "  the  City  of  a  Hundred  Towers,"  but  its  magnificence  and  fame 
belong  to  another  age,  and  it  has  long  been  in  a  state  of  paralysis  and 
decay.  Lat.  45°  11'  N.,  Lon.  9°  10'  E.  Pop.  near  24,000.  (B.)— Adj. 
and  inhab.  Pavian,  pa-vee'-an. 

Pax'-o  (Anc.  Pax^os),  the  smallest  of  the  seven  Ionian  Islands,  situ- 
ated about  10  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Corfu.  It  is  scarcely  5  m.  long.  Pop.  in 
1836,  5,287.     (M.) 

Paz,  La,  la  paz,  (Sp.  pron.  la  path,)  an  important  commercial  city  of 
S.  America,  in  Bolivia,  cap.  of  a  dep.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  E.  de- 
clivity of  the  Andes,  12,170  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  near  16°  30' 
S.  Lat.,  and  68°  10'  W.  Lon.     Pop.  above  20,000.     (P.  C.) 

Pearl  River,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Miss., 
and  flowing  southerly,  falls  into  L.  Borgne.  Its  length  is  above  250  m., 
but  its  navigation  is  impeded  by  drift-wood,  shallows,  and  sand-bars. 

Pearl'-ing-ton,  a  port  of  entry  of  Miss.,  in  Hancock  co.,  on  the  E. 
side  of  Pearl  r. 

Pee'-bles,  an  inland  co.  in  the  S.  of  Scotland.  Pop.  10,499. — Also, 
a  small  t,  cap.  of  the  above,  on  the  Tweed,  22  m.  S.  of  Edinburgh. 

Pe'-dee',  Great,  a  r.  that  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  in  which 
state  it  is  called  the  Yad'-kin,  and  flowing  in  a  general  south-easterly 
direction  through  S.  C,  falls  into  the  Atlantic  near  33°  10'  N.  Lat. 
Near  its  mouth  it  is  joined  by  the  Little  Pedee,  and  other  streams, 
which  form  an  estuary  named  Winyaw  bay.  It  has  a  sloop  navigation 
of  130  m. 

Pegu,  pe-goo',  a  former  kingdom  of  Chin-India,  now  forming  the  S. 
portion  of  the  Birman  empire. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Peguan,  pe-goo'-an. 

Pegu  (called  Ba-goo'  by  the  natives),  a  decayed  city  of  the  Birman  em- 
pire, the  ancient  cap.  of  the  above  kingdom,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
an  affluent  of  the  Irrawaddy.  Here  is  the  famous  temple  of  Shoomadoo, 
being  a  pyramid  of  brick,  331  ft.  high,  with  a  base  162  ft.  square.  It  is 
surmounted  by  a  sort  of  umbrella,  made  of  iron,  and  gilt,  nearly  20  ft. 
in  diameter.  Lat.  17°  40'  N.,  Lon.  96°  20'  E.  The  pop.  of  Pegu  is 
said  to  have  formerly  amounted  to  150,000,  but  the  place  is  now  in 
ruins,  and  almost  deserted. 

Pe'ipus,  pa'e-pooce  or  Tchood'-sko-e,  a  large  lake  in  the  W.  part  of 
European  Russia,  between  57°  43'  and  59°  N.  Lat,  and  26°  56'  and 
28°  10'  E.  Lon.  Extreme  length,  about  85  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  32  m. 
The  southern  portion,  which  is  joined  to  the  rest  by  a  strait  not  2  m. 
wide,  is  called  the  L.  of  Pskof,  being  situated  principally  within  thar 


PEK— PEN  445 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

government.     The  Peipus  communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Finland  by 
the  r.  Narova  or  Narva. 

Peeking'  or  Pe'kin'  (signifying,  it  is  said,  the  "  Northern  Capital"), 
the  largest  city  of  China,  and  the  seat  of  the  imperial  government,  is  si- 
tuated not  far  from  the  left  bank  of  the  Pei-Ho  (pa-ho^  with  which  river 
it  is  connected  by  a  narrow  canal,  about  a  hundred  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  the 
Gulf  of  Petchelee.  It  is  about  19  m.  (15,400  toises)  in  circumference, 
exclusive  of  the  suburbs.  Peking  is  composed  of  two  parts,  entirely 
distinct  from  each  other,  viz.  the  Imperial  Town  (called  also  the  Tar- 
tar Town,  because  it  was  founded  by  the  present  Tartar  dynasty,  and 
because  the  greater  number  of  the  inhabitants  are  Mantchoos),  con- 
taining the  imperial  palace,  and  the  great  offices  for  the  administration 
of  the  empire;  and  the  Chinese  Town,  called  likewise  the  External 
Town,  from  its  being  situated  without  the  walls  of  the  principal  city. 
Though  itself  enclosed  by  walls,  this  is,  properly  speaking,  only  a 
suburb.  The  walls  are  about  40  ft.  high  and  twenty  feet  thick  at  the 
base.  There  are  16  gates,  over  each  of  which  is  a  watch-tower  9 
stories  high,  and  in  each  story  are  port-holes  for  cannon.  The  roads 
leading  to  Peking  are  paved  with  blocks  of  granite ;  the  streets  of  the 
city  are  not  paved,  but  are  constantly  watered  to  keep  down  the  dust. 
The  streets  of  the  Imperial  Town  are  broad,  straight,  and  very  clean. 
The  principal  ones  vary  from  140  to  200  ft.  in  breadth.  (P.  C.)  The 
houses  are  usually  not  higher  than  one  story.  The  wooden  columns  in 
front  of  the  shops  are  painted  red  and  blue,  and  are  sometimes  gilt.  In 
many  places  arches  resembling  the  triumphal  arches  of  Europe,  built 
of  wood,  and  richly  decorated,  cross  the  streets.  These  structures  are 
erected  for  the  purpose  of  honouring  such  persons  of  either  sex  as  have 
been  distinguished  for  their  virtue,  their  learning,  or  for  important  ser- 
vices rendered  to  the  state.  The  imperial  buildings  are  covered  with 
yellow  tiles,  those  of  the  princes  with  green,  and  all  the  other  houses 
with  gray  tiles.  Peking  is  the  seat  of  the  great  National  College  or 
University,  in  which  is  said  to  be  concentrated  all  the  learning  of 
China.  The  Imperial  Library  is  unquestionably  the  largest  which 
exists  out  of  Europe  :  it  is  estimated  to  contain  what  is  equivalent  to  at 
least  300,000  of  our  octavo  volumes.  (B.)  In  the  cabinet  of  natural 
history,  belonging  to  the  emperor,  the  specimens  are  accompanied  by 
representations  in  painting,  which  are  executed  with  scrupulous  fidelity. 
The  Imperial  Observatory  is  in  39°  54'  13"  N.  Lat.,  and  116°  27'  54"  E. 
Lon.  The  pop.  of  Peking  is  variously  estimated,  from  600,000  or 
700,(K)0  to  3,000,000  ;  Balbi  gives  1,300,0C0  as  the  most  probable  esti- 
mate.    The  garrison  is  supposed  to  amount  to  80,000. 

Pembroke,  pemr-br66k,  a  seaport  town  of  Wales,  cap.  of  Pembroke- 
shire, on  the  margin  of  Dounpool,  an  inlet  on  the  S.  side  of  Milford 
Haven.     Lat.  51°  40'  N.,  Lon.  4°  53'  VV. 

Pembrokeshire,  pem'-brook-shir,  a  co.  occupying  the  S.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Wales.     Pop.  88,044. 

Pen'-dle-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  S.  branch 
of  the  Potomac.     Pop.  5,795.     Co.  t.  Franklin. 
38 


446  PEN— PEN 

Fate,  f  ar,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good * 

Pendleton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Kentucky,  intersected  by 
the  Licking  r.,  and  bordering  on  the  Ohio.  Pop.  6,774.  Co.  t.  Fal- 
mouth. 

Pennx-syl-va'-nx-a,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  situated  between 
39°  40'  and  4*2°  16'  N.  Lat.  (almost  the  whole  of  the  northern  boundary 
runs  upon  the  42d  parallel),  and  74°  45' and  80°  30'  W.  Lon.;  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  L.  Erie  and  New  York,  E.  by  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  r.  Delaware,  S.  by  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
and  W.  by  Virginia  and  Ohio;  and  divided  into  63  counties.*  Length, 
from  E.  to  W.,  about  300  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  170  m.; 
with  the  exception,  however,  of  the  most  western  portion,  the  breadth 
is  equal  in  all  parts,  being  rather  more  than  150  m.  Area  estimated 
at  46,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  2,311,786.  Pennsylvania  is  distinguished  above 
the  other  states  of  the  Union,  by  her  extraordinary  mineral  wealth. 
Anthracite  coal  is  found  in  exceeding  abundance  in  the  counties  of 
Schuylkill,  Carbon  and  Luzerne,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  Bitu- 
minous coal  occurs  in  great  quantities  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Pitts- 
burg, on  the  western  declivity  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  in  other  places. 
There  are  also  rich  mines  of  iron  ore  and  extensive  quarries  of  marble. 
Harrisburg  is  the  capital. — Inhab.  Pennn-syl-va'-ni,-an. 

Pe-nob'-scot,  the  largest  r.  in  Maine,  of  which  the  principal  branch 
rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  state,  and,  flowing  at  first  south-easterly, 
traverses  Chesuncook  lake.  Afterwards,  having  received  the  eastern 
branch,  it  takes  a  southerly  course,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  about 
44°  N.  Lat.  and  69°  VV.  Lon.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  above  250  m. 
It  is  navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Bangor,  more  than  50  m.  from  the 
sea. 

Penobscot,  a  co.  of  Maine,  on  the  above  r.,  extending  from  near  the 
Atlantic  coast,  northward,  to  the  border  of  Canada.  Pop.  63,089.  Co. 
t.  Bangor. 

Pen-ryn',  a  t.  of  England,  in  Cornwall,  1^  m.  N.  W.  of  Falmouth. 
Pop.  3,337.     _ 

Penx-sa-co'-la,  a  port  of  entry  of  Florida,  in  Escambia  co.,  situated  on 
Pensacola  Bay,  10  m.  from  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Pop. 
2,164.     Lat.  30°  28'  N.,  Lon.  87°  12'  W. 

Pen'-za  or  Pensa,  a  flourishing  t.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  European 
Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Soora  (Sura),  an  afflu- 
ent of  the  Volga.  Lat.  53°  12'  N.,  Lon.  about  44°  30'  E.  Pop.  11,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Pen-zance',  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Cornwall,  8  m.  E.  by  N.  of 
Land's-end.     Pop.  8,578. 

#  Adams,  Alleghany,  Armstrong,  Beaver,  Bedford,  Berks,  Bradford,  Bucks, 
Butler,  Cambria,  Centre,  Chester,  Clearfield,  Clinton,  Columbia,  Crawford,  Cumber- 
land, Dauphin,  Delaware,  Elk,  Erie,  Fayette,  Franklin, Greene,  Huntingdon,  Indiana, 
Jefferson,  Juniata,  Lancaster,  Lebanon,  Lehigh,  Luzerne,  Lycoming,  McKean, 
Mercer,  Mifflin,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Northampton,  Northumberland,  Perry, 
Philadelphia,  Pike,  Potter,  Schuylkill,  Somerset,  Susquehanna,  Tioga,  Union, 
Venango,  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne,  Westmoreland,  Wyoming,  York,  Blair, 
Carbon,  Clarion,  Fulton,  Lawrence,  Montour,  Sullivan. 


PEO— PER  447 

oa,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Pe-o'-rj-a,  a  co.  in  the  N.  VV.  central  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the 
Illinois  r.     Pop.  17,547.  Co.  t.  Peoria. 

Perigueux,  per'-rev-gu/^,  (Anc.  Vesun'na;  afterwards  Petroco'rii,) 
a  commercial  and  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Dor- 
dogne,  on  the  Isle  (eel),  an  affluent  of  the  Dordogne.  There  are  a 
number  of  interesting  antiquities  in  its  vicinity.  Lat  45°  11'  N.,  Lon. 
0°  44'  E.     Pop.  9,329.     (B.) 

Perm  (Russ.  pron.  peam),  a  t.  in  the  E.  part  of  European  Russia,  cap. 
of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  r.  Kama.  Lat.  58°  1'  N.,  Lon.  56° 
26  E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Pernambuco,  peR-nam-boo'-ko,  called  also  Cidade  do  Recife,  se- 
da/-da  do  ra-see'-fa,  (i.  e.  the  "  city  of  the  reef,"  so  named  from  the 
extensive  reef  which  defends  the  harbour  from  the  swell  of  the  ocean,) 
a  flourishing  city  and  seaport  of  Brazil,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  situated  on  the  Atlantic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Capabaribe, 
210  m.  N.  E.  of  Bahia.  It  is  the  third  town  of  Brazil,  in  commercial 
importance.  Lat.  8°  4'  S.,  Lon.  34°  50'  W.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi 
at  60,000. 

Pernau,  p(W-nou,  a  seaport  t.  of  European  Russia,  on  the  Gulf  of 
Riga,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name.  Lat.  58°  22' N.,  Lon. 
24°  31 '  E.     Pop.  9,000.     (M.) 

Perpignan,  piRx-peenv-yaN',  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of  France,  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  the  Eastern  Pyrenees,  on  the  r.  Thet,  about  80  m.  S.  W.  of 
Montpellier.  It  possesses  a  library  of  15,000  vols.,  and  other  literary 
institutions.     Lat.  42°  42'  N.,  Lon.  2°  54'  E.     Pop.  16,733.      (M.) 

Per-quim'-ans,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  N.  C,  N.  of,  and  bordering 
on  Albemarle  Sound.     Pop.  7,331.     Co.  t.  Hertford. 

Per'-ry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  Juniata  and 
Susquehanna  rivers.     Pop.  20,088.     Co.  t.  Bloomfield. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  Ca- 
havvba  r.     Pop.  22,285.     Co.  t.  Marion. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  Leaf  r.,  a 
branch  of  the  Pascagoula.     Pop.  2,438.     Co.  seat,  Augusta. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Arkan- 
sas r.    Pop.  978. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  western  part  of  Tenn.,  intersected  by  the  Ten- 
nessee r.     Pop.  5,822.     Co.  t.  Perrysburg. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky?,  on  the  sources  of  the  Ken- 
tucky r.     Pop.  2,192.     Co.  t.  Hazard. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ohio,  between  the  Hocking 
and  Muskingum  rivers.     Pop.  20,775.     Co.  t.  Somerset. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop 
7,268.     Co.  t.  Rome. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Kaskaskia  r. 
Pop.  5,278.     Co.  t.  Pinckneyville. 

Perry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Kas- 

"aa  r.     Pop.  7,215.     Co.  t.  Perrysville. 

Persia,  per'-she-a,  (called  by  the  natives  Iran  eev-ran' ;  Gr.  nspirtj) 


448  PER— PER 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good; 

an  extensive  country  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Asia,  between  25° 
and  40=  N.  Lat.,  and  44°  and  62°  E.  Lon.  Its  political  boundaries 
have  varied  greatly  at  different  epochs,  sometimes  including-  Armenia, 
Georgia,  Bokhara,  and  sometimes  reduced  to  less  than  its  natural  li- 
mits. These  are,  on  the  S.  the  Indian  Ocean  and  the  Persian  Gulf;  on 
the  S.  W.  and  W.  the  Tigris ;  on  the  N.  the  Aras  and  the  Caspian  Sea ; 
and  on  the  E.  the  Indus.  The  north-eastern  limit  is  not  determined  by 
any  natural  boundary.  At  present,  however,  the  territories  of  Persia 
are  much  more  circumscribed  ;  the  extensive  provinces  of  Afghanistan 
and  Beloochistan  are  quite  independent,  while  a  considerable  tract 
of  land  E.  of  the  Tigris  is  possessed  by  Turkey.  The  greatest  extent 
of  Persia  (with  its  present  boundaries),  from  E.  to  W.,  may  be  near 
1,000  m. ;  from  N.  to  S.,  about  800  m.  Area,  450,000  sq.  m.  Pop. 
9,000,000.  (B.)  The  greater  part  of  Persia  is  an  elevated  plain,  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  which  is  desert.  Indeed,  the  whole  country,  with 
slight  exceptions,  is  very  sparingly  watered;  much,  however,  is  done 
by  irrigation,  to  overcome  this  natural  defect.  Persia  has  nearly  all 
the  agricultural  products  of  southern  Europe,  besides  several  that  are 
ordinarily  found  only  in  the  tropics.  The  religion  is  Mahometanism ; 
the  government  a  military  despotism.  Teheran  is  the  capital. — Adj. 
and  inhab.  Persian,  per'-she-an. 

Persian  Gulf,  an  extensive  arm  of  the  Indian  Ocean,  situated  be- 
tween Persia  and  Arabia,  and  extending  from  24°  to  30°  10'  N.  Lat., 
and  from  48°  to  57°  E.  Lon.  Length  about  600  m. ;  greatest  breadth 
near  230  m. 

Per'-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  sources  of  the  Neuse, 
and  bordering  on  Va.     Pop.  10,781.  Co.  t.  Roxboro. 

Perth,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Scotland,  and  once  the  residence  of  the 
Scottish  kings,  cap.  of  Perthshire,  is  situated  on  the  Tay,  33  m.  N.  by 
W.  of  Edinburgh.     Lat.  56°  24'  N.,  Lon.  3°  25'  W.     Pop.  19,293. 

Perth  Amboy.     See  Amboy. 

Perthshire,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the 
Frith  of  Tay.'    Pop.  137,390. 

Peru,  pe-roo',  (Lat.  Peru'via,)  a  country  of  S.  America,  situated  be- 
tween 3°  20'  and  22°  S.  Lat,  and  68°  and  81°  20'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded 
on  the  N.  by  Ecuador,  E.  by  Brazil,  S.  by  Bolivia,  S.W.  and  W.  by  the 
Pacific.  Length,  from  N.  N.  W.  to  S.  S.  E.,  near  1,500  m. ;  greatest 
breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  above  900  m. ;  area  estimated  at  500,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  1,700,000.  (B.)  It  may  be  observed  that  the  name  of  Peru  was 
formerly  applied  to  a  country  far  more  extensive  than  the  territories  of 
the  present  republic ;  but  the  southern  portion,  called  Upper  Peru,  after 
the  Spanish  power  was  overthrown  in  1824,  was  formed  into  an  inde- 
pendent state  (in  1825),  and  received  the  appellation  of  Bolivia.  The 
climate  of  this  extensive  country  varies  according  to  the  elevation  of 
the  land,  its  proximity  to  the  sea,  and  other  circumstances.  Along  the 
whole  coast  S.  of  Cape  Blanco,  a  drop  of  rain  never  falls;  but  for  nearly 
five  months,  from  June  to  November,  the  earth  is  covered  with  a  fog. 
During  this  period,  the  ground  is  constantly  moistened  and  fertilized  by 


PER— PES  449 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  dew  caused  by  the  condensation  of  the  fog.  During"  this  period, 
which  may  be  said  to  constitute  the  winter  of  the  lower  countries, 
the  higher  regions  enjoy  fine  weather  and  have  their  summer.  But 
in  January,  the  rains  on  the  mountains  commence,  and  continue  about 
three  months.  The  climate  of  Peru  is  not  so  hot  as  might  be  supposed. 
In  summer,  the  weather  is  delightfully  fine,  and  the  heat  is  moderated 
by  the  sea  and  land  breezes.  The  mean  annual  temperature,  according 
to  Humboldt,  is  72°,  the  maximum  82°,  and  the  minimum  55;.  Nearly 
all  the  animals  peculiar  to  S.  America  are  found  in  Peru,  as  the  jaguar, 
the  puma,  the  sloth,  the  armadillo,  the  ant-eater,  &c.  Among  the  vege- 
table productions  of  this  country,  we  may  particularly  notice  the  cin- 
chona, the  tree  or  shrub  which  yields  the  Peruvian  bark.  This  plant, 
which  is  pecular  to  S.  America,  and  is  most  abundantly  found  in  the 
extensive  country  formerly  comprehended  under  the  name  of  Peru,  re- 
quires a  temperature  considerably  lower  than  that  which  usually  pre- 
vails in  tropical  regions,  and  is  said  seldom  to  grow  at  a  less  elevation 
than  4,000  ft.  above  the  sea.  Peru  is  particularly  noted  for  its  wealth 
in  silver  and  gold ;  but  many  of  the  mines,  which  were  formerly  very 
productive,  have  either  become  exhausted,  or  from  other  causes  are  no 
longer  worked.  The  government  of  Peru  is  a  federal  republic,  resem- 
bling, in  many  of  its  features,  that  of  the  United  States.  Lima  is  the 
capital. — -Adj.  and  inhab.  Pe-ru'-vi.-an.     (Sp.  Peruano,  pa-roo-a/-no.) 

Perugia,  pa-roo'-ja,  (Anc.  Peru'sia,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal 
state,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  a  hill  not  far  from  the  right 
bank  of  the  Tiber,  85  m.  N.  of  Rome.  It  has  a  university,  attended  by 
300  or  400  students,  with  a  library  of  30,000  vols.  Perusia  was  an 
important  city  of  ancient  Etruria,  and  some  highly  interesting  Etruscan 
antiquities  have  been  recently  found  in  the  present  town  and  its  vici- 
nity. Lat.  43°  T  N.,  Lon.  12°  22'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  30,000.  (B. 
and  M.)* 

Pesaro,  pa/-sa-ro,  (Anc.  Pisau'rum),  a  seaport  t.  of  Italy,  in  the 
Papal  state,  on  the  Foglia  (fole'-ya),  near  its  entrance  into  the  Adriatic. 
Lat.  43°  55'  N.,  Lon.  12°  54'  E.'    Pop.  about  12,000.     (B.) 

Peshawer,  peshv-our',  a  city  of  Afghanistan,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the 
same  name,  and  formerly  one  of  the  residences  of  the  kings  of  Cabool,  is 
situated  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  plain,  watered  by  several  branches 
of  the  Cabool  r.  Lat.  34°  6'  N.,  Lon.  about  71°  30'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
in  1809  at  100,000,  but  at  present  it  is  probably  below  70,000.     (B.) 

Pesth  (Hung.  pron.  pesht),  the  handsomest,  most  populous,  and  most 
commercial  t.  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  op- 
posite to  Buda,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  of  boats.  The 
streets  are,  for  the  most  part,  wide  and  straight,  and  are  adorned  with 
several  handsome  public  buildings.  Thouo-h  Buda  is  the  residence  of 
the  viceroy  and  the  cap.  of  the  kingdom,  Pesth  is  the  seat  of  the  chief 
judicial  courts  of  Hungary.     This  town  possesses  a  university  founded 

*  The  population  of  Perugia,  with  its  suburbs,  is  stated  by  the  P.  C.  (on  the 
authority  orTalindri)  at  15,000. 
38* 


450  PET— PET 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

in  1635,  at  Tyrnau ;  which  in  1777  was  transferred  to  Buda,  and  in 
1784  to  Pesth.  It  is  one  of  the  most  richly  endowed  in  Europe,  and 
possesses  a  library  of  60,000  vols.,  a  cabinet  of  natural  history,  and  seve- 
ral other  similar  establishments.  There  are  49  professors,  and  above 
1,000  students.  The  National  Museum  of  Pesth  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  in  Europe,  as  well  for  its  rich  collection  of  coins  and  me- 
dals, as  for  its  valuable  library,  which  contains,  among  other  works, 
numerous  manuscripts  from  distinguished  Hungarian  writers.  Lat.  47° 
30'  N.,  Lon.  19°  4'  E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  above  75,000. 

Pe'-ter-bo' -rough,  also  written  Peterburgh,  a  small  city  of  Eng- 
land, in  Northamptonshire,  75  m.  N.  by  E.  of  London.     Pop.  6,107. 

Pe'-ter-head,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Aberdeenshire,  on  the  Ger- 
man Ocean.     Lat.  57°  32'  N.,  Lon.  1°  47'  W.     Pop.  4,586. 

Pe'-ters-burg,  St.  (Russ.  Peterburg,  pa^-ter-boorgv),  the  largest 
city  of  the  Russian  empire,  and  the  seat  of  the  imperial  government, 
situated  at  the  E.  extremity  of  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  where  it  receives 
the  r.  Neva.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands  is  low  and  swampy, 
and  the  surrounding  country  is  a  morass  and  forest,  except  where  it  has 
been  ameliorated  by  industry  and  art.  St.  Petersburg,  now  regarded 
as  the  most  magnificent  city  in  the  world,  was  founded  in  1703,  by 
Peter  the  Great,  but  is  chiefly  indebted  for  its  beauty  and  grandeur  to 
the  empress  Catharine  II.  Since  her  time,  it  has  been  still  further 
improved,  and  at  present  is  altogether  unrivalled  among  the  capitals  of 
Europe  for  the  width  and  regularity  of  its  streets,  the  length  and  mag- 
nificence of  its  quays,  and  the  elegance  of  its  squares  and  public  build- 
ings. The  streets  are  from  60  to  120  ft.  wide,  and  appear  to  be  lined 
with  palaces.  Among  the  multitude  of  remarkable  edifices,  we  may 
name  the  Cathedral  of  Kasan :  the  Church  of  St.  Isaac,  built  entirely 
of  marble;  when  finished,  it  will  probably  be  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
Russian  capital  :  the  Palace  of  the  Hermitage,  the  favourite  residence 
of  Catharine  II.,  by  whom  it  was  built;  it  contains  a  costly  library,  a 
collection  of  paintings,  and  other  treasures :  and  the  New  Michailof 
(me-Ki'-lof)  Palace,  the  residence  of  the  grand-duke  Michael.  St.  Pe- 
tersburg contains  several  noble  monuments,  at  the  head  of  which  stands 
the  magnificent  equestrian  statue  of  Peter  the  Great.  The  Field  of 
Mars,  adoned  with  a  statue  of  Suvarof  (Suwarow),  will  admit  of  40,000 
or  50,000  men  being  reviewed  in  it.  Among  the  literary  and  scientific 
institutions  of  the  Russian  metropolis,  may  be  mentioned  the  Univer- 
sity, founded  in  1819:  the, Academy  of  Sciences,  founded  by  Peter  the 
Great,  on  the  plan  of  Leibnitz,  with  a  library  of  100,000  vols. :  the 
Medico-Chirurgical  Academy,  founded  by  Peter  the  Great,  and  reor- 
ganized by  Alexander;  connected  with  it  are  two  extensive  hospitals: 
and  the  Imperial  Public  Library,  containing  above  400,000  vols.  The 
hospitals  and  charitable  institutions  of  all  descriptions  are  numerous 
and  well  supported,  the  virtue  of  charity  being  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent features  of  the  Russian  character.  St.  Petersburg  is  the  greatest 
manufacturing  city,  and  has  the  most  extensive  foreign  trade,  of  any  in 
the  empire.     It  is  the  residence  of  a  Roman  Catholic  archbishop  and  a 


PET— PHI  451 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  tig. 

Greek  Metropolitan.  The  observatofv  is  in  59°  56'  31"  N.  Lat.,  and 
30°  18'  57"  E.  Lon.  Pop.  in  1846,  500,000  ;  deducting  the  mili- 
tary and  strangers,  the  number  of  inhabitants  is  said  not  to  exceed 
400,000. 

Pe'-ters-burg,  a  flourishing  t.  and  port  of  entry  in  Va.,  on  the  Ap- 
pomattox, 21m.  S.  by  E.  of  Richmond.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  an 
active  trade,  and  considerable  manufactures.  Lat.  37°  14'  N.,  Lon.  77° 
20' W.     Pop.  11,136. 

Peterwardein,  pex-ter-war'-dine,  (Ger.  pron.  pa-ter-w<W-dine,)  a 
small  t.  and  important  frontier  fortress  of  Slavonia,  on  the  Danube.  It 
is  a  place  of  extraordinary  strength,  both  by  nature  and  art,  and  has 
been  styled  "the  Gibraltar  of  Hungary."  Lat.  45°  15'  N.,  Lon.  19° 
55'  E.     Pop.,  including  the  garrison,  stated  at  6,500.     (P.  C.) 

Pet^-tis,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Mis- 
souri r.     Pop.  5,150.     Co.  t.  Georgetown. 

Pezenas,  pez'-na',  (Anc.  Piscenee,)  a  t.  in  the  S.  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Herault,  24  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Montpellier.    Pop.  7,490.    (M.) 

Phil'-a-del'-phi-a,  a  port  of  entry,  the  second  city  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  metropolis  of  Pennsylvania,  is  situated  between  the 
rivers  Delaware  and  Schuylkill,  about  6  m.  above  their  confluence, 
and  about  130  m.  in  a  straight  line,  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Washington.  It 
is  laid  out  with  extreme  regularity;  the  streets,  with  scarcely  an  ex- 
ception, crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  The  city  has  an  air  of 
remarkable  neatness,  and  many  of  the  streets  are  very  handsome, 
though  there  is  but  little  variety  in  the  appearance  of  the  houses. 
Among  the  remarkable  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the  State  House,  a 
plain  brick  building,  situated  in  Chesnut  street,  a  third  of  a  mile  from 
the  Delaware,  remarkable  for  containing  the  hall  in  which  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence  was  signed :  the  Custom  House,  formerly  the 
United  States  Bank,  situated  in  the  same  street,  E.  of  and  near  the 
State  House,  a  marble  edifice,  built  on  the  model  of  the  Parthenon: 
the  United  States  Mint,  built  also  of  marble,  in  Chesnut  street  about 
midway  between  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill ;  it  is  the  principal,  and 
was,  until  recently,  the  only  place  in  the  Union  where  coin  is  struck  : 
the  Girard  College  for  Orphans,  situated  about  2  m.  N.  W.  of  the 
centre  of  the  city,  a  magnificent  structure,  which  is  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  Corinthian  columns;  not  only  the  walls  and  columns, 
but  even  the  roof  and  floors  are  of  marble:  and  the  Eastern  Peniten- 
tiary, an  establishment  in  which  the  system  of  solitary  confinement 
has  been  resorted  to  with  distinguished  success.  In  literary  and 
scientific  institutions,  Philadelphia,  perhaps,  ranks  higher  than  any 
other  city  in  the  United  States.  The  Philadelphia  Library,  com- 
menced in  1731,  by  Franklin,  now  contains  about  65,000  volumes ;  the 
American  Philosophical  Society,  founded  in  1843,  has  among  its 
members  distinguished  men  in  all  parts  of  the  world  ;  its  library 
contains  14,000  volumes  ;  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  pos- 
sesses a  well-chosen  scientific  library  of  about  12,000  volumes,  and, 
besides  numerous  specimens  in  the  other  departments  of  natural  his- 


452  PHI— PHI 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fit;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

tory,  the  most  extensive  collection  of  plants  in  America :  the  Phila- 
delphia Athenoeum,  founded  in  1814,  has  a  library  of  near  10,000 
vols. :  the  Franklin  Institute  for  the  promotion  of  the  mechanic  and 
useful  arts,  has  annual  exhibitions  of  American  manufactures  and 
inventions.  Philadelphia  is  particularly  distinguished  as  a  seat  of 
medical  science :  the  medical  department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, founded  in  1765,  and  the  Jefferson  Medical  College,  founded  in 
1824,  are  justly  regarded  as  the  first  institutions  of  the  kind  in  America. 
Among  the  charitable  establishments  of  this  city,  we  may  mention  the 
Alms  House,  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  S.  W.  of  the 
City  Proper,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  containing"  an  extensive 
medical  library,  and  a  painting-,  by  West,  of  Christ  healing  the  Sick, 
presented  to  the  institution  by  the  illustrious  artist  himself.  Philadel- 
phia is  the  greatest  manufacturing  town  in  the  Union,  and  the  multi- 
tude of  ignorant  and  degraded  persons  who  are  usually  congregated  in 
such  places,  has  doubtless  been  an  influential  cause  of  the  riots  with 
which  the  city  has  so  frequently  of  late  been  afflicted  and  disgraced. 
Philadelphia  is  abundantly  supplied  with  excellent  water  from  the 
Schuylkill.  Water-wheels,  turned  by  the  river,  are  employed  to  force 
the  water  up  into  extensive  reservoirs,  situated  on  the  top  of  Fair- 
mount,  (about  li  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  the  densety  inhabited  part  of  the 
city,)  whence  it  is  distributed  to  every  part  of  the  town.  The  scenery 
around  the  water-works,  including  Fairmount,  with  its  six  reservoirs, 
resembling  so  many  beautiful  lakes,  is  truly  enchanting.  The  water 
supplying  the  suburbs  of  Spring  Garden  and  Northern  Liberties  is 
raised  from  the  river  by  means  of  steam,  a  separate  system  of  water- 
works having  recently  been  constructed.  At  Fairmount  the  Schuyl- 
kill is  crossed  by  a  handsome  wire  suspension-bridge,  343  ft.  in  length, 
the  first  of  the  kind  which  has  been  erected  in  this  country.  Philadel- 
phia contains  a  navy  yard,  in  which  have  been  built  several  of  the 
finest  vessels  in  the  United  States'  navy.  Lat.  of  the  High  School 
Observatory,  39°  57'  8"  N.,  Lon.  75°  10'  29"  W.  Pop.,  including  the 
suburbs,  374,232. — Inhab.  Philv-a-del'-phi-an. 

Philadelphia,  a  co.  of  Pa.,  including  the  above  city,  which  is  its 
seat  of  justice.     Entire  pop.  408,762. 

Phillip-pine  Islands,  a  numerous  group,  situated  in  the  eastern 
seas,  between  5°  and  19°  N.  Lat.,  and  117°  and  126°  E.  Lon.  The 
principal  are  Luzon,  Mindinao,  Panay,  Palawan,  Samar,  Zebu  or  Cebu, 
and  Mindoro,  which  are  noticed  under  their  respective  names.  The 
Philippines  were  discovered  in  1521,  by  Magellan,  (who  was  killed  in 
one  of  the  islands,)  since  which  time  they  have  remained  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Spanish,  who  appear  to  have  settlements  on  all  the  larger 
islands.  The  aboriginal  inhabitants  consist  of  two  races,  the  Malays, 
and  a  tribe  of  negroes  called  Negritos  (na-gree'-toce).  The  former  have, 
with  some  exceptions,  submitted  to  the  sway  of  the  Spaniards,  and 
embraced  Christianity.  They  are  the  proprietors  of  the  soil,  and  are 
treated  by  the  Spaniards  as  free  subjects.  They  are  said  to  be  weL 
lodged,  clothed,  and  abundantly  supplied  with  food,  so  that  their  con- 


PHI— PIE  453 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

dition  is  perhaps  superior  to  that  of  the  peasantry  in  many  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. The  Negritos  inhabit  the  mountain  fastnesses,  and  are  generally 
independent.  Some  of  them,  however,  are  said  to  have  embraced 
Christianity.  The  most  important  Spanish  settlements  are  on  the 
islands  of  Luzon  and  Panay.  Much  the  greater  part  of  Mindinao 
(the  second  in  size)  is  inhabited  by  independent  savages,  some  of 
whom  are  daring  pirates.  The  principal  productions  of  the  Philip- 
pine islands  are  sugar,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  rice.  Cocoa  of  a  superior 
quality  is  produced,  but  not  exported,  being  extensively  consumed  at 
home. 

Philips,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  6,935.     Co.  t.  Helena. 

Piacenza,  pe-a-chen'-za,  (Anc.  Placen'tia,)  a  fortified  city  of  North- 
ern Italy,  in  the  duchy  of  Parma,  cap.  of  a  duchy  of  its  own  name, 
situated  near  the  right  bank  of  the  Po.  It  possesses  a  public  library 
of  30,000  volumes,  and  other  institutions.  This  town  holds  a  conspicu- 
ous place  in  ancient  and  modern  history.  In  1447,  it  was  taken  and 
pillaged  by  the  soldiers  of  the  Milanese  commander  Sforza,  since  which 
time  it  has  never  recovered  its  former  prosperity.  Lat.  45°  3'  N.,  Lon. 
9°  43'  E.     Pop.  about  28,000.     (B.) 

Pi/-att,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  r.  San- 
gamon.    Co.  t.  Monticello.    Pop.  1,606. 

Pic'-ar-dy,  (Fr.  La  Picardie,  la-pex-kaRN-dee',)  a  former  prov.  of 
France,  now  divided  among  the  deps.  of  Pas-de-Calais,  Somme,  Aisne, 
and  Oise. 

Pick'-a-way,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the 
Scioto  r.     Pop..  21,008.  '  Co.  t.  Circleville. 

Pick'-ens,  a  dist.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  S.  C.  Pop.  16,904 
Seat  of  justice,  Pickens  c.  h. 

Pickens,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  Miss.  Pop. 
21,512.     Co.  t.  Carrollton. 

Pico,  pee'-ko,  or  the  "  Peak,"  an  i.  of  the  Azores,  intersected  by  the 
parallel  of  38°  25'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  28°  30'  W.  Lon. 
Length  about  30  m.;  greatest  breadth  10  m.  Seen  6  or  7  leagues 
from  the  westward,  it  appears  like  a  steep  conical  mountain  rising 
directly  from  the  sea,  whence  its  name.  The  height  is  estimated  i\t 
7,000  ft. 

Piedmont,  peed'-mont,  (It.  Piemonte,  pe-a-mon'-ta,  i.  e.  Pie  di  Monte, 
or  the  "  foot  of  the  mountain,")  an  extensive  tract  of  country  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Italy,  included  within  the  dominions  of  Sardinia,  and 
comprising  the  western  portion  of  the  basin  of  the  Po.  Its  natural 
boundaries  on  the  N.,  W.,  and  S.,  are  formed  by  the  Alps;  on  the  S.  E. 
by  the  Apennines,  which  skirt  the  Gulf  of  Genoa.  Its  extent,  from  N. 
to  S.,  is  about  120  m.;  from  E.  to  W.,  near  100  m. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Piedv-mon-tese'. 

Pierre,  Saint,  s'nt  peer,  (Fr.  pron.  sSn  pe-aiR^,)  the  largest  t.  on 
the  island  of  Martinique,  in  the  W.  Indies,  situated  on  the  W.  coast. 
Lat.  14°  44'  N.,  Lon.  61°  12'  VV.     Pop.  18,000.     (B.) 


454  PIK— PIS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good  ; 

Pike,  a  co.  forming  the  E.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Pa.,  and  bordering  on 
the  Delaware  r.     Pop.  5,881.     Co.  t.  Mil  ford. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering-  on  Flint  r.  Pop. 
14,305.  Co.  t.  Zebulon. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Tallapoosa  r. 
Pop.  15,920.     Seat  of  justice,  Pike  c.  h. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Miss.,  W.  of  Pearl  r.,  and  bordering  on 
La.     Pop.  7,360.     Co.  seat,  Holmesville. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Ark.,  a  little  N.  of  Reed  r.  Pop. 
1,861.  Co.  t.  Zebulon. 

Pike,  a  co.  forming  the  E.  extremity  of  Ky.  Pop.  5,365.  Co.  t 
Piketon. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Scioto  r.  Pop. 
10,953.  Co.  t.  Piketon. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
White  r.     Pop.  7,720.     Co.  t.  Petersburg. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  and 
Illinois  rivers.     Pop.  18,819.     Co.  t.  PittsfieJd. 

Pike,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi. 
Pop.  13,609.     Co.  t.  Bowling-Green. 

Pillau,  pilMou,  a  seaport  t.  of  Prussia,  situated  on  a  point  of  land  at 
the  entrance  of  the  Frische  Haff,  25  m.  W.  by  S.  from  Konigsberg,  of 
which  it  may  be  said  to  be  the  port:  vessels  of  a  large  size,  which,  on 
account  of  the  shallowness  of  the  Frische  Haff,  cannot  ascend  to  Ko- 
nigsberg, stop  at  Pillau,  in  consequence  of  which  it  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable importance.  Lat.  54°  34'  N.,  Lon.  19°  53'  E.  Pop.  scarcely 
4,000.     (B.) 

Pii/-sen,  a  fortified  t.  of  Bohemia,  cap."  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  Beraun  (ba-roun^),  an  affluent  of  the  Moldau,  with  an  active 
trade  and  numerous  manufactures.  Lat.  49°  45'  N.,  Lon.  13°  23'  E. 
Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Pineuolo,  pe-na-roV-o,  (Fr.  Pignerol,  peenv-yer-ol0  a  t.  and  for- 
merly an  important  fortress  of  Piedmont,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Alps,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
about  11,500.     (P.  C.) 

Pisa,  pee'-za  or  pee^-sa,  (Anc.  Pi^sas,)  a  decayed  archiepiscopal  city 
of  Central  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  in  the  grand-duchy 
of  Tuscany,  on  the  Arno,  about  8  m.  from  its  mouth.  In  the  middle 
ages  this  town  was  the  cap.  of  a  celebrated  and  powerful  republic, 
when  it  is  said  to  have  possessed  a  population  of  150,000 ;  at  present, 
the  number  of  its  inhabitants  is  not  more  than  about  20,000.  (B.) 
Among  its  buildings,  may  be  mentioned  the  famous  leaning  tower, 
called  the  Belfry  (Campanile,  kam-pa-neeMa) ;  it  is  190  ft.  in  height, 
and  the  topmost  story  overhangs  the  base,  on  one  side,  about  15  ft.  The 
view  from  the  summit  is  alike  extensive  and  beautiful,  but  when  the 
spectator  looks  down  towards  the  base,  from  the  overhanging  side,  the 
effect  is  terrific.  The  University  of  Pisa  is  the  first  in  Tuscany,  and 
was  formerly  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  Italy.     It  is  at  present  at- 


PIS— PLA  455 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng 

tended  by  about  400  students :  its  library  contains  55,000  vols.  The 
Observatory  is  in  Lat.  43°  43'  11"  N.,  Lon.  10°  24'  9"  E.— Adj.  and 
mhab.  Pisan,  pee'-zan. 

Piscataqua,  pis-kat'-a-qua,  a  r.  of  N.  England,  which  forms  a  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  flows  into 
the  Atlantic. 

Pis-cat'-a-quis,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  extremity  of  Me.,  and  extend- 
ing S.  beyond  the  centre.     Pop.  14,735.     Co.  t.  Dover. 

Pistoja,  pis-to'-ya,  (Anc.  Pisto^ria  or  Pisto'rium,)  a  well  built  town 
of  Central  Italy,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Tuscany,  20  m.  N.  W.  of  Flo- 
rence. It  possesses  various  manufactures :  those  of  organs  and  fire- 
arms may  be  particularly  mentioned.  Pistols  are  said  to  have  derived 
their  name  from  this  town.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Pit-cairn's'  Island,  a  small  i.  in  the  Pacific,  near  25°  S.  Lat.,  and 
130°  W.  Lon. 

Pitea,  pit'-e-o,  a  small  r.  in  the  N.  of  Sweden,  which  enters  the 
Gdf  of  Bothnia,  near  65°  10'  N.  Lat. 

Pitt,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Tar  r.  Pop. 
13,397.    Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Pitts'-burg,  the  cap.  of  Alleghany  co.,  in  Pa.,  and,  as  regards  popu- 
lation, manufactures,  and  commerce,  the  second  town  in  the  state,  is 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Monongahela  and  Alleghany  rivers 
(whose  junction  forms  the  Ohio),  near  250  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  W.  by 
N.  from  Philadelphia.  Its  position  is  very  advantageous  for  trade,  a3 
it  has  a  ready  communication  with  all  the  great  towns  on  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi,  but  it  is  especially  distinguished  for  its  extensive  and  flour- 
ishing manufactures  in  iron,  glass,  and  other  articles.  The  surrounding 
country  is  exceedingly  rich  in  bituminous  coal,  the  constant  burning  of 
which,  as  fuel,  causes  a  perpetual  cloud  of  black  smoke  to  hang  over 
the  place.  The  suburbs,  Birmingham  and  Alleghany,  are  respectively 
situated  on  the  left  side  of  the  Monongahela,  and  the  right  side  of  the 
Alleghany  rivers,  and  communicate  with  the  city  by  bridges.  A  con- 
flagration, almost  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  our  country,  has 
recently  (April  10,  1845)  desolated  Pittsburg.  It  is  estimated  that 
1,100  or  1,200  houses,  including  nearly  all  the  business  portion  of  the 
city,  have  been  consumed.  Lat.  40°  32'  N.,  Lon.  80°  2'  W.  Pop.  in 
1850  including  the  Suburbs,  84,000. 

Pitt-syl-va'-nl-a,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  N.  C. 
Pop  28,796.     Co.  t.  Competition. 

Plaquemine,  plak-meen',  a  parish  forming  the  S.  E.  entremity  of 
La.,  intersected  by  the  Mississippi  r.  Pop.  7,390.  Seat  of  justice, 
Fort  Jackson. 

Plasencia,  pla-sen'-she-a,  (Sp.  pron.  pla-senMhe-a.)  a  fortified  t.  of 
Spain,  in  Estremadura,  remarkable  for  a  number  of  Roman  antiquities, 
among  which  there  is  a  fine  aqueduct  of  80  arches,  which  conveys  wa- 
ter to  the  town.     Lat.  40°  T  N.,  Lon.  5°  55'  W.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Plata,  Rio  de  la,  ree'-o  del  la  pW-ta,  a  large  r.  or  rather  estuary  of 
S.  America,  formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  rivers  Parana  and  Uru~ 


456  PLA 

Fate,  f ar,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  not ;  56  as  in  good; 

guay.  Its  length  is  about  160  m. ;  its  breadth  varies  from  about  30  to 
130  m.  The  name  Rio  de  la  Plata,  or  "  river  of  silver,"  was  given  to 
it  by  Sebastian  Cabot,  who  first  penetrated  beyond  the  junction  of  the 
Parana  and  Paraguay,  in  consequence  of  his  having  obtained  a  consi< 
derable  booty  of  silver  and  gold  from  the  Indians  of  the  adjacent  coun- 
try, whom  he  defeated :  there  are  no  precious  metals  on  its  banks. 
(E.  G.) 

Plata,  La,  la  pla'-ta,  called  also  the  Argentine  Republic  (Repub 
lica  Argentina,  r&-poobMe-ka  aR-Hen-tee'-na),  a  republic  of  S.  America, 
situated  between  22°  and  41°  S.  Lat.,  and  52°  and  72°  W.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bolivia,  E.  by  Paraguay,  Brazil,  Uruguay,  and 
the  Atlantic,  S.  by  the  Atlantic  and  Patagonia,  and  W.  by  Chili  and 
Bolivia.  Greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  1,300  m. ;  mean  breadth, 
from  E.  to  W.,  near  700  m.  Area  estimated  at  above  900,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  700,000.  (B.)  The  names  of  the  United  Provinces  of  La  Plata 
are  as  follows — Buenos  Ayres,  Santa  Fe,  Entre  Rios  (enMra  ree'-oce), 
Corrientes  (cor-re-en'-tes),  Cordova,  Santiago  del  Estero  (san-te-a'-go  del 
es-ta'-ro),  Tucuman  (too-koo-man'),  Salta,  Catamarca,  Rioga  (re-o'-ga), 
San  Luis,  Mendoza,  San  Juan.  Owing  to  the  dissensions  between 
these  different  states,  it  is  difficult  to  say  what  is  the  present  political 
condition  of  this  country.  Though  nominally  a  republican  confedera- 
tion, La  Plata  appears  to  be  divided  into  a  number  of  independent  go- 
vernments, which  are,  for  the  most  part,  ruled  by  dictators.  The  coun- 
try of  La  Plata  is  characterized  by  some  striking  natural  peculiarities. 
Between  28°  and  30°  S.  Lat.,  a  desert  plain  extends  from  near  the  Rio 
Dulce,  westward,  to  about  the  68th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.,  a  distance  of 
perhaps  280  m. :  near  its  eastern  extremity,  it  is  about  60  m.  in  breadth, 
but  farther  west  it  is  much  broader.  Though  more  than  700  m.  from 
the  Atlantic,  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  but  a  few  feet  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  and  is  for  the  most  part  covered  with  a  thick  efflorescence  of 
salt.  Hence  this  desert  has  received  the  name  of  the  Great  Salina 
(Gran  Salina,  gran  sa-lee'-na).  The  vegetation  is  limited  to  a  species 
of  Salsola,  from  the  ashes  of  which  soda  is  extracted.  The  wind  from 
this  desert  appears  sometimes  to  resemble  the  sirocco  of  Africa.  In 
December,  1825,  for  several  days  the  wind  was  so  hot  in  Santiago  del 
Estero,  that  it  blistered  the  face  and  hands  even  of  those  who  remained 
in  their  houses;  leaves  fell  scorched  from  the  trees;  the  bolts,  keys, 
and  locks  of  the  doors  were  so  hot  that  they  could  not  be  retained  in 
the  hand  ;  and  the  inhabitants  seemed  to  be  threatened  with  suffoca- 
tion. In  the  Despoblado  (des-po-bla'-Do),  or  "  uninhabited"  country,  an 
extensive  and  elevated  region  supposed  to  be  more  than  13,000  feet 
above  the  sea,  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Andes,  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  La  Plata  and  the  adjoining  territories  of  Bolivia,  a  large  portion  of 
the  surface  of  the  ground  is  covered  with  salt.  Where  this  mineral  is 
so  extensively  diffused,  we  need  not  be  surprised  to  find,  what  is  ac- 
tually the  case,  that  the  waters  of  a  large  number  of  the  rivers  and 
lakes  are  saline;  especially  in  the  central  and  western  portions  of  the 
country.     The  vegetable  productions  of  La  Plata  vary  according  to  the 


PLA— PLY  457 

tya,  as  m  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  tig, 

position  of  the  different  parts  of  the  country.  North  of  the  Great  Sali- 
na,  they  resemble  those  of  the  intertropical  regions ;  rice  and  Indian 
corn  are  produced  in  the  lower  valleys,  and  in  the  more  elevated  tracts, 
cotton  and  tobacco  are  cultivated  on  a  large  scale.  South  of  the  great 
salt  desert,  the  agriculture  resembles  that  of  southern  Europe  ;  wheat 
and  Indian  corn  are  the  principal  crops;  while  among  the  fruit  trees 
are  to  be  found  the  orange,  peach-,  apricot,  pear,  -apple,  fig,  and  vine. 

Platte,  a  r.  which  rises  en  the  E.  declivity  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  flows  into  the  Missouri,  near  4i°  N.  Lat.,  and  95°  40'  VV.  Lon., 
after  a  course  of  1,600  m.     It  is  not  navigable. 

Pl\tte,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  Missouri  r.  Pop. 
16,845, 

Platten-See,  plat'-teu  sa,  or  Lake  Ba'l  atony  {oaaMa-tofT)  a  lake  in 
the  VV.  part  of  Hungary,  intersected  by  the  47th  parallel  of  N.  Lat., 
and  the  18th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Length  about  50  m.  ;  greatest 
breadth  10  in.  Its  waters  are  said  to  be  fresh  at  its  S.  VV.  extremity, 
but  in  other  parts  salt. 

Platts'-b^rg,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  Clinton  co.,  situated 
on  L.  Champlain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac  r.  On  the  lake,  near 
this  town,  the  British  squadron  was  captured  by  the  Americans,  under 
Commodore  McDonough,  Sept.  11,  1814.    Pop,  5,6 L8. 

Plauen,  plou'-en,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  in  the  kingdom  of 
Saxony,  on  the  Eister,  00  tn.  S.  bv  VV.  of  Leipsic,  Pop.  near  9,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Pleissk,  pii'-cefe,  a  small  r.  of  Saxony,  which  joins  the  Eister  near 
Leipsic. 

Pi.ock,  plotsk,  a  t.  of  Poland,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Vistula.  Lat.  52°  34'  N.,  Lon.  19°  47'  E.  Pop.  about  8,000.  (P.  C.) 

Plym'-outh,  a  seaport  t  of  England,  which,  with  Devon  port,  forms 
the  second  naval  port  of  Great  Britain,  is  situated  in  Devonshire,  on  a 
rocky  promontory  at  the  N.  end  of  Plymouth  Sound,  between  the  estu- 
aries of  the  rivers  Tamar  and  Plym.  Though  many  of  the  streets  of 
this  town  are  irregular  and  narrow,  it  is,  on  the  whole,  remarkable  for 
the  neatness,  and  even  elegance  of  its  houses,  and  contains  a  number 
of  very  handsome  public  buildings.  The  dock  of  Plymouth  is  situated 
H  m.  VV.  of  this  town,  at  Devonport,  which  was  formerly  called  Ply- 
mouth Dock.  (See  Devonport.)  The  harbour,  one  of  the  finest  in 
the  world,  is  double;  consisting  of  the  Catwater,  formed  by  the  estuary 
of  the  Plym,  and  the  Hamoaze  (ham'-oze),  formed  by  that  of  the  Ta- 
mar. The  latter  is  destined  to  receive  the  vessels  of  the  royal  navy; 
it  is  four  miles  in  length,  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth  ;  its  average 
dppth  is  9  fathoms  at  low  tide,  and  the  largest  ships  float  close  to  the 
quays.  The  bay,  or  arm  of  the  sea,  into  which  these  harbours  open,  is 
a  spacious  and  safe  asylum  for  all  sorts  of  ships  in  stormy  weather. 
To  defend  it  from  the  heavy  swell  of  the  sea,  which  formerly  rendered 
it  very  unsafe  for  anchoring,  a  stupendous  breakwater,  about  a  mile  in 
length,  has  been  formed  in  the  middle  of  the  sound.  Plymouth  was 
formerly  called  Sutton  (i.  e.  *  South  Town"),  a  name  which  is  still  re- 
39  2E 


458  PLY— PO! 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  56,  a3  in  garni; 

tained  by  an  inlet  of  the  sound,  Sutton  Pool,  on  which  the  town  is 
partly  built.  Lat.  50°  22'  N.,  Lon.  4°  T  30"  W.  Pop.  36,527 ;  in- 
cluding the  adjacent  towns  of  Devonport  and  Stonehouse.  it  will  amount 
to  80,059. 

Plymouth,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mass.,  bordering  on  the  sea. 
Pop.  55,697. 

Plymouth,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  situated  on  a  small  bay  of  the 
same  name,  35  m.r  in  a  straight  line,  S.  S.  E.  of  Boston.  It  is  remarka- 
ble as  being  the  place  where  the  first  settlers  of  New  England  landed, 
December  22d,  1620.  Lat.  of  the  court-house,  41°  57'  28"  N,,  Lon, 
70°  40'  28"  W,    Pop.  of  the  whole  township,  8,000, 

Plymouth,  a  port  of  entry  of  JNLC,  cap.  of  Washington  CO.,  on  the 
Roanoke,  8  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Po  (Anc.  Erid'anus  and  Pa'dns),  the  largest  r.  of  Italy,  rises  on  the  E. 
side  of  Mount  Viso,  in  about  44°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  7°  E.  Lon.  It  flows 
at  first  easterly,  then  northerly,  till  it  reaches  the  point  of  about  45a 
13'  N.  Lat,  and  7°  50'  E.  Lon.,  when  its  general  course  becomes  and 
continues  almost  due  E.  After  passing,  with  a  multitude  of  windings, 
through  one  of  the  most  fertile  plains  in  the  world,  it  empties  itself 
into  the  Adriatic  by  numerous  mouths,  near  45°  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  SO* 
E.  Lon.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  450  m.  The  principal 
channel  or  mouth,  which  joins  the  sea  almost  under  the  45th  parallel, 
is  called  the  Maestra  (mS-ace'-tfa),  and  is  always  navigable  for  mer- 
chant vessels.  Boats  of  60  tons  can,  in  all  seasons,  ascend  the  river  as 
high  as  Cremona,  and,  except  in  times  of  great  drought,  as  far  as 
Casale  (ka-saMa),  in  Piedmont,  in  Lon.  8°  27' E. 

Pox-c\\-hon^-tas,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources 
of  the  Greenbrier  r.     Pop.  3,598.     Co.  t.  Huntersville. 

Podlachia,  pod-laK'-e-a,  a  gov.  of  Poland,  N.  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Vistula  ;  the  Bug  runs  on  its  N.  W.  frontier.     Capital,  Siedlec. 

Po-do'-h-a,  a  gov.  in  the  S.  part  of  European  Russia,  bordering  on 
Austrian  Galicia.     Capital,  Kamieniec. 

Poin^-sett,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  on  the  r.  St.  Francis.  Pop 
2,308. 

Point  Coupee,  koo-pee^,  a  parish  in  La.,  on  the  Mississippi  r.  P  >p. 
11,339.  Seat  of  justice,  Point  Coupee. 

Poitiers  or  Poictiers,  poi-teerz',*  (Fr.  pwa^-te-a/,  almost  pwl-te-a'; 
Anc.  Limo^num  or  Lemonum,  afterwards  Picta'vi ;)  a  city  in  the  W.  or 
W.  central  part  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Vienne,  and  formerly  of 
the  prov.  of  Poitou,  situated  on  an  affluent  of  the  r.  Vienne.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  ancient  wall  (sufficiently  large  to  enclose  four  or  five 
times  as  many  houses  as  are  actually  contained  in  the  town),  with  six 
gates.  Poitiers  possesses,  among  other  literary  institutions,  an  acadt- 
njde  vniversitaire,  a  royal  college,  and  a  public  libraVy  of  22,000  vols. 
This  town  occupies  a  conspicuous  place  in  both  ancient  and  modern 

*  See  Introduction  I.,  page  22. 


POI-POM  459 

<ra,  &s  m  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ,-  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

history-,  but  it  is  especially  memorable  for  two  great  battles :  the  one 
occurred  in  732,  in  which  the  Franks,  undfer  Charles  Marte),  totally 
defeated  an  immense  host  «f  invading  Saracens;  the  other  in  1356, 
when  the  army  of  Edward,  the  Black  Prince,  routed  a  greatly  superior 
French  force,  under  king  John,  and  took  a  great  number  of  prisoners, 
among  wliom  was  the  French  king  himself.  Lat  46°  35'  N.,  Lon.  0° 
HV  E.     Pop.  22,000.     (B.) 

Poitou  or  Poictou,  poi-too',  (Fr.  pron.  pwa  -too7,)  a  former  prov.  of 
France,  now  divided  among  the  deps,  of  Vienne,  Deux  Sevres,  Vendee, 
Indre-et-Loire,  and  Cha rente. 

Po'-la,  a  decayed  seaport  t.  and  once  splendid  city  of  Istria.  on  the 
N.  E.  coast  of  the  Adriatic.  It  is  now  only  remarkable  for  its  fine  har- 
bour, which  was  anciently  a  station  for  one  of  the  divisions  of  the 
Roman  fleet;  and  for  its  numerous  interesting  antiquities,  among  which 
is  a  vast  amphitheatre,  not  much  inferior  in  magnificence  to  the  Coli- 
seum of  Rome.  Lat.  44°  52'  N.,  Lon,  13°  50'  E.  Present  pop.  about 
600.     (B.) 

Po'-land  (Polish,  Polska,  pole'-ska),  formerly  an  independent  and 
extensive  country  of  Europe,  extending  from  the  48th  to  the  58th  pa- 
rallel of  N.  Lat.,  and  from  the  15th  to  the  33d  meridian  of  E.  Lon., 
including  a  large  portion  of  the  present  territories  of  Russia,  Prussia, 
and  Austria.  But  the  existing  kingdom  of  Poland,  constituted  by  the 
congress  of  Vienna,  in  1815,  and  now  united  with  the  Russian  empire, 
is  of  comparatively  limited  dimensions;  being  situated  principally  be- 
tween 50°  and  55°  N.  Lat.,  and  18°  and  24°  E.  Lon. :  bounded  on  the 
W.  and  N.  VV.  by  the  dominions  of  Prussia,  N.  and  E.  by  the  Rus- 
sian governments  of  Wilna,  Grodno,  and  Volhynia,  and  S.  by  the  Aus- 
trian prov.  of  Galicia  and  the  republic  of  Cracow.  Area  estimated  at 
about  50,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1847,  4,857,700.  (B.)— Adj.  Po'-lish; 
inhab.  Pole,  and  Po'-lak  (now  obsolete). 

Polk,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.     Pop.  0,33-8. 

Polk,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W,  central  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  S.  of  the  Osage 
r.     Pop.  6,180.     Co.  t.  Bolivar. 

Poltava,  pol-ta'-va,  (sometimes  incorrectly  written  Pultowa,)  a  t. 
in  the  S.  part  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  re- 
markable for  a  great  battle  fought  in  its  vicinity,  in  1709,  between 
Peter  the  Great  and  Charles  XIL  of  Sweden,  in  which  the  former 
gained  a  complete  victory.  Lat.  49°  33'  N.,  Lon.  34°  40'  E.  Pop. 
10,000.     (P.C.) 

Polynesia,  pol-e-nee'-she-a,  (or  Eastern  Oceanica,)  a  name  signify- 
ing "many  islands,"  applied  to  one  of  the  three  divisions  of  Oceanica. 
It  comprises  the  various  islands  or  insular  groups  in  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
between  130°  E,  and  100°  W.  Lon.,  with  the  exception  of  those  ad- 
jacent to  the  eastern  or  western  continent,  and  of  those  belonging  to 
Australia,  Malaisia,  and  the  Aleutian  group.  (See  Australia  and 
Malaisia.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Polynesian,  pol-e-nee'-she-an. 

Pomv-er-a'-nx-a  (Ger.  Porn'-mern),  an  extensive  prov.  of  the  Prussian 
monarchy,  lying  along  the  S.  coast  of  the  Baltic,  between  53°  and  54° 


460  POM— POO 

Fate,  far,  f  all,  fat ;  me,  met  -T  pine  or  pine,  pm  \  n6,  not ;  do,  as  in  #0*?*? , 

50'  N.  Lat.  and  12°  30'  aad  18°  E.  Lob.  Capital,  Stettin,— Adj.  aiaJ 
inhab,  Pom-er-a'-ni-an. 

Po-mo'-na,  or  Mainland,  the  largest  of  tbe  Orkneys,  situated  be- 
tween 5S°  *53'  and  59°  10'  N_  Lat.,  and  2°  43'  and  3°  22v  W.  Lob, 
Length,  24  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  near  14  m.     Pop.  16,141. 

Pompeii,  pom-pa'-ye,.  an  ancient  city  of  Italy,  situated  near  tbe  sea, 
15  m.  S.  E.  of  Naples.  In  the  year  79,  A.D.r  it  was  overwhelmed,  to* 
fif ether  with  Herculaneum  and  some  ©£her  towns,  by  an  eruption  of 
Vesuvius,  from  the  erater  of  which  it  is  distant  about  5n».  For  more 
than  16  centuries  its  existence  appeared  to  be  unknown,  and  its  name 
almost  forgotten.  But  in  1748,  some  peasants  employed  in  cutting  a 
ditch,  met  with  the  ruins  of  Pompeii,  which  soon  became  an  object  of 
interest  and  attention.  In  consequence  of  the  extensive  excavations 
commenced  in  1755,  and  continued  to  the  present  time,,  a  great  number 
of  highly  interesting  antiquities  have  been  brought  to  light.  One  may, 
indeed,  at  present  promenade  the  streets,  and  visit  the  shops,  theatres, 
and  temples  of  this  long-forgotten  city.  Every  thing  seems  to  be  in  a 
state  of  extraordinary  preservation.  Not  only  statues,  medals,  jewels, 
and  nearly  every  kind  of  household  furniture,  have  been  found  almost 
unaltered,  but  even  books  and  paintings  may  be  seen,  far  less  injured 
than  might  have  been  supposed,  when  we  take  into  consideration  the 
violent  catastrophe  which  destroyed  the  towiv,  and  the  subsequent  lapse 
of  so  many  ages.  Pompeii  not  having  been  buried  by  lava,  but  with 
tufa,  ashes  and  scoriae,  the  excavations  are  much  more  easily  effected 
here  than  at  Herculaneum. 

Ponoiciferry,  rW-de-sher/-re,  (Fr.  Pondichery,  p6Nv-dex  -sha'-Re',)  a 
t.  of  Hindostan,  and  the  principal  French  settlement  on  the  Asiatic- 
continent,  is  situated  on  the  Coromandel  coast,  83  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of  Madras. 
It  is  a  handsome  and  well-built  town,  and  has,  from  the  sea,  a  very  im- 
posing appearance.  Lat.  11°  56'  N..  Lon.  79°  52'  E.  Pop.  about 
40,000.     (B.) 

Ponta-Delgada,  pon'-ta  del-ga7-da,  the  principal  t.  though  not  the 
cap.  of  the  Azores,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  island  of  St.  Michael. 
Lat.  37°  40'  N.,  Lon.  25°  50'  W.     P«p.  probably  about  16,000.     (B.) 

Pontcha-ar-train',  a  lake  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  La.,  communicating, 
by  several  outlets,  called  the  Rigolets,  with  L.  Borgne.  Length,  about 
45  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  23  m. 

Pontefract,  pom'-fret,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  the  W.  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  21  m.  S.  W.  of  York.     Pop.  of  the  township,  4,669. 

Pok'-to-t©c\  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  on  one  of  the  sources  of 
the  Tombigbee.     Pop.  17,112.  Co.  seat,  Pontotoc. 

Poole,  a  t.  forming  a  little  county  of  itself,  with  an  area  of  only  170 
acres,  in  Dorsetshire,  England,  97  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London.  Pop. 
6,093. 

Poo'-N.\n,  a  city  in  the  W.  part  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the 
same  name,  and  formerly  of  the  Mahratta  dominions,  situated  about 
80  m.  S.  E.  of  Bombay.  It  is  well  built,  with  wide  and  generally 
handsome  streets,  but  it  has  much  diminished  in  population  since  1818, 


POP— POR  461 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

when  it  ceased  to  be  the  residence  of  the  Peishwa  or  chief  of  the  Mau- 
ra tta  confederation.  Lat.  18°  30'  N.,  Lorn  74°  2'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
in  1819,  at  115,000.  (B.)  The  district  of  Poonah  now  forms  a  portion 
of  the  presidency  of  Bombay. 

Popayan,  po-pi-yaV,  a  t.  of  New  Granada,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Cauca, 
situated  near  the  source  of  the  river  Cauca.  It  possesses  a  university, 
a  mint,  and  other  public  establishments.  Lat.  2°  26'  N.,  Lon.  76°  40' 
W.  The  population,  greatly  diminished  since  the  war,  is  said  not  now 
to  exceed  7,000.     (B.) 

Pope,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  or  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ark.,  bordering 
on  the  Arkansas  r.     Pop.  4,710.     Co.  t.  Dwight. 

Pope,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  S.  E.  extremity  of  111.  Pop.  3,975.  Co. 
t.  Golconda. 

Po-per-ing'-en,  (Fr.  Poperingue,  popv-er-aN'g^,)  a  flourishing  t.  of 
Belgium,  in  W.'  Flanders,  7  m.  W.  of  Ypres.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Po-po-cat-a-pett/,  a  volcanic  mountain  of  Mexico,  the  most  elevated 
mountain  summit  in  North  America,  among  those  which  have  been 
measured  with  any  accuracy.  Height,  2,771  toises,  or  17,723  ft.  (B.) 
Lat.  about  19°  N.,  Lon.  98°  33'  W. 

Port'-age,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania and  Ohio  Canal.     Pop.  24,419.     Co.  t.  Ravenna. 

Portage,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Wisconsin  r.     Pop.  1,250. 

Port-au-Prince,  port  o  prince,  (Fr.  pron.  poRt  6  praNce,)  or  Port 
Republican,  a  seaport  t.  of  Hay  ti,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  the  West,  and  of 
the  whole  Republic,  situated  on  the  Gulf  of  Gonave,  with  a  safe  and 
convenient  harbour.  Though  the  situation  is  unhealthy,  this  town  is 
the  most  flourishing  in  the  whole  island.  It  possesses  a  lyceum,  a 
school  of  medicine  attached  to  the  Hospital,  and  a  great  number  of 
elementary  schools.  Lat.  18°  34'  N.,  Lon.  72°  27'  W.  Pop.  estimated 
by  Balbi  at  about  15,000. 

Por'-ter,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  L.  Michigan. 
Pop.  5,234.     Co.  t.  Valparaiso. 

Port  Glasgow.     See  Glasgow. 

Port^-land,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Maine, 
situated  on  a  peninsula  in  Casco  Bay,  not  far  from  the  S.  W.  extremity 
of  the  state.  The  harbour  is  safe,  and,  though  not  large,  is  easy  of  access, 
and  is  defended  by  two  forts.  Portland  is  far  before  every  other  town 
in  Maine,  in  population,  wealth  and  commerce.  It  is  connected  with 
Portsmouth  and  Boston  by  a  railroad.  Lat.  43°  39'  N.,  Lon.  70°  20'  W. 
Pop.  20,815. 

Portland,  a  small  i.  or  rather  peninsula  on  the  S.  coast  of  England, 
belonging  to  Dorsetshire.  It  is  about  4£  m.  in  length  (exclusive  of  the 
Isthmus,  consisting  of  a  narrow  ridge  of  pebbles,  about  8  m.  long) ;  2  m. 
in  its  greatest  breadth  ;  and  consists  of  almost  one  continuous  mass  of 
free-stone,  forming  the  famous  Portland  stone,  of  which  such  quantities 
are  exported  to  the  metropolis  and  other  places. 

Portland.     See  Oregon. 
39* 


462  POR— POR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  66  as  in  good: 

Port  Le'-on,  a  port  of  entry  of  Florida,  in  Leon  co.,  on  the  Wa« 
kulla  r. 

Port  Louis.     See  Mauritius. 

Port  Mahon.     See  Mahon. 

Porto.     See  Oporto. 

Por'-to  Bel'-lo  (Sp.  Puerto  Bello,  pweR^-to  beF-yo,  i.  e.  H  beautiful 
harbour"),  a  decayed  seaport  t.  of  New  Granada,  situated  on  the  Carib- 
bean Sea,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  now  only  remarka- 
ble for  its  fine  harbour.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  fair, 
and  a  great  entrepot  for  the  merchandise  and  wealth  of  Spain  and  Peru. 
Lat.  9°  33'  N.,  Lon.  79°  35'  W. 

Porto  Rico,  por'-to  ree'-ko,  (Sp.  Puerto  Rico,  pweV-to  reeMro,  i.  e. 
"rich  port,")  one  of  the  W.  India  islands,  belonging-  to  Spain,  and  de- 
riving its  name  from  its  chief  town  (see  next  article),  the  smallest  and 
most  easterly  of  the  Greater  Antilles,  situated  between  17°  50'  and  15P 
32'  N.  Lat.,  and  65°  43'  and  67°  2(y  W.  Lon.  Length  near  110  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  about  40  m.  Its  form  is  almost  a  parallelogram,  the 
N.  and  S.  coast-lines  running  nearly  due  E,  and  W.  Area,  3,700  sq.  m. 
Pop.  in  1837,  357,086.  (P.  C.)  The  soil  of  Porto  Rico  is  of  the  richest 
and  most  varied  description  ;  the  different  kinds  being  respectively  and 
admirably  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  sugar-cane,  coffee,  rice,  and 
cocoa. 

Porto  Rico  or  San  Juan  de  Porto  Rico,  the  cap.  and  largest  t.  of 
the  above  island,  and  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  America,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  coast,  with  a  deep,  secure,  and  spacious  harbour.  Lat. 
18°  29'  N.,  Lon.  66°  13'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  near  30,000.  (B.) 

Portsea.     See  next  article. 

Ports'-mouth,  a  seaport  t.  of  Hampshire,  England,  the  principal  na- 
val arsenal,  and  the  grand  station  of  the  fleet  of  Great  Britain,  situated 
on  the  W.  side  of  Portsea  Island,  65  m.  S.  W.  of  London.  The  town 
consists  of  two  distinct  parts,  Portsmouth  Proper  and  Portsea;  the  lat- 
ter is  much  the  larger  place,  and  contains  the  dock-yard,  which  occu- 
pies an  area  of  near  120  acres.  The  harbour,  which  is  unequalled  in 
Great  Britain,  has  a  narrow  entrance,  not  exceeding  220  yards  in 
width,  but  afterwards  it  expands  into  a  noble  basin,  capable  of  contain- 
ing the  greater  part  of  the  British  navy,  and  deep  enough  to  float  the 
largest  men-of-war  at  any  time  of  the  tide.  Portsmouth  is  well  forti- 
fied, and  is  one  of  the  strongest  places  in  Europe.  The  Observatory  is 
in  Lat.  50°  48'  3"  N.,  Lon.  1°  5'  58"  W.  Pop.  of  the  whole  borough, 
containing  an  area  of  near  8  sq.  m.,  53,032. 

Portsmouth,  a  port  of  entry,  one  of  the  seats  of  justice  of  Rocking- 
ham co.,  N.  H.,  and  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  situated  on  the  Pis- 
cataqua  r.,  about  3  m.  from  the  sea,  and  communicating  with  Boston 
and  Portland  by  a  railroad.  Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  in  America, 
being  completely  land-locked,  never  frozen,  and  accessible  to  the 
largest  ships.  It  is  defended  by  several  forts  and  batteries,  and  con- 
tains a  number  of  islands,  on  one  of  which  is  a  United  States'  navy- 
yard.     Lat.  43°  5  N.,  Lon.  70°  46'  W.     Pop.  8,122. 


POR— POT  463 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Por'-tu-gal  (Port.  pron.  poR-too-gaF;  Anc.  Lusita'nia) ;  a  kingdom 
of  Europe,  occupying  the  S.  W.  portion  of  the  Spanish  oeninsula,  situ- 
ated between  36°  56'  and  42°  8'  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  13'  and  9°  30'  VV. 
Lon. ;  bounded  on  the"  N.  and  E.  by  Spain,  and  S.  and  W.  by  the  At- 
lantic. Lensrth,  from  N.  to  S.,  near  360  m.;  greatest  breadth  142  m. 
Area,  38,600sq.  m.  Pop.  3,530,000.  (B.)  Portugal  is  divided  into  six 
provinces  ;  viz.,  Entre  Douro  e  Minho,  Tras  os  Montes,  Beira,  Estrema- 
dura,  Alentejo,  and  Algarve,  which  are  treated  of  under  their  respective 
heads.     Lisbon  is  the  seat  of  government. — Adj.  and  inhab.  P6rv-tu- 

GUESE/. 

Posen,  po'-zen,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  WartAa.  It  possesses  a  gymnasium  and  seve- 
ral other  literary  institutions;  and  is  the  centre  of  an  active  commerce. 
Lat.  52°  29'  N.,  Lon.  16°  53'  E.     Pop.  above  28,000.     (B.) 

Po'-sey,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ind.  Pop.  12,549.  Co. 
t.  Mount  Vernon. 

Po~ten'-z\  (Anc.  Poten'tia),  a  t.  of  Naples,  cap.  of  the  prov.  Basili- 
cata  (ba-sil-e'-ka'-ta).  Lat.  40°  36'  N.,  Lon.  15°  51'  E.  Pop.  9,000.  (B.) 

Po-to'-mac,  a  large  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  in  about  39°  7'  N.  Lat.,  and  79°  30'  W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing 
at  first  north-easterly,  and  afterwards  in  a  general  south-easterly  direc- 
tion, forms,  in  its  whole  course,  the  boundary  between  Md.  and  Va.  It 
falls  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay,  in  about  38°  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  10'  W. 
Lon.  Length  estimated  at  400  m.  It  is  navigable  for  the  largest  ves- 
sels to  Washington,  about  120  m.  from  its  mouth,  or  near  250  m.  from 
the  sea. 

Potosi,  po-to-seef  or  po-to'-se,  a  city  of  Bolivia  (formerly  Upper 
Peru),  celebrated  for  its  rich  silver  mines,  situated  at  the  height  of 
13,265  ft.  above  the  sea,  on  the  \V.  declivity  of  the  Cerro  de  Potosi, 
near  its  base.  This  mountain,  which  has  the  shape  of  a  perfect  cone, 
and  rises  to  an  elevation  of  more  than  16,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  seems  to  consist  entirely  of  silver  ore,  of  different  degrees  of  rich- 
ness. The  fact  that  this  precious  metal  existed  here  was  first  disco- 
vered in  1545,  by  an  Indian,  who,  pursuing  a  llama  up  the  steep  decli- 
vity, caught  hold  of  a  shrub,  which  being  torn  from  the  soil,  exposed  a 
mass  of  solid  silver  at  the  roots.  From  1556  to  1800,  the  produce  of 
these  mines  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  823,950,508  Spanish 
dollars.  (P.  C.)  The  greatest  produce  of  a  single  year  was  in  1593, 
when  it  amounted  to  7,858,893  dollars.  Lat.  19°  36'  S.,  Lon.  about 
65°  30'  W.  Pop.  in  1826,  about  12,000  (P.  C),  but  when  the  mines 
were  in  the  most  flourishing  state,  the  town  was  estimated  to  contain 
160,000  inhabitants.     (B.) 

Potosi,  San  Luis  de,  san  loo-is'  da  po-to-see',  a  t.  of  Mexico,  cap.  of  a 
state  of  the  same  name,  situated  near  the  sources  of  the  r.  Tampico. 
Lat.  about  22°  iNL .  Lon.  100°  40'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.  (B.) 

Potsdam,  pots'-dam,  the  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  and,  after 
Berlin,  the  handsomest  town  in  the  Prussian  dominions,  is  situated  off 
the  Havel  (ha'-vel),  an  affluent  of  the  Elbe,  17  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Berlin. 


464  POT— PRE 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

The  beauty  of  the  houses  and  the  magnificent  royal  palace,  have 
caused  this  town  to  be  called  the  Versailles  of  Prussia.  In  the  vicinity 
of  the  city  is  the  palace  of  Sans  Souci  (s&n  sooN-ce'),  the  favourite  resi- 
dence of  Frederic  the  Great.  Lat.  52°  26'  N.,  Lon.  13°  2'  E.  Pop., 
exclusive  of  the  garrison,  which  varies  from  6,000  to  10,000  men, 
25,560.     (P.  C.) 

Pot'-ter,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  N.  Y.  Pop.  6,048. 
Cg.  t,  Coudersport. 

Potts'- ville,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Pa.,  in  Schuylkill  co.,  at  the  termi- 
nation of  the  Schuylkill  canal,  and  connected  with  Reading  and  Phi- 
ladelphia by  a  railroad.  It  owes  its  prosperity  to  the  extensive  coal 
mines  in  its  vicinity.     Pop.  7,496. 

Pouohkeepsie,  po-kip'-se,  a  flourishing  and  handsome  t.  of  N.  Y., 
cap.  of  Dutchess  co.,  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Hudson,  75  m.  N.  of  New 
York.     Lat.  41°  41'  N.,  Lon.  73°  55'  W.     Pop.  13,944. 

Poulton,  pole'-ton,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  17  m.  S.  S. 
YV.  of  Lancaster. 

Powhattan,  pou-hat-tanf,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  between  the 
Appomattox  and  James  rivers.     Pop.  8,178.     Co.  t.  Scottsville. 

Pozzuoli,  pot-soo-o'-le,  a  t.  of  Naples,  on  the  sea  coast,  about  6  m. 
W.  of  the  capital,  remarkable  for  its  delightful  situation  and  its  antiqui- 
ties.    Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Prague,  praig,  (Ger.  Prag,  prao,)  an  archiepiscopal  city,  the  cap.  of 
Bohemia,  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Moldau,  nearly  in  the  centre  of 
the  kingdom.  The  two  banks  of  the  river  are  connected  by  a  bridge, 
more  than  1,800  ft.  long,  which  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  Europe. 
The  town  is  surrounded  by  fortifications,  with  8  gates,  is  generally 
well  built,  and  contains  a  great  number  of  fine  edifices.  There  are  48 
churches  and  68  palaces,  besides  other  important  buildings,  the  effect  of 
which,  when  viewed  from  a  distance,  with  the  commanding  position  of 
the  city,  is  singularly  grand  and  imposing.  The  university  of  Prague 
is  the  oldest  in  Germany,  having  been  founded  by  Charles  IV.  in  1348. 
It  has,  at  present,  53  professors  and  above  2,000  students.  The  medi- 
cal department,  in  particular,  is  most  liberally  endowed.  The  library 
of  the  university  contains  130,000  volumes  and  4,000  rare  manuscripts. 
The  Bohemian  National  Museum  contains  a  magnificent  collection  of 
specimens  in  the  different  natural  sciences.  Prague  is  the  seat  of 
numerous  important  manufactures,  and  the  centre  of  an  extensive  com- 
merce. The  observatory  is  in  Lat.  50°  5'  18"  N.,  Lon.  14°  25'  28"  E. 
Pop.,  including  the  garrison,  above  120,000.     (B.) 

Prato,  pra'-to,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Italy,  in  Tuscany,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Arno,  10  m.  N.  W.  of  Florence.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (B.) 

Praya,  Porto,  poW-to  pri'-a,  a  seaport  t.,  cap.  of  the  Cape  Verc 
islands,  on  the  S.  coast  of  St.  Jago  (Sam  Tiago).  Lat.  14°  55'  N.,  Lon. 
23°  35'  W.     Pop.  only  1,200.     (B.) 

Pre'-ble,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Ind.  Pop 
21,736.    Co.  t.  Eaton. 


PRE— PRI  465 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Preg'-el  or  pra'-oel,  a  r.  of  E.  Prussia,  which  falls  into  the  Frische 
HafT  below  Konigsberg. 

Prenzlow,  prents'-lov,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg-,  28  m.  W.  S. 
W.  of  Stettin.     Pop.  8,800.     (B.) 

Pres'-burg  or  Press'-burg  (Ger.  pron.  press'-booRG ;  Hung.  Posony, 
po-shon;  Anc.  Poso'nium);  one  of  the  handsomest  towns,  and  formerly 
the  cap.  of  Hungary,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Danube,  34  m.  E. 
by  S.  of  Vienna.  It  contains  an  academy,  which  is  a  sort  of  univer- 
sity, an  archigymnasium,  a  library,  belonging  to  Count  Appony  (ap-pofi), 
of  50,000  volumes,  which  is  open  to  the  public,  and  several  other  im- 
portant literary  institutions.  Lat.  48°  8'  N.,  Lon.  17°  11'  E.  Pop. 
above  41,000.     (B.) 

Pres'-ton,  an  important  and  flourishing  manufacturing  t.  of  England, 
in  Lancashire,  28  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Liverpool.  The  Lancaster  Canal, 
and  the  Lancaster  and  Preston,  and  other  railways,  pass  through  the 
town.     Pop.  in  1831,  33,871,  in  1841,  50,131. 

Preston,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Md.  and 
Pa.     Pop.  11,708   Co.  t.  Kingwood. 

Prev/-e-sa  or  pra'-va-sa,*  a  decayed  seaport  t.  of  European  Turkey, 
in  Albania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Arta.  Pop.  formerly  esti- 
mated at  above  8,000.  (B.)     Lat.  38°  58'  N.,  Lon.  20°  45'  E. 

Prince  Edward,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources  of 
the  Appomattox.     Pop.  11,857.     Seat  of  justice,  Prince  Edward  c.  h. 

Prince  Edward's  Island,  an  i.  in  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  be- 
longing to  Great  Britain,  between  45°  56'  and  47°  5'  N.  Lat.,  and 
62°  and  64°  25'  W.  Lon.  Length  of  a  curved  line  passing  through  its 
centre,  about  140  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  37  m.    Pop.  about  33,000.  (M.) 

Prince  George,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  S.  of,  and  bordering 
on  James  river.     Pop.  7,596.     Seat  of  justice,  Prince  George  c.  h. 

Prince  George,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Md.,  E.  of,  and  border- 
ing on  the  Potomac  and  District  of  Columbia.  Pop.  21,550.  Co.  t. 
Upper  Marlborough. 

Prince  William,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  the 
Potomac.     Pop.  8,129.     Co.  t.  Brentsville. 

Princess  Anne,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Va.  Pop.  7,669. 
Seat  of  justice,  Princess  Anne  c.  h. 

Prince^ton,  a  t.  of  N.  J.,  situated  partly  in  Middlesex  and  partly  in 
Somerset  co.,  11  m.  N.  E.  of  Trenton.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated 
college,  under  the  direction  of  the  Presbyterians,  founded  in  1746,  and 
styled  the  College  of  New  Jersey.     Lat.  40°  21'  N.,  Lon.  74°  39'  W. 

Principato,  prin-che-pa'-to,  a  prov.  of  Naples,  lying  E.  and  S.  E.  of 
the  metropolis.  It  is  divided  into  Principato  Citra  (chee'-tra),  and 
Principato  Ultra  (oolMra),  or  "  nearer  and  farther  Principato." 

Prip'-ets  or  Prip^-et,  (in  Polish,  Prypec,  prip'-ets,)  a  r.  of  Russian 

*  "  Remember  the  moment  when  Prevesa  fell, 

The  shrieks  of  the  conquered  and  conqueror's  yell." 

Childe  Harold,  Canto  II 


466  PRO— PRU 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Poland,  which  rises  near  51°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  24°  E.  Lon.,  and,  flowing 
easterly,  falls  into  the  Dnieper,  44  in.  N.  of  Kief. 

Provence,  pRo^-vaNce',  one  of  the  former  provinces  of  France,  now 
divided  into  the  deps.  of  Lower  Alps,  Upper  Alps,  Mouths  of  the 
Rhone,  Var,  and  Vaucluse.  Provence  is  derived  from  provincia,  a 
name  given  by  the  ancient  Romans  to  countries  or  districts  beyond  the 
limits  of  Italy  which  they  had  brought  under  their  dominion. — Adj.  and 
inhab.  Provencal,  proN-vaNx-saK. 

Prov'-i-dence,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  city  and  port  of  en- 
try, the  semi-capital  of  R.  I.  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Narragansett 
Bay,  42  m.,  in  a  direct  line,  S.  W.  of  Boston,  with  which  city  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  railroad.  Its  distance  from  the  sea  is  35  m.,  but  the 
largest  merchant-ships  can  come  up  to  the  wharves.  It  is  the  largest 
town  in  the  state,  and  the  second  in  New  England.  Though  irregu- 
larly built,  it  contains  many  fine  edifices.  The  Arcade  is  considered, 
to  be  the  handsomest  building  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  A  line 
of  steamboats  keeps  up  a  daily  communication  between  Providence  and 
New  York,  through  Long  Island  Sound,  during  the  whole  of  the  open 
season.  Brown  University,  in  this  city,  a  flourishing  institution,  under 
the  direction  of  the  Baptists,  was  founded  in  1764.  Lat.  41°  49'  N., 
Lon.  71°  25'  W.     Pop.  41,512. 

Providence  County,  of  which  the  above  city  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
has  a  pop.  of  87,525. 

Prussia,  proo'-she-a  or  prush^-e-a,  (Ger.  Preussen,  prois'-sen,)  an  im- 
portant kingdom  of  Europe,  situated  between  49°  50'  and  55°  52'  N. 
Lat.,  and  5°  50'  and  22°  54'  E.  Lon.  It  consists  principally  of  two 
parts ;  the  larger  of  which  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Baltic,  N.  E. 
and  E.  by  Russia  and  Poland,  S.  by  the  dominions  of  Austria,  and  W. 
by  Hesse-Cassel,  Brunswick,  Hanover,  and  Mecklenburg,  by  which 
states  it  is  separated  from  the  other  principal  portion.  The  latter  is 
situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine,  and  is  called  Rhenish  Prussia 
(Rhein-Preussen).  It  has  Hanover  on  the  N.,  the  Netherlands  on  tho 
N.  W.  and  W.,  and  France  on  the  S.  W.  On  the  S.  and  S.  E.  it  bor- 
ders on  the  territories  of  Bavaria,  Nassau,  and  several  of  the  smaller 
German  states.  Length  of  the  larger  portion,  from  N.  N.  E.  to  S.  S.W., 
600  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  340  m.  Area  about  90,000  sq.  m.  Area 
of  the  smaller  portion,  about  17,000  sq.  m.  Area  of  the  whole  Prussian 
monarchy,  including,  besides  the  above,  the  canton  of  Neufchatel,  in 
Switzerland,  and  several  other  small  detached  pieces  of  territory,  about 
108,000  sq.  m.  Total  pop.  in  1850,  16,330,186.  The  government  of 
Prussia  is  a  limited  monarchy.  The  royal  family  belong  to  the  re- 
formed religion,  but  all  denominations  of  Christians  are  tolerated, 
and  enjoy  nearly  the  same  rights  and  privileges.  Berlin  is  the  capi- 
tal.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Prussian,  proo'-shun  or  prush'-e-an. 

Prussia  Proper,  or  the  Province  of  Prussia,  an  extensive  prov. 
forming  the  N.  E.  portion  of  the  Prussian  monarchy.  It  was  for- 
merly divided  into  E.  and  W.  Prussia.  Area,  24,780  sq.  m.  Pop. 
2,152,873.   (P.  C.)     Capital,  Konigsberg. 


PRZ— PYR  467 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Przemysl,  pzhem'-isl,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Galicia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the 
«ame  name.     Lat.  49°  48'  N.,  Lon.  22°  53'  E.     Pop.  7,800.  (P.  C.) 

Pskof  (Pskow),  a  decayed  archiepiscopal  city  of  European  Russia, 
cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  a  river  which  flows  into  L.  Pskof. 
This  town,  which  holds  so  conspicuous  a  place  in  the  history  of  Rus- 
sia, has  now  a  pop.  of  only  12,000.     Lat.  57°  48'  N.,  Lon.  28°  20'  E. 

Puebla.     See  La  Puebla. 

Puerto  Principe,  pweRMo  prin'-se-pa,  or  Porto  del  Principe, 
i.  e.  « the  Prince's  Port,"  an  inland  t.  of  Cuba,  350  E.  S.  E.  of  Havana. 
It  has  a  pop.  of  49,000,  but  its  appearance  is  anything  but  inviting, 
the  streets  being  narrow,  crooked,  and  extremely  dirty.  (B.)  Nuevitas 
(nwa-vee'-tas),  the  port  of  the  above  town,  on  the  N.  coast  of  Cuba, 
appears  formerly  to  have  been  called  Puerto  Principe. 

Pu-las'-kx,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  Great 
Kanawha  r.     Pop.  5,118. 

Pulaski,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Oc- 
mulgee.     Pop.  6,627.     Co.  t.  Hawkinsville. 

Pulaski,  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ark.,  intersected  by  the  Arkansas 
r.     Pop.  5,658.     Co.  t.  Little  Rock. 

Pulaski,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  N.  of,  and  bordering  on  the 
Cumberland  r.     Pop.  14,195.  Co.  t.  Somerset. 

Pulaski,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  N.  W.  of  the  Wa- 
bash and  Erie  Canal.     Pop.  2,595. 

Pulaski,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Mo.,  intersected  by  the  Gas- 
conade r.     Pop.  3,998.     Co.  t.  Waynesville. 

Punjab.     See  Lahore. 

Put'-nam,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Hudson.     Pop.  14,138.     Co.  t.  Carmel. 

Putnam,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  10,794.     Co.  t.  Eatonton. 

Putnam,  a  co.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  Miami  Canal.  Pop. 
7,221.     Co.  t.  Kalida. 

Putnam,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  18,615.     Co.  t.  Green  Castle. 

Putnam,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Illinois  r. 
Pop.  3,924.     Co.  t.  Hennepin. 

Puy,  Le,  ]ch  pwee,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of 
Upper  Loire,  situated  not  far  from  the  left  bank  of  the  r.  Loire.  It  has 
a  royal  college  and  some  other  literary  institutions.  Lat.  45°  2'  N., 
Lon.  3°  52'  E.     Pop.  14,738.     (B.) 

Puy  de  Dome,  pwee  d'dome,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  France, 
intersected  by  the  r.  Allier.     Pop.  589,433.  (B.)     Capital,  Clermont. 

Pyr'-en-ees^  (Anc.  Pyrenees  Monies),  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Europe,  which  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the 
Bay  of  Biscay,  constituting  a  natural  barrier  between  France  and 
Spain.  The  Pic  de  Nethou  (peek  d'n^-too')  of  Mount  Maladetta,  the 
highest  summit  in  the  whole  chain,  has  an  elevation  of  11,318  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Mount  Maladetta  is  in  about  42°  37' N.  Lat.,  and 
0°  45'  E.  Lon. 

Pyrenees,    Eastern  (Fr.    Pyrenees  Orientales,  pe'-rav-n^  zox-rex- 


468  PYR— QUI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

aNv-tal/),  a  dep.  forming  the  S.  extremity  of  France,  bordering  on  the 
Pyrenees  and  the  Mediterranean.  Pop.  164,325.  (B.)  Capital,  Per- 
pignan. 

Pyrenees,  Lower  (Fr.  Basses  Pyrenees,  bass  peN-RaN-n&/),  a  dep. 
forming1  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  France.  Pop.  446,398.  (B.)  Capital, 
Pau. 

Pyrenees,  Upper  (Fr.  Hautes  Pyrenees,  ote  pev-rav-n&/),  a  dep.  in 
the  S.  W.  part  of  France,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  above.  Pop. 
244,170.  (B.)     Capital,  Tarbes. 

Que-bec'  (Fr.  Quebec,  kaN-bekO»  a  city  and  fortress  of  Canada,  for- 
merly the  cap.  of  the  British  possessions  in  America,  is  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  it  receives  the  St.  Charles,  about 
400  m.  from  its  mouth.  It  occupies  the  extremity  of  a  ridge,  termi- 
nating at  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  which  rises  near  340  ft.  above 
the  surface  of  the  water.  On  the  summit  of  this  promontory  stands  the 
citadel,  and  the  town  extends  from  it  down  to  the  water's  edge.  The 
commanding  position  of  the  city,  together  with  its  vast  and  beautiful 
harbour,  presents,  at  a  distance,  a  picturesque  and  magnificent  view  to 
the  approaching  spectator.  The  town  itself,  however,  is  not  very  at- 
tractive ;  the  streets  are  narrow  and  irregular,  those  in  the  lower  por- 
tions are  dirty  and  confined.  Quebec  is  strongly  fortified,  and  has 
been  justly  called  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  Among  the  numerous 
literary  institutions  of  this  town,  we  may  name  the  French  College, 
and  the  Public  Library,  which  contains  upwards  of  6,000  vols,  of  valu- 
able and  standard  works.  Quebec  is  situated  on  the  St.  Lawrence, 
above  the  island  of  Orleans,  where  the  river  suddenly  contracts,  and  is 
said  to  take  its  name  from  Kebec,  an  Indian  word,  signifying  "  narrow." 
Lat.  46°  47'  30"  N.,  Lon.  71°  10'  W.     Pop.  above  30,000.     (B.) 

Qued'-lin-burgv  (Ger.  pron.  quedMin-b66RG,v),  a  t.  of  Prussian 
Saxony,  on  a  tributary  of  the  Saale,  32  ra.  S.  W.  of  Magdeburg.  It 
was  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  German  poet  Klopstock.  Lat.  51° 
48'  N.,  Lon.  11°  8'  E.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Queen  Anne,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Md.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Chesapeake.     Pop.  14,484.     Co.  t.  Centreville. 

Queen's  County,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of 
Leinster,  S.  W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  145,851.     (P.  C) 

Queens,  a  co.  of  N.  Y.,  on  Long  Island.  Pop.  36,833.  Co.  t.  North 
Hempstead. 

Quen'-tin,  Saint,  (Fr.  pron.  s&n  kasv-taV ;  Anc.  Augusta  Veroman- 
duo'rum,)  a  manufacturing  t.  in  the  N.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne, 
on  the  r.  Somme.     Lat.  49°  51'  N.,  Lon.  3°  18'  E.     Pop.  19,892.  (M.) 

Queretaro,  ker-a'-ta-ro,  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  of  Mexico, 
cap.  of  a  state  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  an  elevation  of  more  than 
6,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Lat.  20°  37'  N.,  Lon.  100°  10'  W. 
Pop.,  including  the  suburbs,  between  30,000  and  40,000.     (P.  C.) 

Quilimancy,  ke-le-man'-se,  a  r.  of  E.  Africa,  which  falls  into  the 
Indian  Ocean  near  3°  S.  Lat. 

Quilimane,  ke-le-ma'na,  a  t.  of  E.  Africa,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river 
of  its  own  name  (?•).     Lat.  about  18°  S. 


QUI— RAM  469 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Quillota,  keel-yo'-ta,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  Chili,  on  a  r.  of  the 
same  name,  remarkable  for  its  rich  mines  of  copper.  Lat.  32°  55'  S., 
Lon.  71°  15'  W. 

Quiloa,  keeMo-a,  formerly  the  cap.  of  a  considerable  kingdom  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  but  now  a  miserable  village.  Lat.  near  9°  S., 
Lon.  39°  30'  E. 

Qlimper,  kaai'-paRe^,  or  Quimper  Corentin  (koN-raNx-taV),  a  t.  in 
the  W.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  Finistere,  on  the  river  Odet  (ov-da'), 
which  here  becomes  navigable.  Lat.  47°  58'  30"  N.,  Lon.  4°  6'  VV. 
Pop.  9,715.     (B.) 

Quito,  kee'-to,  a  noted  city  of  S.  America,  cap.  of  the  republic  of 
Ecuador,  situated  9,500  ft.  above  the  sea.  The  houses  are  usually  but 
one  story  high,  on  account  of  the  frequent  earthquakes.  Quito  ranks 
high  among  the  Spanish  American  cities,  as  a  place  of  education  ;  its 
university  is  especially  celebrated.  Lat.  0°  13'  S.,  Lon.  78°  45'  W. 
Pop.  uncertain  ;  but  it  probably  amounts  to  near  70,000.     (B.) 

Quorra.     See  Niger. 

Raab,  raab,  (Hung.  Gyor,  dyoR,)  an  ancient  t.  of  Hungary,  near  the 
junction  of  the  r.  Raab  with  the  Danube.  It  contains,  besides  other 
institutions,  an  academy,  which  is  a  sort  of  university.  Pop.  14,000. 
(B.)     Lat.  47°  41'  N.,  Lon.  17°  40'  E. 

Ra'-bun,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ga.  Pop.  2,448.  Co. 
t.  Clayton. 

Racine,  ras-seen',  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  14,973.    Cap.  Racine  city.     See  Wisconsin. 

Rad'-nor,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  of  Wales,  on  the  r.  Wyo,  near  its  source. 
Pop.  25,856. 

Ragusa,  ra-goo^-sa,  or  Raugia,  ra'-oo-ja,  (in  Slavonian,  Dubrownik, 
doo-brov'-nik),  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Dalmatia,  formerly  the  cap.  of 
the  republic  of  this  name,  now  the  cap.  of  the  circle  of  Ragusa,  is  situ- 
ated on  a  peninsula  in  the  Adriatic.  Though  this  town  has  greatly 
declined  from  the  prosperity  which  it  enjoyed  in  the  16th  century,  when 
it  is  said  to  have  had  a  population  of  30,000  (P.  C),  it  is  still  important 
on  account  of  its  commerce  and  its  fortifications.  Lat.  42°  39'  N.. 
Lon.  18°  6'  E.  Pop.  near  6,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  Ragusan, 
ra-goor-san. 

Rajpootana,  raj-poo-ta'-na,  or  Rajasthan,  ra  -ja-stan',  (i.  e.  the 
'country  of  princes,")  an  extensive  territory  of  Hindostan,  between 
23°  30'  and  31°  N.  Lat.,  and  70°  and  78°  E.  Lon.  The  greater  part 
of  this  country  is  divided  among  the  Rajpoot  (raj-poot^)  princes,  who 
are  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

Raleigh,  rauMe,  the  cap.  of  N.  C,  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Wake 
co., a  little  W.  of  Neuse  r.,  near  the  centre  of  the  state.  Lat.  35°  47'  N., 
Lon.  78°  48'  W.     Pop.  4,518. 

Ralls,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  or  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  r.     Pop.  6,151.     Co.  t.  New  London. 

Rams'-gate,  a  seaport  t.  and  watering-place  of  England,  in  Kent,  on 
40 


470  RAN— RAT 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  56,  as  in  good; 

the  E.  coast  of  the  i.  of  Thanet,  65  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  London.  Lat.  51° 
20'  N.,  Lon.  1°  24'  E.     Pop.  10,909. 

Ran'-dolph,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela.     Pop.  5,243.     Co.  t.  Beverly. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  C,  a  little  E.  of  the 
Yadkin.     Pop.  15,832.     Co.  t.  Ashboro. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Chatta- 
hoochee r.     Pop.  12,868.  Co.  t.  Cuthbert. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering-  on  Ga.  Pop. 
11,581. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop. 
14,725.     Co.  t.  Winchester. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Missis- 
sippi, at  the  mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia  r.     Pop.  11,079. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  N.  E.  of  the 
Missouri  r.     Pop.  9.439     Co.  t.  Huntsville. 

Randolph,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  Mo.  Pop. 
3,275. 

Rangoon,  rang-goon',  a  t.  and  river  port,  and  the  principal  entrepot 
for  foreign  trade  in  the  Birman  empire,  is  situated  in  the  prov.  of  Pegu, 
on  the  Rangoon  r.,  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Irrawaddy,  about  26  m. 
from  the  sea.  Lat.  16°  45'  N.,  Lon.  96°  20'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
14,000.     (B.) 

Ran'-kin,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Pearl 
r.    Pop.  7,227.     Co.  t.  Brandon. 

Rapides,  rap-eed',  a  parish  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  La.,  inter- 
sected by  the  Red  r.     Pop.  16,561      Co.  t.  Alexandria. 

Rap'-pa-han'-nock,  a  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  flowing  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  Length  estimated  at  150  m.  It  is  navigable,  for  vessels 
drawing  10  ft.  water,  to  Fredericksburg,  about  110  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Rappahannock,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources  of  the 
above  r.     Pop.  9,782. 

Raritan  or  Rariton,  raV-e-ton,  a  r.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  J.,  flowing 
into  Raritan  Bay.     Boats  of  80  tons  can  ascend  to  Brunswick,  17  m. 

Raritan  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r.,  is  situated  between  Sta- 
ten  Island  and  Monmouth  co.,  in  N.  J. 

Rastadt,  ras'-tatt,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand-duchy  of  Baden, 
cap.  of  the  circle  of  the  Middle  Rhine,  on  the  Murg  (mooRo),  not  far 
from  the  Rhine,  13  m.  S.  W.  of  Carlesruhe.     Pop.  5,600.     'vB.) 

Rat'-is-bon\  (Ger.  Regensburg,  ra'-Gens-booRG  ;  Anc.  Regi'num,  or 
Castra  Re'gia,  afterwards  Augus'ta  Tibe'rii,)  a  noted  city  of  Germany, 
in  Bavaria,  cap.  of  the  circle  of  Regen  (ra'-Gen),  on  the  Danube,  which 
is  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  1,100  ft.  in  length ;  it  is  irregularly 
built,  and  has  rather  a  gloomy  appearance.  The  most  remarkable 
building  is,  perhaps,  the  Town  House,  (Rathhaus,  raat'-house,)  in  which 
the  German  Diet  held  its  assemblies,  from  1662  until  its  dissolution  in 
1806.     Among  the  various  manufactures,  that  of  beer  is  much  cele- 


RAV— REG  471 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

brated.  Lat.  49°  V  N.,  Lon.  12°  6'  E.  Pop.  26,000.  (B.)  The  P.  C. 
gives  21,000. 

Rav-en'-na  or  ra-ven'-na,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal 
state,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  about  4£  m.  from  the 
Adriatic,  and  43  rn.  E.  S.  E.  of  Bologna.  This  town,  so  flourishing  in 
the  time  of  the  Romans,  and  so  populous  in  the  6th  and  7th  centuries, 
when  it  was  the  residence  of  the  Exarchs,  who  governed  Italy  in  the 
name  of  the  Byzantine  emperors,  contains,  at  present,  only  about  16,000 
inhabitants.  (B.)  It  is  now  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  architectural  re- 
mains, and  for  containing  the  tomb  of  the  immortal  Dante.  Lat.  44a 
25'  N„  Lon.  12°  11'  E. 

RAY,.a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  10,373.  Co.  t.  Richmond. 

Reading,  redMng,  a  t.  of  England,  cap.  of  Berkshire,  on  the  Kennet, 
near  its  junction  with  the  Thames,  38  m.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the 
borough,  with  an  area  of  about  3  sq.  m.,  18,937. 

Reading,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Pa.,  cap.  of  Berks  co.,  on  the  Schuylkill, 
about  45  m.  in  a  direct  line  W.  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  very  ad- 
vantageously situated  for  trade,  being  on  the  Schuylkill  Canal,  where 
it  is  joined  by  the  Union  Canal,  and  having,  besides,  communication  with 
Philadelphia  and  Pottsville,  by  a  good  railroad.     Pop.  15,748. 

Red  River,  one  of  the  larger  affluents  of  the  Mississippi,  which  rises 
in  the  mountains  in  the  N.  part  of  Texas,  near  35°  N.  Lat.,  and  104° 
W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  at  first  easterly  and  afterwards  south-easterly, 
joins  the  "  Great  River,"  in  Louisiana,  in  about  31°  N.  Lat.,  and  91° 
50'  W.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  above  1,200  m.  The 
navigation  is  impeded  in  several  places  by  trees,  which  have  floated 
down  in  great  numbers  and  choked  up  the  channel. 

Redruth,  red'-ruth,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Cornwall,  important 
on  account  of  its  extensive  copper  and  tin  mines.  Lat.  50°  14'  N.f 
Lon.  5°  12'  W. 

Red  Sea,  called  also  the  Arabian  Gulf,  a  large  inlet  or  bay,  com- 
municating with  the  Indian  Ocean  by  the  strait  of  Babel-Mandel  and  the 
Gulf  of  Aden,  and  extending  from  12°  40'  to  30°  N.  Lat,  and  from  32° 
20'  to  43°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length,  about  1,400  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
above  200  m. 

Ree,  ra,  a  lake  in  the  central  part  of  Ireland,  17  m.  in  length,  and 
perhaps  6  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 

Reggio,  red'-jo,  (Anc.  Rhe'gium,)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  Naples, 
cap.  of  Calabria  Ultra,  at  the  S.  extremity  of  the  Italian  peninsula,  on 
the  strait  of  Messina.  Rhegium  was,  at  an  early  period,  one  of  the 
most  flourishing  commercial  cities  of  Magna  Grecia,  in  the  S.  of  Italy, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  ounded  about  700  years  before  the  Christian 
era.  This  town  has  experienced  great  vicissitudes  of  fortune,  both  in 
ancient  and  modern  times.  In  the  16th  century,  it  was  thrice  taken 
and  pillaged  by  the  Turks.  The  earthquake  of  1793  destroyed  Reggio 
so  completely,  that  not  a  single  building  remained  entire.     It  has,  how- 


472  REG— REU 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good', 

ever,  been  since  rebuilt  on  a  regular  plan,  and  now  contains  nearly 
20,000  inhabitants.  (P.  C.)     Lat.  38°  6'  N,  Lon.  15°  40'  E. 

Reggio  (Anc.  Re'gium  Lep'idi),  a  town  of  N.  Italy,  in  the  duchy  of 
Modena,  16  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Modena.  Among  its  literary  and  scien- 
tific establishments,  is  a  museum  of  natural  history,  which  belonged  to 
the  celebrated  Spallanzani,  who  was  born  near  Reggio.  This  town  is 
also  distinguished  as  the  birth-place  of  Ariosto,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
the  Italian  poets.     Pop.  17,000.     (B.) 

Reichenberg,  ry-Ken-beRGN,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Bohemia,  the  second 
in  the  kingdom  as  respects  population,  situated  on  the  Neisse,  near  the 
N.  frontier,  with  numerous  important  manufactures.  Lat.  50°  46'  N., 
Lon.  15°  5'  E.     Pop.  near  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

Reims  or  Rheims,  reemz,  (Fr.  pron.  raNz ;  Anc.  Durocorto'rum,  after- 
wards Re'mi ;)  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Marne 
(of  which,  though  not  the  cap.,  it  is  by  far  the  largest  town),  84  m.  E. 
by  N.  of  Paris.  It  is  surrounded  with  old  walls  and  entered  by  six 
gates.  One  of  these,  the  gate  of  Mars,  consisted  formerly  of  a  Roman 
triumphal  arch,  which  is  still  standing,  though  now  superseded  by  a 
gate  of  modern  construction.  Among  the  remarkable  edifices  may  be 
mentioned  the  Cathedra),  one  of  the  largest  and  most  magnificent  in 
Europe.  It  was  erected  chiefly  in  the  13th  century,  since  which  time 
the  French  kings  have,  with  few  exceptions,  been  consecrated  here. 
Reims  possesses  extensive  manufactures,  principally  of  woollens,  or 
fabrics  of  wool  combined  with  other  materials.  Lat.  49°  15'  N.,  Lon. 
4°  3'  E.     Pop.  38,359.     (P.  C.) 

Renaix,  r'na,  (Flem.  Ron'-se,)  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Belgium,  in  E. 
Flanders,  20  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Ghent.     Pop.  12,000.     (B.) 

Rendsborg,  rends'-boRg,  or  Rends'-burg,  a  town  and  important 
fortress  of  Denmark,  on  the  canal  which  connects  the  Baltic  with  the 
North  Sea.  It  has  a  fine  arsenal,  and  about  8,000  inhabitants.  (B.) 
Lat.  54°  19'  N.,  Lon.  9°  40  E. 

Ren'-frew,  a  small  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Renfrewshire,  6  m.  W.  N. 
W.  of  Glasgow. 

Ren^-frew-shtre,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Scotland,  bordering  on  the 
river  and  frith  of  Clyde.     Pop.  155,072. 

Rennes,  Renn,  (Anc,  Con'date,  afterwards  Red'ones,)  a  commercial 
and  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Ille-et-Vilaine,  on 
the  r.  Vilaine.  It  contains  a  royal  college,  a  public  library  of  30,000 
volumes,  with  some  valuable  manuscripts,  and  numerous  other  literary 
and  scientific  institutions.  Lat.  48°  T  N.,  Lon.  1°  41'  W.  Pop. 
30,000.     (B.) 

Rensselaer,  ren'-sel-er,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on 
Vt.  and  Mass.     Pop.  73,363.     Co.  t.  Troy. 

Requena,  ra-ka'-na,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  43  m.  W.  N.  W 
of  Valencia.     Pop.  10,893.     (M.) 

Reus,  ra'-ooce,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia, 
5  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Tarragona.     Pop.  stated  at  24,600.     (B.) 

Reuss.  ruce,  (Ger.  pron.  roiss,)  a  territory  of  Germany,  between  50° 


REU— RHI  473 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

20'  and  51°  N.  Lat.,  and  11°  30'  and  12°  20'  E.  Lon. ;  divided  by  a 
part  of  the  possessions  of  Saxe- Weimar,  into  two  portions.  This  terri- 
tory forms  two  independent  principalities  (belonging  to  two  branches 
of  the  house  of  Reuss) ;  viz.,  Reuss-Greitz  and  Reuss-Schleitz.  The 
prince  of  the  elder  branch  resides  at  Greitz  (grltes),  a  town  on  the  El- 
ster,  with  about  7,000  inhabitants.  (B.)  Lat.  50°  39'  N.,  Lon.  12°  10' 
E.  The  prince  of  the  younger  branch  has  his  residence  at  Schleitz 
(shlitesj,  a  little  town,  with  a  pop.  of  about  5,000  (B.),  15  m.  W.  S.W. 
of  Greitz. 

Reutlingen,  roitMing-en,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Wiirtemberg,  cap.  of 
the  circle  of  Schwarzwald  (Black  Forest),  on  a  tributary  of  the  Nec- 
kar,  19  m.  S.  of  Stuttgart.     Pop.  near  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Rev'-el  (Russ.  Kol-y-var/;  in  Esthonian,  Tatlin  or  Tatleen) ;  the  cap. 
of  the  Russian  gov.  of  Esthonia,  situated  on  the  S.  side  of  the  Gulf  of 
Finland,  about  210  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  very  strongly 
fortified,  and  its  harbour  is  one  of  the  stations  for  the  Russian  fleet. 
Lat.  59°  27'  N.,  Lon.  24°  35'  E.  Pop.  15,000  (P.  C),  of  whom  a  large 
propoition  are  Germans. 

Rhea,  ray,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Tennes- 
see r.     Pop.  4,415.     Co.  t.  Washington. 

Rheims.     See  Reims. 

Rhine  (Anc.  Rhe'nus;  Fr.  Rhin,  rajv;  Ger.  Rhein,  rine;  Dutch, 
Rhyn,  rine)  ;  a  celebrated  r.  of  Europe,  which  has  its  sources  in  the 
Alps.  The  principal  branch,  called  by  the  Germans,  the  Vorder 
Rhein  (i.  e.  fore  Rhine),  rises  a  little  N.  E.  of  Mount  St.  Gothard,  in 
about  46°  38'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  39'  E.  Lon.  The  general  course  of  the 
river  is  northerly,  to  Mentz,  thence  nearly  N.W.,  to  the  borders  of  the 
Netherlands,  whence  it  takes  a  westerly  direction,  and  divides  into  two 
principal  branches ;  the  larger  of  these,  called  the  Waal  or  Wahal 
(Waal),  joins  the  Meuse;  the  other,  which  retains  the  name  of  the 
Rhyn,  falls  into  the  N.  Sea,  in  52°  13'  N.  Lat.  All  that  portion  of  the 
river  which  lies  within  or  along  the  boundary  of  Switzerland,  is  called 
the  Upper  Rhine ;  from  Bale  to  Cologne  it  is  denominated  the  Middle 
Rhine;  and  the  remainder  of  the  course  to  its  mouths,  the  Lower  Rhine. 
With  respect  to  length,  the  Rhine  is  the  fourth  river  of  Europe,  but  it 
holds  the  first  rank  as  a  channel  of  commerce.  Its  whole  course 
amounts  to  about  950  m.  The  Lower  Rhine  may  be  navigated  by  sea- 
vessels  of  300  or  400  tons,  though  flat  river-barges  are  generally  used, 
on  account  of  the  numerous  sand-banks.  In  some  parts  of  the  Middle 
Rhine,  the  navigation  is  greatly  impeded  by  the  rapidity  of  the  current, 
as  well  as  by  numerous  small  islands  and  sand-banks,  which  are  subject 
to  sudden  and  frequent  changes  in  their  form  and  position.  Steamboats 
have  recently  been  resorted  to,  with  great  advantage,  in  navigating  the 
Rhine.  Near  Schaffhausen,  on  the  Upper  Rhine,  the  river,  running 
through  a  narrow  channel,  between  lofty  rocks,  falls  over  a  ledge  of 
lime-stone,  about  70  ft.  in  height,  producing  the  celebrated  "  cataract 
of  the  Rhine." — Adj.  Rhen^-ish. 

Rhine,  Province  of  the,  forms  the  more  soutnern  of  the  two  grea* 
40*  2F 


474  RHI— RHO 

Fate,  f  ar,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  116,  not ;  66  as  in  good  ; 

divisions  of  Rhenish  Prussia.  The  prov.  of  Westphalia  (constituting 
.he  other  division)  bounds  it  on  the  N.  E.     Capital,  Cologne. 

Rhine,  Lower  (Fr.  Bas-Rhin,baraN),  a  dep.  forming  the  N.  E.  ex- 
tremity of  France,  and  bordering  on  the  Rhine.  Pop.  561,859.  (B.) 
Capital,  Strasbourg. 

Rhine,  Upper  (Fr.  Haut-Rhine,6raN),  a  dep.  on  the  E.  frontier  of 
France,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  above.  Pop.  447,019.  (B.)  Capi- 
tal, Colmar. 

Rhode  Island,  one  of  the  thirteen  original  U.  S.,  and  the  smallest 
state  in  the  Union,  extending  from  41°  17'  to  42°  N.  Lat.,  and  from 
71°  6'  to  71°  52'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Massachu- 
setts, S.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  by  Connecticut,  and  divided  into  5 
counties.*  Length  from  N.  to  S.,  40  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to 
W.,  37  m.  Area,  1,225  sq.  m.  Pop.  147,544.  Providence  and  New- 
port are  the  capitals. — Inhab.  Rhode  Islander. 

Rhode  Island,  an  i.  of  R.  I.,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  from  which  the 
state  derives  its  name.  It  is  near  15  m.  long,  with  an  area  estimated 
at  50  sq.  m.     Newport  is  the  principal  town. 

Rhodes  (Gr.  'PoSos ;  Lat.  RbVdus)  ;  a  fertile  i.  near  the  E.  ex- 
tremity of  the  Mediterranean,  belonging  to  Turkey,  intersected  by  the 
36th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  28th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Length, 
46  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  16  m.  Pop.  estimated  at  25,000.  (M.) 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Rho'-dj-an. 

Rhodez  or  Rodez,  ro'-da/,  (Anc.  Segodu^num,  afterwards  Rute^ni,) 
a  t.  in  the  S.  of  PVance,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Aveyron,  on  the  r.  Aveyron. 
Its  cathedral  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  Gothic  edifices  in  France. 
Among  its  literary  institutions,  may  be  mentioned  the  Royal  College, 
and  the  Public  Library,  containing  15,000  vols.  Lat.  44°  21'  N.,  Lon. 
2°  35'  E.     Pop.  9,158.     (B.) 

Rhone  (Fr.  Rhone;  Anc.  Rho'danus);  a  large  r.  of  Europe,  which 
rises  in  the  central  part  of  Switzerland,  in  about  46°  35'  N.  Lat,  and 
8°  20'  E.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  at  first  south-westerly,  traverses  L.  Leman  ; 
afterwards,  having  received  the  Saone,  its  course  is  almost  due  S.,  to 
the  Mediterranean,  which  it  enters  by  several  mouths,  near  43°  25'  N. 
Lat,  and  4°  30'  E.  Lon.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  590  m. 
The  current  of  the  Rhone  and  its  larger  tributaries  is  so  rapid  as  to  be 
a  great  obstacle  to  navigation  with  ordinary  boats,  but  the  recent  intro- 
duction of  steamers  has,  in  a  great  measure,  obviated  that  difficulty, 
and  is  said  to  have  contributed  vastly  to  the  improvement  of  this  portion 
of  France. 

Rhone,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  on  the  rivers  Rhone  and 
Saone.     Pop.  482,024.  (B.)     Capital,  Lyons. 

Rhone,  Mouths  of  (Fr.  Bouches-du-Rhone,  boosh  dii  rdne),  a  dep. 
in  the  S.  of  France,  situated,  as  its  name  indicates,  at  the  mouths  of 
the  Rhone.     Pop.  362,325.  (B.)     Capital,  Marseilles. 

*  Bristol,  Kent,  Newport,  Providence,  Washington. 


RIA— RIM  475 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Riazan,  re-a-zan',  (formerly  Per-es-lavF,)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of 
European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  an  affluent  of  the 
Oka.     Lat.  54°  34/  N.,  Lon.  39°  20'  E.     Pop.  about  9,000.     (P.  C.) 

Rich^-land,  a  (list,  in  the  centre  of  S.  C,  between  the  Wateree  and 
Congaree  rivers.     Pop.  20,243.    Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Richland,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ohio,  N.  by  E.  of  Colum- 
bus.    Pop.  30,879.     Co.  t.  Mansfield. 

Richland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Wabash 
r.     Pop.  4,012. 

Richland,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  N.  side  of 
the  Wisconsin  r.     Pop.  903. 

Rich'-mond,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Surrey,  10  m.  W.  by  S.  of  London. 
Pop.  of  the  parish,  7,760. 

Richmond,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Va.,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Hen- 
rico co.,  and  the  cap.  of  the  state,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tide-water 
on  James  r.,  near  100  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  by  W.  of  Washington. 
It  is  generally  well  built,  and  its  appearance  from  a  distance  is  striking 
and  picturesque.  This  town  is  very  advantageously  situated  for  com- 
merce. It  communicates  by  railroads  with  the  Potomac  and  Roanoke, 
and  there  is  a  boat  navigation  of  220  m.  on  the  James  r.,  above  Rich- 
mond, a  canal  having  been  constructed  round  the  falls,  just  above  the 
city.  Lat.  (of  the  capitol)  37°  32'  17"  N.,  Lon.  77°  27'  28"  W.  Pop. 
in  1830,  16,060;  in  1850,  27,482. 

Richmond,  a  co.  of  N.  Y.,  comprising  Staten  Island,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Hudson.     Pop.  15,061.     Co.  t.  Richmond. 

Richmond,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  N.  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Rappahannock.     Pop.  6,448.     Seat  of  justice,  Richmond  c.  h. 

Richmond,  a  co.  on  the  S.  frontier  of  N.  C,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Yadkin.     Pop.  9,818.     Co.  t.  Rockingham. 

Richmond,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Savannah. 
Pop.  16,246.     Co.  t.  Augusta. 

Ri'-ga  or  ree^-ga,  an  important  commercial  t.  of  European  Russia, 
cap.  of  Livonia,  on  the  r.  Dwina  (or  Diina),  about  9  m.  from  its  entrance 
into  the  Gulf  of  Livonia.  The  r.  is  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge  of 
boats,  about  2,400  ft.  long.  Among  the  public  buildings,  may  be  mentioned 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  the  tower  of  which  is  440  ft.  in  height.  (M.) 
Riga  is  one  of  the  most  important  fortresses  of  the  Russian  empire. 
Lat.  56°  57'  N.,  Lon.  24°  8'  E.  Pop.  near  60,000,  of  whom  more  than 
one-half  are  Protestants,  being  chiefly  Germans  or  their  descendants. 

Riga,  Gulf  of.     See  Livonia,  Gulf  of. 

Ric/-o-let  (the  diminutive  from  rigole,  a  French  word  signifying  a 
"ditch  or  channel").  The  rigolets  in  La.  are  channels  connecting  L. 
Pontchartrain  with  L.  Borgne. 

Rimini,  ree'-me-ne,  (Anc.  ArinVinum,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  th^  Papal 
state,  on  the  Adriatic,  at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Marecchia  (ma-rek'-ke-a), 
which  is  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  marble  bridge.  It  has  a  public 
library  of  30,000  vols.,  and  other  institutions,  but  is  chiefly  interesting 
on  account  of  its  antiquities.  Lat.  44°  4'  N.,  Lon.  12°  33'  E.  Pop. 
13,450.     (P.  C.) 


476  RIO— RIV 

Fate,  far,  f -All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  66,  as  in  good, 

Ri'-o  Co-lor-ad'-o,  i.  e.  "  Red  River,"  or  simply  Colorado,  a  large 
r.  of  Texas,  which  falls  into  Matagorda  Bay,  near  23°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and 
96°  W.  Lon.     Length  estimated  at  near  1,000  m. 

Ri'-o  del  Norte,  called  formerly  the  Rio  Bravo  or  Rio  Bravo  del 
Norte,  (Sp.  pron.  ree'-o  bra'-vo  del  noR^-ta,)  i.  e.  the  "rapid  river  of 
the  North,"  a  large  r.  of  N.  America,  which  rises  near  41°  N.  Lat, 
and  110  W.  Lon.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  south-easterly  direction, 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  near  26°  N.  Lat.  and  97°  20'  W.  Lon. 
Through  a  great  part  of  its  course,  it  forms  the  boundary  between 
Texas  and  Mexico.  Length,  above  2,000  nv  It  is  not  navigable  to 
any  extent.    This  river  is  frequently  called  the  Rio  Grande. 

Rio  Janeiro,  ri'-o  jan-ee'-ro,  or  simply  Rio,  or  more  fully,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  (Port.  pron.  ree'-o  da  zhan-a/e-ro,)  the  cap.  of  the  empire  of 
Brazil,  as  well  as  of  a  prov.  of  rts  own  name,  and  the  largest  and  most 
commercial  city  in  S.  America,  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  Atlantic, 
which  forms,  in  every  respect,  one  of  the  best  harbours  in  the  world. 
This  bay  is  nearly  24m.  in  length,  and  15m.  in  its  greatest  breadth; 
and,  being  surrounded  by  high  hills,  is  protected  from  every  wind.  The 
entrance,  which  is  scarcely  a  mile  wide,  is  defended  by  several  forts. 
The  town  is  regularly  laid  out,  but  the  streets  are  generally  narrow, 
and  the  houses  not  remarkable  for  elegance.  Among  the  literary  and 
scientific  institutions  of  the  Brazilian  capital,  we  may  name  the  Public 
Library,  containing  from  50,000  to  70,000  vols. ;  the  School  of  Medi- 
cine and  Surgery,  the  Botanic  Garden,  and  the  Observatory.  The 
trade  of  Rio  is  very  extensive,  and  appears  to  be  still  rapidly  increasing. 
The  principal  export  is  coffee ;  of  which  the  quantity  shipped  at  this 
place  is  said  to  be  nearly  equal  to  all  the  exports  of  coffee  from  all  the 
other  ports  in  the  world.  Lat.  22°  54'  S.,  Lon.  42°  45'  W.  Pop.  above 
200,000;  about  one-half  of  whom  are  negro  slaves. 

Riom,  reN-6N<\  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy-de-Dome,  8  m.  N. 
by  E.  of  Clermont.     Lat.  45°  53'  N.,  Lon.  3°  4'  E.     Pop.  11,050.  (M.) 

Rip'-ley.  a  co.  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Ind.,  W.  of  Cincinnati. 
Pop.  14,820.     Co.  t.  Versailles. 

Ripley,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Ark.  Pop 
2,830.    Co.  t.  Van  Buren. 

Rip'-on  or  Rip'-pon,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  the  N.  Riding,  of  York- 
shire, on  the  Ure,  22  in.  N.  W.  of  York.  It  was  formerly  celebrated 
for  its  manufacture  of  spurs,  which  were  in  such  high  repute,  that  "as 
true  steel  as  Ripon-rowels,"  became  a  proverbial  expression  for  a  man 
of  fidelity  and  courage. 

Ritch'-ie,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  near  the  Ohio  r.  P.  3,902. 

Rive-de-Gier,  reev  d'zhe-a',  a  rapidly-increasing  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Loire,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Lyons.  It  has  extensive  manufac- 
tures and  very  productive  coal-mines  in  its  vicinity.  Pop.  in  1836, 
9,040.     (M.) 

Rives,  reevz,  (now  called  Henry,)  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  ?*Io.,  on  the 
N  side  of  Osage  r.     Pop.  4,726. 


ROA— ROC  477 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Roane,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Tennessee  and  Clinch 
rivers.     Pop.  12,185.     Co.  t.  Kingston. 

Ro'-anne',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Loire,  on  the  r.  Loire,  Lat. 
46°  2'  N.,  Ion.  4°  4'  E.     Pop.  9,334.     (M.) 

Ro'-an-oke',  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Va.,  and,  flowing 
in  a  o-eneral  south-easterly  direction,  passes  into  N.  C,  and  falls  into 
Albemarle  Sound,  near  36°  N.  Lat.,  and  76°  40'  W.  Lon. 

Roanoke,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  E.  of  the  Great  Kana- 
wha r.     Pop.  8,477. 

Rob'-ert-son,  a  co.  on  the  N.  border  of  Tenn.,  N.  of  Nashville.  Pop. 
10,145.  '  Co.  t.  Springfield. 

Rob'-e-son,  a  co.  near  the  S.  extremity  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  S.  C. 
Pop.  12,826.     Co.  t.  Lumberton. 

Roch'-dale,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Lancashire,  on  the 
Roch,  an  affluent  of  the  Irwell,  11  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Manchester.  Pop. 
about  25,000. 

Rocue'-fort  or  roshv-foR',a fortified  t.  and  naval  port  of  France,  in  the 
dep.  of  Lower  Charente,  on  the  r.  Charente,  about  12  m.  (by  water) 
from  its  mouth.  The  harbour  is  formed  by  the  river,  which,  though 
not  large,  affords  at  all  times  sufficient  depth  of  water  to  float  the 
largest  vessels.  The  arsenal  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  finest  in 
the  country.  There  is  without  the  town  a  naval  hospital,  which  ranks 
among  the  most  extensive  establishments  of  the  kind  in  Europe.  Lat. 
45°  5fj'  N.,  Lon.  0°  58'  W.     Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

Rochelle,  La,  la  rov-shell',  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  France,  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  Lower  Charente,  on  the  Atlantic,  93  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Bor- 
deaux. It  is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  commerce.  Rochelle  is  re- 
markable in  history  for  the  celebrated  siege  which  it  underwent  during 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.,  and  the  ministry  of  Richelieu,  which  resulted 
in  the  demolition  of  the  last  refuge  of  the  Huguenots,  and  the  ruin  of 
their  party.  The  conquest  is  said  to  have  cost  France  40,000,000 
francs.     Lat.  46°  9'  N.,  Lon.  1°  10'  W.     Pop.  15,000.     (B.) 

Roch'-es-ter,  an  ancient  city  of  England,  in  Kent,  on  the  Medway, 
28  m.  E.  by  S.  from  London.     Pop.,  including  4  parishes,  11,743. 

Rochester,  a  flourishing  city  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of 
Monroe  co.,  on  the  Genesee  r.,  7  m.  from  Lake  Ontario.  The  Erie 
Canal,  and  the  Albany  and  Buffalo  Railroad,  pass  through  the  town. 
Another  railroad  communicates  with  Port  Genesee,  on  L.  Ontario.  A 
sloop  navigation  extends  from  the  lal?e  up  the  Genesee  r.  to  within  2  m. 
of  the  city.  With  these  advantages,  Rochester  possesses  a  very  ac- 
ti7e  and  extensive  trade,  of  which  the  immense  quantities  of  flour 
manufactured  in  its  numerous  mills,  form,  perhaps,  the  mcst  important 
article.  The  site  of  Rochester  was  a  wilderness  in  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  the  first  settlement  having  been  made  in  1812;  in 
1820  the  population  was  only  1,502,  but  since  the  opening  of  the  Erie 
canal,  in  1824,  the  town  has  increased  with  astonishing  rapidity;  in 
1830  the  population  was  9,269,  and  in  1850  it  had  amounted  to  36,403  ; 
and,  with  its  increased  facilities  of  intercourse  with  other  important 


478  ROC— ROC  " 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

places,  we  may  expect  that  its  future  advancement  will  not  be  lesa 
rapid  than  the  past.  There  are  several  falls  in  the  Genesee,  near 
Rochester :  the  principal  one  is  immediately  below  the  town,  where  the 
river  is  precipitated  over  a  ledge  of  rocks  about  95  ft.  in  perpendicular 
height     Lat.  43°  8'  N.,  Lon.  77°  51'  W. 

Rock,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  111.  Pop. 
20,708.  Co.  t.  Rockport. 

Rock  River,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Wisconsin,  and,  flowing-  southerly 
into  111.,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  near  41°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  90°  30 
W.  Lon. 

Rock'-bridge,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  head 
waters  of  James  r.  Pop.  16,045.  Co.  t.  Lexington.  It  derives  its 
name  from  the  natural  bridge  of  rock  over  Cedar  creek,  in  this  county. 
The  bridge,  which  extends  across  a  fearful  chasm,  200  ft.  in  depth,  is 
about  80  ft.  in  breadth,  and  covered  with  soil  and  trees. 

Rock-cas'-tle,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  on  a  river  of 
the  same  name,  an  affluent  of  the  Cumberland.  Pop.  4,697.  Co.  t. 
Mount  Vernon. 

Rock'-ing-ham,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  N.  H.  Pop. 
50,986.     Co.  towns,  Portsmouth  and  Exeter. 

Rockingham,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Va.,  on  the  head- 
waters of  the  Shenandoah.     Pop.  20,294.     Co.  t.  Harrisonburg. 

Rockingham,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va. 
Pop.  14,495.     Co.  t.  Wentworth. 

Rock  Island,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  at  the  mouth  of  Rock  r. 
Pop.  6,937.     Co.  t.  Stephenson. 

Rock  Island  is  also  the  name  of  a  little  island,  in  the  above  river, 
at  its  entrance  into  the  Mississippi. 

Rock'-land,  a  co.  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  N.  Y.,  W.  of,  and 
bordering  on  the  Hudson.     Pop.  16,692.     Co.  t.  Clarkstown. 

Rocky  Mountains,  called  also  the  Chjp-pe-wy^-an  Mountains,  & 
chain  in  the  western  part  of  N.  America,  which  commences  in  the 
N.  part  of  Mexico,  and  runs,  nearly  N.  N.  W.,  through  the  whole  ex- 
tent of  the  continent.  This  chain,  though  forming  a  part  of  the  vast 
mountain  system,  which  extends  through  the  whole  length  of  America, 
is  not,  as  was  formerly  supposed,  continuous  with  the  Cordilleras  of 
Mexico.  With  a  large  part  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  we  are  but  very 
imperfectly  acquainted.  Mount  Brown  and  Mount  Hooper,  situated 
near  53°  N.  Lat.,  and  between  115°  and  117°  W.  Lon.,  are  the  highest 
of  this  chain  that  have  yet  been  measured,  the  former  having  an  eleva- 
tion of  near  16,000  ft.,  the  latter  of  15,690  ft.  (P.  C.)*  Between  42° 
and  42°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  near  110°  W.  Lon.,  there  is  a  break  in  this 
mountain  chain,  called  the  South  Pass,  or  Fremont's  Pass,  through 

*  The  Rev.  Mr.  Parker  states,  that  some  of  the  highest  mountain  peaks  [neai 
the  South  Pass?]  have  been  found,  by  measurement,  to  be  18,000  ft.  above  th6 
level  of  the  sea.  (See  Parker's  "  Exploring  Tour  beyond  the  Rocky  Mourv 
tains,"  page  72.) 


ROE— ROM  479 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

which  there  is  an  easy  road,  the  ascent  and  descent  being  so  gradual 
that  it  is  scarcely  preceived. 

Roermonde,  rooR'-mond'-de/i,  (Fr.  Ruremonde,  ruite^-moNd'),  a  for- 
tified t.  of  Holland,  in  the  prov.  of  Lirnburg,  on  the  Meuse,  where  it 
is  joined  by  the  Roer  (rooR).  Lat.  51°  12'  N.,  Lon.  5°  59'  E.  Pop. 
4,500.     (B.) 

Romans,  rov-maV,  a  t.  in  the  S.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Drome, 
12  m.  N.  E.  of  Valence.     Pop.  in  1831,  7,677.     (P.  C.) 

Rome  (Latin  and  Italian,  Roma,  ro'-ma),  the  most  celebrated  city  of 
the  world,  either  in  ancient  or  modern  times,  the  cap.  of  the  Papal 
state,  and  the  ecclesiastical  metropolis  of  Catholic  Christendom,  is 
situated  chiefly  on  the  E.  or  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  about  16  m.  from 
its  mouth.  It  is  enclosed  by  walls  which  are  generally  understood  to 
occupy  the  site  of  those  constructed  by  Aurelian.  They  describe  a 
polygon,  of  which  the  longest  diameter  (i.  e.  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.)  is 
3  m.  The  whole  circuit  is  between  14  m.  and  15  m. ;  but  not  half  of 
the  space  included  is  occupied  with  houses.  That  portion  of  the  city 
which  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber,  constitutes  Rome  Pro- 
per:  the  other  is  called  Transtevere*  (trans-ta/-va-ra,  i.  e.  "  beyond  the 
Tiber") :  in  this  part  are  the  palace  of  the  Vatican  and  the  church  of 
St.  Peter.  These  two  divisions  of  the  town  are  connected  by  three 
bridges.  Of  the  15  gates  of  Rome  the  Porta  del  Popolo  (por/-ta  del 
po'-po-lo)  on  the  N.,  and  the  Porta  Maggiore  (mad-jo'-ra)  on  the  E.,  are 
the  most  remarkable  for  their  beauty.  At  the  head  of  the  edifices  of 
modern  Rome,  stands  the  celebrated  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter,  which  is  not 
only  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  church  that  has  ever  been  erected,  but 
is,  without  exception,  the  noblest  work  of  architecture  ever  produced  by 
the  hands  of  man.f  There  is  some  diversity  in  the  statements  of  its 
dimensions,  given  by  different  authors;  but,  it  appears  from  the  best 
authorities  to  which  we  have  access,  that  its  length  considerably  ex- 
ceeds 600  ft.,  and  that  its  greatest  breadth  is  near  500  ft. :  the  height, 
from  the  cross  to  the  floor  (which  covers  an  area  of  nearly  5  acres),  is 
about  460  ft.  The  whole  expense  of  constructing  this  vast  edifice  is 
estimated  at  above  860,000,000 !  The  work  was  begun  in  1506,  and 
finished  in  1614,  with  the  exception  of  the  colonnade,  which  was  added 
in  1655-67.  The  celebrated  dome,t  which  may  be  regarded  as  the 
boldest  and  most  astonishing  effort  of  human  architecture,  was  chiefly 
constructed  by  Michael  Angelo.  Near  the  great  Cathedral  is  the 
palace  of  the  Vatican,  containing  above  4,000  different  apartments;  it 

*This  name  is  also,  and  perhaps  most  frequently,  applied  to  a  subdivision  of 
Transtiberine  Rome. 

t  Byron,  apostrophizing  this  unrivalled  structure,  says — 
"  "  But  thou,  of  temples  old,  or  altars  new, 
Standest  alone — with  nothing  like  to  thee." 

t "The  vast  and  wondrous  dome, 

To  which  Diana's  marvel  was  a  cell."' 

Childe  Harold,  Canto  IV. 


480  ROO-ROS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good , 

is  the  largest  palace  in  Europe,  but  is  not  remarkable  for  architectural 
beauty.  There  are  in  Rome  above  300  churches,  many  of  which  are 
noble  and  venerable  structures,  but  there  is  none  which  merits  to  be 
named  by  the  side  of  St.  Peter's.  Our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to 
mention  even  the  principal  among  the  multitude  of  magnificent  ruins, 
which,  to  the  traveller,  constitute  the  great  attraction  of  Rome :  we 
must  not,  however,  leave  the  Colise'um  (or  Colosseum)  without  a  pass- 
ing notice.  This  structure,  called  also  the  Flavian  Amphitheatre,  which 
was  the  wonder  of  ancient  Rome,  and  is  now  the  most  august  and  im- 
posing ruin  in  the  world,  consists  of  a  vast  ellipse,  620  ft  in  length, 
and  513  ft.  in  its  greatest  breadth.  In  the  centre  is  an  open  elliptical 
space  or  arena,  about  290  ft.  in  length,  and  180  ft.  in  breadth.  Around 
this  arena  are  the  seats  of  the  spectators,  which  rise,  tier  above  tier, 
the  higher  ones  still  receding,  till  they  almost  reach  the  top  of  the 
outer  wall,  which  is  about  160  ft.  in  height.  This  immense  amphithe- 
atre is  said  to  have  had  seats  for  above  80,000  spectators,  and  standing 
room  for  20,000  more.  Rome  possesses  a  great  number  of  literary  in- 
stitutions, among  which  we  may  name  the  University,  one  of  the  oldest 
in  Europe,  and  the  Roman  College,  founded  by  the  Jesuits,  which  may 
be  regarded  as  another  university ;  to  it  are  annexed  a  rich  library,  a 
collection  of  antiquities,  of  specimens  in  natural  history,  etc.  The  Ob- 
servatory, connected  with  the  Roman  College,  is  in  41°  53'  52"  N.  Lat.r 
and  12°  28'  40"  E.  Lon.     Pop.  above  154,000.     (B.) 

Roo-me'-h-a  or  Room'-E-leev  (Rum-Ili),  the  name  of  an  eyalet  of 
European  Turkey,  comprehending  Albania,  Macedonia,  and  Thessaly. 
The  pasha  of  Roomelia  ranks  above  all  the  other  pashas  of  Turkey  in 
Europe. 

Roosn-tchook'  (Rustchuk  or  Rutchouk),  a  fortified  city  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  on  the  Danube.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek 
archbishop.  Lat.  43°  50'  N.,  Lon.  about  26°  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
30,000.     (B.) 

Rosbach,  ros'-baK,  a  village  of  Prussian  Saxony,  16  m.  S.  of  Halle, 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  a  great  victory  gained  by  Frederic  the  Great 
over  the  French  and  imperialists,  November,  1757. 

Ros-com'-mon,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ireland,  pivv.  of 
Connaught,  on  the  r.  Shannon.     Pop.  249,613.     (P.  C.) 

Roscommon,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  situated  78  m.  W.  by  F*.  of 
Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  3,306.     (P.  C.) 

Roscommon  (Mickenauk),  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  M  ch. 
N.  W.  of  Saginaw  Bay. 

Roscrea,  ros-cra/,  a  t.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ireland,  about  70  m 
VV.  N.  W.  of  Dublin.     Pop.  in  1831,  5,512.     (M.) 

Ro-;?et'-ta  (Arab.  Er  Ra-sheed'),  one  of  the  most  important  towmiof 
Lower  Egypt,  on  the  W.  branch  of  the  Nile,  36  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  A  lea  in 
dria.  It  is  said  to  have  been  founded  by  a  son  of  the  celebrated  i  la- 
roon-er-Rasheed  (Haroun-al-Raschid),  in  about  875  A.  D.  The  p  p.. 
which  was  formerly  estimated  at  40,000,  is  now  reduced  to  about  V>\\  K). 
(B.)     Lat.  31°  25'  N.,  Lon.  30°  28'  E. 


ROS— ROU  481 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Ross  and  Crom'-ar-ty,  two  counties  in  the  N.  of  Scotland,  inti- 
mately connected  as  respects  situation,  and  also  under  the  same  sheritT. 
Their  united  territory  extends  from  one  side  of  Scotland  to  the  other, 
besides  including  a  part  of  the  island  of  Lewis.     Pop.  78,685. 

Ross,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Scioto  r.  Pop. 
32,074.     Co.  t.  Chillicothe. 

Ros'-tock,  a  seaport  and  important  commercial  t.  of  N.  Germany,  in 
the  grand-duchy  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  the  Warnow  (WaR/- 
noT),  about  9  m.  above  its  mouth  in  the  Baltic.  It  was  formerly  a 
member  of  the  Hanseatic  League,  and  for  a  long  time  ranked  next  to 
Ltibeck  among  the  ports  of  the  Baltic.  The  dukes  of  Mecklenburg- 
granted  it  great  privileges,  many  of  which  it  still  enjoys,  such  as  the 
right  of  choosing  its  own  magistrates,  of  taxing  itself,  and  of  coining 
money.  It  is  now  the  largest  and  most  commercial  town  in  the  grand- 
duchy.  It  possesses  a  university,  founded  in  1419,  and  attended  by 
about  110  students,  with  a  library  of  above  80,000  vols.  Lat.  54°  5'  N., 
Lon.  12°  17  E.     Pop.  about  19,000.     (B.) 

Ro'-then-burg'  (Ger.  pron.  ro'-ten-booRG'),  a  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  the 
Tauber  (tou'-ber),  an  affluent  of  the  Main.  Lat.  49°  25'  N.,  Lon.  10° 
14'  E.     Pop.  6,000.     (B.) 

Rotherham,  roTH;-er-um,  a  small  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in 
the  W.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  6  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Sheffield. 

Rothesay,  roth'-sa,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Buteshire,  on  the 
N.  E.  coast  of  the  island  of  Bute.  Lat.  55°  51'  N.,  Lon.  5°  2'  W. 
Pop.  5,789. 

Rot'-ter-dam\  a  celebrated  commercial  t.  of  Holland,  next  to  Am- 
sterdam the  most  important  in  the  kingdom,  situated  on  the  N.  or  right 
bank  of  the  Meuse  (Maas),  35  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of  that  city.  The  numerous 
deep  canals  by  which  it  is  intersected,  allow  the  largest  merchantmen 
to  come  into  the  middle  of  the  town,  and  unload  at  the  very  doors  of  the 
warehouses.  Among  its  scientific  and  literary  institutions,  may  be 
mentioned  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  and  the  Public  Library. 
Rotterdam  is  remarkable  as  the  birth-place  of  the  celebrated  Erasmus. 
The  name  of  this  city  appears  to  be  derived  from  a  dam  of  the  Rotte 
(rot;-te/i),  a  little  river  which  runs  through  the  city,  and  falls  into  the 
Mouse  at  this  place.  Lat.  51°  55'  N.,  Lon.  4°  39'  E.  Pop.  in  1840, 
78,098.    (P.  C.) 

Roubaix,  roov-bV,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord, 
7  in.  N.  E.  of  Lille.     Pop.  13,426.     (M.) 

Rouen,  roo'-en,  (Fr.  pron.  rw&n  ;  Anc.  Rothom%gus  or  Rotom'agus, 
afterwards  Rotomum  or  Rodomum) ;  an  archiepiscopal  and  noted  city 
of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  and  formerly  of  the  prov. 
of  Normandy,  on  the  river  Seine,  70  m.  N.  W.  of  Paris.  The  river 
here  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  of  boats,  and  another  of  stone,  which  con- 
nect the  town  with  its  suburb,  St.  Sever  (sev-aiR').  Rouen^has  been 
styled  "  the  Manchester  of  France,"  from  its  being  the  great  centre  of 
the  cotton  manufactures  of  that  country.  Among  its  literary  institu 
41 


482  ROU— RUS 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  56,  as  in  good i 

tions,  may  be  mentioned  the  Acadhnie  Universitaire,  a;  National  Col- 
lege, and  the  Public  Library,  in  the  town  hall,  estimated  to  contain 
about  70,000  vols.  Lat.  49°  26'  N.,  Lon.  1°  6'  E.  Pop.  92,083.  (B.) 

Roulers,  roo'-bV,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  26  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Ghent.  Pop* 
9,000.     (B.) 

Roumelia.     See  Roomelia. 

Roveredo,  ro-va-ra/-do,  (Ger.  Rovereith,  ro^-ver-ite\)  a  manufactur- 
ing t.  of  Tyrol,  13  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Trent.  Lat.  45°  55'  N.,  Lon.  11°  I' 
E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Rovigno,  ro-veen'-yo,  a  seaport  and  flourishing  commercial  t.  of 
Austrian  Italy,  on  the  Adriatic,  40  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Trieste.  Pop. 
10,000.     (B.) 

Rovigo,  ro-vee^-go,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Adigetto,  or  "little  Adige,"  an  arm  of  the  Adige. 

Roxburghshire,  rox^-bur-re/i-shir,  a  eo.  in  the  S.  of  Scotland,  border- 
ing on  England.     Pop.  46,025. 

Roxbury,  rox'-ber-re,  a  t.  or  village  of  Mass.,  in  Norfolk  co.,  on  the 
Boston  and  Providence  Railroad,  5  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Boston.  Pop.  of  the 
township,  18,364. 

Row-an',  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  Yadkin. 
Pop.  13,870.     Co.  t.  Salisbury. 

Ru'-gen  (g  hard),  an  i.  in  the  Baltic,  forming  a  part  of  the  Prussian 
prov.  of  Pomerania,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  54°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and 
the  meridian  of  13°  30'  E.  Lon.  Area,  about  340  sq.  m.  It  was 
formerly  much  larger,  a  part  of  the  island,  probably  one-half,  having 
been  swallowed  up  in  the  middle  ages  by  the  sea.  Pop.  29,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Rum-Ili  or  Rumelia.     See  Roomelia. 

RurviN,  rodp-peen',  New,  (Ger.  Neu-Ruppin,  noi  roop-peen',)  a  t. 
of  Prussia,  on  a  lake  of  the  same  name,  35  m.  N.  W.  of  Berlin.  Pop. 
8,600.     (B.) 

Ruremonde.     See  Roermonde. 

Rush,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ind.,  E.  by  S.  of  Indianapolis. 
Pop.  10,445.     Co.  t.  Rushville. 

Rus'-sel,  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Ky. 
Pop.  11,919.   Co.  t.  Lebanon. 

Russel,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Chattahoochee. 
Pop.  19,548.     Co.  t.  Cusseta. 

Russel,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Cum- 
berland r.     Pop.  5,349.     Co.  t.  Jamestown. 

Russia,  roo'-she-a  or  rnsh'-e-a,  the  most  extensive  empire,  and  one 
of  the  most  powerful  on  the  globe,  comprehending  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Europe,  all  the  N.  part  of  Asia,  and  a  portion  of  N.  America,  situated 
between  38°  and  78°  N.  Lat.,  and  between  17°  40'  E.  and  130°  W. 
Lon  The  length  of  its  territory,  on  the  Eastern  continent,  is  near 
6,000  m. ;  the  greatest  breadth  is  above  2,000.  The  area  of  this  por- 
tion, according  to  Balbi,  is  more  than  7,390,000  sq.  m.      The  population. 


RUS— saa  m 

cra,Tts  in  out  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

in  1826,  was  estimated  by  him  at  60,100,000.  This  vast  empire  is 
divided  into  three  great  parts,  viz.  European,  Asiatic,  and  American 
Russia.  European  Russia,  though  not  comprising  the  greatest  extent 
of  territory,  surpasses  the  others  vastly  in  population  and  importance, 
it  is  situated  between  40°  40'  and  70°  N.  Lat,  and  17°  40'  and  66°  E. 
Lon.,  and  is  bounded  on  the  W.  by  the  Baltic  and  Prussia,  on  the  S. 
by  the  territories  of  Austria  and  Turkey,  by  the  Black  Sea,  and  the 
Caucasian  territories  of  Russia,  which  are  comprised  within  the  limits 
of  Asia.  Its  boundaries  on  the  E.  and  N.  are  the  same  as  those  of 
Europe.  Its  greatest  length,  from  N.  to  S.,  is  about  1,900  m.;  its 
greatest  estimated  breadth,  from  E.  to  VV.,  is  above  1,600  m.  Area, 
2,047,600  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1826,  56,500,000,  (B.J  ;*  in  1846,  60,303,266. 
{See  Siberia.]  American  Russia  comprehends  the  N.  W.  part  of 
North  America,  between  54°  40'  and  71°  20'  N.  Lat,  and  130° 
and  168°  W.  Lon.  Area  estimated  at  500,000  sq.  m.,  including  the 
Aleutian  islands  and  several  other  groups.  Pop.  50,000.  (B.)  The 
established  religion  of  Russia  is  the  Greek  Orthodox,  identical  with  that 
of  the  Greeks  of  the  Ottoman  empire.  The  government  is  an  absolute 
and  unlimited  despotism.  St.  Petersburg  is  the  capital  of  the  empire. 
— Adj.  Russian,  rW-shun  or  rusb/-un;  Inhab.  Russian  and  Russ, 
(poetical). 

Rustchuk.     See  Roostchook. 

Rutherford,  ruTH'-er-ford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  border- 
ing on  S.  C.     Pop.  13,550.    Co.  t.  Rutherford  ton. 

Rutherford,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Tenn.,  S.  E.  of  Nashville. 
Pop.  29,122.     Co.  t.  Murfreesborough. 

Rutherglen,  pron.  rugMen,  a  t.  of  Scotland,  on  the  Clyde,  *2h  m.  S. 
E.  of  Glasgow.     Pop.  5,623. 

Rut'-land,  the  smallest  co.  of  England,  situated  on  the  Welland  r., 
about  80  m.  N.  by  W.  of  London.     Pop.  21,302. 

Rutland,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Vt.,  bordering  on  Lake  Champlain. 
Pop.  33,059.     Co.  t.  Rutland. 

Ryde,  a  seaport  t.  and  watering-place  of  England,  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  side  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.     Pop.  5,840. 

Rye,  a  t.  and  cinque  port  of  England,  in  Sussex,  53  m.  S.  S.  E.  of 
London.  Lat.  50°  57' N.;  Lon.  0°  44'  E.  Pop.  of  borough  and 
parish,  4.031. 

Saale,  saaMeft,  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Germany,  flowing 
into  the  Elbe,  near  52°  N.  Lat,  and  12°  E.  Lon. 

Saalfeld,  saa^-felt,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  duchy  of 
Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen,  on  the  Saale.  Lat.  50°  37'  N.,  Lon. 
il°  24'  E.     Pop.  about  4,000.     (B.) 

SAARBRf5cK,saaR/-briik  or  Saar-bruckZ-en,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Ger- 

*  Balbi  appears  not  to  include  in  the  area  and  population  of  Russia  in  Europe, 
those  portions  of  the  provinces  of  Caucasus  and  Georgia,  which  belong  to  this 
section  of  the  globe. 


484  SAA— SAI 

F&te,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

many,  in  the  Prussian  prov.  of  the  Rhine,  on  the  Saar,  an  affluent  of 
the  Moselle.  The  river  is  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  whence  the  name 
of  the  town,  which  signifies  "  Saar-bridge."  Lat.  49°  14'  N.,  Lon.  about 
7°  E.  Pop.,  including  the  suburb  of  St.  John,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Saar,  7,200.     (B.) 

Saarlouis,  saaR-loo'-is,  a  t.  and  fortress  of  the  Prussian  prov.  of  the 
Rhine,  on  the  Saar,  12  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  the  above  town.  Pop.,  includ- 
ing the  garrison,  about  7,000  (P.  C),  of  which  4,400  belong  to  the  town. 

Sabine,  sab-een',  a  r.  which  rises  in  Texas,  and  flowing,  at  first  south- 
easterly, then  southerly,  forms,  through  a  great  part  of  its  course,  the 
boundary  between  Texas  and  Louisiana. 

Sack/-ett's  Harbour,  a  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  in  Jefferson 
co.,  on  a  bay  at  the  E.  extremity  of  L.  Ontario.  Lat.  43°  55'  N.,  Lon. 
75°  57'  W.     Pop.  of  the  township  of  Hounsfield,  in  which  it  is  situated, 

Saco,  sau'-ko,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  H.,  and  flowing 
south-easterly  into  Me.,  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  14  m.  S.  W.  of 
Portland. 

Saco,  a  port  of  entry  of  Maine,  in  York  co.,  situated  on  the  E.  side 
of  the  Saco  r.,  6  m.  from  its  mouth. 

Sacramento  City.     See  California. 

Sagg  Harbour,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  Y.,  in  Suffolk  co.,  situated  on 
a  bay  of  the  same  name.     Pop.  3,500. 

Saghalien.     See  TarakaJ. 

Sagn-in-aw',  a  co.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Mich.,  on  a  river  and  bay  of 
the  same  name.     Pop.  2,609.     Co.  t.  Saginaw. 

Sahara,  sa-ha'-ra,  also  written  Zahara,  i.  e.  the  "  desert,"  a  region 
of  vast  extent,  which  occupies  the  central  parts  of  N.  Africa.  It 
extends  from  the  Atlantic,  between  Cape  Noon  (Nun),  in  28°  46',  and 
the  mouths  of  the  Senegal,  in  about  16°  30'  N.  Lat,  eastward  to  the 
valley  of  the  Nile.  On  the  N.  it  is  bounded  by  the  Barbary  states,  on 
the  S.  by  the  countries  watered  by  the  Senegal  r.  and  by  Soodan.  Of 
the  actual  limits,  however,  on  the  N.  and  S.,  very  little  is  known.  The 
length  of  the  Great  Desert,  from  E.  to  W.,  is  near  3,000  m. ;  the 
breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  may  vary  from  700  to  1,500  m.  The  surface 
appears  to  be  chiefly  composed  of  sandstone  or  loose  sand :  every  part 
is  almost  or  entirely  destitute  of  vegetation. 

Said  or  Saeed.     See  Egypt. 

Saida,  sl'-da,  (Anc.  Si'don,)  a  seaport  t.  of  Palestine,  celebrated  in 
remote  antiquity  as  one  of  the  greatest  emporiums  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  as  being  the  parent  city  of  Tyre.  Lat.  33°  34'  N.,  Lon.  35° 
20'  E.     Pop.  at  present  estimated  at  only  about  4,000  or  5,000.     (M.) 

Saigon,  si-gon',  or  SaI-gong'  (called  by  the  natives  Looknooee),  the 
principal  commercial  t.  of  the  empire  of  An-nam,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Tsiampa,  on  a  r.  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  10°  47'  N.,  Lon.  about  107c 
E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  100,000. 

Saint  Denis.     See  Denis,  St. 

Saint  Germain.  See  Germain,  St.,  and  so  for  all  the  other  arti- 
cles having  the  prefix  of  Saint. 


SAI— SAL  485 

ou,  as  m  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Saintes,  saNt,  (Anc.  Mediola/num;  afterwards  San'tones,  a  t.  of 
France ;  formerly  the  cap.  of  Saintonge,  on  the  r.  Charente,  which  is 
here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge.  Lat.  45°  45'  N.,  Lon.  0°  38'  W.  Pop. 
7,823.  (MO 

Saintonge,  saNN-t6Nzh',  a  former  prov.  of  France,  now  included  in 
the  departments  of  Lower  Charente  and  Charente.  It  takes  its  name 
from  the  Santones  or  Santoni,  by  whom  it  was  anciently  inhabited. 

Saladillo,  Rio,  ree^o  sa-la-ueel^-yo,  i.  e.  the  "Little  Salt  River," 
the  name  given  to  several  small  streams  of  S.  America,  in  La  Plata. 

Salado,  or  Rio  Salado,  ree^-o  sa-la/-no,  i.  e,  "  Salt  River,"  the  name 
of  a  number  of  rivers  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of  La  Plata.  The 
principal  one  rises  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  this  country,  and  flowing,  at 
first,  south-easterly,  and  then  almost  due  S.,  joins  the  Parana,  near 
32°  20'  S.  Lat,  and  61°  W.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  probablv  above 
1,000  m. 

Sal-a-manc^-a  or  sal-a-mang'-ka,  (Anc.  Salman'tica,)  a  noted  city  of 
Spain,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Tormes  (tor'-mes, — an 
affluent  of  the  Douro),  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  stone  bridge  of  27 
arches,  about  one-half  of  which  is  the  work  of  the  ancient  Romans. 
At  the  head  of  the  literary  institutions  of  this  town,  stands  its  cele- 
brated university,  founded  about  the  year  1200,  which,  during  the  15th 
and  16th  centuries,  was  regarded  as  the  first  in  Spain,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  in  Europe,  and  was  attended,  it  is  said,  by  from 
10,000  to  15,000  students.  It  has  of  later  times  greatly  declined,  and 
is  now  but  little  frequented.  Lat  41°  5'  N.  Lon.,  5°  43'  W.  Pop. 
stated  at  14,000.     (B.) 

Sa'-lem,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Mass.,  and  one  of  the  seats  of 
justice  of  Essex  co.,  13  m.  in  a  straight  line  N.  E.  of  Boston,  situated 
on  a  tongue  of  land  which  projects  into  the  sea.  It  has  a  fine  museum 
and  an  athenseum  with  above  12,000  vols.  Salem  is  the  second  town 
in  the  state  for  wealth  and  commerce,  and  possesses,  also,  extensive 
manufactures.     Lat  42°  31/  N.,  Lon.  70°  54'  W.     Pop.  20,264. 

Salem,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Delaware. 
Pop.  19,4G7.     Co.  t  Salem. 

Sal-er'-no  or  sa-l&Rf-no,  (Anc.  Saler'num,)  an  archiepiscopal  city  of 
Naples,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  gulf  of  the  same  name,  28  in.  S.  E.  by 
E.  of  the  capital.    Lat.  40°  40' N.,  Lon.  14°  46'  E.    Pop.  11,000.    (B.) 

Saline,  eal-een',  a  co.'in  the  S.  central  part  of  Ark,  on  a  r.  of-the 
same  name,  which  falls  into  the  Washita.     Pop.  3,901.    Co.  t  Benton. 

Saline,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Ma,  bordering  on  the 
Missouri.     Pop.  8,843.     Co.  t  Jonesborough. 

Salisbury,  saulz'-ber-re,  or  New  Sacrum,  a  city  of  England,  cap.  of 
Wiltshire,  on  the  Avon,  75  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London.     Pop.  10,086. 

Salonica,  sal-o-nee'-ka,  (called  by  the  Turks  Sel-a-neek';  Anc. 
Thessaloni'ca) ;  a  celebrated  city  and  seaport  of  European  Turkey, 
cap.  of  a  sandjak  of  the  same  name,  situated  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of 
the  Gulf  of  Salonica.  It  is  surrounded  by  high  white-washed  walls, 
with  five  gates,  and  defended  by  a  fortress  with  seven  towers.  Its  up- 
41* 


486  SAL— SAM 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

pearance,  when  approached  from  the  sea,  is  very  imposing,  but  the 
interior  presents  the  irregularity  and  many  of  the  deformities  common 
to  Turkish  towns.  There  are  in  Salonicaa  number  of  highly  interest- 
ing monuments  of  antiquity.  One  of  the  gates  of  the  city  consists  of 
an  ancient  triumphal  arch.  Salonica  holds  the  second  commercial  rank 
among  the  towns  of  European  Turkey,  being  inferior  only  to  Constan  • 
tinople;  and  is  also  the  seat  of  some  important  manufactures.  Lat.  40° 
38'  N.,  Lon.  22°  56'  E.     Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  70,000. 

Salonica,  Gulf  of  (Anc.  Si'nus  Therma'icus),  is  situated  at  the 
N.  VV.  extremity  of  the  iEgean  Sea.  Length  about  70  Hi.;  greatest 
breadth  above  40  m. 

Salop.     See  Shropshire. 

Salta,  saF-ta,  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  La  Plata,  cap.  of  a  state  of  the 
same  name.  Lat.  24°  10'  S.,  Lon.  64°  20'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at 
9,000.     (B.) 

Salt'-coats,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Ayrshire,  on  the  Frith  of 
Clyde,  24  m.  S.  W.  of  Glasgow.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  salt 
works  established  for  the  production  of  salt  from  sea-water;  but  this 
business  is  now  nearly  abandoned.     Pop.  4,238. 

Sa-lu'-da,  a  r.  of  S.  C,  uniting  with  the  Broad  r.  to  form  the  Con- 
garee. 

Saluzzo,  sa-loot'-so,  a  t.  of  the  Sardinian  states,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Po,  34  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Turin.  Pop. 
about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Salvador,  St.     See  Bahia. 

Sal-win'  or  Sal-wen'  (called  by  the  natives  Than-Lyeng  or  Than- 
Lweng),  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Asia,  which  is  supposed  to  rise  in 
China,  near  27°  N.  Lat.,  and  99°  E.  Lon.;  flowing  southerly,  it  falls 
into  the  Gulf  of  Martaban,  a  little  below  the  town  of  this  name. 
Though  it  brings  down  a  great  volume  of  water,  it  is  not  navigable  in 
the  lower  part  of  its  course.     The  upper  portion  has  not  been  explored. 

Salzburg  or  Saltz'-burg  (Ger.  pron.  salts'-booRG),  an  archiepiscopal 
city  of  Upper  Austria,  cap.  of  a  circle — formerly  of  a  duchy — of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Salza  (salt'-sa),  an  affluent  of  the  Inn,  70  m.  E.  S.  E. 
of  Munich.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls  and  bastions,  and  has  eight 
gates.  Though  irregularly  built,  the  town  contains  several  splendid 
edifices,  chiefly  in  the  Italian  style.  Salzburg  has  a  lyceum  (in  the  place 
of  its  former  university),  with  a  library  of  30,000  vols.  ;  that  belonging 
to  the  Monastery  of  St.  Peter  contains  40,000  vols.  The  duchy  or 
principality  of  Salzburg  was  formerly  governed  by  archbishops,  who 
possessed  very  great  privileges.  It  was  secularized  in  1802,  and  con- 
verted into  an  electorate  of  the  German  empire,  and  in  1814  it  was 
united  to  Austria.  Lat.  of  the  town,  47°  48'  N.,  Lon.  13°  V  E.  Pop. 
about  14,000.     (B.) 

Salzwedel,  salts'-wa'.del,a  t.  of  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same 
name,  on  an  affluent  of  tlie  Elbe.  Lat.  52°  51'  N.,  Lon.  11°  17'  E. 
Pop.  above  6,000.     (B.) 

Sam'-a-rang'  (or  Samx-ax-rang0,  a  seaport  and  commercial  t.  on  the 


SAM— SAN  487 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  neaily  like  ng. 

N.  coast  of  the  island  of  Java.     Lat  about  7°  S.,  Lon.  110°  25'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  from  36,000  to  33,000.     (B.) 

Sam-ar',  one  of  the  Philippine  islands,  intersected  by  the  12th  paral- 
lel of  N.  Lat,  and  the  125th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Length  near  150  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  about  60  m. 

Samv-ar-cand',  a  celebrated  but  now  decayed  city  of  Asia,  in  Inde- 
pendent Tartary,  situated  in  a  fertile  valley,  about  120  m.  E.  of  Bok- 
hara. It  was  once  the  capital  of  the  vast  empire  of  Tamerlane,  when 
its  pop.  is  said  to  have  amounted  to  150,000.  The  tomb  of  that  famous 
conqueror  is  still  in  excellent  preservation  ;  his  remains  repose  under  a 
lofty  dome,  the  walls  of  which  are  superbly  adorned  with  jasper  and 
agate.  Lat.  39°  50'  N.,  Lon.  about  67°  E.  Pop.  variously  estimated 
at  from  10,000  to  30,000,  and  even  50,000. 

Sambor,  sam'-bor,  a  t.  of  Austrian  Galicia,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Dniester.  Lat.  49°  32'  N.,  Lon.  23°  17'  E.  Pop. 
9,0(10.     (B.) 

Sa'-mos  (called  by  the  Turks  Soo-sam/)*  a  fertile  i.  of  the  Greek  ar- 
chipelago, belonging  to  Turkey,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  37°  40' 
N.  Lat.  and  the  27th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  separated  from  the 
coast  of  Asia  Minor  by  a  strait  not  2  m.  in  breadth.  Length  about 
30  m. ;  greatest  breadth  17  m.  Pop.  15,000.  (P.  C.)  Samos  contains 
several  interesting  monuments  of  antiquity  ;  among  others,  some  re- 
mains of  the  great  temple  of  Juno,  who  was  worshipped  with  particular 
honour  in  this  island,  from  its  having  been  (as  the  Samians  maintained) 
the  place  of  her  birth. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Sa^-mi-an  or  Sam'-j-ot\ 

Samp^-son,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  N.  C,  a  little  E.  of 
Cape  Fear'r.     Pop.  14,585.     Co.  t.  Clinton.      - 

Sam-Tiago,  soung-te-a'-go,  or  St.  Ja^-go,  also  written  San-Thiago, 
the  largest  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands,  intersected  by  the  15th  parallel 
of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  23°  40'  W.  Lon.  Length  36  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  18  m.  Pop.  above  12,000.  (P.  C.)  Praya  is  the  cap. 
of  this  island  and  of  the  whole  group. 

Sanaa  or  Sana,  sa-na',  a  walled  city  of  Arabia,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Yemen  Proper,  about  150  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Mocha.  Pop.  estimated  at 
40,000.     (M.) 

San-dus'-ky,  a  r.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  which  flows  into  a  bay  of 
the  same  name,  on  L.  Erie. 

Sandusky,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r. 
Pop.  14,305.     Co.  t.  Fremont. 

Sandusky,  a  port  of  entry  of  Ohio,  in  Erie  co.,  on  the  shore  of  San- 
dusky Bay,  near  its  opening  into  L.  Erie.     Pop.  5,088. 

Sand^-wich  or  sandMvidge,  one  of  tne  original  Cinque  Ports  of 
England,  in  Kent,  on  the  Stour,  about  2  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  65  m. 
E.  by  S.  of  London.  Lat.  51°  16'  30"  N.,  Lon.  1°  20'  E.  Pop.  only 
2,913. 

Sandwich  Islands,  one  of  the  Polynesian  groups,  situated  in  the 
Pacific,  between  18°  50'  and  22°  20'  N.  Lat,  and  154°  40'  and  160° 
20'  W.  Lon.     The  principal  islands  are  Hawaii,  Oahu,  Atui,  Maui, 


488  SAN— SAN 

Fate,  far,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

Molokai  or  Morotai,*  Nihau,  and  Lanai  or  Ranai,*  which  are  noticed 
under  their  respective  names.  The  natives  of  the  Sandwich  Islands 
appear  to  be  a  branch  of  the  great  Malay  race.  They  are  of  middle 
stature,  and  well  formed,  with  muscular  limbs  and  open  countenances, 
and  seem  to  possess  a  large  share  of  intelligence  and  enterprise.  When 
this  group  was  discovered  by  Cook,  in  1778,  the  inhabitants  were  ob- 
served to  have  made  greater  progress  in  civilization  than  those  of  the 
other  Polynesian  islands.  Since  their  conversion  to  Christianity,  in 
1819,  the  American  missionaries  have  laboured  among  them  with  dis- 
tinguished success.  Books  and  newspapers  are  now  printed  in  the  na- 
tive language  at  Honolulu,  and  even  a  map  of  the  islands  has  been 
engraved  at  Lahaina,  in  Maui.  Many  of  the  Sandwich  Islanders  now 
dress  in  the  European  fashion  ;  and  vessels  built  at  Honolulu,  manned 
by  natives,  traverse  the  Pacific  to  the  N.  VV.  coast  of  America,  and  to 
Canton. — Inhab.  Sandwich  Islander. 

San  Francisco.     See  California. 

Sangamon,  sang'-ga-mon\  a  co.  in  the  centre  of  111.,  intersected  by  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Illinois.  Pop.  19,228. 
Co.  t.  Springfield.  ^ 

San  Juan.     See  Porto  Rico. 

San  Ju'-an,  or  San  Juan  de  la  Frontera  (Sp.  pron.  san  Hoo-an^  da 
la  fron-ta'-ra),  i.  e.  *'  St.  Juan  of  the  frontier,"  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  La 
Plata,  near  the  Chilian  frontier,  remarkable  for  its  wines,  which  form 
an  important  article  of  commerce.  Lat.  31°  4'  S.,  Lon.  68°  57'  W. 
Pop.  estimated  at  16,000.     (B.) 

San  Marino,  san  ma-ree'-no,  a  little  republic  of  Italy,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  the  pope,  situated  near  43°  55'  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  30'  E.  Lon. 
Area  22  sq.  m.     Pop.  7,600.     (M.) 

Sanquhar,  sank'-er,  a  small  but  ancient  t.  of  Scotland,  in  Dumfries- 
shire, on  the  Nith,  24  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Dumfries. 

Santa  Cruz,  san'-ta  crooce,  or  St.  Croix,  sent-croi^a  fertile  i.  in  the 
W.  Indies,  belonging  to  the  Danes,  near  30  m.  in  length,  and  about  8 
m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.     Lat.  about  17°  40'  N.,  Lon.  near  65°  W. 

Santa  Maria,  san'-ta  ma-ree'-a,  a  t.  of  Naples,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Capua.     Pop.  estimated  at  above  9,000.     (B.) 

Santa  Maria,  one  of  the  Azores  or  Western  Islands,  intersected  by 
the  37th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  25°  10'  W.  Lon. 

*  It  is  stated  as  a  curious  fact  that  the  inhabitants  of  both  the  Sandwich  and 
Society  Islands  are  incapable  of  distinguishing  between  the  sounds  of  I  and  r,  and 
of  t  and  k.  This  does  not  appear  to  arise  so  much  from  a  defect  in  the  organs  of 
speech  as  of  hearing.  It  is  said  that  they  can  utter  correctly  the  sounds  of  the 
letters  just  named,  but  that  they  cannot  distinguish  them  either  when  spoken  by 
themselves  or  by  others.  It  appears  that  the  English  missionaries  in  the  Society 
Islands  first  adopted  the  mode  of  writing  names  like  those  above  cited  with  t  and 
r  ;  the  Americans  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  have  unfortunately  had  recourse  to  a  dif- 
ferent orthography,  whence  arises  the  diversity  of  spelling  which  we  find  in  the 
best  works  on  the  Polynesian  islands.  In  connexion  with  this  subject,  it  may 
be  remarked,  that  in  other  languages  t  and  c  or  k  are  sometimes  changed  for  each 
other.  Thus  in  Latin,  we  find  nuncius  or  nuntius:  Luletia,  the  ancient  name  of 
Paris,  appears  to  have  been  written  also  Lucetia  (in  Greek,  AevKerta,  Leuketia), 
and  Loticia  (Aon/cia,  Lotikia), 


SAN— SAP  489 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Santa  Marta,  san'-ta  maR'-ta,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  New  Granada, 
on  the  Caribbean  Sea,  with  a  fine  harbour.  It  is  a  free  port.  Lat.  11° 
20'  N.,  Lon.  74°  8'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  6,000.     (B.) 

Santa  Maura,  san'-ta  mou'-ra,  (Anc.  Leu'cas,  or  Leuca'dia  pro- 
nounced by  the  modern  Greeks  Itf-ka-Dee'-a,)  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands, 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  20° 
40'  E.  Lon.  Length  22  m. ;  greatest  breadth  9  m.  Area  about  180 
sq.  m.     Pop.  in  1836,  including  the  troops,  17,385.     (M.) 

San'-ta  Ro'-jSA,  a  co.  near  the  N.  VV.  extremity  of  Florida,  bordering 
on  Ala.    Pop.  2,883. 

San-tan'-der  (Sp.  pron.  san-tan-dain^),  an  important  commercial  t. 
and  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name, 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Lat.  43°  28'  N.,  Lon.  3°  42'  VV. 
The  pop.,  which  has  considerably  increased  of  late  years,  may  now  be 
estimated  at  30,000.   '  (P.  C.) 

Santarem,  san'-ta-reN^,  (almost  saN^-ta-reng',)  an  ancient  t.  of  Portu- 
gal, on  the  Tagus,  about  50  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Lisbon.  It  has  been  the 
residence  of  several  of  the  Portuguese  kings.  Lat.  39°  16'  N.,  Lon.  8° 
38'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  8,000.     (B.) 

San' -tee',  a  r.  of  S.  C,  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Congaree  and 
Wateree.  It  flows  S.  E.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  by  two  mouths, 
near  33°  6'  N.  Lat.,  and  79°  20'  W.  Lon.  Steamboats  ascend  to  Co- 
lumbia, on  the  Congaree  branch. 

San-Thiago.     See  Sam-Tiago. 

Santiago.     See  Compostela. 

Santiago,  san-te-a'-go,  a  city  of  S.  America,  cap.  of  the  republic  of 
Chili,  situated  in  an  extensive  plain,  about  50  m.  from  the  sea,  on  an 
affluent  of  the  r.  Maypu  (mi-poo').  It  is  regularly  and  generally  well 
built,  and  is  in  fact  one  of  the  finest'cities  in  S.  America.  It  contains 
an  institute,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  university,  two  high  schools 
for  girls,  and  other  important  literary  establishments.  Lat.  33°  25'  S., 
Lon.  70°  40^  VV.     Pop.  estimated  at  60,000.     (P.  C.) 

Santos,  san'-t6s,  a  seaport  and  commercial  t.  of  Brazil,  on  the  i.  of 
St.  Vincent.  Lat.  23°  56'  S.,  Lon.  about  46°  10'  W.  Pop.  estimated 
at  7,000.     (M.) 

Saone,  sone,  a  r.  of  France,  which  rises  in  the  dep.  of  Vosges,  and, 
flowing  southerly,  joins  the  Rhone  at  Lyons.  Small  steamboats  ascend 
this  river  as  far  as  Chalons. 

Saone,  Upper,  (Fr.  Haute-Saone.  ote  sone,)  a  dep.  in  the  E.  N.  E. 
part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  above  r.  Pop.  343,298.  (B.)  Capi- 
tal, Vesoul. 

Saone  and  Loire  (Fr.  Saone-et-Loire,  sone  alvvaR),  a  dep.  in  the 
E.  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  Saone  and  Loire.  Pop.  538,507. 
(B.)     Capital,  Macon. 

Sap'-tin  or  Lewis  River,  a  r.  of  Oregon,  which  falls  into  the  Co- 
lumbia, near  46°  N.  Lat.  and  119°  40'  VV.  Lon.  Length  estimated  at 
800  hi. 

2G 


490  SAR— SAR 

Fate,  far,  fdll,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  n&t ;  66  as  in  good  ; 

Sarn-a-gos'-sa  (Sp.  Zaragoza,  tha-ra-go'-tha ;  Anc.  Salduba;  after- 
wards Cffisaraugus'ta),  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Spain,  cap.  of  Aragon, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ebro,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  fine  stone 
bridge,  600  ft.  in  length,  resting  on  seven  arches.  This  town  formerly 
contained  a  number  of  edifices,  distinguished  for  their  magnificence, 
but  the  greater  part  were  much  injured  in  the  war  with  the  French  in 
the  early  part  of  the  present  century.  The  church  of  Nuestra  Senora 
del  Pilar  (nwes'-tra  sane-yo'-ra  del  pe-lait'),  which  is  still  preserved, 
is  a  superb  building;  the  principal  altar,  built  entirely  of  alabaster,  in 
the  Gothic  style,  is  greatly  admired  as  a  piece  of  ancient  architecture. 
Among  the  institutions  for  education,  may  be  mentioned  the  University, 
founded  in  1474,  now  attended  by  about  1,500  students.  Saragossa 
will  be  ever  memorable  for  the  heroic  and  almost  unparalleled  bravery 
with  which  its  citizens,  under  Palafox,  resisted  the  French  forces  dur- 
ing the  peninsular  war,  in  1808-9.  Having  been  once  compelled  to 
raise  the  siege,  the  enemy  returned  the  ensuing  year,  with  reinforce- 
ments, and,  aided  by  an  epidemic  within  the  city,  they  at  length  in- 
duced the  inhabitants  to  surrender,  by  granting  them  honourable  terms. 
Pop.  43,000.     (B.) 

Sar-a-tof/  (Saratow),  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Volga.  It  is  irregularly  built,  and 
the  houses  are  mostly  of  wood.  Lat.  51°  31'  N.,  Lon.  about  46°  E. 
Pop.  stated  at  above  41,000.     (P.  C) 

Sarn-a-to'-ga,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  between  and  bordering 
on  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  rivers.     Pop.  45,646.     Co.  t.  Ballston. 

The  township  of  Saratoga,  in  the  E.  part  of  this  county,  on  the  Hud- 
son, at  the  mouth  of  Fish  creek,  is  memorable  as  the  scene  of  the  sur- 
render of  Gen.  Burgoyne's  army  to  the  Americans,  under  Gen.  Gates, 
on  the  17th  of  October,  1777. 

Saratoga  Springs,  the  principal  watering  place  in  the  U.  S.,  situ- 
ated in  the  above  co.,  28  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N.  of  Albany.  It  is  an 
incorporated  village,  consisting  principally  of  one  fine  broad  street, 
adorned  with  trees,  with  many  large  and  excellent  hotels  and  boarding 
houses.  A  great  quantity  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Saratoga  is  bottled 
and  sent  to  different  parts  of  the  world.     Pop.  of  the  township,  3,384. 

Sar-din'-i-a  (It.  Sardegna,  saR-dane'-ya ;  Fr.  Sardaigne,  saRv-dafW), 
an  important  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  forming  a  part  of  the  Sardinian 
states,  between  38°  51'  and  41°  IT  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  4'  and  9°  50'  E, 
Lon.  Its  form  resembles  a  parallelogram,  the  longer  sides  running 
nearly  N.  and  S.  Extreme  length,  about  168  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
near  90  m.  Area  estimated  at  10,000  sq.  m.,  being  a  trifle  larger  than 
Sicily,  according  to  the  estimate  of  some  geographers.  Pop.  524,633. 
(M.)  The  island  is  generally  fertile,  but  exhibits  a  considerable  va- 
riety of  soil :  it  produces  almost  all  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of  South- 
ern Europe.  A  large  portion  of  the  surface  is  hilly  and  mountainous, 
The  climate  varies  according  to  the  locality:  near  the  coast,  the  tem- 
perature seldom,  if  ever,  falls  below  the  freezing  point,  while  the  sum- 
mits of  the  mountains  in  the  interior  are  often  capped  with  snow  in 


SAR— SAU  491 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

winter.  Sardinia  is  governed  by  a  viceroy  appointed  by  the  king-. 
Cagliari  is  the  capital.— Adj.  Sar-din'-j-an  ;  inhab.  Sard  or  Sardi- 
nian. 

Sardinian  States  (It.  Stati  Sardi,  sta/-te  saR^-de),  the  name  given  to 
the  dominions  of  the  house  of  Savoy.  This  kingdom  comprehends, 
besides  the  Island  of  Sardinia,  an  extensive  territory  occupying  the 
N.  W.  portion  of  Italy,  between  43°  40' and  46°  27  N.  Lat,  and  5°  38' 
and  10°  6'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Switzerland,  E.  by  Austrian 
Italy,  and  the  territories  of  Parma,  Tuscany,  and  Modena,  S.  by  the 
Mediterranean,  and  VV.  by  France.  Length,  from  S.  E.  to  N.  VV.,  near 
250  m.;  greatest  breadth,  above  200  m.  It  includes  the  duchy  of 
Savoy,  Piedmont  in  its  more  extensive  sense,  the  duchy  of  Genoa,  and 
the  county  or  province  of  Nice.  Total  area  of  the  kingdom,  about 
29,000  sq.'m.  Pop.  4,650,368.  (M.)  Area  of  the  continental  portion, 
about  19,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  4,100,000.  The  prevailing  religion  of 
the  Sardinian  states  is  Roman  Catholicism.  The  government  is  a  mo- 
narchy, hereditary  in  the  male  line  ;  and  though  the  regal  authority  is 
somewhat  circumscribed  by  a  supreme  council  in  the  Island  of  Sardi- 
nia, it  is  absolute  in  the  continental  portion  of  the  kingdom.  Turin  is 
the  capital. 

Saree,  sax-ree'  (Sari),  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  in  the  prov.  of  Maz- 
anderan,  a  few  miles  from  the  S.  shore  of  the  Caspian  Sea.  Lat.  near 
36°  30'  N.,  Lon.  53°  10'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  30,000.  (B.)  It  is  said, 
however,  to  have  been  recently  almost  depopulated  by  the  plague. 

Sar'-no,  a  t.  of  Naples,  at  the  head  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  13 
m.  N.  W.  of  Salerno.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Sartiie,*  saRt,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  France,  intersected 
by  a  r.  of  the  same  name,  which  falls  into  the  Mayenne.  Pop.  466,888. 
(B.)     Capital,  Le  Mans. 

Sa'-RVM,  Old,  an  ancient  and  now  totally  ruined  city  of  England,  in 
Wiltshire,  2  m.  N.  of  Salisbury  or  New  Sarum.  It  is  interesting,  as 
affording  a  striking  example  of  the  rotten  borough  system.  It  sent  two 
members  to  the  house  of  commons  in  the  time  of  Edward  III.,  and  after 
its  total  decay,  without  having  a  single  house  or  inhabitant,  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  land,  on  which  it  once  stood,  was  still  permitted  to  exer- 
cise this  important  privilege,  until  the  passing  of  the  reform  act. 

Sas-katch'-a-wAnv,  a  large  r.  of  British  America,  rising  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  flowing  into  L.  Winnipeg.  The  whole  length,  includ- 
ing Nelson  r.  (the  outlet  of  L.  Winnipeg),  which  may  be  regarded  as 
its  lower  portion,  is  estimated  at  above  1,500  m. 

Sassari,  sas'-sa-re,  an  archiepiscopal  t.,  cap.  of  the  N.  division  of  the 
I.  of  Sardinia,  on  a  small  r.  about  8  m.  from  the  N.  W.  coast.  It  has 
a  university,  besides  other  literary  institutions,  and  about  20,000  in- 
habitants. (P.  C.)     Lat.  40°  43'  N.,  Lon.  8°  26'  E. 

Satalieh.     See  Adalia. 

Sauk,  a  co  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  N.  W, 
side  of  the  Wisconsin  river.     Pop.  4,371. 

Saumur,  so'-miiR',  an  ancient  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Maine  and 


492  SAV— SAV 

Fate,  f ar,  f all,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  65,  as  in  good , 

Loire,  on  the  Loire  (which  is  here  crossed  by  a  stone  bridge,  nearly 
9U0  ft.  in  length),  28  m.  S.  E.  of  Angers.  In  the  time  of  the  Hugue- 
nots, this  town  was  one  of  the  principal  centres  of  Protestantism  in 
France;  and  for  a  time,  commerce,  learning,  and  the  arts,  flourished 
here.  But  its  prosperity  fell  with  the  fall  of  the  Huguenot  party, 
which  followed  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  by  Louis  XIV. 
Saumur  was  the  birth-place  of  Madame  Dacier.     Pop.  11,576.     (M.) 

Sa-van'-nah,  a  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises,  by  several  branches,  on  the 
S.  frontier  of  N.  Carolina,  where  this  state  borders  on  S.  Carolina  and 
Georgia  ;  flowing  south-easterly,  it  forms  the  greater  part  of  the  boun- 
dary between  S.  C.  and  Ga.,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  near  32°  N. 
Lat,  and  81°  W.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  600  m.  It  is 
navigable  for  large  vessels  to  Savannah,  for  steamboats  of  150  tons  to 
Augusta  (about  250  m.  from  the  sea),  and  for  smaller  vessels,  150  m. 
further. 

Savannah,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Ga.,  cap.  of  Chatham  co.,  and 
the  largest  and  most  commercial  town  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  river  of  the  same  name,  about  15  m.  from  its  mouth. 
The  streets  are  wide  and  regular,  with  spacious  squares,  and  many 
handsome  buildings.     Lat.  32°  5'  N.,  Lon.  81°  8'  W.     Pop.  16,060. 

Save,  (Ger.  Sau,  sou ;  Anc.  Sa'vus,)  a  r.  of  the  Austrian  empire, 
Which  rises  in  Illyria,  near  46°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  13°  40'  E.  Lon.  Its 
general  direction  is  nearly  E.  S.  E. ;  after  a  course  of  about  590  m.  it 
joins  the  Danube,  at  Belgrade.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  from  150 
to  200  tons,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kulha  (kool'ha),  near  45°  30'  N.  Lat., 
and  16°  20'  E.  Lon. 

Savona,  sa-vo'-na,  a  seaport  t.  of  N.  Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States, 
on  the  Mediterranean,  25  m.  S.  W.  of  Genoa.     Pop.  15,500.     (P.  C.) 

Sav'-oy*  or  sav-oi',  (It.  Savoia,  sa-voi'-a,)  a  country  of  N.  Italy,  with 
the  title  of  duchy,  between  45°  4'  and  46°  25'  N.  Lat.,  and  5°  37'  and 
7°  8'  E.  Lon.  On  the  N.  it  borders  on  L.  Leman,  and  on  the  VV.  it  is 
partly  bounded  by  the  Rhone,  which  separates  it  from  France.  Area, 
4.270  sq.  m.  Pop.  564,137.  (M.)  Savoy  forms  the  nucleus  of  the 
Sardinian  monarchy.  It  was  governed  as  early  as  the  10th  century 
by  its  own  counts,  whose  descendants  acquired  Nice,  in  1388,  and 
Piedmont,  in  1418.  In  1713,  Sicily  was  added  to  the  dominions  of  the 
house  of  Savoy,  then  first  recognized  as  one  of  the  royal  houses  of 
Europe.  That  island  was  soon  after  exchanged  for  Sardinia,  which,  at 
that  time,  belonged  to  Austria. — Inhab.  SAvv-oY-ARD'.f 

*  "  When  the  blithe  son  of  Savoy  journeying  round, 
With  humble  wares  and  pipe  of  merry  sound, 
From  his  green  vale  and  shelter'd  cabin  hies, 
And  scales  the  Alps  to  visit  foreign  skies." 

Rogers's  Pleasures  of  Memory. 
t  We  very  frequently  hear  this  word  pronounced  Savoy'ard,  but  we  believe  that 
the  accentuation  given  above,  is  generally  adopted  by  the  best  speakers. 
"  That  stern  yet  kindly  spirit  who  constrains 
The  Savoyard  to  quit  his  naked  rocks." 

Wordsworth's  Excurrion,  Book  1. 


SAX— SCA  493 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  m  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Saxe-Altenburg — aF-ten-burg\  (Ger.  Sachsen-Altenburg,  sak^-sen- 
al'-ten-b66RG\)  a  small  duchy  of  Germany,  between  50°  44'  and  51°  6 
N.  Lat.,  and  11°  20'  and  12°  40'  E.  Lon.  It  consists  of  two  nearly  equal 
portions,  separated  from  each  other  by  the  territory  of  Reuss.  Area, 
483  eq.  rn.     Pop.  121,590.  (P.  C.)     Altenburg  is  the  capital. 

Saxe-Co'-burg-Gotha,  (Ger.  Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha,  sak^-sen  ko^- 
booRG  go'-ta,)  a  duchy  of  Germany,  consisting  chiefly  of  two  large  por- 
tions, viz.  the  principalities  of  Coburg  (see  Coburg),  and  Gotha.  The 
latter  is  principally  between  50°  35'  and  51°  6'  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  20' 
and  11°  E.  Lon.  Area  about  590  sq.  m.  Pop.  96,658.  Total  area  of 
the  duchy,  about  790  sq.  m.  Total  pop.  near  138,000.  (P.  C.)  Gotha 
is  the  capital. 

Saxe-Meiningen-Hildburghausen,  sax-mV-ning-en  hilt-booRG-hou^- 
zen,  a  duchy  of  Germany,  composed  of  the  ancient  duchy  Meiningen, 
the  principalities  of  Hildburghausen  and  Saalfeld,  and  some  other  dis- 
tricts. It  lies  chiefly  between  50°  12'  and  50°  53'  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  7' 
and  11°  40'  E.  Lon.     Area  about  882  sq.  m.     Pop.  144,294.     (P.  C.) 

Saxe-Weimar  or  Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach,  sax-wi'-mar-i'-zen-aic, 
(Ger.  Sachsen- Weimar,  sak-sen-Wi'-mar,)  a  grand-duchy  of  Germany, 
consisting  of  the  two  principalities  of  Weimar  and  Eisenach,  composed 
of  several  detached  portions,  between  50°  25'  and  51°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and 
9°  50'  and  12°  15'  E.  Lon.  Area  about  1,400  sq.  m.,  of  which  Eisenach 
occupies  about  445.  Total  pop.  245,813.  (P.  C.)  Weimar  is  the  cap- 
ital. 

Sax^-o-ny  (Ger.  Sachsen,  sak^-sen),  in  its  largest  sense,  is  used  to 
designate  an  extensive  country  in  the  N.  of  Germany,  stretching  from 
the  Weser,  on  the  W.,  to  the  frontiers  of  Poland,  on  the  E.  Its  limits 
appear  never  to  have  been  definitely  and  permanently  settled.  It  was 
formerly  considered  to  include  Westphalia.  The  name  properly  de- 
notes the  country  of  the  Saxons ;  and  as  the  boundaries  of  their  domi- 
nion often  changed  with  the  changing  tide  of  conquest,  we  may  readily 
understand  why  the  appellation  of  Saxony  has  been  so  variously  and 
vaguely  applied. 

Saxony,  Kingdom  of,  a  state  in  the  central  part  of  Germany,  be- 
tween 50°  10'  and  51°  28'  N.  Lat.,  and  11°  55'  and  15°  3'  E.  Lon.  Length 
above  140  m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  75  m.  Area  5,788  sq.  m.  Pop. 
1,836,433.  (P.  C.)  The  government  is  an  hereditary  limited  monarchy. 
Dresden  is  the  capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Sax^-on. 

Saxony,  Prussian,  a  prov.  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  consisting  of 
the  Saxon  territories  formerly  belonging  to  Prussia,  together  with 
those  which  were  dismembered  from  the  kingdom  of  Saxony  in  1815. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Brandenburg,  E.  by  Silesia,  S.  by 
the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  and  W.  by  Hesse,  Brunswick,  and  Hanover. 
Its  form  is  very  irregular :  the  area  falls  but  little  short  of  10,000 
sq.  m. 

Scan-der-oon',  Gulf  of,  forms  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean.    It  is  near  40  m.  long  and  30  m.  broad. 

Scanderoon  or  Iskenderoom.     See  Alexandretta. 
42 


494  SCA— SCH 

F&te,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Sca.n-di-W-vi.-an  Peninsula  comprehends  the  N.  W.  portion  of  Eu 
^•ope,  between  55°  20'  and  71°  6'  N.  Lat.,  and  5°  and  31°  E.  Lon.  It 
is  chiefly  included  between  the  Baltic,  on  the  E.,  and  the  Atlantic,  on 
the  W.  and  N.  W.  Length  near  1,200  m. ;  breadth  about  470  m. 
The  greater  portion  of  it  is  covered  with  sterile  mountains,  and  it  is  in 
general  thinly  inhabited.  The  appellation  is  derived  from  Scandina- 
via, the  ancient  name  of  this  country,  or  at  least  of  that  portion  of  it 
which  was  known  to  the  Romans. 

Scania.     See  Skane. 

Scar/-bo-rouqh,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  the  N.  Riding  of  York- 
shire, on  the  N.  Sea,  36  m.  N.  E.  of  York.  Pop.  of  the  borough,  with 
an  area  of  above  3  sq.  m.,  10,060. 

Schaffhausen,  shaf-hou'-zen,  (Fr.  Schaffhouse,  shaf -ooz',)  the  most 
northern  of  the  Swiss  cantons,  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Rhine. 
Area  116  sq.  m.     Pop.  31,125.     (M.) 

Schaffhausen,  a  walled  t.  of  Switzerland,  cap.  of  the  above  canton, 
on  the  Rhine,  about  50  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Basle.  It  possesses  a  college, 
with  ten  professors;  a  gymnasium  ;  a  town  library,  containing  the  books 
belonging  to  the  celebrated  M tiller,  a  native  of  this  place ;  and  other 
institutions.     For  the  Falls  of  Schaffhausen,  see  Rhine. 

ScHAUMBURG-LlPPE.       See  LlPPE-ScHAUENBURG. 

Scheldt,  skelt,  (Dutch,  Schelde,  sKel'-dc/i ;  Fr.  Escaut,  esN-kdf; 
Anc.  ScaFdis ;)  a  r.  that,  rises  in  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne,  and, 
flowing  into  Belgium,  with  a  general  N.  N.  E.  course,  passes  Antwerp, 
a  few  miles  below  which  town  it  divides  into  two  arms,  called  the  East 
and  the  West  Scheldt.  Its  length  is  estimated  at  210  m.  Ships  of 
war  can  ascend  to  Antwerp  (where  the  tide  rises  12  feet),  and  small 
boats  to  Cambray,  which  is  only  about  20  m.  from  the  source  of  the 
river. 

Schelestadt,  shell-es-tad^,  (Anc.  Elce'bus  or  Elce'bum.)  a  manufac- 
turing t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Rhine,  on  the  111,  an  affluent 
of  the  Rhine,  26  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Strasburg.  The  invention  of  glazing 
earthenware  is  ascribed  to  this  town.     Pop.  in  1831,  9,384.     (P.  C.) 

Schemnitz,  shem'-nits,  (Hung.  Selmecz  Banya,  shel-mets  baan-yoA,) 
an  important  mining  town  of  Hungary,  on  a  river  of  the  same  name, 
46  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Gran.  Its  gold  and  silver  mines  are  considered  as 
the  richest  in  Hungary.  Lat.  48°  27'  N.,  Lon.  18°  50'  E.  Pop.  above 
22,000.     (B.) 

Schenectady,  sken-ekMa-de,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  inter- 
sected by  the  Mohawk  r.     Pop.  20,054. 

Schenectady,  a  city  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  16  m.  N.  W.  of 
Albany.  Lat.  42°  48'  N.,  Lon.  73°  55'  W.  Pop.  8,922.  Schenectady 
is  the  seat  of  Union  College,  a  flourishing  institution,  founded  in 
1795. 

Schiedam,  SKee-dam',  a  t.  of  S.  Holland,  on  the  Schie  (sKee),  an 
affluent  of  the  Meuse  or  Maas,  3  m.  W.  of  Rotterdam.  It  has  acquired 
a  celebrity  not  very  creditable,  from  its  being  the  great  centre  of  the 


SCH— SCH  495 

on,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  neariy  like  ng. 

gin  manufacture  in  the  kingdom  of  Holland.  Lat.  51°  55'  N.,  Lon.  4° 
W  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Schirvan.     See  Shirvan. 

Schleswig.     See  Slesvvick. 

Schoa.     See  Shoa. 

Schoharie,  sko-har'-re,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  or  S.  E.  central  part  of 
N.  Y.,  W.  of  Albany.     Pop.  33,548.     Co.  t.  Schoharie; 

Schouwen,  sKou/-Wen,  an  i.  of  Holland,  on  the  right  side  of  the  E. 
Scheldt,  at  its  mouth,  forming  a  part  of  the  prov.  of  Zealand. 

Schuyler,  skVler,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the 
Illinois  r.     Pop.  10,573.  Co.  t.  Rushville. 

Schuylkill,  skooV-kill,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  and 
flowing  south-easterly,  falls  into  the  Delaware  about  6  m.  S.  of  Phila- 
delphia. Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  120  m.  It  is  navigable  for 
sloops  to  Philadelphia,  but  a  little  above  that  city  there  are  falls;  yet,  by 
means  of  lockage,  dams,  and  side-canals,  boats  may  ascend  to  Port  Car- 
bon, above  Pottsville. 

Schuylkill,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  sources  of  the  above 
river.     Pop.  60,713.     Co.  t.  Orwigsburg. 

Schwabach,  shwa'-buK,  a  thriving  manufacturing  t.  of  Bavaria,  on  a 
r.  of  the  same  name,  an  affluent  of  the  Regnitz,  9  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Nu- 
remberg.    Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Schwarzburg,  sh warts'-burg  or  shwaRts^-booRG,  a  principality  in 
the  central  part  of  Germany,  consisting  of  7two  principal  portions,  the 
more  southern  of  which  is  called  the  Upper  County,  the  more  north- 
ern, the  Lower  County.  The  former  lies  between  50°  34'  and  50°  55' 
N.  Lat,  and  10°  50'  and  11°  23'  E.  Lon.  The  Lower  County  is  situ- 
ated between  51°  13'  and  51°27'N.  Lat.,  and  10°  32'  and  11°  16'  E. 
Lon.  The  house  of  Schwarzburg  is  now  divided  into  two  branches, 
Rudolstadt  (roo'-dol-statt),  and  Sondershausen  (son'-ders-hou'-zen), 
each  of  which  has  a  part  both  of  the  Upper  and  the  Lower  County. 
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt  contains  an  area  of  408  sq.  m.  Pop.  65,600. 
(M.)  Rudolstadt,  the  capital,  on  the  Saale,  has  a  pop.  of  4,000.  (B.) 
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,  possesses  a  territory  of  360  sq.  m.  in  ex- 
tent, and  about  54,000  inhabitants.  (M.)  Sondershausen,  with  a  pop. 
of  3,600  (B.),  is  the  capital. 

Schweidnitz,  shwite'-nits,  a  fortified  t.  of  Prussian  Silesia,  on  the 
Weistritz  (wice'-trits),  an  affluent  of  the  Oder.  Lat.  50°  5P  N.,  Lon. 
16°  27'  E.     Pop.  above  9,000.     (B.) 

Schwerin,  shwa-reen',  a  t.  of  N.  Germany,  cap.  of  the  grand-duchy 
of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  the  W.  side  of  a  lake  of  its  own  name. 
Among  the  remarkable  buildings,  we  may  mention  the  ducal  palace, 
containing  a  fine  picture-gallery  and  museum.  Lat.  53°  36'  N.,  Lon. 
11°  30'  E.     Pop.  above  13,000.     (P.  C.) 

Schwitz  or  Schwyz,  shwits,  a  canton  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of 
Switzerland,  which  has  given  its  name  to  the  whole  confederation.  It 
is  intersected  by  the  47th  parallel  of  NvLat.,  and  the  meridian  of  8°  50' 
E,  Lon.,  and  borders  on  the  L.  of  Lucerne.     Area,  341  sq.  m.     Pop. 


496  SCI— SCO 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  n&t ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

40,650.  (P.  C.)  Schwitz,  the  capital,  stands  about  3  m.  N.  E.  of  the 
L.  of  Lucerne,  and  has  a  pop.  of  about  4,000. 

Scil/-ly  Islands,  a  group  belonging  to  England,  lying  about  30  m. 
W.  by  S.  from  Land's  End.  There  are  a  great  number  of  islets  and 
rocks,  but  only  a  few  islands  of  any  importance ;  St.  Mary's,  the  largest, 
contains  between  2  and  3  sq.  m.  The  pop.  of  the  entire  group  in  1831 
was  only  2,465.     (M.) 

Sci'-o,  or  shee'-o,  (Mod.  Gr.  Chio  (Xto),Hee'-o ;  Anc.  Chi'os ;) 
a  fertile  and  beautiful  i.  belonging  to  Turkey,  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  inter- 
sected by  the  parallel  of  38°"  30'  N.  Lat,  and  the  26th  meridian  of  E. 
Lon.,  and  separated  from  Asia  Minor  by  the  Strait  of  Scio,  which  is 
about  5  in.  wide.  Length  about  35  m.;  greatest  breadth  13  m.  In 
1820  the  pop.  was  estimated  at  100,000,  but,  in  consequence  of  so  many 
of  the  inhabitants  having  been  massacred  or  carried  into  slavery,  in 
the  late  Greek  war,  it  has  been  reduced,  it  is  said,  to  less  than  20,000. 
(P.  C.)  The  wine  of  Chios  is  celebrated  as  among  the  best  in  the  Le- 
vant, and  it  had  the  same  reputation  in  ancient  times.  Chios  claims 
the  honour  of  having  given  birth  to  Homer. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Chiot, 
kee'-ot ;  or  Chi'-an.  when  the  ancient  island  is  referred  to. 

Sci-o'-to,  a  r.  of  Ohio,  which  rises  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  the 
state,  and,  flowing  at  first  south-easterly,  and  afterwards  nearly  S., 
falls  into  the  Ohio  r.  at  Portsmouth.  It  is  about  200  in.  long,  and  is 
navigable  for  boats  130  m. 

Scioto,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ohio,  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r. 
Pop.  18,428.     Co.  t.  Portsmouth. 

Scot'-land,  a  country  occupying  the  northern  portion  of  the  island 
of  Great  Britain,  between  54°  38'  and  58°  4L  N.  Lat.,  and  1°  46'  and 
6°  13'  W.  Lon.  It  is  bounded  on  all  sides  by  the  sea,  except  on  the  S., 
where  it  is  separated  from  England  by  Solway  Frith,  the  Cheviot  hills 
and  the  Tweed.  Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  280  m. ;  greatest  breadth 
above  170  miles.  Area  26,014  square  miles.  The  population  by 
the  census  of  1851  was  2,870,784.  The  kingdom  with  its  dependen- 
cies, is  divided  into  thirty-two  counties.  Before  the  accession  of 
James  VI.  (afterwards  James  I.  of  England),  to  the  English  throne,  in 
1603,  Scotland  constituted  an  independent  kingdom.  Till  the  Union, 
which  was  consummated  in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne,  though  under  the 
same  sovereign  with  England,  it  still  had  its  own  parliament.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Articles  of  Union,  ratified  Jan.  16,  1707,  the  peerage  of 
Scotland  is  represented  in  the  house  of  lords  of  the  United  Kingdom  by 
16  peers,  chosen  by  the  whole  body  of  Scotch  peers  at  the  commence- 
ment of  each  parliament.  The  counties  were  to  be  represented  by  30 
members  in  the  house  of  commons,  and  the  boroughs  by  15  members. 
This  arrangement  continued  till  1832,  when  the  borough  representation 
received  an  addition  of  8  members,  making  in  all  53.  Edinburgh  is  the 
capital  of  Scotland,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of  the  Scottish 
kings. — Adj.  Scotch  or  Scot'-tish  ;  inhab.  Scot  or  Scotch'-man. 

Scotland,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Iowa.  Pop. 
3,782. 


SCO— SEG  497 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Scott,  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Tenn. 
Pop.  9,829.     Co.  t.  Estillville. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Miss.,  a  little  E.  of  Pearl  r. 
Pop.  3,961.     Co.  seat,  Hillsborough. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  the  Indian  terri- 
tory.    Pop.  3,083.    Co.  t.  Booneville. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  E.  of  Frankfort.  Pop. 
14,946     Co.  t.  Georgetown. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Tnd.,  near  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  5,885.  Co. 
t.  Lexington. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Illi- 
nois r.     Pop.  7,914.     Co.  t.  Winchester. 

Scott,  a  co.  near  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.     Pop.  3,182.     Co.  t.  Benton. 

Scott,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  5,986. 

Scriv'-en,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Savannah  r. 
Pop.  6,847.     Co.  t.  Jacksonbo -ough. 

Scutari,  scoo'-ta-re,  (called  by  the  Turks  Isv-koo-daR^ ;  Anc.  Chry- 
sop'olis,)  a  commercial  t.  of  As;atic  Turkey,  on  the  Bosporus,  opposite 
Constantinople,  of  which  it  is  regarded  as  a  suburb.  Pop.  estimated  at 
35,000.     (B.) 

Scutari  (Turk.  Is-kan-der-ee'yeh  ;  Illyrian,  Sco'-dra),  a  town  and  for- 
merly an  important  fortress  of  European  Turkey,  in  Albania,  on  a  lake 
of  its  own  name.  Lat.  about  42°  N.,  Lon.  19°  30'  E.  The  pop. 
which  perhaps  formerly  amounted  to  35,000  or  40,000,  cannot,  at  pre- 
sent, exceed  20,000.     (B.) 

Sear'-cy,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ark.,  a  little  S.  W.  of  White  r. 
Pop.  1,979. 

Sebastian,  St.,  sent  se-bast'-yun,  (Sp.  pron.  San  Sebastian,  sail  sa- 
bas-te-an'),  a  seaport  t.  and  fortress  of  Spain,  cap.  of  Guipuzcoa,  on 
a  tongue  of  land  which  projects  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  It  was  burnt 
by  the  English  and  Portuguese,  in  1813,  and  has  since  been  rebuilt 
on  a  regular  plan,  and  is  now  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in  Spain. 
Lat.  43°  19'  30"  N.  Lon.  1°  58'  W.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Sedan,  sed-aN',  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  the  largest  in  the  dep.  of  Ar- 
dennes, on  the  Meuse,  13  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Mezieres.  It  has  been  noted 
for  its  woollen  manufactures  since  the  time  of  Louis  XIV.  Lat.  49° 
42'  N.,  Lon.  4°  58'  E.     Pop.  14.000.     (B.) 

Seevas,  commonly  written  Sivas,  see'-vas',  (Anc.  Cabi'ra;  after- 
wards Sebas'tP,)  a  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  cap.  of  an  eyalet  of  its  own 
name.  Lat.  39°  20'  N.,  Lon.  about  37°  E.  Pop.  uncertain :  it  is  said 
to  contain  about  6,000  families.     (P.  C.) 

See'-wah  (Siwah),  the  modern  name  of  the  oasis  of  Ammon,  once 
so  celebrated  for  its  temple  and  oracle  of  Jupiter.  The  town  of  See- 
wah  is  in  29°  12'  N.  Lat.,  and  26°  IT  E.  Lon.   Pop.  about  8,000.  (P.  C.) 

Sego,  a  city  of  Africa,  cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Bambarra,  on  both 
42* 


498  SEG— SEN 

Fate,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

sides  of  the  Joliba,  near  13°  N.  Lat.  and  5°  W.  Lon.  Pop.  estimated 
by  Park  at  about  30,000.     (P.  C.) 

Segorbb,  sa-goR^-ba,  (Anc.  Segob'riga),  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Valencia,  re- 
markable for  its  Roman  antiquities.  Lat.  39°  54'  N.,  Lon.  0°  30'  W. 
Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Se-go'-vj-a  (Sp.  pron.  sa-go'-ve-a),  an  ancient  city  of  Spain,  cap.  of 
a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  situated  48  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Madrid.  It  is 
surrounded  by  thick  walls,  built  by  the  Moors,  and  strengthened  at  in- 
tervals with  turrets.  Among  its  public  buildings  may  be  mentioned 
the  vast  and  handsome  Cathedral,  and  the  Mint,  said  to  be  the  oldest 
place  of  coinage  in  the  kingdom.  Among  other  antiquities,  there  is 
an  aqueduct,  above  2,100  ft.  in  length,  supposed  to  have  been  built  by 
Trajan.     Lat.  41°  N.,  Lon.  4°  T  W.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Seine,  sane,  (Anc.  Seq'uana,)  an  important  r.  of  France,  which  rises 
in  the  dep.  of  Cote  d'Or,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  north-westerly 
course,  falls  into  the  English  Channel  (La  Manche),  in  about  49°  27'  N. 
Lat,  and  0°  4'  E.  Lon.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  by  Malte  Brun 
at  470  m.  Vessels  of  250  and  300  tons  can  ascend  to  Rouen ;  the 
shifting  sands  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  impede  the  ascent  of  larger 
vessels.  The  Seine  is  navigable  for  boats  drawing  6  ft.  water,  to  Paris, 
and  for  smaller  ones  as  far  as  Mery  (merv-re;)»  in  the  dep.  of  Aube. 
The  course  of  the  river  below  Paris  is  extremely  tortuous,  so  that  the 
distance  to  Rouen  by  water  is  probably  3  or  4  times  as  great  as  it  is 
in  a  direct  line.  Steamboats  take  two  days  for  the  descent,  and  four 
for  the  ascent :  those  passing  between  Paris  and  Havre  require  nearly 
double  the  time.     (P.  C.) 

Seine,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  or  N.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by 
the  above  river.  Though  the  smallest,  it  is  the  most  populous  depart- 
ment in  the  kingdom.     Pop.  1,106,891.  (B.)     Capital,  Paris. 

Seine,  Lower  (Fr.  Seine  Inferieure,  sane  aV-fa^-re-UR/),  a  dep.  in 
the  N.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Seine  and  the  English 
Channel.     Pop.  720,525.  (B.)     Capital,  Rouen. 

Seine  and  Marne  (Fr.  Seine-et-Marne,  sane  a  maRn),  a  dep.  in  the 
N.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  the  rivers  Seine  and  Marne. 
Pop.  325,881.  (B.)     Capital,  Melun. 

Seine  and  Oise  (Fr.  Seine-et-Oise,  sane  a  waz — almost  wize),  a  dep. 
in  the  N.  or  N.  central  part  of  France,  on  the  rivers  Seine  and  Oise. 
Pop.  449,582.     Capital,  Versailles. 

SeiAkirk,  an  inland  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Scotland,  about  30  m. 
S.  of  Edinburgh.  Pop.  7,990.  Also,  a  small  t.,  cap.  of  the  above,  on 
the  Ettrick,  an  affluent  of  the  Tweed,  31  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Edinburgh. 

Sem'-lin,  a  commercial  t.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  in  Slavonia,  on  the 
Danube,  3  m.  N.  W.  of  Belgrade.     Pop.  above  9,000.     (B.) 

Sempach,  sem'-paK,  a  little  t.  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Lu- 
cerne, on  the  E.  side  of  a  lake  to  which  it  gives  its  name,  memorable 
for  a  victory  gained  in  its  vicinity  in  1386,  by  a  Swiss  band  of  about 
1,400  men,  over  an  Austrian  force  of  nearly  three  times  that  number. 

Sen^-e-ca,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  lying  chiefly  be- 


SEN— SER  499 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

tween  the  Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes.  Pop.  25,441.  Co.  towns,  Ovid 
and  Waterloo. 

Seneca  Lake,  a  lake  in  the  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  6  or  7  m.  W. 
of  the  Cayuga  Lake,  about  35  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  4  m.  wide. 
Steamboats  pass  up  and  down  it  daily  in  the  summer  season. 

Seneca,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Sandusky  r. 
Pop.  27,105.     Co.  t.  Tiffin. 

Senv-e-gAl',  a  large  r.  of  W.  Africa,  the  sources  of  which  have  not 
been  explored.  It  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Ba  (ba)*  Fing  and  the 
Ba  Wool i ma  (or  Oolema),  which  takes  place  near  14°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and 
10°  30'  W.  Lon.  About  15  m.  below,  there  is  a  cataract  called  the 
Feeloo  Falls,  said  to  be  80  ft.  in  height.  The  general  course  of  the 
river  is  at  first  N.  W.,  and  afterwards  W. ;  it  enters  the  Atlantic  by 
two  channels,  between  16°  and  16°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  near  16°  30'  W.  Lon. 
It  is  navigable  for  vessels  drawing  10  or  12  ft.  water,  as  far  as  Podor, 
near  15°  W.  Lon.,  and  for  boats  several  hundred  miles  further.  The 
tide  is  perceptible  in  the  Senegal,  for  upwards  of  60  leagues  inland. 

Sen-e-gam^-bj-a,  a  name  given  by  geographers  to  a  region  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Africa.  Originally,  it  was  applied  to  the  countries  settled  by 
Europeans,  between  the  Senegal  and  Gambia;  but  it  is  now  used  to 
designate  the  whole  of  that  part  of  Africa  which  is  W.  of  Soodan,  and 
between  the  Great  Desert  and  Guinea,  lying  between  the  10th  and  17th 
parallels  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  6th  and  18th  meridians  of  W.  Lon. — Adj. 
Sen-e-gam^-bj-an. 

Senlis,  saNv-lees',  (Anc.  Augustom^agus,  afterwards  Silvanec^tes,)  a 
t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Oise,  on  the  Nonette,  an  affluent  of  the 
Marne,  27  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Paris.  Lat.  49°  12'  N.,  Lon.  2°  35'  E.  Pop. 
5,016.     (P.  C.) 

Sennaar,  sen-n&aV,  a  country  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Africa,  belonging 
to  Egypt,  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  two  great  branches  of  the  Nile, 
S.  of  16°  N.  Lat.  Its  boundaries  are  imperfectly  known.  It  was 
formerly  an  independent  state,  and  one  of  the  most  powerful  in  that 
part  of  Africa. 

Sens,  s&n,  (Anc.  Agen'dicum  or  Agedin'cum,  afterwards  Sen'ones,) 
a  commercial  and  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  and  the  seat  of  an  arch- 
bishopric, situated  in  the  dep.  of  Yonne,  on  the  river  Yonne.  Lat.  48° 
12'  N.,  Lon.  3°  17'  E.     Pop.  9,029.     (M.) 

Serx-am-pore'  or  Serampoor,  a  t.  of  Hindostan,  belonging  to  the 
English,' on  the  river  Hoogly,  about  12  m.  above  Calcutta.  Here  is  a 
Protestant  missionary  station,  with  a  press,  in  which  numerous  transla- 
tions of  the  Bible  have  been  printed ;  and  a  college  for  instructing  the 
natives  in  the  European  and  Asiatic  languages.  Lat.  22°  45'  N.,  Lon. 
88°  26'  E.    Pop.  13,(J00.  (B.)    Till  lately,  this  t.  belonged  to  the  Danes. 

Seres,  series,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  European  Turkey,  47  m.  N.  E. 


*  Ba,  signifies  "  water"  or  "river:"  it  is  probably  from  the  same  loot  as  bahr  in 
Arabic,  and  ab  or  aub  in  Persian. 


500  SER— SEV 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  mtt ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

of  Salonica,  remarkable  Tis  the  centre  of  the  cotton  culture  in  this  part 
of  the  Ottoman  empire.  It  has  manufactures  in  cotton  and  linen,  and 
carries  on  an  active  trade.  Lat.  41°  4'  N.,  Lon.  23°  36'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  30,000  (B.),  which  number,  however,  is  reduced  to  15,000  in 
summer,  on  account  of  the  insalubrity  of  the  situation. 

Seringapatam,  ser-ing'-ga-pa-tam',  a  decayed  t.  and  fortress  of 
Hindostan,  formerly  the  cap.  of  Mysore,  on  a  small  i.  in  the  Cauvery. 
Lat.  12°  25'  N.,  Lon.  76°  42'  E.  In  its  immediate  vicinity  is  a  mag- 
nificent mausoleum,  built  by  Hyder  Ali,  under  which  are  interred  his 
remains  and  those  of  his  son  Tippoo  Saib.  The  pop.,  which,  under 
Hyder  Ali  and  Tippoo,  was  estimated  at  150,000,  was  reduced,  in  1820, 
to  less  than  10,000.     (B.) 

Seringham.     See  Trichonopoly. 

Servan,  Saint,  saw  seRN-vais',  a  well-built  seaport  t  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Ule  and  Vilaine,  on  the  Ranee,  at  its  mouth,  in  the  English 
Channel,  a  little  S.  of  St.  Malo.  Lat.  48°  38'  N.,  Lon.  2°  VV.  Pop., 
including  the  commune,  9,948.     (M.) 

Ser'-vj-a  (Turk.  Seerb  Vil-a-yet'-ee),  a  principality  in  the  central 
part  of  Turkey  in  Europe;  bounded  on  the  N.  and  N.  E.  Joy  the  Aus- 
trian dominions  and  Wallachia,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  Save 
and  the  Danube,  E.  by  Bulgaria,  S.  by  Roomelia,  and  W.  by  Bosnia. 
Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  170  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S., 
near  160  m.  The  pop.  is  vaguely  estimated  at  between  half  a  million 
and  a  million  of  inhabitants,  who  are  mostly  of  the  Greek  church.  The 
Servians  enjoy  at  present  a  considerable  degree  of  liberty,  and  possess 
the  exclusive  right  of  taxing  themselves.  In  return  they  pay  a  fixed 
amount  of  tribute  yearly  to  the  Ottoman  emperor.  Belgrade  is  the 
capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Ser'-vj-an. 

Setubal,  sa-too'-bal,  or  St.  Ubes,  ubz,  a  seaport  and  commercial  t.  of 
Portugal,  in  the  prov.  of  Estremadura,  on  a  bav  of  its  own  name.  Lat. 
38°  29'  N.,  Lon.  8°  53'  VV.     Pop.  about  15,000.     (B.) 

Sevn-as-to'-pol,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  European  Russia,  and  the 
principal  station  of  the  Russian  fleet  in  the  Black  Sea,  situated  on  the 
W.  coast  of  the  Crimea.  Lat.  44°  36' N.,  Lon.  33°  30'  E.  Pop.  10,000, 
exclusive  of  about  30,000  troops,  who  are  employed  on  the  fortifications, 
or  encamped  about  the  town.     (P.  C) 

Sev^-ern,  originally  called  Hafren,  the  second  r.  of  England  in 
magnitude  and  importance.  It  rises  on  the  E.  side  of  Mount  Plinlim^- 
mon,  in  Montgomeryshire,  Wales,  and,  flowing  at  first  north-easterly, 
then  E.,  afterwards  south-easterly,  and  at  last  south-westerly,  term' 
nates  in  a  wide  estuary  or  bay  called  the  Bristol  Channel,  after  a  course 
of  about  200  m.  It  is  navigable  to  Welshpool,  in  the  E.  part  of  Mont- 
gomeryshire, a  distance  of  above  170  m.  The  Bristol  Channel  is  near 
80  m.  in  length,  and  50  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 

Sevier,  sev-eer',  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ark.,  bordering  on  Red  r. 
and  the  Indian  Territory.     Pop.  4,240.     Co.  t.  Paraclifta. 

Sevier,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  N.  C.  Pop.  6,920. 
Co.  t.  Sevierville. 


SEV— SHA  501 

■>» 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Sev'-ille*  or  Se-ville'  (Sp.  Sevilla,  sa-veel'-ya ;  Anc.  Ispalis  or 
Hispalis;  Arab.  Ishbeelia) ;  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Spain,  cap.  of  a 
prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Guadalquivir,  66  in.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cadiz, 
and  about  230  m.  S.  S.  VV.  of  Madrid.  Among-  many  remarkable  edi- 
fices which  adorn  this  city,  may  be  mentioned  the  Cathedral,  a  magni- 
ficent and  imposing  structure,  said  to  be  the  largest  church  in  Spain ; 
the  belfry  of  the  cathedral  is  a  lofty  square  tower,  having  on  its  top  a 
colossal  bronze  statue  of  Faith,  14  ft.  high,  and  bearing  a  flag  and  palm 
branch,  which,  though  of  the  enormous  weight  of  3,600  pounds,  turns 
on  a  pivot,  and  is  so  delicately  poised  as  to  indicate  the  slightest  varia- 
tion of  the  wind,  whence  the  tower  has  received  the  name  of  Giralda 
(ne-ral/-da)  or  "  Weathercock ;"  the  height  of  the  top  of  the  statue  from 
the  ground  is  about  331)  English  feet:  and  the  Alcazar  (al-ka'-thar — in 
Arabic  Al  Kasr),  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Moorish  kings.  The  most 
remarkable  of  the  monuments  of  antiquity  is  the  Carlos  de  Carmona 
(kan'-yoce  da  kaR-mo^-na),  a  superb  aqueduct,  with  410  arches,  built  by 
the  Romans,  and  restored  by  the  Moors  ;  it  still  supplies  the  city  with 
water.  Seville  possesses  a  university,  founded  in  1502 ;  a  celebrated 
school  of  navigation,  called  San-Telmo;  and  many  other  establish- 
ments for  education.  Lat.  37°  24'  N.,  Lon.  5°  48'  W.  Pop.  about 
91,000.  (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Sevilian,  se-viF-yun;  (Sp.  Sevillano, 
sa-veel-ya'-no.) 

Sevre,  saivr,  the  name  of  two  small  rivers  in  the  W.  of  France,  one 
of  which,  the  Sevre  Nanlaise  (naNx-taze')>  flows  into  the  Loire,  near 
Nantes;  the  other,  called  the  Sevre  Niortaise  (ne-0Rv-taze')  passes  by 
Niorr,  and  falls  into  the  sea,  33  m.  W.  of  that  town. 

Sevres,  The  Two  (Fr.  Deux-Sevres,  dvh  saivr),  a  dep.  in  the  W. 
of  France,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  above  rivers.  Pop.  304,105. 
(B.)     Capital,  Niort. 

Shan'-non,  the  largest  and  most  important  r.  in  Ireland  ;  it  rises  in 
the  N.  W.  part  of  the  co.  of  Cavan,  and,  flowing  at  first  southerly,  and 
afterwards  south-westerly,  falls  into  the  Atlantic,  near  52°  30'  N.  Lat, 
and  10°  W.  Lon.  In  its  course  it  traverses  several  lakes,  the  principal 
of  which  are  Lough  Allen,  Lough  Ree,  and  Lough  Berg.  Towards 
its  termination,  the  river  widens  into  an  estuary  from  1  or  2  to  10  m. 
broad.  The  whole  length  of  the  Shannon  is  about  220  m.,  and  it  is 
navigable  for  214  m.,  or  to  within  6  or  7  m.  of  its  source  !     (M.) 

Shannon,  a  large  co.  in  the  south-eastern  part  of  Mo.    Pop.  1,199. 

SHATTf-EL-ARAB,  shat-el-a'-rab,  a  r.  of  Persia,  formed  by  the  union  of 

*  "  Fair  is  proud  Seville  ;  let  her  country  boast 

Her  strength,  her  wealth,  her  site  of  ancient  days." 

Childe  Harold,  Canto  I. 

By  what  reasoning  my  poor  mind 


Was  from  the  old  idolatry  reclaimed, 

None  better  knows  than  Seville's  mitred  chief. 

Southey's  Roderick,  Book  XX. 

t  Shatt  or  Shat  signifies  the  bank  of  a  river  subject  to  inundation. 


502  SHE— SHI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me1,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  56  as  in  good, 

the  Tigris  and  Euphrates:  it  discharges  itself  into  the  Persian  Gulf  by 
numerous  mouths.     Length  about  130  m. 

She-boy^-gan,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  L.  Mi- 
chigan.    Pop.' 8,378. 

Sheer-ness',  a  small  seaport  t.,  fortress,  and  royal  dockyard  of  Eng- 
land, in  Kent,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Medway  and  Thames,  37  m.  E, 
by  S.  of  London. 

Sheffield,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  the  W. 
Riding  of  Yorkshire,  29  m.  S.  of  Leeds,  and  140  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Lon- 
don. It  has  communication,  by  railroads  and  canals,  with  all  the  prin- 
cipal towns  of  England.  The  Don,  which  is  navigable  to  within  3  m. 
of  the  town,  is  connected  with  it  by  a  side  canal.  Rich  mines  of  coal 
and  iron  exist  in  the  vicinity,  and  have  given  direction  to  the  manufac- 
turing industry  of  the  place.  Cutlery  forms  the  principal  branch  of 
business;  and,  in  this  manufacture,  Sheffield  stands  before  every  other 
town  in  the  British  empire.     Pop.  68,186. 

Shel'-by,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ala.,  W.  of,  and  bordering 
on  the  Coosa  r.     Pop.  9,536.     Co.  t.  Columbiana. 

Shelby,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Term.  Pop.  31,157. 
Co.  t.  Raleigh. 

Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  E.  of  Louisville.  Pop.  17,095. 
Co.  t.  Shelbyville. 

Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Miami  r. 
Pop.  13,958.     Co.  t.  Sidney. 

Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ind.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  India- 
napolis.    Pop.  15,502.     Co.  t.  Shelbyville. 

Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the 
Kaskaskia  r.     Pop.  7,807.     Co.  t.  Shelbyville. 

Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.     Pop.  4,253.     Co.  t.  Shelbyville. 

Shen'-an-do'-ah,  a  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  which  flows  into  the 
Potomac,  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

Shenandoah,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  W.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  above  r.     Pop.  13,768.     Co.  t.  Woodstock. 

Shet'-land,  a  group  of  islands,  about  120  m.  N.  E.  of  the  N.  extre- 
mity of  Scotland,  which,  excluding  the  two  detached  islands,  called 
Foula  and  Fair  Isle,  lie  between  59°  52'  and  60°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  0? 
45'  and  1°  45'  W.  Lon.  Total  area  estimated  at  880  sq.  m.  Pop. 
30,558. 

Shi-a-wAs'-see,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Mich.,  on  a  r.  of 
the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Saginaw  r.  Pop.  5,230.  Co.  t. 
Corunna. 

Shields,  South,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  on  the  Tyne,  near  its 
mouth,  about  8  m.  below  Newcastle.  Pop.,  including  the  chapelry  of 
Westoe,  23,072. 

Shiraz,  shex-raz'  or  sbee^-raz,  a  celebrated  but  decayed  city  of  Per- 
sia, formerly  the  cap.  of  the  empire,  situated  in  a  beautiful  and  fertile 


SHI— SIB  503 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

/alley,  a  little  more  than  200  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Ispahan.  Lat.  29°  36'  N., 
Lon.  52°  44'  E.     Pop.  probably  about  30,000.     (B.) 

Shirvan,  shirv-van',  (Schirvan,)  lately  a  prov.  of  Persia,  now  belong- 
ing- to  Russia.     It  borders  on  Georgia  and  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Shoa,  sho'-a,  (or  Shwa,)  an  independent  kingdom  in  the  S.  part  of 
Abyssinia.  Having  suffered  less  from  civil  wars,  it  appears  to  be  more 
populous,  and  better  cultivated,  than  the  other  parts  of  that  extensive 
country. 

Shoomla  (Schumla),  shoomMa,  sometimes  written  Shoomn4,  a  manu- 
facturing and  commercial  t.  and  important  fortress  of  European  Tur- 
key, on  the  road  between  Roostchook  and  Constantinople,  about  190  m. 
N.  N.  W.  of  the  latter  town.  Lat.  43°  15'  N.,  Lon.  near  27°  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  from  20,000  to  30,000.     (B.  and  M.) 

Shoos'-ter  or  Shu'-ster,  a  decayed  city  of  Persia,  formerly  the 
cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Khoozistan,  on  the  Karoon.  Lat.  32°  N.,  Lon. 
about  49°  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.     (B.) 

Shrewsbury,  shroze^-ber-re,  or  shruze^-ber-re,  a  t.  of  England,  cap. 
of  Shropshire,  on  the  Severn,  138  m.  N.  W.  of  London.  Pop.  of  the 
borough,  including  an  area  of  about  23  sq.  m.,  18,285. 

Shrop^-shire,  called  otherwise  the  county  of  Sa'-lop,  a  co.  in  the 
W.  part  of  England,  intersected  by  the  Severn,  and  bordering  on 
Wales.     Pop.  239,048. 

Shumla.     See  Shoomla. 

Shuster.     See  Shooster. 

SI-am'  or  se^am'  (called,  by  the  Birmese,  Yoo'-dra),  an  extensive 
country  of  Chin-India,  between  5°  and  20°  N.  Lat.,  and  about  98°  and 
104°  E.  Lon.  Its  extent  and  boundaries,  especially  towards  the  N.,  are 
very  imperfectly  known  :  on  the  W.  it  borders  on  the  r.  Tenasserim 
and  the  British  provinces  of  this  name ;  on  the  S.  it  is  bounded  by  in- 
dependent Malacca  and  the  Gulf  of  Siam.  Population  estimated  at 
3,600,000.  (B.)  Siam  is  extremely  rich  in  natural  productions.  Rice 
is  particularly  abundant,  and  is  exported  in  large  quantities.  The 
fruits  of  this  country  are  noted  for  their  richness  and  exquisite  flavour. 
Boodhism  is  the  prevailing  religion  of  the  Siamese.  The  govern- 
ment is  an  absolute  despotism.  Capital,  Bangkok. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Si-am-e.se'. 

Siam,  Gulf  of,  is  situated  between  the  Malay  peninsula,  on  the 
W.,  and  Cambodia  on  the  E.  Length,  about  500  m. ;  greatest  breadth, 
350  m. 

Si-be'-rj.-a,  a  vast  territory  belonging  to  Russia,  and  occupying  the 
whole  northern  part  of  the  Asiatic  continent.  It  is  situated  between 
47°  30'  and  77°  40'  N.  Lat,  and  59°  and  190°  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Frozen  Ocean,  E.  by  the  Pacific,  S.  by  the ''.  ..mese  empire 
and  Independent  Tartary,  and  W.  by  Europe.  Length,  from  E.  to  W., 
about  4,000  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  near  2,000  m.  Area 
estimated  at  5,333,000 sq.  m.  The  pop.,  including  the  Circassian  pro- 
vinces, was  estimated  by  Balbi,  in  1826,  at  3,600,000. — Adj.  and  inhab. 
Si-be/  -x-an. 


504  SIC— SIL 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not ;  65  as  in  good ; 

Sicily,  sis'-sil-e,  (Anc.  SiciFia ;  It.  Sicilia,  se-chee'-Ie-a.)  the  most 
important  i.  in  the  Mediterranean,  forming  a  part  of  the  Neapolitan 
kingdom,  situated  between  36°  38'  and  38°  19'  N.  Lat.,  and  12°  25'  and 
15°  40'  E.  Lon.  It  is  separated  from  the  S.  extremity  of  Italy  by  the 
Strait  (or  Faro)  of  Messina,  which,  in  its  narrowest  part,  is  only  about 
2  m.  wide.  Its  form  resembles  a  triangle,  whence  it  was  called  by  the 
ancients  Trinacria.*  Length,  a  little  more  than  180  m. ;  greatest 
breadth,  measuring  from  the  N.  E.  to  the  S.  E.  angle  of  the  island, 
117  m.  Area  estimated  at  9,900  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1836,  above  2,000,000. 
(P.  C.)  Sicily  has  always  been  noted  for  its  fertility,  and  was  an- 
ciently regarded  as  the  granary  of  Rome.  Palermo  is  the  capital. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Sicilian,  se-sil'-yun. 

Sid'-mouth,  a  watering  place  and  small  seaport  t.  of  England,  in 
Devonshire,  13  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Exeter. 

Sj-en'-na,  or,  more  properly,  Siena,  se-en'-a,  (Anc.  Se'na  Ju'lia, 
or  simply  Sena,)  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Central  Italy,  in  Tus- 
cany, cap.  of  a  prov.  of  its  own  name,  30  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Florence. 
Among  its  public  edifices  may  be  mentioned  the  Cathedral,  which  is 
one  of  the  oldest  in  Italy,  and  may  be  regarded  as  a  gallery  of  the  fine 
arts,  being  richly  adorned  with  the  most  superb  productions  in  sculp- 
ture and  painting  ;  the  pavement  is  a  kind  of  mosaic-work :  Siena  has 
a  university,  attended  by  about  300  students,  a  town  library  of  50,000 
vols.,  and  several  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  learning.  In 
the  middle  ages,  Siena  was  the  capital  of  a  republic  which  acted  a 
conspicuous  part  in  the  drama  of  those  times.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
14th  century,  the  pop.  of  the  town  and  suburbs  amounted  to  180,000. 
(P.  C.)  Lat.  43°  22'  N.,  Lon.  11°  10'  E.  Present  pop.  about  19,000. 
(P.  C.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Si'-en-e§e'. 

Sj-er'-ra  Le-o'-ne  (properly  Leona),  a  cape  on  the  W.  coast  of 
Africa,  near  8°  30' N.  Lat:  also,  an  English  colony  in  its  vicinity, 
established  in  1787.  Since  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade,  in  1807, 
the  slaves  captured  by  the  British  cruisers  have  been  settled  here,  and 
these  now  form  much  the  largest  portion  of  the  population  of  the 
colony.  The  climate  on  this  part  of  the  African  coast  is  singularly 
unhealthy,  owing  to  a  combination  of  extreme  humidity  with  ti  uni- 
formly high  temperature.  Pop.  in  1839,  about  42,000.  (P.  C.)  Free- 
town, the  capital,  stands  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  r.  Sierra  Leone,  near 
its  mouth.  Lat.  8°  30'  N.,  Lon.  13°  15'  W.  Pop.  above  6,000,  among 
whom  are  about  120  Europeans.     (P.  C.) 

Sigmaringen.     See  Hohenzollern. 

Silesia,  si-lee'-she-a,  (Ger.  Schlesien,  shla'-se-en  ;  Polish,  Szlask, 
shloNsk,)  a  country  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Germany,  lying  around  the 
upper  portion  of  the  Oder;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Posen,  E.  by  Poland, 
S.  E.  by  Austrian  Galicia,  S.  by  Moravia,  and  S.  W.  by  Bohemia;  now 
divided  between  Austria  and  Prussia. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Silesian,  si-lee'- 
she-an. 

*  From  rout  (treis)  "three,"  and  axpov  (akron),  a  "point  or  promontory.' 


SIL— SKY  505 

ou,  as  in  our ;.  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Silesia,  Austrian,  a  territory  now  forming  a  part  of  the  prov.  of 
Moravia.     Area,  1,750  sq.  m.     Pop.  430,000.     (P.  C.) 

Silesi\,  Prussian,  an  imDortant  prov.  forming1  the  S.  E.  portion  of 
the  Prussian  monarchy.     Area,  15,600  sq.  m.   Pop.  2,868,820.     (P.  C.) 

Sil-is'-trj-a  (called  Dris'-tra  by  the  Turks),  a  fortified  city  of  Eu- 
ropean Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  cap.  of  an  eyalet  of  the  same  name,  on 
the  Danube,  63  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Roostchook.  Lat.  about  44°  10'  N.,  Lon. 
27°  10  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  20,000.     (B.) 

Simbirsk  or  Sim-beersk',  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Volga.  Lat.  54°  15'  N.,  Lon.  48°  30'  E.  Pop. 
13,500.     (P.  C.) 

Sim-pher-o'-pol  (Simferopel)  or  Akmetchet,  a  t.  of  European  Rus- 
sia, in  the  Crimea,  cap.  of  the  gov.  of  Taurida.  Lat.  about  45°  N., 
Lon.  34°  4'  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Simp'-son,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Miss.,  E.  of,  and  bordering 
on  Pearl  r!     Pop.  4,734.     Co.  seat,  Westville. 

Simpson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop.  7,733. 
Co.  t.  Franklin. 

Sinde,  an  extensive  country  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Hindostan,  com- 
prising the  lower  portion  and  delta  of  the  Indus,  situated  between  23° 
and  28°  N.  Lat.,  and  67°  and  71°  E.  \jon.    It  now  belongs  to  the  British. 

Singapore,  singv-ga-pore^,  or  Sjngapoor,  an  important  and  flourishing 
commercial  settlement  belonging  to  the  British,  at  the  S.  extremity  of 
the  Malay  peninsula,  including  the  island  of  Singapore  (about  25  m.  in 
length),  and  a  number  of  islets  in  the  vicinity.  Its  port  has  been  de- 
clared free.     Pop.  in  1836,  29,984.     (P.  C.) 

Sj-oot'  (Siout — Anc.  Lycop'olis),  also  written  Es-Sioot,  a  conside- 
rable t,  regarded  as  the  cap.  of  Upper  Egypt,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Nile.  In  its  vicinity  are  many  interesting  remains  of  antiquity.  Lat. 
27°  13'  N.,  Lon.  31°  13'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  12  to  20,000.    (B.) 

Sioux,  usually  pronounced  soo,  (Fr.  pron.  se-oo',)  a  numerous  and 
powerful  nation  of  Indians  inhabiting  the  territory  between  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri  rivers. 

Sis-to'-va  or  Shtab,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  European 
Turkey,  in  Bulgaria,  on  the  Danube.  Lat.  43°  38'  N.,  Lon.  25°  20' E. 
Pop.  estima  ted  at  21 ,000.     (B.) 

Siwah.     See  Seewah. 

Skag'-er  Rack  (i.  e.  Skagen  Rack,*  the  **  crooked  strait  of  Ska- 
gen"?)  the  channel  which  connects  the  Cattegat  with  the  North  Sea. 
Skagen  (the  Skaw)  is  a  cape  forming  the  N.  point  of  Jutland. 

Skane,  sko'-na,  a  firmer  prov.  occupying  the  S.  part  of  Sweden. 

Skib'-ber-een',  a  thriving  t.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Ireland,  in 
the  co.  of  Cork.     Lat.  51°  33'  N.,  Lon.  9°  15'  W.     Pop.  4,430.     (M.) 

Skye,  an  i.  of  Scotland,  after  Lewis  the  largest  of  the  Hebrides,  be- 
tween 57°  3'  and  57°  41'  N.  Lat.,  and  5°  36'  and  6°  46'  W.  Lon.  It 
is  about  38  m.  in  length,  and  23  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.     Area  esti- 

*  Rack  signifies  a  passage  difficult  to  navigate  on  account  of  its  sudden  bending. 
It  is  probably  from  the  same  root  as  the  Anglo-Saxon  Hraca  or  Raca  and  the 
German  Rachen,  signifying  "  throat." 

43  2H 


506  SLA— SMY 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m£,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n5t;  65  as  in  good > 

mated  at  537  sq.  m.     Pop.  23,082.     It  belongs  to  the  co.  of  Inverness, 

Slav-o'-nj-a  or  Sclavonia,  a  prov.  of  the  Austrian.  empirer  between 
the  r.  Save,  on  the  S.^and  the  Danube  and  Drave,  on  the  N.,  extending 
from  about  44°  40'  to  near  46°  N.  Lat.,  and  from  16°  40'  to  20°  30'  E. 
Lon.  Area  3,600  sq.  m.  Pop.  315,000.  (M.)  The  Slavonians  (Lat. 
Sclavi'ni;  Gr.  2 x"ka8rivoc),  appear  to  have  possessed,  during  the  decline 
of  the  Roman  empire,  the  greater  portion  of  E.  Ewrope,  The  Poles,  Bo- 
nemians,  Ulyrians,  and  Russians  are  considered  to  be  of  Slavonic  origin. 
— Adj.  Slav-o/-nj-an,  Slav-on/-ic,  and  Si>a\/-ic;  inhab.  Slavonian. 

Sles'-wick  (Dan.  Slesvig,  sW-rig;  Ger.  Schleswig,  shles'-wio),  a 
duchy  belonging  to  Denmark,  comprising  the  S.  part  of  the  peninsula 
■of  Jutland,  between  54°  15'  and  55°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  37'  and  10° 
14'  E.  Lon.     Area  3,450  sq.  m.     Pop,  about  340,000.     (P.  C.) 

Sleswick,.  a  seaport  t.  of  Denmark,  cap.  of  the  above  duchy,  on  an 
arm  of  the  sea  called  the  Slie  (slee).  Lat.  54°  31'  N.,  Lon.  9°  34'  E. 
Pop.  about  8,C00.     (B.) 

SlI'-go,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Connaught,  bor- 
dering on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  171,765.     (P.  C.) 

Sligo,  a  seaport  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above  county,  on  a  bay 
of  the  same  name.  Lat.  54°  17'  N.,  Lon.  8°  25'  W.  Pop.  in  1831, 
15,152.     (P.  C.) 

Slobode  Ukraina,  sloM)o-dtt  oo-kra-ee^-ea,  otherwise  called  Khar- 
kof,  a  gov.  in  the  S.  part  of  European  Russia,  N.  of  the  Sea  of  Azof. 
It  derives  the  prefix  of  Slobode  from  its  having  been  settled,  in  the  17th> 
century,  by  Cossacks,  who  founded  here  five  large  villages — Slo^bodS 
signifying  a  Cossack  village.     Capital,  Kharkof. 

Smaland,  smoMSnd,  a  former  prov.  occupying  the  S.  E.  part  of 
Sweden,  now-divided  into  the  districts  or  lans  of  Calmar,  Wexio,  and 
Jonkoping. 

Smith,  a  co.  in  the  S.  central  part  of  Miss.,  a  little  E.  of  Pearl  r. 
Pop.  4,07.1.     Co.  seat,  Raleigh. 

Smith,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ten n.r  bordering  on  Ky.  and  the  Cum- 
berland r.     Pop.  18,412.     Co.  t.  Carthage. 

Smo-lensk',  sometimes  written  Smolensko,  a  strongly  fortified  t.  of 
European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Dnieper.  It 
is  remarkable  as  the  scene  of  the  first  serious  conflict  between  the 
French  and  Russians,  in  the  campaign  of  1812,  when  it  was  set  on 
fire,  and  two-thirds  of  it  reduced  to  ruins.  Lat.  54°  50'  N.,  Lon.  about 
32°  E.     Pop.  above  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Smyrna,  sunV-na,  (Turk.  Iz-meer',)  an  ancient  and  celebrated  city 
and  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  the  principal  emporium  of  West- 
ern Asia,  situated  on  the  W.  coast  of  Asia  Minor,  at  the  extremity  of  a 
gulf  of  its  own  name,  which  forms  a  convenient  and  capacious  harbour. 
The  town,  with  its  domes  and  minarets,  has  a  fine  appearance  when 
approaching  it  from  the  sea,  but  a  great  part  of  the  interior  consists  of 
mean  wooden  houses,  with  narrow,  crooked,  dirty,  ill-paved  streets. 
Smyrna  is  the  residence  of  a  mollah  of  the  first  class  ;  also,  of  a  Greek 
and  an  Armenian  archbishop.  Lat.  38°  28'  N.,  Lon.  27°  7'  E.  Pop. 
estimated  at  above  130,000.  (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Smyr/-ni-ot. 


SMY-rSOM  5U7 

ou, Sfl  m  our;  tli,  as  in  thin ,•  th,  as  in  £/m ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Smythb,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  sources  of  the  Hol- 
€lon  r.     Pop.  8,162.     Co.  t.  Marion. 

•Snow/-don,  a  mountain  of  Wales,  in  Caernarvonshire,  about  10  rn. 
S.  E.  of  Caernarvon.  It  is  the  highest  mountain  in  Great  Britain,  S. 
of  the  Scottish  border,  having-  an  elevation  of  3,571  ft.  above  the  sea. 

Snow  Hill,  a  port  of  entry  of  Md.,  cap.  of  Worcester  co.,  on  the 
Pocomoke  r.,  about  90  m.  S.  E.  of  Annapolis. 

Society  Islands,  a  group  in  the  Pacific,  between  16°  and  18°  S. 
Lat.,  and  148°  and  156°  VV.  Lon.  Of  these  islands,  Tahiti  or  Otaheite 
is  by  far  the  largest  and  most  important.  (See  Tahiti.)  Among  the 
others,  we  may  name  Raiatea  (rl-a-ta/-a),  Eiineo  or  Aimeo  (I-ma/-o), 
Huahine  (hoo^-a-hee'-na),  Borabora  (bov-ra-bo'-ra)  or  Bolabola,*  and  Ta- 
haa  (ta-hau')  or  Otaha.  The  inhabitants  of  these  islands  appear  to  be 
inferior  in  mental  capacity  to  the  Sandwich  Islanders;  but,  through  the 
indefatigable  labours  of  the  English  missionaries,  civilization  has  made 
very  considerable  progress  among  them,  and  most  of  them  have  embraced 
the  Christian  religion.  They  can  generally  read  and  write.  A  press 
has,  for  many  years,  been  actively  engaged  in  supplying  them  with 
publications  in  their  own  language. — Inhab.  Society  Islander. 

So-co'-tra  or  So-co'-to-ra  (Anc.  Dioscoridis  Insula),  an  i.  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  E.  of  Cape  Guardafui,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  12° 
SO'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  54th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Length,  about  80  m.; 
greatest  breadth,  25  m.  A  large  portion  of  Socotra  is  desert,  though 
some  parts  are  covered  with  abundant  vegetation.  Among  other  plants 
may  be  mentioned  the  Aloe  Socotrina,  yielding  the  Socotrine  aloes  of 
commerce,  which  forms  the  principal  export  of  the  island. — Adj.  So-cxV- 
tran,  and  Soc'-o-trine  ;  inhab.  Socotran. 

Sofala,  so-fa/-la,  (supposed  by  some  to  be  the  Ophir  mentioned  in 
the  Scriptures,)  a  decayed  t.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  near  20°  S.  Lat., 
once  the  cap.  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  celebrated  for  the  abun- 
dence  of  gold  obtained  there.     It  belongs  to  the  Portuguese. 

Soissons,  swasv-s6N',  almost  swix-s6N',  (Anc,  Augusta  Sues'sionum  ; 
afterwards  Sues'siones),  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aisne, 
on  the  r.  Aisne.     Lat.  49°  28'  N.,  Lon.  3°  20'  E.     Pop.  7,864.     (M.) 

Soleure,  sov-1ur/,  (Ger.  Solothum,  so'-lo-tooRn^,)  a  canton  in  the  N. 
N.  W.  part  of  Switzerland,  intersected  by  the  Aar.  Area,  256  sq.  m. 
Pop.  in  1835,  62,400.     (P.  C.) 

Soleure  or  Solothurn  (Anc.  Salodu^rum),  the  cap.  of  the  above 
canton,  is  situated  on  the  Aar,  18  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Berne.  The  Cathe- 
dral of  St.  Ursus  (or  Urse),  of  this  place,  is  regarded  as  the  finest 
church  in  Switzerland.  The  Polish  patriot,  Kosciusko,  died  at  Soleure, 
October.  1817,  having  resided  here  the  last  two  years  of  his  life.  Lat. 
47°  12' N.,  Lon.  7°  32' E. 

Somerset,  sum'-er-set,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Maine,  bordering 
on  Canada.     Pop.  35,581.     Co.  t.  Norridgewock. 

*  See  Sandwich  Islands:  note. 


508  SOM— SOU 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Somerset,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  N.  J.,  on  the  head  waters 
of  the  Rantan.     Pop.  19,688.     Co.  t.  Somerville. 

Somerset,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Md.  Pop. 
24,416.     Co.  t.  Somerset. 

Somerset,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  Del.  and  the 
Chesapeake  Bay.     Pop.  22,456.     Co.  t.  Princess  Anne. 

Somersetshire,  sum'-er-set-shir,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  part  of  England, 
bordering  on  the  Severn  and  the  Bristol  Channel.     Pop.  435.982. 

Somme,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel.     Pop.  552,706.  (B.)     Capital,  Amiens. 

Soodan,  soo-dan',  or  Bel-ed'  es  Soo-dan',  i.  e.  the  "  country  of  the 
blacks,""  a  name  employed  to  designate  all  the  countries  along  the  S. 
border  of  the  Great  Desert,  from  Dar  Foor  on  the  E.  to  Senegambia  on 
the  W.',  extending  from  about  25°  E.  to  10°  VV.  Lon.  Its  limits,  on 
the  N.  and  S.,  are  almost  or  entirely  unknown. 

Soov-iW  Islands,  a  group  of  small  islands  in  the  Eastern  Seas,  be- 
tween Borneo  and  Mindinao. 

Sool-tan-ee'-yeh  (Sultanieh),  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  once  the 
cap.  of  that  country,  under  the  sovereigns  of  theraceo'  Gengis-khan.  It 
is  now  almost  or  quite  deserted,  but.  its  magnificent  ruins  attest  its  for- 
mer glory.     Lat.  about  36°  30'  N.,  Lon.  48°  30'  E. 

Soorabaya  (Surabaya),  soo-rd-b^-a,  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of 
Java,  situated  on  the  N.  E.  coast,  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  its  own 
name.  It  is,  after  Batavia,  the  most  flourishing  and  commercial  town 
in  the  island.  Lat.  7°  14'  S..  Lon.  112°  41'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at 
50,000.     (B.) 

Sophia,  so-fee^-a,  (in  Bulgarian,  Triaditza,  tre-a-dit'-sa,)  a  large 
manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  European  Turkey,  cap.  of  a  sand- 
jack  (or  inferior  pashalic)  of  its  own  name,  and  of  the  eyalet  of  Roo- 
melia,  on  the  Isker,  an  affluent  of  the  Danube,  about  310  m.  W.  N.W. 
of  Constantinople.  It  is  the  residence  of  a  Greek  metropolitan  and 
a  Catholic  archbishop;  and  possesses  a  flourishing  trade  and  numerous 
manufactures.  Lat.  42°  37'  N.,  Lon.  23°  26  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from 
30,000  to  50,000.     (B.) 

Sorata,  Nevado  de,  na-va^-Do  da  so-ra'-ta,  a  mountain  summit  of  S. 
America,  in  Bolivia,  the  highest  in  the  New  World,  situated  near  the 
village  of  Sorata,  in  about  16°  S.  Lat.  and  68°  40'  W.  Lon.  Height, 
3,948  toises  or  25,250  English  ft.  (B.)     See  Nevado. 

So-ria,  so'-re-a  (Anc.  Numan'tia),  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Old  Castile,  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  113  m.  N.  E.  of  Madrid.    Pop.  5,400.  (B.) 

Sor-ren'-to  (Anc.  Surren'tum),  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Naples,  on 
the  Bay  of  Naples,  18  m.  S.  E.  of  the  metropolis,  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  its  situation  and  for  being  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Tasso. 
Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Soudan.     See  Soodan. 

Sourabaya.     See  Soorabaya. 

Southampton,  suTH-hamp'-ton,  an  important  seaport  t.  of  England, 
in  Hampshire,  on  an  inlet  of  the  sea  called  Southampton  Water,  70  m. 


SOU— SPA  509 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

W.  S.  W.  of  London.  It  forms  a  little  co.  of  itself,  with  an  area  of 
only  about  3  sq.  m.     Pop.  27,744. 

Southampton.     See  Hampshire. 

Southampton,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  Meherrin  and  Not- 
taway  rivers,  and  bordering  on  N.  C.     Pop.  13,521.     Co.  t.  Jerusalem. 

Soutkwark,  suTH^-ark.     See  London. 

South'-wark,  a  suburb  of  Philadelphia. 

Spa,  spaw  (Fr.  and  Flem.  pron.  spa),  a  little  t.  in  the  E.  part  of  Bel- 
gium, 18  m.  S.  E.  of  Liege,  celebrated  for  its  medicinal  springs  and 
baths.     Permanent  pop.  3,600.     (B.) 

Spain  (Sp.  Espana,  es-pan'-ya;  Fr.  Espagne,  esv-parV;  Anc.  Hispa'- 
nia  and  Ibe'ria),  an  extensive  and  once  powerful  kingdom,  occupying 
the  greater  portion  of  the  peninsula  which  forms  the  S.  W.  extremity 
of  Europe,  situated  between  36°  2  and  43°  47'  N.  Lat,  and  3°  21'  E. 
and  9°  16'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  the  Bay  of  Biscay  and  by 
France,  S.  E.  by  the  Mediterranean,  S.  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar,  S.  W.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Por- 
tugal and  the  Atlantic.  Length,  from  E.  N.  E.  to  W.  S.  W.,  about 
650  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  520  in.  Area,  183,200 
sq.  m.  Pop.  estimated  at  13,900,000.  (B.)  Spain  is  sometimes  divided  by 
geographers  into  13  parts,  viz.:  Andalusia,  Aragon,  Asturias,  Biscaya. 
or  Biscay,  Catalonia,  Estremadura,  Galicia,  Leon,  Murcia,  Navarre, 
New  Castile,  Old  Castile,  and  Valencia,  corresponding  to  the  former 
kingdoms,  principalities,  &c.  It  is  now  divided,  according  to  a  royal 
decree,  issued  in  1833,  into  49  small  provinces,  which,  for  the  most 
part,  take  the  name  of  their  respective  capitals.  Roman  Catholicism 
is  the  religion  of  Spain.  The  power  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns  was 
formerly  nearly  or  quite  absolute;  but,  since  the  adoption  of  the  new 
constitution  (first  promulgated  in  1837),  the  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  the  king  and  the  cortes  (koa'-tes),  which  is  composed  of  two  legis- 
lative bodies,  chosen  by  the  people,  called  the  senate  and  the  congress 
of  deputies.  Madrid  is  the  capital. — Adj.  Spanish;  inhab.  Span- 
iard, spanf-yard. 

,  Spalatro,  spa-la'-tro,  a  seaport,  the  most  populous  and  commercial 
t.  in  Dalmatia,  on  the  Adriatic,  opposite  the  Island  of  Brazza.  It  is 
chiefly  interesting  for  the  ruins  of  a  magnificent  palace,  built  by  the 
Roman  emperor  Diocletian,  to  which  he  retired  after  abdicating  the 
imperial  throne  (A.  D.  305).  This  palace  was  constructed  of  a  beau- 
tiful freestone,  and  is  said  to  have  covered  an  area  of  9  acres !  A  large 
portion  of  the  town  of  Spalatro  has  been  built  out  of  its  ruins.  Lat. 
43°  30'  N.,  Lon.  16°  26'  E.     Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Spandau,  span'-dou,  also  written  Spandow,  a  strongly  fortified  t 
of  Prussia,  in  Brandenburg,  at  the  junction  of  the  Havel  (ha'-vel)  with 
the  Spree,  7  m.  W.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  7,000.     (B.) 

Span'-ish  Town  (or  Santiago  de  la  Vega,  san-te-a/-go  del-av-y-ga), 
the  cap.  of  Jamaica,  situated  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  the  island,  on  the  r. 
Cobre,  about  6  m.  from  the  sea,  and  11  m.  W.  by  N.  from  Kingston. 
Pop.  about  6,000.  r 

43* 


510  SPA— STA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66,  as  in  good , 

Spar'-tan-burg,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on 
N.  C.     Pop.  26,400.     Seat  of  justice,  Spartanburg  c.  h. 

Specia.     See  Spezia. 

Spen'-cer,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  S.  E.  of  Louisville.  Pop.  6,842. 
Co.  t.  Taylorsville. 

Spencer,  a  co.  in  the  S.  or  S.W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Ohio. 
Pop.  8,616.     Co.  t.  Rockport. 

Spey,  spa,  a  r.  of  Scotland,  flowing  into  Murray  Frith. 

Speyer,  pronounced  and  often  written  Spire  (Anc.  NovionVagus* 
afterwards  Neme'tes),  an  ancient  city  of  Bavaria,  cap.  of  the  circle  of 
the  Rhine,  on  the  Rhine,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Speyerbac^.  It  has  a 
collection  of  Roman  and  ancient  German  antiquities,  a  lyceum,  and 
other  institutions.  The  Observatory  is  in  Lat.  49°  18'  55"  N.,  Lon.8° 
26'  37"  E.     Pop.  about  8,0J0.     (B.) 

Spezia,  sped'-ze-a,  (sometimes  written  Specia,)  a  seaport  t.  of  N. 
Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  on  a  gulf  of  the  Mediterranean,  to  which 
it  gives  its  name,  and  which  forms  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  Europe. 
Lat.  44°  5'  N.,  Lon.  9°  51'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (P.  C.) 

Spitz-berg'-en,  a  group  of  desolate  islands  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  being 
the  northernmost  land  which  has  yet  been  discovered,  situated  between 
the  77th  and  81st  degrees  of  JS.  Lat.,  and  the  10th  and  25th  of  E. 
Lon.     Their  united  area  is  perhaps  equal  to  half  that  of  Ireland. 

Spoleto,  spo-la-fto,(Anc.  Spole/tum  or  Spole'tium,)  a  city  of  Italy,  in 
the  Papal  State,  cap.  of  a  delegation  of  the  same  name,  60  m.  N.  by  E. 
of  Rome.  In  its  vicinity  are  a  number  of  interesting  antiquities.  Lat. 
42°  45'  N.,  Lon.  12°  36'  E.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Spring'-field,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Mass.,  cap.  of  Hampden  co.,  on  tne 
E.  side  of  the  Connecticut  r.,  and  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad, 
about  80  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  W.  by  S.  from  Boston.  It  contains  a 
United  States  arsenal  of  construction.     Pop.  11,766. 

Springfield,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Illinois  and  of  Sangamon  co. 
Lat.  39°  48'  N.,  Lon.  89°  33'  VV.     Pop.  4,533. 

St.     See  Saint. 

Staf'-ford,  a  t.  of  England,  cap.  of  Staffordshire,  23  m.  N.  N.W.  of 
Birmingham.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  about  4  sq.  m.,  9,245. 

Stafford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  between  the  Rappahannock 
and  Potomac.     Pop.  8,044.     Co.  t.  Falmouth. 

Staf^-ford-shire,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  England,  inter- 
sected by  the  Trent  and  Mersey  Canal.     Pop.  510,504. 

Stam'-ford,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Lincolnshire,  80  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
London.     Entire  pop.  6,385. 

Stan'-ly,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Yadkin 
r.     Pop.  6,922. 

Stargard,  staR^-gart,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  in  Pomerania,  on  the  naviga- 
ble r.  Ihna  (ee'-na),  which  flows  into  the  Stettiner  Haff,  21  m.  E.  by  S. 
of  Stettin.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Stark,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Ohio  and 
Erie  Canal.     Pop.  39,878.     Co.  t.  Canton. 

Stark,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ind.     Pop.  557. 


STA— STO  511 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  iike  ng. 

Stark,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  111.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Illi- 
nois r.     Pop.  3,710. 

Stav  anger,  stav-ang^-ger,  a  seaport  t.  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Nor- 
way. Its  cathedral  is  regarded  as  the  finest  in  the  kingdom.  Lat.  58° 
58'  N.,  Lon.  5°  57'  E.     Pop.  3,800.     (B.) 

Ste'-phen-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  the  Wis- 
consin.    Pop.  11,666. 

Stettin,  stet-teen',  an  important  commercial  t,  river-port,  and  for- 
tress of  Prussia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  and  of  the  prov.  of 
Pomerania,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Oder,  about  36  m.  from  the  junction 
of  the  Stettiner  HafF  with  the  Baltic.  It  has  a  gymnasium,  with  an  ob- 
servatory, a  valuable  library,  and  a  number  of  other  literary  and  scien- 
tific institutions.   Lat.  53°  24'  N.,  Lon.  14°  36'  E.   Pop.  above  32,000. 

(B0 

Stettiner  Haff,  stet-tee'-ner  haff,  a  large  haff  or  lagoon  in  the  N. 
of  Germany,  which  receives  the  waters  of  the  Oder,  N.  of  the  t.  of 
Stettin.  Its  length,  exclusive  of  several  small  arms,  is  about  30  m.; 
greatest  breadth  12  or  13  m. 

Steu'-ben  (often  pronounced  stu-ben'),  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of 
N.  Y.,  bordering  on  Pa.     Pop.  63,771.     Co.  t.  Bath. 

Steuben,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Ind.  Pop.  6,104.  Co. 
t.  Angola. 

Steu^-ben-ville,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Ohio,  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.,  on  the 
Ohio  r.,  35  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  W.  by  S.  of  Pittsburg.     Pop.  6,140. 

Stbw'-art,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the 
Chattahoochee.     Pop.  16,027.     Co.  t.  Lumpkin. 

Stewart,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  Cumberland 
and  Tennessee  r.,  and  bordering  on  Ky.     Pop.  9,719.     Co.  t.  Dover. 

Steyer,  stire,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Upper  Austria,  on  the  Enns,  an 
affluent  of  the  Danube,  remarkable  for  its  extensive  manufactures  in 
iron,  among  which  we  may  particularize  fire-arms,  sword-blades,  and 
razors;  it  is  also  the  centre  of  an  active  trade.  Lat.  48°  3'  N.,  Lon. 
14°  25'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Stir'-ling,  an  ancient  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Stirlingshire,  on  the 
Forth,  30  m.  W.  N.  W.  of  Edinburgh.  Its  situation  is  in  the  highest 
degree  beautiful  and  romantic.  The  view  from  the  castle  (once  the 
residence  of  the  Scottish  kings),  which  stands  on  an  abrupt  basaltic 
rock,  immediately  over  the  river,  and  about  300  ft.  in  height,  is  per- 
haps the  most  magnificent  in  Great  Britain.     Pop.  8,307. 

Stir'-ling-shire,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Scotland,  extending 
from  the  Frith  of  Forth  to  Loch  Lomond.     Pop.  82,057. 

Stocks-holm,  the  cap.,  and  the  most  important  commercial  and  manu- 
facturing town  of  Sweden,  on  the  channel  which  connects  L.  Malaren 
with  the  Baltic,  24  m.  from  the  latter.  It  is  built  partly  on  the 
mainland  and  partly  on  a  number  of  islands  in  the  above-mentioned 
channel.  Its  appearance  to  one  approaching  from  the  sea,  is  highly 
picturesque  and  imposing.  The  harbour,  though  of  difficult  entrance, 
is  capacious  and  secure.    Among  the  remarkable  edifices  &f  the  Swe- 


512  STO— STR 

Fate,  f ar,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  66,  as  in  good , 

dish  capita],  may  be  mentioned  the  Royal  Palace,  which  has  great  archi- 
tectural beauty,  and  contains  a  library,  a  collection  of  paintings  and 
antiquities;  and  the  Church  of  Riddarholm,  which  contains  the  trophies 
of  Sweden,  and  in  which  the  Swedish  kings  and  other  distinguished 
persons  are  buried.  Stockholm  possesses  an  academy  of  sciences,  with 
an  observatory  and  an  extensive  library ;  an  academy  of  belles  lettres, 
history  and  antiquities ;  a  college  of  mines,  with  a  rich  cabinet  of 
natural  history;  and  a  great  number  of  other  literary  and  scientific  in» 
stitutions.     Lat.  59°  20'  31"  N.,  Lon.  18°  3'  E.     Pop.  83,885.     (P.  C.) 

Stock'-port,  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Cheshire, 
6  m.  S.  E.  of  Manchester.     Pop.  of  township,  28,431. 

Stock'-ton,  or  Stockton-on-Tees,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  co.  of 
Durham,  on  the  Tees,  near  its  mouth.  Lat.  54°  34'  N.,  Lon.  1°  18'  W. 
Pop.  of  township,  9,825. 

Stockton.     See  California. 

Stod'-dard,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  St.  Francis  r.     Pop.  4,277. 

Stoke-upon-Trent,  a  parish  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  remarka- 
ble as  the  seat  of  extensive  manufactures  in  earthenware.  The  town 
of  Stoke  is  14  m.  N.  by  W.  of  Stafford. 

Stokes,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
9,206.       Co.  t.  Germantown. 

Stone-ha^-ven,  a  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  cap.  of  Kincardineshire,  en 
the  German  Ocean,  14  m.  S.  by  W.  of  Aberdeen.  Lat.  56°  56'  N.» 
Lon.  2°  12'  W.     Pop.  3,012. 

Sto'-ning-ton,  a  port  of  entry  of  Conn.,  in  New  London  co.,  on  a 
rocky  point  of  land,  which  projects  into  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  about  50  miles  S.  W.  of  Providence,  with  which  it  is  connected 
by  a  railroad.    Pop.  5,431. 

Stour'-bridge,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Worcestershire,  on  the  Stour,  an 
affluent  of  the  Severn,  18  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Worcester.     Pop.  7,481. 

Strabane,  stra-ban',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  in  Tyrone  co.,  14  m.  S.  S.  W.  of 
Londonderry.     Pop.  5,147.     (M.) 

Straf'-ford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  H.,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  r.» 
a  branch  of  the  Piscataqua.  Pop.  29,364.  Co.  towns,  Do-er  and  Ro- 
chester. 

Stralsund,  straV-soont,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Prus- 
sia, in  Pomerania,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  narrow  strait 
which  separates  the  i.  of  Riigen  from  the  continent.  The  celebrated 
fortifications  of  this  place  have  been  razed,  and  the  ramparts  converted 
into  public  walks.  (P.  C.)  Lat.  54°  19'  N.,  Lon.  13°  32'  E.  Pop. 
14,713.     (M.) 

Stranraer,  stran-rawr',  a  small  seaport  t.  of  Scotland,  at  the  S. 
extremity  of  a  small  bay  called  Loch  Ryan.  Lat.  54°  54'  N.,  Lon. 
5°  2'  W. 

Stras'-bourg  (Fr.  pron.  StrassN-booR' ;  Ger.  Strassburg,  strass'- 
booRG ;  Anc.  Argentoratum) ;  a  strongly-fortified  city  of  France,  on 
its  E.  frontier,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Lower  Rhine,  and  formerly  of  Alsace, 
on  the  111,  near  its  confluence  with  the  Rhine.     The  principal  public 


STR— SUF  513 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

building  is  the  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame  (notr  dam),  one  of  the  finest 
Gothic  edifices  that  exist;  its  spire  rises  to  the  height  of  500  or  per- 
haps 530  English  ft.,  being  the  highest  in  the  world.  Strasbourg  is 
one  of  the  most  important  commercial  and  manufacturing  towns  in 
France.  It  possesses. an  academie  universitaire  (before  the  French 
Revolution  it  had  a  Protestant  university),  a  royal  college,  a  public 
library  of  50,000  vols.  (P.  C),  and  many  other  literary  and  scientific 
institutions.  The  common  language  of  the  citizens  of  Strasbourg  is 
German,  but  French  is  spoken  by  the  educated  classes.  The  Obser- 
vatory is  in  Lat.  48°  34'  40"  N.,  Lon.  4°  45'  12"  E.    Pop.  50,000.    (B.) 

Strat^-ford-upon-A'-von,  a  little  t.  of  England,  in  Warwickshire, 
on  the  Avon,  8  m.  S.  W.  of  Warwick,  celebrated  as  the  birth-place  of 
Shakspeare. 

Stuhlweissenburg,  stool-wI/-cen-b66RG\  (Hung.  Szekes  Fejervar, 
sa-kesh  fa-yaiR-vaR,)  a  t.  of  Hungary,  once  the  residence  of  the  Hun- 
garian kings,  35m.  S.  W.  of  Buda.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

StutV-gart  or  Stuttgard  (Ger.  pron.  stoot'-gaRt),  a  city  of  Ger- 
many, cap.  of  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg,  on  a  little  stream  called 
the  Nesenbach  (na^-zen-baKN)  near  its  confluence  with  the  Neckar.  It 
has  been  greatly  embellished  since  the  commencement  of  the  present 
century.  Among  the  remarkable  buildings,  may  be  mentioned  the 
new  Royal  Palace,  which  is  a  noble  structure,  and  contains  a  valua- 
ble collection  of  paintings  and  statues.  The  Public  Royal  Library 
contains  200,000  vols.,  among  which  is  a  unique  collection  of  12,000 
Bibles,  of  4,000  different  editions,  in  68  languages.  (P.  C.)  Stuttgard 
has  a  gymnasium,  with  30  professors,  and  numerous  other  institutions 
for  education.     Lat.  48°  46'  N.,  Lon.  9°  11'  E.     Pop.  40,000.     (B.) 

Styria,  Stiria,  stir/e-a  (Ger.  Steyermark,  stiver-mark),  a  country 
in  the  S.  central  part  of  Europe,  intersected  by  the  river  Muhr.  It 
belongs  to  Austria.     Adj.  and.  inhab.  Styrian  or  Stirianj  stir/e-an. 

Suabia,  swa/-be-a,  a  country  in  the  S.  of  Germany,  which,  in  the 
middle  ages,  constituted  a  powerful  duchy,  when  the  Suabians  were 
the  richest,  most  civilized,  and  most  respected  of  all  the  nations  of 
Germany.  The  name  had  disappeared  from  the  maps  of  Germany,  but 
a  few  years  ago  the  king  of  Bavaria  restored  the  ancient  historical 
names,  and  gave  that  of  Suabia  to  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Danube. 
Suabia  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  Suevi,  an  ancient  and  pow- 
erful German  nation. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Suabian,  swa/-be-an. 

Sudan.     See  Soodan. 

Suez,  soo'-ez  (Arab.  Soo-ez')  Isthmus  of,  is  situated  between  the  N. 
extremity  of  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  connects  Africa 
with  Asia.     Its  breadth,  in  the  narrowest  part,  is  about  65  rn. 

Suf'-folk,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  German 
Ocean.     Pop.  315,073. 

Suffolk,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mass.,  on  Massachusetts  Bay.  Pop. 
144,507.  Co.  t.  Boston. 

Suffolk,  a  co.  of  N.  Y.,  occupying  the  E.  portion  of  Long  Island. 
Pop.  3G,922.     Seat  of  justice,  Suffolk  c.  h. 


514  SUI— SUN 

File,  far,  fall,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

Suir,  shure,  a  r.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ireiand,  flowing  into  Waterford 
harbour. 

Sul'-lj-van,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  H.,  bordering  on  the  Connec- 
ticut r.     Pop.  19,375.     Co.  t.  Newport. 

Sullivan,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware r.     Pop.  25,088.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

Sullivan,  a  co.  near  tbe  N.  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Va. 
Pop.  11,742.     Co.  t.  Blountsville. 

Sullivan,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  the  Wabash. 
Pop.  10,141.  Co.  t.  Merom. 

Sumatra,  soo-maV-tra,  an  important  i.,  the  most  westerly  of  the  Ma- 
la isian  group,  and,  next  to  Borneo,  the  largest  in  the  eastern  seas,  be- 
tween 5°  50'  N.  and  6°  S.  Lat.,  and  95°  20'  and  106°  E.  Lon.  Its 
length  is  above  1,000  m.;  its  greatest  breadth  about  240  m.  The 
area  is  computed  at  160,001)  sq.  in.  Population  vaguely  estimated  at 
2,000,000.  (M.)  The  vegetable  productions  of  this  island  are  those 
common  to  tropical  countries;  rice,  pepper,  and  camphor  are  the  most 
important.  The  quantity  of  pepper  produced  annually  is  estimated  by 
McCulloch  at  30,000,000  lbs.,  which  is  in  fact  more  than  the  whole 
produce  of  pepper  in  all  other  parts  of  the  globe.  Sumatra  was  once 
noted  for  its  gold,  and  a  considerable  quantity  is  still  exported  :  it  also 
contains  rich  mines  of  copper  ore,  which,  however,  are  but  little  work- 
ed. The  Dutch  have  possessions  at  Padang,  Bencoolen,  and  other  parts 
of  the  S.W.  coast;  but  a  large  portion  of  the  island  is  independent. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Sumatran,  soo-ma'-tran. 

Sumbawa,  sum-baw'-wa,  an  i.  of  Malaisia,  between  8°  20'  and  9° 
20'  S.  Lat.,  and  116°  40'  and  119°  20' E.  Lon.  Length  about  170  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  above  60  rn.  The  Dutch  have  established  some  sort 
of  authority  in  the  eastern  districts,  but  a  large  portion  of  the  island  is 
independent. 

Sum'-mit,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Cuya- 
hoga r.     Pop.  27,485.  Co.  t.  Akron. 

Sum'-ner,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Tenn.,  between  the  Cumberland  r. 
and  the  border  of  Ky.     Pop.  22,717.     Co.  t.  Gallatin. 

Sum'-ter,  a  dist.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  S.  C,  bordering  on  the 
Santee  r. '  Pop.  33,220.     Seat  of  justice,  Sumterville  c.  h. 

Sumter,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Flint  r. 
Pop.  10,322.  Co.  t.  Americus. 

Sumter,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ala.,  between  the  Tombigbee  and 
the  border  of  Miss.     Pop.  22,250.     Co.  t.  Livingston. 

Sunbury,  sun'-ber-re,  a  port  of  entry  of  Ga.,  in  Liberty  co.,  on  the 
Med  way  r.,  at  the  head  of  St.  Catherine's  Sound. 

Sun'-da,  a  term  of  unknown  origin,  which  has  been  applied  to  the 
Eouth-western  and  larger  portion  of  Malaisia.  Java,  Borneo,  Sumatra, 
and  Celebes,  are  often  called  the  Greater  Sunda  Islands :  the  Lesser 
Sunda  Islands  are  situated  between  5°  and  11°  S.  Lat,  and  114°  and 
135°  E.  Lon.,  including,  besides  many  other  smaller  ones,  the  island.* 
of  Timor,  Flores,  Sumbawa,  Bali,  and  Timorlaut. 


SUN— SUS  515 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Sun'-der-land,  a  commercial  t.  and  seaport  of  England,  in  the  co. 
of  Durham,  on  the  Wear,  at  its  entrance  into  the  North.  Sea,  and  13  m. 
N.  E.  of  Durham,  with  which  town  it  is  connected  by  a  railway.  Ship- 
building' is  more  extensively  carried  on  here  than  anywhere  else  in  the 
kingdom.     Lat.  54°  55'  N.,  Lon.  1°  21'  W.     Pop.  17,022. 

Superior,  Lake,  the  largest  and  most  westerly  of  the  five  great 
lakes,  which  are  connected  with  the  St.  Lawrence,  between  46°  35' 
and  49°  N.  Lat.,  and  84°  30'  and  92°  20'  W.  Lon.  The  length,  following 
the  bend  of  the  lake,  is  about  400  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  above  160  m. 
Area  estimated  at  28,000  sq.  m.  The  surface  is  about  640  ft.  above 
the  Atlantic;  the  mean  depth  is  stated  at  900  ft.  Lake  Superior  is 
probably  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on  the  globe. 

Surat,  soo-rat',  a  large  commercial  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  Gu- 
zerat,  on  the  Taptee,  about  20  m.  from  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of 
Cambay.  Bombay  has  deprived  it  of  a  large  part  of  that  commerce  for 
which  it  was  formerly  so  celebrated ;  but  it  still  carries  on  a  considera- 
ble trade  with  Arabia,  and  possesses  some  flourishing  manufactures. 
Lat.  21°  11'  N.,  Lon.  72°  50'  E.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi  at  160,000, 
though  some  writers  make  it  much  higher. 

Surinam.     See  Guiana,  Dutch. 

Surinam,  soo'-re-nanV,  a  r.  of  South  America,  in  Dutch  Guiana, 
flowing  into  the  Atlantic.  Length,  about  300  m.  It  is  navigable  for 
large  ships  about  4  leagues  from  the  coast,  and  for  river  barges  above 
50  m.  farther. 

Sur'-Rey,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  England,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on 
the  Thames.     Pop.  582,678. 

Sur'-ry,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  James  r.  Pop. 
5,679.     Seat  of  justice,  Surry  c.  h. 

Surry,  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Va.  Pop. 
18,443.     Co.  t.  Rockford. 

Sus'-que-han'-na,  a  large  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  formed  by  the  union  of 
two  principal  branches.  The  E.  branch  rises  in  Otsego  Lake,  in  the 
S.  E.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  and,  flowing  in  a  general  south-westerly 
course,  is  joined  by  the  W.  branch  at  Northumberland,  about  43  m.  N. 
of  Harrisburg :  their  united  waters  then  flow  southerly,  and  fall  into 
the  N.  extremity  of  Chesapeake  Bay.  Its  whole  length  may  be  esti- 
mated at  near  350  m.  The  navigation  is  obstructed  in  the  lower  part 
of  its  course  by  numerous  rapids. 

Susquehanna,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  E.  branch  of 
the  above  r.,  and  bordering  on  N.  Y.     Pop.  28,688.     Co.  t.  Montrose. 

Sus'-sex,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  England,  bordering  on  the  Eng- 
lish Channel.     Pop.  299,753. 

Sussex,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  N.  J.  Pop.  22,989. 
Co.  t.  Newton. 

Sussex,  the  southernmost  of  the  counties  of  Del.  Pop.  25,935.  Co.  t. 
Georgetown. 

Sussex,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the  Nottaway  r. 
Pop.  9,280.      Seat  of  justice,  Sussex  c.  h. 


516  SUT— SWI 

Fate,  far,  fS.ll,  fat;  me,  met;  pine,  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n5t;  56  as  in  good. 

Suth'-er-land,  a  co.  occupying  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Scotland, 
and  extending-  across  the  island  to  Dornoch  Frith.     Pop.  24,782. 

Su-wA'-nee,  a  r.  which  rises  in  Ga.,  and  flows  through  Florida  into 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Swabia.     See  Suabia. 

Swan'-sea,  a  seaport  t.  of  Wales,  in  Glamorganshire,  on  the  Bristol 
Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tawe.  Lat.  51°  37'  N.,  Lon.  3°  55'  W. 
Pop.  16,787. 

Swe'-den  (in  Swedish,  Swerige,  swerV-e-geA),  a  monarchy  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Europe,  comprising  the  E.  part  of  the  Scandinavian  pe- 
ninsula, situated  between  55°  20'  and  69°  N.  Lat.,  and  11°  10'  and  24° 
20'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Norway  and  Russian  Lapland,  E. 
and  S.  E.  by  Russia  and  the  Baltic,  and  W.  by  the  Cattegat,  the  Ska- 
ger  Rack,  and  Norway.  Length,  above  950  m.;  greatest  breadth, 
about  260  m.  Area  estimated  at  170,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1839,  3,109,772. 
(P.  C.)  The  mines  of  Sweden  form  an  important  source  of  national 
wealth.  Swedish  iron  is  noted  for  its  superior  quality.  There  are 
some  extensive  copper  mines;  that  at  Fahlun  is  the  most  remarkable. 
(See  Fahlun.)  The  established  religion  of  Sweden  is  the  Lutheran. 
While  all  sects  are  tolerated,  none  but  Lutherans  can  be  promoted  to 
any  employment  in  the  state.  The  government  is  a  limited  monarchy, 
hereditary  in  the  male  line.  Sweden  and  Norway,  though  at  present 
united  under  one  king,  have  distinct  and  separate  constitutions.  Stock- 
holm is  the  capital. — Adj.  Swe'-dish-;  inhab.  Swede. 

Swinemunde,  swee  -ne^-miin'-deA,  (i.  e.  "  Swinemouth,")  «a  small 
commercial  t.  and  seaport  of  Prussia,  on  the  Swine(swee/-ne&),  one  of 
the  outlets  of  the  Stettiner-HafT*  at  its  entrance  into  the  Baltic.  Lat. 
53°  53'  N.,  Lon.  14°  23'  E.     Pop.  3,600.     (B.) 

Switz'-er-land  (Ger.  Schweitz,  shwites;  Fr.  La  Suisse,  la  swiss; 
Anc.  Helvetia),  a  mountainous  country  in  the  southern  part  of  Europe, 
between  45°  48'  and  47°  48'  N.  Lat.,  and  5°  57'  and  10°  30'  E.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Germany,  S.  by  Italy,  and  W.  and  N.W. 
by  France.  Length,  near  230  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  above  140  m. 
Area,  about  15,000  sq.  m.  Pop.,  in  1839,  2,188,395.  (P.  C.)  Switzer- 
land is  a  republic,  consisting  of  22  confederated  states,  called  cantoris, 
viz.  Aargau  (Argovie),  Appenzell,  Basel  (Bale),  Bern,  Freyburg,  Gall, 
St.,  Geneva,  Glarus,  Grisons,  Lucerne,  Neufchatel,  Schaffhausen, 
Schwyz,  Solothurn  (Soleure),  Thurgau,  Ticino  (Tessin),  Unterwalden, 
Uri,  Valais,  Vaud,  Zug,  and  Zurich.  The  inhabitants  of  Switzerland 
consist  of  three  classes — Germans,  French,  and  Italians.  The  former 
dwell  chiefly  in  the  cantons  Zurich,  Lucerne,  Uri,  Schwyz,  Unterwal- 
den, Glarus,  Zug,  Appenzell,  St.  Gall,  Thurgau,  SchafFhausen,  and 
Aargau,  and  constitute  about  seven-tenths  of  the  entire  population. 
The  French  Swiss  are  found  principally  in  Neufchatel,  Geneva,  Vaud, 
and  a  part  of  Soleure,  Freyburg,  Valais,  Bale,  and  Bern.  The  Italian 
Swiss  are  far  less  numerous,  and  inhabit  only  Ticino  and  some  parts  of 
Grisons  and  Valais.  The  German  language  is  employed  in  the  genera, 
affairs  of  the  confederation  and  in  the  government  of  the  particular  can- 
tons, with  the  exception  of  Geneva,  Neufchatel,  Vaud,  and  Ticino.  (B.) 


SWI— SYR  517 

on,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

All  the  cantons  of  Switzerland  are  republics,  excepting  Neufchatel,  in 
which  the  king1  of  Prussia  exercises  the  right  of  sovereignty.  The 
Swiss  confederation  has  no  permanent  capital ;  by  a  federal  enactment 
of  1815,  Zurich,  Bern,  and  Lucerne,  are  alternately  the  seat  of  the 
general   government. — Adj.    Swiss ;    inhab.    Swiss,    and    sometimes 

SWITZ'-ER. 

Switzerland,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Ind.  P.  12,932. 
Co.  t.  Vevay. 

Syd'-ney,  an  important  commercial  t.  of  New  Holland,  cap.  of  the 
colony  of  New  South  Wales,  on  the  S.  side  of  the  bay  called  Port 
Jackson,  which  forms,  perhaps,  the  finest  natural  basin  in  the  world. 
This  bay  is  about  15  m.  long;  the  anchorage  is  everywhere  excellent, 
and  ships  are  perfectly  protected  from  every  wind.  Sydney  was  ori 
ginally  founded  in  1788,  as  a  colony  for  convicts  ;  but  at  present  there 
are  few  if  any  of  that  class  in  the  province.  Pop.  in  1841,  29,973, 
in  1851  over  50,000.  The  exports  of  wool  in  1848  amounted  to 
17,565,000  lbs.    Lat.  33°  55/  S.,  Lon.  150°  10/  E. 

Syr^-a-cuse  (Anc.  Syracu'sae;  It.  Siracasa,  se-ra-ka'-sa) ;  a  cele- 
brated city  and  seaport  of  Sicily,  on  the  E.  coast,  about  30  m.  S.  S.  E. 
of  Catania.  Its  harbour,  once  so  famous,  is  now  choked  with  sand,  and 
little  remains,  except  its  vast  ruins,  to  remind  the  spectator  of  the 
proud  metropolis  of  ancient  Sicily,  which  durst  oppose  the  power  of 
Athens,  of  Carthage,  and  of  Rome.  The  present  town  is  pretty  strongly 
fortified,  but  its  streets  are  narrow  and  dirty,  and  its  commerce  reduced 
almost  to  nothing.  Lat.  37°  M  N.,  Lon.  15°  18'  E.  Pop.  14,000.  (B.) 
— Adj.  and  inhab.  Syr^-a-cu'-san. 

Syracuse,  a  flourishing  city  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  Onondaga  co.,  on  the 
Erie  Canal,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Oswego  Canal,  about  47  m.,  in  a 
straight  line,  W.  of  Utica.  Near  it  are  the  extensive  salt-works  of 
Salina.     Pop.  22,271. 

Syr'-j.-a,  a  country  of  rather  indefinite  extent,  between  30°  and  38° 
N.  Lat.,  and  34°  and"  38°  or  39°  E.  Lon.,  situated  at  the  E.  extremity 
of  the  Mediterranean,  and  forming  a  part  of  the  Turkish  empire.  The 
name  of  Syria  (2u£ia)  was  given  to  this  country  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  and  is  now  unknown  to  the  Asiatics.  The  Arabs  call  it  Bel- 
ed'  Es-Sham  (or  simply  Es-Sham), i.  e.  "the  country  to  the  left;"  be- 
cause when  in  prayer  they  face  the  rising  sun,  it  lies  to  their  left  hand. 
Though  within  the  temperate  zone,  Syria  exhibits  all  the  climates  of 
the  o-lobe.  In  the  Ghor  (the  valley  between  the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Sea 
of  Tiberias),  the  mean  annual  temperature  appears  to  be  not  much  lower 
than  that  of  the  equator.  This  need  not  surprise  us  when  we  consider 
that  the  lower  part  of  this  valley  is  more  than  1,000  ft.  below  the  level 
of  the  sea.  (P.  C.)  The  Arabic  poets  have  said  that  the  "  Sanneen  (or 
Sannin,  the  southern  part  of  Lebanon)  bears  winter  upon  his  head, 
spring  upon  his  shoulders,  autumn  in  his  bosom,  while  summer  lies 
sleeping  at  his  feet."  Under  so  various  a  climate,  the  vegetable  pro- 
ductions, as  might  be  expected,  are  extremely  numerous,  comprising 
44 


518  SZA— TAL. 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good, 

many  of  those  which  belong-  to  the  three  different  zones. — Adj.  Syri- 
an and  Syr'-j-ac;  inhab.  Syrian. 

Szarvas,  soR^-vosh',  a  commercial  t.  of  Hungary,  on  the  Koros  (kof- 
rosh'),  an  affluent  of  the  Theiss,  about  47  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Szegedin. 
Pop.  14,000.     (B.) 

Szegedin,  segN-cdx-een',  a  royal  free  t.  of  Hungary,  at  the  confluence 
of  the  Theiss  with  the  Marosch,  about  100  m.  S.  E.  of  Pesth.  It  has 
several  important  manufactures,  and  an  extensive  trade.  Lat  46°  17 
N.,  Lon.  20°  10'  E.     Pop.  32,000.     (B.) 

Tab-ar-ee^-yeh,  commonly  written  Tabarieh  (Anc.  Tibe'rias),  a 
small  t.  of  Palestine,  on  the  W.  shore  of  the  lake,  to  which  it  gives  its 
name.  It  is  said  to  have  been  utterly  destroyed  by  the  earthquake  of 
1837. 

Tabareeyeh,  Lake  of  (called  in  Scripture  the  Sea  of  Galilee  or  of 
Tiberias),  is  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  32°  50' N.  Lat.,  and  the  me- 
ridian of  35°  40'  E.  Lon.  Length  14  m. ;  greatest  breadth  H  m.  The 
r.  Jordan  flows  through  this  lake,  and  falls  into  the  Dead  Sea. 

Tab-reez'  (Tabriz),  sometimes  called  Tauris,  a  large  but  decayed 
city  in  the  N.  of  Persia,  prov.  of  Azerbaijan,  about  50  m.  E.  of  L.  Ooroo- 
meeyeh.  Lat.  about  38°  10'  N.,  Lon.  46°  30'  E.  The  population, 
which  was  formerly  estimated  at  550,000,  is  now  reduced  to  100,000 
or  80,000.     (B.) 

Tacazze,  ta-kat'-sa,  (sometimes  written  Takatz  or  Takatze,)  a  r.  of 
Abyssinia,  which  falls  into  the  Nile,  near  17°  30'  N.  Lat. 

Tagv-an-rog',  an  important  commercial  t.,  seaport,  and  fortress  of 
European  Russia,  in  the  gov.  of  Ekaterinoslaf,  on  the  Sea  of  Azof,  near 
its  N.  E.  extremity.  Lat.  47°  13'  N.,  Lon.  38°  39'  E.  Pop.  about 
17,000.     (P.  C.) 

Ta'-gus  (Sp.  Tajo,  ta'-Ho;  Port.  Tejo,  ta/-zho);  the  largest  r.  of  the 
Spanish  peninsula:  it  rises  near  the  W.  frontiers  of  Aragon,  where 
that  kingdom  joins  New  Castile,  in  about  40°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  1°  40' 
W.  Lon.  Flowing  in  a  westerly  course,  it  passes  nearly  through  the 
centre  of  the  peninsula,  and  falls  into  the  Atlantic  in  33°  38'  N.  Lit, 
and  9°  20'  W.  Lon.  Its  whole  length  exceeds  550  m.  It  is  navigable 
to  Abrantes,  about  90  m.  above  Lisbon. 

Tahiti,  ta-hee'-te,  (formerly  written  Otaheite,)  the  largest  and  most 
important  of  the  Society  Islands,  between  17°  30'  and  18°  S.  Lat.,  and 
149°  and  149°  40'  W.  Lon.  Length  about  48  m. ;  greatest  breadth 
about  26  m.  Its  form  is  remarkable;  it  seems  as  if  an  island  almost 
perfectly  circular  had  been  joined  to  the  extremity  of  an  elliptical  one. 
The  isthmus  which  connects  the  two  parts  is  only  about  3  or  4  m. 
broad.  Pop.  8,000.  For  the  character  and  condition  of  the  inhabitants, 
see  Society  Islands. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Taiiitian,  ta-hee^-te-an. 

Talavera  de  la  Reyna,  ta-la-va/-ra  da  la  ra'e-na,  an  ancient  t.  of 
Spain,  in  New  Castile,  on  the  Tagus,  42  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Toledo. 
Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 


TAL-TAR  519 

OU,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

TAl'-bot,  a  co.  of  Md.,  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Pop.  13,811.     Co.  t.  Easton. 

Talbot,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Flint  r.  Pop. 
16,534.     Co.  t.  Talbotton. 

Taliaferro,  toK-e-ver,  a  small  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  Ogechee.     Pop.  5,146.     Co.  t.  Crawfordville. 

Tal-la-de'-ga,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ala.,  bordering  on  the  Coosa  r. 
Pop.  18,624.     Co.  t.  Talladega. 

Talv-la-has'-see,  the  cap.  of  the  state  of  Florida  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Leon  co.     Lat.  30°  28'  N.,  Lon.  84°  36'  W. 

Tal'-la-hatch'-je,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  a 
r.  of  the  same  name,  a  branch  of  the  Yazoo.     Pop.  4,643. 

Tal-la-poo'-sa,  a  r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ala.,  which  unites  with  the 
Coosa  to  form  the  Alabama  r. 

Tallapoosa,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the  above  r. 
Pop.  15,584.  Co.  t.  Montreal. 

Tam-bof'  (Tarn bow),  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the 
same  name,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Oka.  Lat.  52°  44'  N.,  Lon.  41°  45 
E.     Pop.  20,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tam'-ma-ny,  St.,  a  parish  in  the  E.  part  of  La.,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Pearl  r.     Pop.  6,364.     Seat  of  justice,  Covington. 

Tampico,  tam-pee'-ko,  called  also  Pueblo  Nuevo,  pwebMo  nwa/-vo, 
a  small  but  flourishing  commercial  t.  of  Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Tamau- 
lipas,  on  the  r.  Panuco  (pa-noo'-ko),  near  its  entrance  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.     Lat.  22°  15'  N.,  Lon.  97°  52'  VV. 

Taney,  tau'-ne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Ark. 
Pop.  4,373. 

Tangier,  tan-jeer',  (called  Tan'jeA  by  the  Moors,)  a  seaport  t.  and 
once  important  fortress  of  Fez,  on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar.  Lat.  35° 
48'  N..  Lon.  5°  W  W.     Pop.  9,500.     (P.  C.) 

Tanx-jore',  a  fortified  city  of  Hindostan,  cap.  of  a  fertile  dist.  of  the 
same  name,  belonging  to  the  presidency  of  Madras.  Lat.  10°  48'  N., 
Lon.  79°  12'  E.     Pop.  probably  not  less  than  70,000  or  80,000.    (P.  C.) 

Taormina,  ta-OR-mee'-na,  (Anc.  Taurome'nium,)  a  small  t.  of  Sicily, 
on  a  high,  craggy  mountain,  near  the  E.  coast  of  the  island,  remarka- 
ble for  its  romantic  situation,  and  for  its  antiquities;  among  which  the 
ancient  theatre  deserves  particular  mention.  Though  of  a  size  capa- 
ble of  accommodating  40,000  spectators,  it  is  principally  excavated  in 
the  slope  of  a  mountain,  the  seats  being  hewn  out  of  the  rock.  Lat. 
37°  48'  N.,  Lon.  15°  18'  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tapajos.     See  Topayos. 

Tap'-p.vhan'-nock,  a  port  of  entry  of  Va.,  cap.  of  Essex  co.,  on  the 
Rappahannock  r. 

Tar  River.     See  Pamlico. 

TarakaY,  tarv-ra-ki',  commonly  called  Sag-hal'-i-en,  a  large  i.  on 
the  E.  coast  of  Asia,  extending  from  46°  to  54°  20'  N.  Lat.  Length, 
above  600  m.;  breadth,  from  25  m.  to  120  m.  As  it  is  very  rarely 
visited  by  Europeans,  little  is  known  respecting  it.  It  is  said  to  be 
covered  with  dense  fogs,  nearly  all  the  year  round.     The  aboriginal 


520  TAR— TAY 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good; 

inhabitants  are  called  Ainos  (V-nbs),  being  the  same  race  as  the  Koo- 
rilians. 

Taranto,  ta'-ran-to,  (Anc.  Taren'tum,)  a  fortified  archiepiscnpal 
city  and  seaport  of  Naples,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Otranto,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Taranto,  near  its  N.  extremity,  with  an  excellent  harbour.  Taren- 
tum  was  anciently  the  principal  Greek  city  on  the  E.  coast  of  Italy, 
constituting,  with  its  adjoining  territory,  an  independent  and  powerful 
state.     Lat.  40°  27'  N.,  Lon.  17°  15'  E.     Pop.  18,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tarascon,  tas-Ras  -k6N/,  (Anc.  Tarascon  or  Taruscon,  Tagovaxw,) 
a  walled  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  the  Mouths  of  the  Rhone,  on  the 
Rhone,  16  m.  E.  by  S.  of  Nismes.  Its  castle  was  formerly  the  resi- 
dence of  the  counts  of  Provence.  Lat.  43°  48'  N.,  Lon.  4°  40'  E. 
Pop.  9,220.     (M.) 

Tarazona,  tar-a-tho^-na,  (Anc.  Turiaso,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Aragon. 
Lat.  41°  55'  N.,  Lon.  1°  43'  W.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

Tarbes,  taRD,  (Anc.  Tur'ba,)  the  cap.  of  the  French  dep.  of  Upper 
Pyrenees,  on  the  Adour.  It  is  one  of  the  best-built  and  cleanest  towns 
in  the  S.  of  France.     Lat.  43°  14'  N.,  Lon.  0°  4'  E.    Pop.  12,500.  (B.) 

Tarn,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  of  France,  intersected  by  a  r.  of  the  same 
name,  which  flows  into  the  Garonne.  Pop.  346,614.  (B.)  Capital, 
Albi. 

Tarn  and  Garonne  (Fr.  Tarne-et-Garonne,  taRn  a  gaN-ronn0>  a  dep. 
in  the  S.  or  S.  W.  of  France,  on  the  rivers  from  which  it  takes  its 
name.    'Pop.  242,184.  (B.)     Capital,  Montauban. 

Tarn-ra-go'-na  or  tar- ra-go'-na  (Anc.  Tar'raco),  an  archiepiscopal 
city  and  seaport  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  its  own 
name,  on  the  Mediterranean,  50  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Barcelona.  Lat.  41° 
9'  N.,  Lon.  1°  16'  E.     Pop.  about  11,000.     (B.) 

Tarx-soos'  (Anc.  Tardus),  a  commercial  t.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Asia 
Minor,  about  12  m.  from  the  Mediterranean.  Tarsus  was  the  birth- 
place of  St.  Paul.  Lat.  36°  56'  N.,  Lon.  34°  54'  E.  Pop.  estimated 
at  30,000  (B.),  but  some  other  writers  rate  it  much  lower. 

Tartary.     See  Toorkistan. 

Tattnall,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  the  Altamaha. 
Pop.  3,227.     Co.  t.  Reidsville. 

Taunton,  tan'-ton,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  37  m.  S.  W. 
of  Bristol.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  above  4  sq.  m.,  12,066. 

Taunton,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Mass.,  one  of  the  seats  of  justice  of 
Bristol  co.,  on  a  r.  of  its  own  name,  about  31  m.  in  a  straight  line  duo 
S.  from  Boston,  with  which  city  it  is  connected  by  a  railroad.  Pop. 
10,441. 

Tau^-rx-da,  now  usually  called  Krim,  a  gov.  in  the  S.  part  of  Europe, 
occupying  the  Crimea  and  a  portion  of  the  adjacent  country. 

Taurts.     See  Tabreez. 

Tay,  the  largest  r.  of  Scotland :  it  rises  on  the  frontiers  of  Argyle- 
shire,  a  little  N.  of  Loch  Lomond,  and,  flowing  north-easterly,  passes 
through  Loch  Tay,  and,  after  making  a  considerable  circuit,  expands 
itself  into  the  estuary  called  the  Frith  of  Tay,  and  falls  into  the  sea, 


TAZ— TEN  521 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

in  about  56°  27'  N.  Lat.,  and  2C  45'  W.  Lon.  Length  estimated  at 
110  m.  It  is  navigable  for  ships  of  500  tons  to  Dundee,  and  for  ves- 
sels of  100  tons  to  Perth,  about  20  m.  farther. 

Tazewell,  taz'-wel,  a  co.  in  the  S.  VV.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on 
Ky.     Pop.  9,942.     Co.  t.  Jeffersonville. 

Tazewell,  a  co.  in  the  N.  VV.  central  part  of  111.,  S.  E.  of,  and  bor- 
dering on  the  Illinois  r.     Pop.  12,052.  Co.  t.  Tremont. 

Tchad,  a  large  lake  of  Africa,  in  Soodan,  intersected  by  the  13th 
parallel  of  N.  Lat.  and  the  15th  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  Its  E.  and  N.  E. 
shores  have  never  been  visited  by  a  European  traveller,  but  its  length 
is  stated  to  be  five  days'  sail.     (P.  C.) 

Tchern-nj-gof/  (Czernigow),  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Russia,  cap. 
of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Desna,  an  affluent  of  the  Dnieper. 
It  was  built  in  1024,  and  is  accounted  the  oldest  town  in  European 
Russia.  Lat.  51°  27'  N.,  Lon.  31°  18'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  about 
7,000.     (P.  C.) 

Teche,  tesh,  a  bayou  of  La.,  communicating  with  the  Atchafalaya. 
Teflis.     See  Tiflis. 

Tehran,  teh-ran',  or  Teheran,  (called,  by  the  Persians,  Teh-h'ran',) 
the  modern  cap.  of  Persia,  situated  in  the  prov.  of  Irak  Adjemi,  in  the 
midst  of  a  well-cultivated  plain,  which,  however,  is  destitute  of  trees. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  high  and  strong  wall  of  earth,  flanked  with  nu- 
merous towers.  The  streets  are  narrow,  and  the  houses  have  generally 
a  mean  appearance.  Lat.  35°  40'  N.,  Lon.  51°  23'  E.  The  pop., 
which  is  rapidly  increasing,  is  estimated  by  Balbi  at  not  less  than 
130,000  during  winter;  in  summer  it  is  considerably  less. 

Teignmouth,  tin'-muth,  a  small  seaport  t.  and  watering-place  of 
England,  on  the  English  Channel,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Teign,  12  m.  *S. 
of  Exeter. 

Tel'-fair,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the 
Ocmulgee.     Pop.  3,026.     Co.  t.  Jacksonville. 

Temesva'r,  temx-eshv-va-W,  (t.  e.  the  "fort  of  Temes,")  a  royal  free 
city  of  Hungary,  cap.  of  the  county  of  Temes  (tem'-esh'),  and  one  of 
the  handsomest  towns  and  strongest  fortresses  in  the  Austrian  empire, 
on  a  canal  which  has  communication  with  the  Danube.  Lat.  45°  42' 
N.,  Lon.  21°  20'  E.     Pop.  above  14,000.     (B.) 

Ten-as'-ser-im,  a  name  applied  to  the  British  possessions  in  Farther 
India,  which  were  acquired  from  the  Birmans  by  the  peace  of  1826. 
The  Tenasserim  provinces  constitute  a  territory  extending  along  the 
E.  shore  of  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  for  about  450  m.,  between  10°  and  17° 
N.  Lat.  The  climate  of  this  region  is  said  to  be  remarkably  healthy, 
and  the  country  very  productive. 

Ten-er-ifff/  (Sp.  Tenerife,  ta-na-ree^-fa),  the  largest  and  most 
populous  of  the  Canary  Islands,  between  27°  50'  and  28°  40'  N.  Lat, 
and  16°  5'  and  17°  5'  VV.  Lon.  Length,  73  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  near 
40  m.  Area  estimated  at  1,012  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1829,  85,000  (P.  C.) 
The  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  island  is  its  celebrated  mountain 
Bummit,  known  as  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe,  which  rises  11,946  ft.  (P.  C.) 
44*  21 


522  TEN— TER 

Fate,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n5t ;  65,  as  in  good  ; 

above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  an  extinct  volcano" ;  but,  from  some 
crevices  in  the  crater,  hot  watery  vapours  still  issue.  These  crevices 
are  called  by  the  natives  the  nostrils  of  the  Peak. 

Tenx-nes-see'  River,  the  largest  affluent  of  the  Ohio,  rises  in  the 
W.  part  of  N.  C,  and,  flowing  westerly  into  Term.,  afterwards  makes 
an  extensive  circuit  through  the  N.  part  of  Ala.,  then  changing  its 
course,  runs  nearly  N.  through  Tenn.  and  Ky.,  and  falls  into  the  Ohio, 
near  37°  N.  Lat.  and  88°  35'  W.  Lon.  According  to  many  geogra- 
phers, the  Tennessee  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Clinch  and  Holston 
rivers.  The  whole  length  is  estimated  at  1,100  m.  Jt  is  navigable  for 
steamboats,  during  high  water,  to  Florence,  in  Ala.,  about  260  m. 

Tennessee,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  between  35°  and  36°  40'  N.  Lat, 
and  81°  40'  and  90°  W.  Lon.;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  S.  E.  by  N.  Carolina,  S.  by  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Missis- 
sippi, and  W.  by  the  Mississippi  r.,  which  separates  it  from  Arkansas 
and  Missouri ;  and  divided  into  79  counties.*  Length,  from  E.  to  W., 
about  430  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  110  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  45,000  sq.  m.  P.  1,002,625;  of  whom  756,893  are  whites, 
6,271  free  coloured  persons,  and  239,461  slaves.  Nashville  is  the  seat 
of  government.     Tennessee  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1796. 

Teramo,  teV-a-mo,  a  t.  of  Naples,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Abruzzo  Ul- 
tra, about  10  m.  from  the  Adriatic.  Lat.  42°  40'  N.,  Lon.  13°  48'  E. 
Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Terceira,  ter-sa'e-ra,  one  of  the  principal  islands  of  the  Azores:  it 
is  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38°  40'  N.  Lat,  and  the  E.  coast  is 
grazed  by  the  27th  meridian  of  W.  Lon.  Length,  24  m.;  greatest 
breadth,  14  m.  Area  estimated  at  260 sq.  m.  Pop.  estimated  at  50,000. 
(P.  C.)     Angra  is  the  chief  town. 

Termini,  teR'-me-ne,  (Anc.  Ther'mse,  i.  e.  "  hot  baths,")  a  fortified 
seaport  t.  of  Sicily,  on  the  N.  coast,  remarkable  for  its  hot  mineral 
sprino-s  and  baths,  and  for  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  city  of  Him'era,  in 
its  vicinity.     Lat.  37°  57'  N.,  Lon.  13°  42'  E.   Pop.  about  14,000.  (B.) 

Term,  teV-ne,  (Anc.  InteranVna,)  a  t  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State, 
on  the  Nera,  an  affluent  of  the  Tiber,  48  m.  E.  by  N.  from  Rome.  Pop 
about  6,000.  (P.  C.)  About  4  m.  to  the  E.,  on  the  Velino  (va-lee'-no). 
a  stream  which  flows  into  the  Nera,  is  a  celebrated  cascade,  called 
the  Cascata  del  Marmore  (kas-ka'-ta  del  maR'-mo-ra).     The  water 

*  Anderson,  Bedford,  Benton,  Bledsoe,  Blount,  Bradley,  Campbell,  Cannon, 
Carrol],  Carter,  Claiborne,  Cocke,  Coffee,  Davidson,  De  Kalb,  Dickson,  Dyer, 
Fayette,  Fentress,  Franklin,  Gibson.  Giles,  Granger,  Greene,  Hamilton,  Hardiman, 
Fhrdin,  Hawkins,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Henry,  Hickman,  Humphreys,  Jackson, 
Jefferson,  Johnson,  Knox,  Lauderdale,  Lawrence,  Lincoln,  Madison,  Marion, 
Marshall,  Maury,  McMinn,  McNairy,  Meigs,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan 
Obion,  Overton,  Perry,  Polk,  Rhea,  Roane,  Robertson,  Rutherford,  Sevier,  Shelby.. 
Smith,  Stewart,  Sullivan,  Sumner,  Tipton,  Van  Buren,  Warren,  Washington. 
Wayne,  Weakly,  White,  Williamson,  Wilson,  Decatur,  Grundy,  Hancock, 
Lewis,  Macmi,  Mcott, 


TER— TEX  523 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

falls,  by  three  leaps,  about  700  ft.  (some  say  750  ft.),  producing  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  romantic  cataracts  in  the  world.* 

Ter/-ra  del  Fu-e'-go,  more  properly  Tierra  del  Fuego,  te-er'-ra 
del  fwa/-go,  a  group  of  islands  at  the  S.  extremity  of  S.  America,  sepa- 
rated from  the  continent  by  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  The  principal 
island  is  about  270  m.  in  length,  and  180  or  190  m.  in  its  greatest 
breadth.  The  name  of  Tierra  del  Fuego,  or  "  land  of  fire,"  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  given  to  this  insular  group  by  the  Spaniards,  from 
their  having  witnessed  here  a  volcanic  eruption.  A  phenomenon  of 
this  kind  was  observed,  not  many  years  since,  by  Captain  Basil  Hall, 
while  on  a  visit  to  these  islands.  Tierra  del  Fuego  is  inhabited  by 
savages,  who  appear  to  be  in  the  lowest  state  of  ignorance  and  bar- 
barism. They  are  low  in  stature,  and  are  of  a  dark  copper  or  mahogany 
colour.  The  climate  is  cold,  but  the  temperature  is  comparatively  equa- 
ble. Cloudy  weather,  rain,  and  wind  prevail  throughout  the  year,  and 
fine  days  are  rare. 

Terracina,  ter-ra-chee^-na,  (Anc.  Anx^ur,  afterwards  Terraci'na), 
a  seaport  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  60  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Rome,  remarka- 
ble for  its  interesting  remains  of  antiquity. 

Terre  Bonne  (i.e.  "  good  land"),  usually  pronounced  tar  bone,  a  parish 
in  the  S.  part  of  La.,  bordering  on  the  sea.  Pop.  7,724.  Seat  of  jus- 
tice, Williamsburg." 

Tessin.     See  Ticino. 

Tex'-as,  formerly  (in  conjunction  with  Coahuila)  a  state  of  Mexico, 
conquered  its  independence  in  1836,  and  maintained  its  existence  as 
an  independent  republic  till  1845,  when  it  was  admitted  into  the 
North  American  confederacy,  as  a  sovereign  state.  A  portion  of  its 
territory  in  the  N.  W.,  was  relinquished  by  Texas  on  the  formation 
of  the  territory  of  New  Mexico  in  1850,  in  consideration  of  $10,000,000 
to  be  paid  by  the  U.  S.  government.  This  portion  now  forms  a  part 
of  New  Mexico.  Texas  lies  between  25°  30'  and  36°  30/  N.  Lat., 
and  93°  40'  and  107°  W.  Lon.,  being  about  800  miles  in  length,  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  to  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  state, 
and  750  in  its  greatest  breadth,  including  about  237,321  sq.  m.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  New  Mexico  and  Indian  Ter.,  E.  by  Arkan- 
sas and  Louisiana,  S.  E.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  S.  W.  by  Mex- 
ico, from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Rio  Grande  or  Rio  del  Norte. 
A  portion  of  the  northern  part  has  New  Mexico  for  its  W.  boundary. 
It  is   divided  into  78  counties.f     Pop.  in  1850,  212,592,  of  whom 

*  See  Childe  Harold,  Canto  IV.,  stanzas  69,  70,  and  71 :  also  the  accompany- 
ing note. 

f  Anderson,  Angelina,  Austin,  Bastrop,  Bexar,  Bowie,  Brazoria,  Brazos, 
Burleson,  Caldwell,  Calhoun,  Cameron,  Cass,  Cherokee,  Collin,  Colorado,  Comal, 
Cook,  Dallas,  Denton,  De  Witt,  Fannin,  Fayette,  Fort  Bend,  Galveston,  Guada- 
lupe, Gillespie,  Goliad,  Gonzales,  Grayson,  Grimes,  Harris,  Harrison,  Hays, 
Henderson,  Hopkins,  Houston,  Hunt,  Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Kaufman, 
Lamar,  Lavacca,  Leon,  Liberty,  Limestone,  Matagorda,  Medina,  Milam,  Mont- 
gomery, Nacogdoches,  Navarro,  Newton,  Nueces,  Panola,  Polk,  Red  River,  Re- 


524  TEX— TEX 

Fite,  fir,  fill,  fit;  mb,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

154,100  were  white,  331  free  coloured  persons,  and  58,161  slaves. 
In  the  year  ending  June  30,  1850,  there  were  3,406  deaths,  or  16  in 
every  thousand.     Austin  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Bays,  Rivers,  &c. — The  coast  of  Texas  is  lined  with  bays  and  in- 
lets. The  largest  of  these — Galveston  Bay — extends  about  35  m.  in- 
land from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Following  this  in  a  S.  W.  direction 
in  the  order  named,  are  Matagorda,  Lavaca,  Espiritu  Santo,  Aran- 
sas, and  Corpus  Christi  bays,  and  Laguna  del  Madre.  These  are 
all  separated  from  the  gulf  by  a  line  of  long  narrow  islands  or  sand 
banks.  Matagorda  Bay  and  Laguna  del  Madre  (being  rather  sounds 
than  bays)  run  parallel  with  the  shore.  Texas  does  not  afford  a  single 
harbour  for  vessels  of  a  large  size.  Galveston  Inlet,  the  deepest, 
has  but  12  ft.  of  water,  the  entrance  of  Matagorda  Bay  but  11  ft., 
and  San  Luis  10  ft.  Texas  has  several  long  rivers,  whose  navigation 
also  is  very  much  obstructed  by  shallows  and  rafts,  though  these  may, 
and  doubtless  many  of  them  will  be  removed  hereafter,  and  the  navi- 
gation much  extended.  The  large  rivers  (proceeding  in  order  N. 
E.  from  the  Rio  Grande,  or  Rio  del  Norte,  which  is  almost  1,800  m. 
long,  and  forms  the  entire  S.  W.  boundary  of  the  state)  are  the 
Nueces,  San  Antonio,  Guadalupe,  Colorado,  Brazos,  Trinity,  Ne- 
ches,  and  Sabine.  These  rivers  are  respectively  about  300,  250,  275, 
550,  500,  400,  300,  and  350  m.  in  length  ;  but  these  are  mere  esti- 
mates from  measurements  on  the  map.  The  Sabine,  which  forms  the 
E.  boundary,  spreads  near  its  mouth  into  Sabine  Lake.  The  Red 
r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  W.  of  this  state,  forms  the  greater  part  of 
the  N.  boundary,  and  is  navigable  for  about  200  m.  of  that  distance. 
The  Sabine  is  navigable  150  m.,  the  Brazos  150  m.,  the  Nueces 
100  m.,  the  Trinity  300  m.,  the  San  Jacinto  50  m.,  and  the  Rio 
Grande  (except  at  low  water)  400  m.  The  Colorado  is  obstructed 
by  a  raft  10  m.  from  its  mouth,  but  when  this  is  removed,  it  will 
probably  be  navigable  for  small  steamboats  to  Austin. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Soil,  and  Productions. — The  Guadalupe 
mountains,  a  branch  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  run  through  the 
western  part  of  Texas,  but  their  extent  and  altitude  are  not  known 
with  any  precision.  A  range  of  heights  runs  through  the  middle 
of  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  east  of  the  Colorado  r.,  and  high 
table  lands  occupy  the  N.  W.  region.  The  surface  along  the  gulf 
and  for  100  m.inlancl  is  level  and  barren,  except  on  the  margin  of 
the  streams.  These  are  bordered  with  strips  of  timbered  land,  vary- 
ing in  breadth  from  3  to  7  miles.  Vast  prairies  are  found  in  various 
sections  of  the  country,  alternating  with  tracts  of  land  covered  with 
timber.  The  prairies  on  the  Red  river  bottom,  which  extend  about 
200  m.,  are  represented  to  be  of  unsurpassed  fertility,  and  very  pro- 
ductive in  maize,  cotton  and  wheat.     The  soil  of  the  prairies  is  a 

fugio,  Robertson,  Rusk,  Sabine,  San  Augustine,  San  Patricio,  Shelby,  Smith, 
Starr,  Titus,  Travis,  Tyler,  Upshur,  Vanzants,  Victoria,  Walker,  Washington, 
Webb,  Wharton,  Williamson. 


TEX— TEX  525 

Ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

deep  black  mould  mixed  with  sand.  Previous  to  the  emigration  from 
the  United  States,  vast  herds  of  wild  horses  and  cattle  fed  on  the 
rich  natural  grasses  of  these  meadows.  A  striking  peculiarity  in 
Texas  is  a  section  called  the  "  Cross  Timbers,"  a  continuous  forest, 
stretching  perhaps  150  or  200  m.,  from  the  sources  of  the  Trinity 
northward  to  the  Arkansas  river.  "  It  appears  at  a  distance  like  an 
immense  wall  of  wood ;  and  towards  the  west,  such  is  its  linear  regu- 
larity that  it  looks  as  if  planted  by  art."  The  principal  grains  of 
this  state  are  Indian  corn  and  wheat ;  two  crops  of  the  former  can 
be  raised  in  a  year.  But  the  great  staple  is  cotton,  which  is  said  to 
be  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  best  produced  in  the  United  States. 
The  sugar-cane  also  flourishes  here  as  well  or  better  than  on  the 
Mississippi  river.  Among  the  fruits  which  abound  are  the  peach, 
lemon,  pine-apple,  date,  olive,  orange,  fig,  melon,  and  grape,  all  of 
which  flourish  in  the  lowlands.  Vanilla,  indigo,  sarsaparilla,  and 
other  medicinal  and  dyeing  plants  are  indigenous.  The  forest  trees 
of  Texas  are  the  live-oak,  and  several  other  varieties  of  oak,  hickory, 
walnut,  pecan,  magnolia,  wild  peach,  elm,  birch,  sycamore,  cypress, 
cedar,  pine,  dogwood,  musquite,  bois-d'arc  and  cottonwood.  Along 
the  river  bottoms  is  an  impenetrable  growth  of  cane.  The  long 
Spanish  moss,  valuable  for  bedding  and  fodder,  clothes  the  trees  near 
the  seaboard  and  on  the  streams.  By  the  census  returns  of  1850, 
Texas  had  under  cultivation  635,913  acres  of  land,  producing 
5,796,735  bushels  of  Indian  corn ;  42,448  bushels  of  wheat ;  60,770 
ft)  of  tobacco ;  55,945  bales  of  cotton,  containing  400  ft)  each ; 
122,118  lb  of  wool;  2,319,574  ft)  of  butter;  92,018  ft)  of  cheese ; 
8,327  tons  of  hay  ;  and  7,017  hhds  of  sugar  of  1,000  ft)  each.  This 
state  possessed,  the  same  year,  live  stock  of  the  value  of  $10,263,086, 
and  farming  implements  and  other  machinery  to  the  value  of 
$2,095,308.  The  animals  of  Texas  are  bears,  cougars,  wolves,  pec- 
caries, panthers,  foxes,  and  raccoons,  with  herds  of  buffalo  and  wild 
horses  and  abundance  of  deer.  Alligators  are  met  with  in  the 
rivers. 

Minerals. — The  mineral  resources  of  this  state  have  not  been  much 
developed  as  yet.  In  the  east,  salt  is  obtained  from  several  lakes; 
bitumen  has  been  found  in  many  places,  and  granite,  limestone,  gyp- 
sum, slate,  and  iron  abound  except  near  the  coast.  As  branches  of 
the  Rocky  mountains  extend  into  this  state,  it  is  quite  probable  that 
some  of  the  mineral  treasures  said  to  exist  in  the  same  range  in 
New  Mexico,  may  be  brought  to  light  in  Texas. 

Climate,  Meteorology,  &c. — The  climate  is  mild,  and,  being  free 
from  swamps,  is  more  healthy  than  most  of  the  states  of  the  south  on 
their  seaboard.  The  dry  season  lasts  from  April  to  December  ;  the 
wet,  the  remainder  of  the  year.  The  cold  is  quite  severe  in  Decem- 
ber and  January.  Two  crops  of  Indian  corn  may  be  gathered  in  a 
year,  the  first  being  usually  planted  in  February,  and  the  last  in 
June.     Wheat  has  been  cut  in  May. 

Cities  and  Towns. — The  principal  towns  are  Galveston,  Houston, 


526  TEX— TEX 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fit;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  nd,  n&t;  oo  as  in  good ; 

Brownsville,  San  Antonio,  San  Augustin,  Austin  City,  and  Wash- 
ington. Several  of  these  may  be  found  under  their  proper  heads  in 
the  Gazetteer  or  Appendix.  Galveston,  the  largest*  and  most  com- 
mercial t.,  is  situated  on  Galveston  island,  between  the  bay  of  the 
same  name  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  230  m.  S.  E.  from  Austin  City, 
and  444  W.  by  S.  from  N.  Orleans.  Lat.  29°  10'  N.,  Lon.  94°  50' 
W.  Pop.  estimated  at  6000.  Brownsville  is  a  flourishing  t.  on  the 
Rio  Grande,  about  40  m.  from  its  mouth,  and  310  m.  in  a  direct  line 
S.  from  Austin  City.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  importance  on  ac- 
count of  the  navigation  of  the  river  and  the  trade  with  Mexico. 
Pop.  about  4000. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Tex'- an. 

Tex'-el,  often  called  Tes'-sel,  a  small  i.  off  the  W.  coast  of  Hol- 
land, at  the  entrance  of  the  Zuyder  Zee. 

Thames,  temz  (Anc.  Tam'esis),  the  largest  and  most  important  river 
of  England,  rises  in  Gloucestershire,  near  Cirencester,  by  several 
branches.  The  principal  one,  called  the  Isis,  joins  the  Churn  near 
Cricklade,  where  the  united  stream  first  takes  the  name  of  Thames ; 
though,  after  the  example  of  the  literati  of  Oxford,  it  is  generally  called 
the  Isis  till  after  it  passes  that  city.  The  general  course  of  the 
river  is  easterly;  it  falls  into  the  German  Ocean  in  about  51°  30'  N. 
Lat,  and  0°  50'  E.  Lon.  The  whole  length  is  computed  at  210  m.  It 
is  navigable  for  ships  of  any  burden  to  Deptford  (about  4  m.  S.  E.  of 
London),  for  vessels  of  800  tons  to  Catharine's  Docks,  near  the  Tower 
of  London,  and  for  barges  to  the  confines  of  Gloucestershire.  The 
greatest  breadth  of  the  Thames  at  London,  is  rather  more  than  a  quar- 
ter of  a  mile ;  the  mean  breadth  may  be  700  or  800  ft. 

Than'-et,  Isle  of,  a  dist.  of  England,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  sepa- 
rated from  the  mainland  by  the  r.  Stour. 

Theaki  or  Thiaki,  the-a'-ke  (Anc.  Ith'aca),  one  of  the  smaller 
Ionian  islands,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  38°  25'  N.  Lat.,  and  the 
meridian  of  20°  40'  E.  Lon.     Length  14  m. ;  breadth  5  m. 

Thebes  (The'bo);  or  Dios'polis,  i.e.  the  "city  of  Jove"),  a  once 
famous  but  long-ruined  city  of  Upper  Egypt,  capital  of  the  kingdom  of 
the  Pharaohs  when  in  the  zenith  of  their  power,  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  Nile.  Lat.  25°  43'  N.,  Lon.  32°  39'  E.  Its  remains  of  antiquity 
are  perhaps  the  most  magnificent  and  imposing  to  be  found  on  the 
globe.  (See  Penny  Cyclopaedia,  articles  Egypt,  Carnac,  and  Luxor; 
also,  "  Wilkinson  on  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Ancient  Egyp- 
tians.") 

Thebes  (Gr.  ©rjSai,  thebai,  pronounced  the'-va  by  the  modern 
Greeks ;  Turk.  Tee'-va),  a  t.  of  Greece,  situated  in  a  fine  plain,  about 
30  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Athens.  A  few  inscriptions  are  the  only  vestiges 
remaining,  to  remind  us  of  the  ancient  capital  of  Bceotia.  Pop.  supposed 
not  to  exceed  5,000.     (M.) 

Theiss,  tice  (Hung.  Tisza,  tee-so/i ;  Anc.  Tibis'cus),  a  r.  of  Hun- 
gary, the  principal  tributary  of  the  Danube.  It  rises  in  the  Carpathian 
Mountains,  near  47°  30'  N.  Lat,  and  25°  E.  Lon.,  and  flowing  at  first 
north-westerly,  then  south-westerly,  and  afterwards  southerly,  falls  into 


THI  527 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

the  Danube  in  about  45°  10'  N.  Lat,  and  25°  22'  E.  Lon.  Its  whole 
course  is  estimated  at  not  less  than  500  m.,  for  the  greatest  part  of 
which  it  is  navigable. 

Thibet  or  Tibet,  tib'-et*  or  tib-et/  (called  by  the  natives  T'phoo-p'ho), 
an  extensive  country  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  Asia,  of  which  very 
little  is  known.  It  appears  to  lie  between  27°  and  36°  N.  Lat.,  and 
72°  and  103°  E.  Lon.,  and  is  bounded  on  the  S.  W.  by  parts  of  the 
Hindoo  Koosh  and  Himalaya  Mountains,  S.  by  the  Himalayas  and  the 
northern  boundaries  of  Assam,  Birma,  and  the  Chinese  prov.  of  Yunnan. 
The  eastern  boundary  is  very  uncertain,  and  the  northern  seems  to  be 
entirely  unknown.  As  far  as  our  information  extends,  Thibet  consists 
almost  wholly  of  table-land,  the  highest  plains  of  which  are  more  than 
10,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  climate,  as  we  might  ex- 
pect in  a  country  so  elevated,  is  generally  cold  ;f  indeed,  one  of  the  na- 
tive appellations  of  Thibet  is  said  to  signify  the  "snowy  region  of  the 
north."  In  some  of  the  valleys,  however,  especially  in  that  of  the 
Dzangbo  (or  Sanpoo),  it  is  very  warm.  During  some  seasons  of  the 
year  the  air  is  excessively  dry,  so  that  meat  exposed  to  it,  becomes  so 
perfectly  desiccated  that  it  may  be  ground  like  bread,  and  may  be  pre- 
served in  this  state  for  a  number  of  years.  It  appears  also  that  the 
Thibetans  in  like  manner  dry  the  bodies  of  their  sovereign  Lamas, 
instead  of  embalming  them.  This  country  produces  many  of  the  vege- 
table fruits  and  trees  of  Central  and  Southern  Europe.  All  our  domes- 
tic animals  are  known  in  Thibet ;  besides  which  there  are  goats  with 
a  very  fine  fleece,  and  those  with  long  fine  hair;  and  argali  (the  Ovis 
ammon),  a  species  of  wild  sheep,  with  horns  of  100  lbs.  weight.  (P.  C.) 
The  inhabitants  of  Thibet  belong  to  the  Mongolian  race.  They  are 
said  to  be  mild  and  humane,  but  not  to  exhibit  the  enterprise  of  their 
neighbours  either  to  the  N.  or  S.  The  art  of  printing  has  been  prac- 
tised among  them  from  a  remote  age.  Thibet  is  remarkable  as  the 
central  seat  of  Boodhism,  which  is  found  here  in  its  greatest  purity. 
The  priests  are  called  lamas  (la'-mas) :  the  Dalai  (da'-lf)  Lama,  or 
Grand  Lama,  who  resides  at  Lassa,  is  believed  to  be  an  incarnation  of 
the  deity  in  a  human  form.     On  the  dissolution  of  this  body,  he  is  sup- 

*  "  And  spicy  rods,  such  as  illume  at  night 

The  howers  of  Tibet,  send  forth  odorous  light, 
Like  Peris'  wands  when  pointing  out  the  road 
For  some  pure  spirit  to  its  blest  abode." 

Moore's  Lalla  Rookh. 
t  It  appears,  however,  from  the  testimony  of  several  respectable  travellers,  that 
some  elevated  regions  of  Thibet,  which,  according  to  the  received  theory,  should 
be  buried  in  everlasting  snow,  are  not  only  habitable,  but  teem  with  animal  and 
Vegetable  life.  In  the  most  southern  portions  of  this  country,  the  line  of  perpe- 
tual congelation  (if  we  follow  the  general  rule  on  this  subject)  could  not  be  placed 
higher  than  12,300  ft.  above  the  sea;  and  yet,  on  an  elevation  of  more  than  16,000 
feet,  Captain  Gerrard  saw  horses  gallopping  about  in  all  directions,  and  feeding 
on  the  very  tops  of  the  heights,  while  various  kinds  of  birds  were  soaring  in  the 
iir  above  them.  (See  British  India,  by  Murray,  Wilson,  &c.  Harper's  edition, 
<ol.  III.,  page  204.) 


528  THI— THU 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  good; 

posed  to  re-appear  in  some  infant,  who  accordingly  passes  through  the 
term  of  his  mortal  existence  with  all  the  honours  of  the  grand  lama. — 
Adj.  and  inhab.  Thib'-e-tan. 

Thielt,  teelt,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  province  of  W.  Flanders, 
13  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bruges.  It  is  the  chief  market  for  the  flax  trade  of 
Flanders.     Lat.  51°  N.,  Lon.  3°  20'  E.     Pop.  12,001).     (P.  C.) 

Thiers,  te-aiR/,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Puy  de  Dome.  Lat. 
45°  51'  N.,  Lon.  3°  33'  E.     Pop.  6,807.     (M.) 

Thionville,  tev-6Nx-vilK,  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Mo- 
selle, on  the  r.  Moselle,  16  m.  N.  of  Metz.     Pop.  4,201.     (M.) 

Thom'-as,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Florida.  Pop. 
10,103.  Co.  t.  Thomasville. 

Thom'-as-ton,  a  t.  of  Me.,  in  Lincoln  co.,  on  St.  George's  r.,  12  m. 
from  the  sea,  and  37  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  E.  of  Augusta.  Here  is 
the  Maine  State  Prison. 

Thorn,  toRn,  a  celebrated  fortified  t.  of  Prussia,  on  the  Vistula,  here 
crossed  by  a  long  wooden  bridge,  50  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Marienvverder. 
Lat.  53°  N.,  Lon.  18°  36'  E.  Pop.  about  11,000,  without  the  military, 
or  14,000,  including  them.  (B.)  Thorn  was  the  birth-place  of  Coper- 
nicus. 

Three  Rivers  (Fr.  Trois  Rivieres,  tR\va  rex-ve-aiR')>  a  t.  of  Lower 
Canada,  cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name,  and  formerly  of  all  Canada, 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Maurice,  which  here  being 
divided,  by  two  small  islands,  into  three  channels,  has  given  name  to 
the  town.  Lat.  46°  23'  N.,  Lon.  72°  29'  W.  Pop.  estimated  at  be- 
tween 4,000  and  5,000.     (M.) 

Thun,  toon,  a  small  t.  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Berne,  on  the 
r.  Aar,  about  a  mile  below  its  egress  from  the  lake  of  this  name,  16  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Berne.  Pop.  4,833.  (P.  C.)  The  Lake  of  Thun  (called  by 
the  Germans  Thuner-See,  too^-ner  sa),  is  about  13  m.  in  length,  and 
3  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth. 

Thurgau,  tooR^-gou,  (Fr.  Thurgovie,  tiiRx-gov-ve';  Lat.  Thurgo^via;) 
a  canton  at  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Switzerland,  bordering  on  L.  Con- 
stance and  the  Rhine.  Area  about  270  sq.  m.  Pop.  84,124.  (P.  C.) 
Frauenfeld,  frou^-en-felt\  the  cap.,  situated  in  a  valley  near  the  Thnr 
(toor),  an  affluent  of  the  Rhine,  has  only  about  1,800  inhabitants.    (B.) 

Thuringia,  thu-rin'-je-a,  (Ger.  Thiiringen,  tu/-ring-en,)  the  name  of 
an  extensive  tract  in  the  central  part  of  Germany,  watered  by  the 
rivers  Saale  and  Werra,  and  including  the  Thuringian  Forest.  Its 
limits  have  varied  at  different  times,  and  the  name  is  now  but  little 
used,  the  original  Thuringia  having  become  incorporated  with  the  ter- 
ritories of  different  states. — Adj.  Thuringian.  thu-rin^-je-an. 

Thuringian  Forest  (Ger.  Thuringer  Wald,  tii'-ring-cr  Walt),  a 
hilly  and  woody  tract  of  country  in  the  central  part  of  Germany,  form- 
ing a  portion  of  the  ancient  Hercynian  Forest,  extending  througi: 
Gotha,  Weimar,  Coburg,  and  some  other  small  states. 

TmuRLES,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  co.  of  Tipperary,  on  the  Suir,  77  m.  S.  W. 
of  Dublin.     Pop.  about  7,000.     (M.) 


TIB— TIL  529 

ou,  as  in  our ;  tn,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Timber  (It.  Tevere,  ta'-va-ra;  Anc.  Ti'bris  or  Ti'beris),  a  celebrated 
r.  of  Central  Italy,  which  rises  in  the  Tuscan  Apennines,  and,  flow- 
ing south-easterly  to  within  about  20  m.  of  Rome,  then  turns  to  the 
S.  W.,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  by  two  mouths,  17  m.  below 
that  city.  Its  whole  length  is  about  150  m.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
anciently  navigable  for  vessels  of  considerable  burden,  as  far  as  Rome, 
and  for  small  boats  nearly  to  its  source;  but,  at  present,  the  naviga- 
tion is  at  all  times  difficult,  especially  near  its  mouth  and  in  the  vici- 
nity of  Rome.  Its  average  breadth,  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  is 
about  300  ft. 

Tibet.     See  Thibet. 

Ticino,  te-chee'-no,  (Anc.  Tici'nus),  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  Italy,  which 
rises  in  the  S.  part  of  Switzerland,  and,  flowing  northward  through 
L.  Maggiore,  falls  into  the  Po,  24  m.  S.  of  Milan.  It  is  navigable  to 
L.  Maggiore. 

Ticino  (Fr.  Tessin,  tesN-sanO,  a  canton  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  Italy.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  above  river,  by 
which  it  is  intersected.  Area,  1,042  sq.m.-  Pop.  in  1837,  113,923. 
(M.)  This  is  the  only  Italian  canton  in  the  Swiss  confederation  ;  the 
inhabitants  speak  a  dialect  resembling  the  Milanese;  they  are  all  Ro- 
man Catholics. 

Tif'-lis  or  Teflis,  the  cap.  of  the  Russian  prov.  of  Georgia,  on  the 
Koor,  about  midway  between  the  Black  and  Caspian  seas.  The  houses 
are  generally  ill  built;  the  streets  are  crooked  and  extremely  narrow. 
The  newer  portion  of  the  town,  however,  which  is  separated  from  the 
old  by  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  fortifications,  has  broader  streets,  and 
buildings  in  the  European  style.  Tiflis  is  the  residence  of  a  Georgian 
metropolitan  and  an  Armenian  archbishop.  Lat.  41°  41'  N.,  Lon. 
about  45°  E.  The  pop.  is  rapidly  increasing,  and  is  now  probably  near 
45,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tigre,  tee/-gra\  the  most  powerful  and  warlike  of  the  three  princi- 
pal kingdoms  into  which  Abyssinia  is  divided,  situated  E.  of  the  r.  Ta- 
cazze.     Adowa  is  the  chief  town. 

Ti'-gius,  a  large  r.  of  Asia,  which  rises  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  70  or 
80  m.  N.VV.  of  Diarbekir,  between  38°  and  39°  N.  Lat,  and  near  39° 
E.  Lon.  Its  general  course  is  south-easterly,  and  in  about  31°  N.  Lat. 
and  near  47°  E.  Lon.,  it  unites  with  the  Euphrates,  to  form  the  Shatt-el- 
Arab.  The  whole  length  of  the  Tigris  is  estimated  at  920  m.  Be- 
tween Diarbekir  and  Mosul  (near  300  m.)  the  river  is  navigable  for 
rafts,  at  certain  seasons :  below  Mosul,  it  is  navigable  throughout  the 
year. 

Til/-burg,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Holland,  in  N.  Brabant,  14  m.  S.VV 
of  Bois  le  Due.     Lat.  51°  33'  N.,  Lon.  5°  4'  E.     Pop.  10,000.     (B.) 

TilZ-sit,  a  t.  of  Prussia,  on  the  Memel,  60  m.  N.  E.  of  Konigsberg. 
Here  was  concluded,  July,  1807,  the  celebrated  treaty  of  peace  be- 
tween France,  and  Prussia  and  Russia.     Lat.  55°  4'  N.,  Lon.  21°  56  E. 
Pop.  about  12,000.     (B.) 
45 


530  TIM— TIR 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  nd,  n5t ;  66,  as  in  goed; 

Tim-buc^-too  or  Tom-booc'-too  (more  properly  Ten-Boctoo),  a  com 
mercial  t,  cap.  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name,  in  the  N.  W.  centra? 
part  of  Africa,  near  the  S.  border  of  the  Great  Desert,  about  8  m.  from 
the  left  bank  of  the  Joliba  or  Niger.  Though  its  importance  has  much 
diminished  from  what  it  was  in  the  14th  century,  when  the  kingdom 
of  Timboctoo  was  the  nucleus  of  a  great  empire,  it  may  still  be  re* 
garded  as  the  principal  centre  of  commerce  in  this  part  of  Africa. 
Lat.  17°  10'  N.,  Lon.  about  3°  W.  Pop.  estimated  from  10,000  fcl 
12,000.     (B.) 

Ti'-mor,  the  largest  of  the  Lesser  Sunda  Islands,  between  8°  20' and 
10°  30'  S.  Lat.,  and  123°  20'  and  127°  20'  E.  Lon.  Length,  near  300  m., 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  45  in.  Timor  is  divided  among  a  great 
number  of  petty  kingdoms,  nearly  all  of  which  are  dependent  on  the 
Portuguese  or  Dutch.     (B.) 

TV-mor-laut\  one  of  the  Lesser  Sunda  Islands,  intersected  by  the 
8th  parallel  of  S.  Lat.,  and  131st  meridian  of  E.  Lon.  It  is  about  90  m. 
in  length,  and  40  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.  Scarcely  anything  is  known 
of  it  except  that  the  natives  are  unfriendly  to  strangers. 

Ti-o'-ga,  a  small  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  part  of  Pa.,  and,  making  a 
circuit,  passes  into  N.  Y.,  and  finally  returns  into  Pa.,  and  joins  the  E. 
branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 

Tioga,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  N.  Y.,  intersected  by  the  E.  branch  of 
the  Susquehanna,  and  bordering  on  Pa.     Pop.  24,880.     Co.  t.  Owego. 

Tioga,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  sources  of  the  Tioga  r., 
and  bordering  on  N.  Y.     Pop.  23,987.     Co.  t.  Wellsborough. 

Tip'-pah,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
20,741.  Co.  seat,  Ripley. 

Tippecanoe,  tipN-pe-ka-noo\  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Ind\, 
where  the  Tippecanoe  river  joins  the  Wabash.  Pop.  19,377.  Co.  t. 
Lafayette. 

Tip-per-a'-ry,  an  inland  co.  in  the  S.  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Munster, 
S.  E.  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Shannon.  Pop.  in  1831,  402,564. 
(P.  C.) 

Tipperary,  a  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  23  m.  S.  E.  of 
Limerick.     Pop.  6,972. 

Tip'-tcn,  a  co.  near  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi  r.     Pop.  8,887.     Co.  t.  Covington. 

Tir-ee',*  written  also  Tirree,  Tiry,  and  Tyree,  an  i.  on  the  W. 
coast  of  Scotland,  belonging  to  Argyleshire,  above  12  m.  in  length,  and 
5  m.  in  its  greatest  breadth.     Lat.  56°  30'  N.,  Lon.  7°  W. 

Tirlemont,  teeRr-m6N',  (Flem.Thienen  or  Tienen,  tee'-nen,)  a  ma- 
nufacturing t.  of  Belgium,  in  the  prov.  of  S.  Brabant,  11  m.  S.  E.  of 
Lou  vain.     Pop.  8,000.   (B.) 

•  "  They  left  Loch-Tua  on  their  lee, 

And  they  wakened  the  men  of  the  wild  Tiree." 

Scott's  Lord  of  the  Isles,  Canto  IV. 


TIS—TOL  v  531 

©\j,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Tcshamingo,  tish-a-ming'-go,  a  co.  forming  the  N,  E.  extremity  of 
Miss.     Pop.  15,490.  Co.  seat,  Jacinto. 

Titicaca,  tit-e-ka'-ka,  the  largest  L.  in  S.  America,  situated  partly 
an  Bolivia  and  partly  in  Peru,  between  15°  20' and  16°  40'  N.  Lat,  and 
68°  and  71°  W,  Lon.  Length,  near  140  m.;  greatest  breadth,  about 
35  rn.  The  surface  of  its  waters  is  higher  than  the  Peak  of  Teneriffe, 
being  12,795  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  Pacific.  (P.  C.)  In  some  places, 
its  depth  has  been  ascertained  to  be  120  fathoms,  but  many  parts  are 
probably  much  deeper. 

Tivoli,  tee'-vo-le,  (Anc.  Ti/bur,)  a  t.  of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  on 
the  Teverone  (tevv-a-ro'-na — Anc.  Anio),  18  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Rome,  re- 
markable for  its  delightful  situation  and  its  interesting  antiquities. 
Pop.  about  6,000.    (B.) 

To-ba'-go  (see  Int.  X.),  one  of  the  W.  India  Islands,  belonging  to 
Great  Britain,  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  11°  10'  N.  Lat,  and  the 
meridian  of  60°  40'  W.  Lon,  Length,  26  m,;  greatest  breadth,  7  or 
8  m.     Pop.  13,700.     (M.) 

To-bolsk/,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Asiatic  Russia,  cap.  of  W.  Si- 
beria and  of  a  gov.  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Irtish,  .near  its  junction 
with  the  Tobol.  The  houses  are  built  mostly  of  wood  ;  the  streets  are 
generally  broad,  straight,  and  paved  with  wood.  Lat.  48°  12'  N.,  Lon. 
68°  6'  E.     Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  military,  20,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tocantins,  to-can-teens',  a  large  r.  of  Brazil,  which  flows  into  the 
estuary  of  Para.     Length  estimated  at  1,500  m. 

Toe  at,  to-kat',  a  large  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  Yesheel  Irmak. 
Its  appearance  is  said  to  resemble  that  of  a  European  city.  Lat.  about 
40°  N.,  Lon.  36°  50'  E.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi,  on  the  authority 
of  M.  Fontanier,  at  near  100,000;  but  several  other  writers  make  it 
much  less, 

Todd,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ky,,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
12,268.  Co.  t.  Elkton. 

Toeplitz.     See  Toplttz. 

To-kay'  (Hung.  pron.  to-koi),  a  t.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Hungary,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Bodrog  and  Theiss,  remarkable  as  the  market 
for  the  famous  wine  of  this  name,  which  is  produced  in  the  surround- 
ing country.     Lat.  48°  T  N.,  Lon.  21°  24'  E.     Pop.  4,000.     (B.) 

To-le'-do  (Sp.  pron.  to-W-Do;  Anc.  Tole/tum),  a  celebrated  but  de- 
cayed city  of  Spain,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  and  formerly  of 
the  kingdom  of  Castile,  situated  on  a  hill  near  the  Tagus,  36  m.  S.  S. 
W.  of  Madrid.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  university  and  the  residence  of  an 
archbishop.  The  Cathedral  of  this  place  is  the  largest  and  one  of  the 
finest  in  the  kingdom.  Toledo  was  formerly  noted  for  its  manufacture 
of  swords;  those  now  made  here  are  said  still  to  command  a  high 
price  Lat.  39°  55' S„  Lon.  4°  W.'  Pop.  15,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  inhab. 
To-le'-dan. 

Tol/-land  a  co.  in  the  N.  N.  E.  part  of  Conn.,  bordering  on  Mass. 
Pop.  20,091.     Co.  t.  Tolland. 

Toluca,  to-loo'-^a,  a  well-built  t  of  the  Mexican  States,  about  10  rn. 


532  TOM— TOO 

Fate,  far,  f &]],  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

N,  of  the  mountain  called  the  Nevado  de  Toluca  (see  Nevado),  which 
has  an  elevation  of  2,372  toises,  or  about  15,170  English  ft.  (B.)  Lat. 
19°  16'  N.,  Lon.  99°  21'  W.     Pop.  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tom-big^-bee  or  Tom-beck'-be,  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Miss.,  and,  flowing  southerly  into  Ala.,  unites  with  the  Alabama  river 
to  form  the  Mobile.  Length  estimated  at  450  m.  It  is  navigable  for 
steamboats  to  Columbus,  in  Miss. 

Tomp'-kins,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  N.  Y.,  at  the  S.  ex- 
tremity of  Cayuga  Lake.     Pop.  38,746.     Co.  t.  Ithaca. 

Tomsk,  a  handsome  t.  of  Asiatic  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Tom,  an  affluent  of  the  Obi.  Lat.  56°  30'  N.,  Lon.  85° 
10'  E.     Pop.  8,000  or  9,000.     (P.  C.) 

Tonkin  or  Tonquin,  ton-keen',  a  kingdom  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Asia, 
bordering  on  the  gulf  of  this  name.    (See  Cochin  China.) 

Tonkin  or  Tonquin,  Gulf  of,  is  situated  between  18°  and  22°  N. 
Lat.,  and  106°  and  110°  E.  Lon.  Length  above  200  m.;  greatest 
breadth  about  170  m. 

Too'-la  (Tula),  an  important  manufacturing  t.  of  European  Russia, 
cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Oopa  (Upa),  an  affluent  of  the 
Oka,  110  m.  S.  of  Moscow.  Its  appearance  from  a  distance,  owing  to 
the  numerous  spires  and  domes,  is  very  imposing ;  but  the  crooked  and 
ill-paved  streets,  and  the  houses  built  mostly  of  wood,  tend  to  destroy, 
on  a  nearer  view,  the  favourable  impression  which  the  approaching  spec- 
tator may  have  received.  Toola  is  remarkable  for  its  manufacture  of 
arms,  the  most  extensive  in  the  empire,  whence  it  has  been  called  the 
Birmingham  of  Russia.  It  employs  above  7,000  workmen,  producing 
annually  70,000  muskets  and  25,000  side-arms.  Cutlery  of  various 
kinds  is  also  manufactured  here.  There  are  rich  mines  of  iron  ore  of 
an  excellent  quality  in  the  vicinity,  but  the  metal  employed  in  the 
manufactures  is  said  to  be  principally,  if  not  exclusively,  from  Siberia. 
Lat.  54°  12'  N.,  Lon.  37°  E.     Pop.  51,000.     (P.  C.) 

Toorkistan,  toorkx-is-tan'  (i.  e.  the  "  country  of  the  Turks"),  or  In- 
dependent Tartar y,  is  situated  in  the  N.  W.  central  part  of  Asia,  be- 
tween 35°  and  54°  N.  Lat.,  and  50°  and  82°  E.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Russian  dominions,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Chinese  empire,  S. 
by  Afghanistan  and  Persia,  and  W.  by  the  Russian  empire,  from  which 
it  is  partly  separated  by  the  Caspian  Sea.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  near 
1,500  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  1,250  m.  Area  vague- 
ly estimated  at  1,000,000  sq.  m.  A  large  portion  of  this  extensive 
country  consists  of  elevated  table-land,  intersected  by  ridges  of  moun- 
tains, some  of  wmich  appear  to  be  not  less  than  18,000  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  Deserts  of  greater  or  less  extent  are  found  in  dif- 
ferent parts.  Toorkistan  is  divided  into  a  number  of  independent  states 
or  kkanats,  which  vary  greatly  in  extent  and  population.  All  the 
chiefs  or  khans  appear  to  be  possessed  of  a  power  more  or  less  arbi- 
trary. The  principal  khanats  are  those  of  Bokhara,  Khiva,  and  Kho- 
kand,  which  are  treated  of  under  their  respective  heads.  Mahometan 
ism  is  the  prevailing  religion  of  Toorkistan ;  it  is  said  that  the  laws  of 


TOO— TOU  533 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

die  Koran  are  more  strictly  observed  here,  than  in  any  other  Mahome- 
tan country.  (For  some  further  particulars  respecting  this  country,  see 
Bokhara.) 

Toor/-ko-mans  or  toorv-ko-mans/,  a  nation  of  Tartars,  originally  in- 
habiting the  eastern  shores  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  but  who  are  now  spread 
not  only  over  Toorkistan,  but  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  a  consideFab.e 
portion  of  Asiatic  Turkey.  They  lead  a  wandering  life  and  live  in 
tents.  They  are  said  to  be  excellent  horsemen,  and  to  make  hardy  and 
brave  soldiers. 

Topayos,  to-pi^-yis,  written  also  Tapajos,  a  large  r.  of  Brazil,  flow- 
ing into  the  Amazon  near  2°  20'  S.  Lat.,  and  54°  '40'  W.  Lon.  Entire 
length  perhaps  1,000  m.  It  is  navigable  for  boats  the  greater  part  of 
its  course. 

Toplitz,  Toeplitz  or  Teplitz,  tepMits,  a  small  t.  of  Bohemia,  on 
the  Saubach  (sou'-baK.),-  47  m.  N.  W.  of  Prague,  noted  for  its  hot  mi- 
neral springs  and  baths.     Permanent  pop.  about  2,600.     (B.) 

Tor-bay^,  a  spacious  basin  on  the  S.  coast  of  England,  in  Devon- 
shire, which  has  several  times  been  resorted  to  as  a  place  of  shelter  by 
the  fleets  of  England. 

Torgau,  toR'-gou,  a  fortified  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Elbe,  66 
m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Berlin.     Pop.  5,300.     (B.) 

Tornea,  pronounced  and  sometimes  written  Tor'-ne-o,*  a  small  t. 
of  European  Russia,  on  the  N.  W.  frontier  of  the  grand-duchy  of  Fin- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Torned,  which  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Both- 
nia.    Lat.  65°  51'  N.,  Lon.  24°  12'  E. 

To-ron'-to  (formerly  York),  lately  the  cap.  of  Upper  Canada,  on  the 
N.  shore  of  L.  Ontario,  towards  its  W.  extremity.  Lat.  43°  35'  N., 
Lon.  79°  20'  W.  The  pop.  of  this  city  has  increased  of  latter  years 
with  extraordinary  rapidity :  in  1826,  it  was  only  1,677;  in  1836,  it  was 
9,652,  and  in  1845,  it  amounted  to  19,706. 

Tor'-shok/  or  Torzhok  (Torjok),  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  in  the 
gov.  of  Tver.  Lat.  57°  2'  N.,  Lon.  35°  3'  E.  Pop.  stated  at  15,000. 
(PC.) 

Tor-to'-la,  one  of  the  Virgin  Islands,  in  the  W.  Indies,  belonging 
to  Great  Britain.  Lat.  18°  27'  N.,  Lon.  64°  35'  W.  Length  about 
12  m. 

Tor-to'-sa  (Anc.  Derto'sa),  a  fortified  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  Ebro,  with  several  interesting  remains  of  antiquity. 
Lat.  40°  49'  N.,  Lon.  0°  33'  E.     Pop.  about  16,000.     (B.) 

Tot'-ness,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Devonshire,  20  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Exeter. 
Pop.  3,849. 

Toul,  tool,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Meurthe,  on  the  Moselle, 
here  crossed  by  a  handsome  bridge,  13  m.  VV.  of  Nancy.  Lat.  48°  40" 
32"  N.,  Lon.  5°  5'  3"  E.     Pod.  7,279.     (M.) 

Toulon,  too'-lon,  or  toov-hW,  (Anc.  Te'lo  Mar'tius),  the  second  naval 

*  "  Cold  as  the  rocks  on  Torneo's  hoary  brow." — Cami-bkll. 

45* 


534  TOU— TRA 

Pile,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  no,  not;  66  as  in  good, 

port  of  France  (Brest  being  the  first)  in  the  dep.  of  Var,  with  one  of  the 
finest  harbours  on  the  Mediterranean,  32  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Marseilles. 
Among  its  institutions  for  education,  may  be  mentioned  the  Naval 
School,  with  a  fine  library,  and  a  collection  of  models  of  vessels  of 
every  kind.     Lat.  43°  7'  N.,  Lon.  5°  56'  E.     Pop.  30,000.     (B.) 

Toulouse  or  Thoulouse,  too'-looz',  (Anc.  ToWsa  or  Tholo'sa,)  an 
archiepiscopal  city  in  the  S.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Upper  Ga- 
ronne, and  formerly  of  the  prov.  of  Languedoc,  on  the  r.  Garonne, 
where  it  is  joined  by  the  Southern  Canal  (Canal  du  Midi),  132  m.  S.  E. 
of  Bordeaux.  The  r.  is  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  of  freestone,  resting  on 
7  arches.  Before  the  Revolution,  Toulouse  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the 
leading  French  universities,  now  replaced  by  an  academie  universi- 
taire :  it  has  also  a  royal  college,  and  two  public  libraries,  the  one  con- 
taining 30,000,  and  the  other  24,000  vols.  Lat.  43°  36'  N.,  Lon.  1° 
27'  E.     Pop.  68,015.     (B.) 

Touraine,  toox-rane',  a  former  prov.  of  France,  now  divided  be- 
tween the  deps.  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  Indre. 

Tournay,  tooRv-na',  (Flem.  Doornik,  dor^-nik  ;  Anc.  Tur'nacum  or 
Tor'nacus;)  a  fortress  and  important  manufacturing  t.  of  Belgium, 
prov.  of  Hainault,  on  the  Scheldt,  near  the  French  frontier,  45  in.  W. 
S.  W.  of  Brussels.     Lat.  50°  36'  N.,  Lon.  3°  23'  E.   Pop.  29,000.  (B.) 

Tours,  tooR,  (Anc.  Csesarodu'num,  afterwards  Tu'rones,)  an  archie- 
piscopal city  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Indre  and  Loire,  and  for- 
merly of  Touraine,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  r.  Loire,  in  the  midst  of  a 
fertile  and  delightful  plain,  127  m.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  It  communicates 
with  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Loire  by  one  of  the  finest  stone  bridges  in 
Europe,  which  is  about  1,420  ft.  long,  and  45  ft.  wide,  and  rests  on  15 
elliptical  arches,  each  of  which  has  a  span  of  80  ft.  The  inhabitants  of 
Tours  are  considered  to  speak  better  French  than  those  of  any  other 
provincial  town  in  France.  Lat.  47°  24'  N.,  Lon.  0°  42'  E.  Pop. 
26,669.     (B.) 

Traf'-al-gar^  or  traf-aV-gar,  a  cape  on  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Spain, 
celebrated  for  the  great  naval  action  fought  in  its  vicinity,  on  the  21st 
of  October,  1805,  between  the  English  fleet  under  Lord  Nelson,  and  the 
combined  French  and  Spanish  fleet,  commanded  by  admiral  Villeneuve. 
The  English  were  signally  victorious,  but  their  distinguished  comman- 
der was  slain  during  the  action.     Lat.  36°  10'  N.,  Lon.  6°  W. 

Tral-ee',  a  thriving  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  Kerry  co.,  near  a  bay  of  its 
own  name,  57  m.  W.  N.  VV.  of  Cork.  Pop.  in  1831,  9,562,  and  now 
(1842)  probably  13,000.     (M.) 

Trani,  tra'-ne,  an  archiepiscopal  t.  and  seaport  of  Naples,  on  the 
Adriatic.     Lat.  41°  17'  N.,  Lon.  16"  26'  E.     Pop.  about  14,000.     (B.) 

Tranv-que-bar',  a  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan,  belonging  to  the  British, 
Dn  the  Coromandel  coast,  between  the  two  arms  of  the  Cauvery,  140  m. 
S.  S.  W.  of  Madras.  Lat  11°  N.,  Lon.  81°  54'  E.  The  pop.  may 
amount  to  12,000,  without  including  that  of  its  little  territory.  (B.)  Till 
lately  (the  early  part  of  1845),  Tranquebar  belonged  to  Denmark. 

Tran-syl-va'-nj.-a  (Hung.  Erdely  Orszag,  eR-dail  OR-sMg;  Ger. 
Siebenbiirgen,  see'-ben-biiRa'-^n) ;  a  large  prov.  forming  the  most  east 


TRA— TRE  535 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

em  portion  of  the  Austrian  empire,  between  45°  12"  and  47°  42'  N.  Lat., 
and  22°  15'  and  26°  24'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Hungary,  N.  E. 
and  E.  by  the  Buckowine  and  Moldavia,  S.  by  Wallachia,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  the  E.  Carpathian  Mountains,  and  W.  by  Hungary. 
Greatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  184  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to 
S.,  167  m.  Area  21,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  2,000,000.  (M.)  The 
name  was  given  by  the  Hungarians,  Transylvania  signifying  the  coun- 
try "  beyond  the  wood,"  i.  e.  the  extensive  woody  mountains  which  se- 
parate this  province  from  Hungary.  The  true  Hungarian  name,  how- 
ever, Erdely  Orszag,  signifies  "  woody  country."  The  origin  of  the 
German  name,  Siebenbiirgen,  the  "  seven  castles,"  or  "  seven  bo- 
roughs," probably  refers  to  some  feature  of  the  ancient  condition  of  the 
country  with  which  we  are  now  unacquainted. 

Trapani,  tra/-pa-ne,  (Anc.  Drep'anum  ;  Gr.  Agfrfcwov,  i.  e.  a  "  scythe," 
the  tongue  of  land  on  which  it  is  built  being  curved  in  the  shape  of  that 
instrument ;)  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Sicily,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  at  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  the  island,  46  m.  W.  of  Palermo. 
Drepanum  appears  to  have  been  an  emporium  from  the  earliest  times, 
and  the  modern  town  is  one  of  the  first  commercial  places  in  Sicily. 
Lat.  38°  2'  N.,  Lon.  12°  31'  E.    Pop.  24,000.     (B.) 

Tras  os  Montes,  tras  6s  mon'-tes,  i.  e.  "  beyond  the  mountains,"  a 
prov.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Portugal,  separated  by  a  chain  of 
mountains  from  the  prov.  of  the  Minho,  and  by  the  Douro  from  Beira. 

Travv-an-core',  a  state  of  Hindostan,  subsidiary  to  the  British,  situ- 
ated at  the  S.  extremity  of  that  peninsula,  between  the  8th  and  11th 
degrees  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  76th  and  78th  of  E.  Lon. 

Treb'-x-zond^  (Turk.  Ta-ra'-be-soon^ ;  Anc.  Trapezus),  a  fortified 
city  and  seaport  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  cap.  of  an  eyalet,  on  the  S.  shore  of 
the  Black  Sea,  towards  its  eastern  extremity.  This  town  was  for  a 
considerable  period  the  cap.  of  an  empire  founded  in  the  early  part  of 
the  13th  century  by  a  branch  of  the  Comnenian  family,  who  had  for 
several  generations  held  the  imperial  sceptre  at  Constantinople.  After 
experiencing  a  variety  of  fortunes,  this  empire  fell,  soon  after  the  fall 
of  Constantinople  in  1453.  Though  Trebizond  has  greatly  declined 
from  its  former  prosperity,  it  is  still  important  on  account  of  its  manu- 
factures, its  commerce,  and  its  population,  which  Balbi  estimates  at 
50,000.     Lat.  41°  3'  N.,  Lon.  39°  28'  E. 

Tremiti,  trem'-e-te,  a  group  of  small  islands  belonging  to  the  king- 
dom of  Naples,  situated  in  the  Adriatic.  Lat.  about  42°  8'  N.,  Lon.  15° 
30' E. 

Trent  (Ger.  Trient,  tre-ent';  Anc.  Triden'tum),  a  walled  t.  of  Tyrol, 
o.i  the  Adige,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge.  Lat.  46°  6'  N., 
Lon.  11°  4'  E.     Pop.  near  12,000.     (B.) 

Trent,  one  of  the  principal  rivers  of  England :  it  rises  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Cheshire,  and  flowing  at  first  southerly,  then  easterly,  and  in 
the  latter  part  of  its  course  northerly,  falls  into  the  estuary  of  the  Hum- 
ber,  24  m.  S.  W.  of  York.     Its  whole  length  is  estimated  at  near  200 


536  TRE— TRI 

Fate,  f ar,  f All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  nSt ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

m. ;  it  is  navigable  for  barges  to  Burton  on  Trent  (about  117  m.),  and 
for  vessels  of  200  tons  to  Gainsborough,  (near  30  m.) 

Trent'-on,  a  t.  of  N.  J.,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Mercer  county,  and 
cap.  of  the  state,  on  the  left  or  N.  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware,  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation,  where  the  river  is  joined  by  the  Dela- 
ware and  Raritan  Canal,  27  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  N.  E.  of  Philadelphia. 
The  railroad  from  N.  York  to  Philadelphia  passes  through  this  town. 
Lat.  40°  14'  N.,  Lon.  74°  30'  W.)     Pop.  estimated  at  8,000. 

Treves  (Fr.  Treves,  trave ;  Ger.  Trier,  treer ;  Anc.  Augu'sta  Tre- 
viro'rum),  a  city  of  the  Prussian  dominions,  cap.  of  a  gov.,  and  formerly 
of  an  electorate  of  the  same  name,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Moselle, 
over  which  there  is  a  stone  bridge  of  8  arches,  690  ft.  long.  This  is 
perhaps  the  most  ancient,  and  was  long  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Ger- 
man cities.  Constantine  the  Great,  and  several  other  emperors,  oc- 
casionally resided  at  Treves.  It  abounds  in  interesting  antiquities, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  ruins  of  the  palace  of  Constantine, 
and  the  Roman  aqueduct,  the  subterranean  portion  of  which  is  still 
pretty  well  preserved.  Treves  had  formerly  a  university  which  has 
been  replaced  by  a  gymnasium  ;  it  possesses  also  a  library  of  70,000 
vols.,  and  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions.  Lat.  49°  47'  N., 
Lon.  6°  38'  E.     Pop.,  exclusive  of  the  military,  14,000.     (B.) 

Treviso,  trev-ee'-zo,  (Anc.  Tarvi'sium,)  a  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  18  m. 
N.  N.  W.  from  Venice.     Pop.  12,600.     (B.) 

Tricala,  tree'-ka-la,  written  also  Tirhala  ;  (Anc.  Tric^ca,)  a  t.  of 
European  Turkey,  in  Thessaly,  37  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Larissa.  It  is  the 
residence  of  a  pasha,  and  of  a  Greek  archbishop.  Lat.  39°  31'  N.,  Lon. 
21°  48'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  12,000.     (B.) 

Trich-in-op'-o-lx  or  Trichinopoly,  a  large  fortified  t.  of  Hindostan, 
cap.  of  a  dist.  of  the  same  name,  belonging  to  the  presidency  of  Ma- 
dras, on  the  Cauvery,  28  m.  W.  of  Tanjore.  Lat.  about  10°  50'  N., 
Lon.  78°  50'  E.  Pop.,  including  the  suburbs,  estimated  at  80,000. 
(P.  C.)  Near  this  town  is  the  island  of  Seringham  (ser-ing'-gum), 
formed  by  two  arms  of  the  Cauvery,  on  which  stands  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  magnificent  pagodas  of  Hindostan.  The  central  building  is 
not  large,  but  is  splendidly  ornamented  with  sculpture,  gilding,  and 
precious  stones.  It  is  enclosed  within  seven  square  walls,  each  25  ft. 
high,  and  very  thick.  These  walls  are  about  120  yards  from  each 
other  ;  the  circumference  of  the  outer  one  is  about  4  m.  There  are 
besides  common  entrances,  20  very  large  and  lofty  triangular  towers 
over  as  mnny  gateways,  each  forming  a  highly-ornamented  pagoda. 

Tri-este/  or  tre-esMa  (Anc.  Terges'te),  the  principal  seaport  t.  of 
the  Austrian  empire,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Adriatic, 
near  its  N.  E.  extremity,  73  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Venice.  It  has  several 
important  manufactures,  among  which,  that  of  soap  is  the  most  re- 
markable. Among  its  institutions  for  education,  the  Scientific  and 
Nautical  School,  with  16  professors,  deserves  particular  mention.  In 
1719,  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  declared  Trieste  a  free  port;  at  that 


TRI— TRI  537 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

time  it  contained  scarcely  8,000  inhabitants.  The  privileges  of  the 
place  were  afterwards  extended  by  the  empress  Maria  Theresa,  so  that 
all  goods,  with  very  few  exceptions,  can  be  imported  duty  free.  The 
consequence  has  been  that  the  population  is  now  above  50,000  (P.  C.)» 
and  continues  annually  to  increase,  and  Trieste  is  the  most  wealthy 
and  important  commercial  city  in  the  Austrian  dominions.  Lat.  45° 
38'  N.,  Lon.  13°  47'  E. 

Trigg,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  intersected  by  the  Cumber- 
land river.     Pop.  10,129.  Co.  t.  Cadiz. 

Trim'-ble,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  Ohio  river.  Pop. 
5,963.     Co.  t.  Bedford. 

Trincomalee,  tringN-ko-ma-lee',  a  small  fortified  t.  of  Ceylon,  on  its 
N.  E.  coast,  with  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  world.  "  During  the 
N.  E.  monsoon,  when  all  the  vessels  off  the  Coromandel  Coast  and  in 
the  Bay  of  Bengal  are  obliged  to  put  to  sea,  Trincomalee  is  their  place 
of  refuge,  and  a  vessel  from  Madras  can  reach  it  in  two  days."     (M.) 

Trjnv-x-dad',  after  Jamaica,  the  largest  and  most  important  of  the 
British  W.  India  Islands,  is  situated  between  the  10th  and  11th  decrees 
of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  61st  and  62d  of  W.  Lon. :  its  S.  W.  extremity  is 
only  about  7  m.  from  the  delta  of  the  Orinoco.  The  form  of  this  island 
is  singular ;  it  is  almost  a  parallelogram,  but  the  N.  E.,  N.  W.,  and 
S.  W.  angles,  have  remarkable  projections  ;  the  last  named  consists  of 
a  tongue  of  land,  about  30  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  10  or  32  m.  broad. 
Extreme  length  of  the  island,  from  S.  W.  to  N.  E.,  88  m.;  greatest  length, 
from  N.  to  S.,  about  50  m. ;  mean  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  35  m. 
Area  estimated  at  2,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1834,  43,678.  The  most  re- 
markable natural  feature  of  Trinidad,  is  the  Pitch  Lake,  situated  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  the  island,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference. 
The  pitch  or  bitumen  at  the  sides  of  the  lake  is  perfectly  hard  and 
cold,  but  towards  the  middle  it  becomes  gradually  warmer  and  softer, 
and  at  last  is  seen  boiling  up  in  a  liquid  state.  Trinidad  has  several 
extinct  volcanic  craters.  Port  of  Spain,  on  the  W.  coast,  near  its  N. 
extremity,  is  the  cap.  of  Trinidad,  and  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  the 
W.  Indies.     Pop.  about  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Trin^-i-ty,  a  r.  of  Texas,  flowing  into  Galveston  Bay. 

Trip^-o-h  (Ana  Trip'olis*),  the  most  easterly  of  the  Barbary  States, 
between  29°  and  33°  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  and  22°  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on 
the  N,  by  the  Mediterranean,  E.  by  Barca,  S.  by  Fezzan  and  the 
desert,  and  W.  by  Tunis.  Area,  uncertain.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi 
at  660,000;  but  some  other  writers  rate  it  as  high  as  1,500,000,  and 
even  2,000,000.  Tripoli  belongs  to  the  Turkish  sultan,  and  is  governed 
by  a  bey  or  pasha,  with  despotic  sway.  We  may  remark  that  this 
country,  since  the  revolution  of  1832,  has  been  in  a  .  ^ry  unsettled 
state,  and  our  knowledge  of  its  present  political  condition  is  imperfect 
and  uncertain. —  Adj.  and  inhab.  Tripoline,  trip-o-leen^  and  Trip-ol/- 

X-TAN. 

*  Under  the  Romans,  the  three  flourishing  cities  of  CEa,  Leptis,  and  Sabrata,  con 
■tvtuted  a  kind  of  federal  union,  under  the  name  of  Tripolis,  or  the  "  three  cues." 


538  TRI— TRU 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good ; 

Tripoli  (called  by  the  natives  Ta-raMaloos  or  Tarabloos-el-Gharb, 
i.  e.  "Tripoli  of  the  West;"  Anc.  (Ea)rthe  cap.  of  the  above  state  or 
regency,  on  a  rocky  tongue  of  land  projecting  into  the  Mediterranean, 
with  a  harbour  defended  by  several  batteries.  The  town  is  fortified, 
and  is  entered  by  two  gates.  It  contains  six  mosques,  of  the  first 
order,  some  of  which  are  very  handsome.  The  most  striking  relic 
of  antiquity  is  a  magnificent  triumphal  arch,  (erected  A.  D.  164) 
in  honour  of  Aurelius  Antoninus  and  Lucius  Verus.  Tripoli  is  one 
of  the  principal  entrepots  for  the  commerce  which  is  carried  on 
between  Europe  and  the  countries  in  the  central  part  of  Africa.  Lat. 
32°  54'  N.,  Lon.  13°  11'  E.  Pop.  estimated  at  from  20,000  to  25,000. 
(P.  C.  and  B.) 

Tripoli  (Arab.  Ta-ra'-bloos  es-Sham,  or  the  "Tripoli  of  Syria),  a 
well-built  seaport  t.  of  Syria,  cap.  of  an  eyalet  of  its  own  name,  on  the 
Mediterranean,  near  150  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Aleppo.  Lat.  34°  26'  N.,  Lon. 
35°  51'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  16,000.     (B.) 

Tripolitza  or  Tripolizza,  tre-po-lit'-sa,  formerly  an  important  t.  of 
Greece,  in  the  Morea,  22  m.  \V.  by  S.  of  Napoli  di  Romania.  Lat.  37° 
30'  N.,  Lon.  22°  25'  E.  The  pop.,  which  appears  formerly  to  have 
amounted  to  15,<  00  or  18,000,  is  probably  at  present  scarcely  2,000.  (B.) 

Trois  Rivieres.     See  Three  Rivers. 

Trondhjem.     See  Drontheim. 

Trond  (or  Tron),  Saint,  saN  trojy,  a  t.  of  Belgium,  prov.  of  Limburg, 
20  m.  W.  by  S.  of  Maestricht,  with  near  8,(100  inhabitants,  who  are 
principally  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms.     (B.) 

Troppau,  trop'-pou,  the  most  important  t.  of  Austrian  Silesia,  cap. 
of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  37  m.  N.  E.  of  Olmiitz.  It  is  well  built 
and  has  considerable  manufactures.     Pop.  about  12,000.     (B.) 

Troup,  troop,  a  co.  on  the  W.  border  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the  Chat- 
tahoochee r.     Pop.  16,879.     Co.  t.  La  Grange. 

Trow'-bridge,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Wiltshire,  21  m. 
N.  W.  of  Salisbury.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  about  3  sq.  m., 
11,050. 

Troy,  a  city  of  N.  Y.,  cap.  of  Rensselaer  co.,  on  the  E.  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  6  m.  N.  of  Albany.  Its  position  is  highly  favourable  for  trade; 
besides  the  ready  communication  which  it  has  with  the  towns  on  the 
Hudson  and  with  the  sea,  it  is  connected  by  the  Champlain  and  Erie 
canals  with  the  western  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence.  Troy  is  re- 
gularly laid  out,  and  contains  many  handsome  public  buildings,  among 
which"  the  Court  House  and  the  Episcopal  Church  deserve  particular 
mention.     Lat.  42°  44'  N.,  Lon.  73°  40'  W.     Pop.  28,785. 

Troves,  trwa,  (Anc.  Augustobo'na ;  afterwards  Trecas'ses  or  Tri- 
casses,  Tricas'sae,  and  Tre'csfi),  a  manufacturing  city  of  France,  cap. 
of  the  dep.  of  Aube,  on  the  Seine,  92  m.  E.  S.  E7  of  Paris.  Besides  a 
number  of  institutions  for  education,  it  possesses  a  public  library,  said 
to  contain  55,000  printed  vols,  and  nearly  5,000  manuscripts.  Lat.  48° 
18'  N.,  Lon.  4°  5'  E.     Pop.  25,563.     (B.) 

Trum'-bull,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  bordering  on  Pa.,  and 


TRU— TUN  539 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

intersected  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  Canal.  Pop.  30,490.  Co.  t. 
Warren. 

Tru'-ro,  the  handsomest  t.  in  Cornwall,  England,  on  the  Fal, 
8  m.  N.  by  E.  of  Falmouth.  Lat.  50°  15'  N.,  Lon.  5°  2'  W.  Pop. 
3,043. 

Truxillo  or  Trujillo,  troo-HeeF-yo,  a  small  t.  of  Spain,  in  Estre- 
madura,  134  m.  S.  W.  by  W.  from  Madrid.  It  was  the  birth-place  of 
Pizarro. 

Trux-il/-lo  or  troo-heey-yo,  a  seaport  t.  of  Peru,  cap.  of  a  dep.,  on  a 
small  r.,  about  2  m.  from  the  sea.  It  was  founded  by  Pizarro,  in  1533. 
Lat.  8°  6'  N.,  Lon.  79°  3'  W.     Pop.  from  12,000  to  14,000.     (B.) 

TV-am,  a  city  of  Ireland,  in  the  co.  of  Galway,  105  m.  W.  by  N.  of 
Dublin.  It  was,  till  lately,  the  seat  of  a  Protestant,  as  it  still  is  of  a 
Roman  Catholic  archbishopric.  Lat.  53°  30'  N.,  Lon.  8°  50'  W.  Pop. 
in  1831,  6,883.     (P.  C.) 

TV-bing-en,  the  second  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Wiirtemberg,  on 
the  Neckar,  17  m.  S.  S.  W.  of  Stuttgart.  It  is  chiefly  interesting  on 
account  of  its  university,  founded  in  1477,  by  Count  Eberhard,  who 
afterwards  became  the  first  duke  of  Wiirtemberg  :  Reuchlin  and  Me- 
lancthon  were  among  its  professors.  It  was  formerly  exclusively  Pro- 
testant; but,  since  the  University  at  Elwangen  was  suppressed,  Roman 
Catholics  have  been  admitted :  it  is  now  the  only  university  in  the 
kingdom.  The  number  of  students  is  between  600  and  700.  It  pos- 
sesses an  extensive  library,  said  to  contain  140,000  vols.,  a  good  col- 
lection in  natural  history,  a  botanic  garden,  an  observatory,  &c.  Lat. 
48°  31'  N,  Lon.  9°  4'  E.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Tuck/-er-ton,  a  village  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  J.,  in  Burlington  co., 
on  a  creek  which  flows  into  Little  Egg  Harbour. 

Tucuman,  too-koo-man',  a  t.  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of  La 
Plata,  cap.  of  a  state  of  its  own  name,  memorable  as  the  place  where, 
in  1816,  the  declaration  of  the  independence  of  the  La  Plata  provinces 
was  first  promulgated.  Lat.  29°  50'  S.,  Lon.  64°  55'  W.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  from  10,000  to  12,000.     (B.) 

Tudela,  too-daMa,  (Anc.  Tutela,)  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Navarre,  on  the 
Ebro,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  bridge  of  17  arches,  45  m.  N.  W.  of  Sara- 
gossa.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Tula.     See  Toola. 

Tul^-la-more',  a  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  King's  co.,  on  the  Grand 
Canal,  which  connects  the  Shannon  with  the  sea  at  Dublin,  50  m.  W. 
by  S.  from  this  city.     Pop.  in  1831,  6,342.     (P.  C.) 

Tulle,  tuil,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Cor- 
reze,  on  the  r.  Correze.  Lat.  45°  16'  N.,  Lon.  2°  54'  E.  Pop.  9,000. 
(B.) 

Tun'-bridge,  also  written  Tonbridge,  a  small  t.  of  England,  on  the 
Med  way,  27  m.  S.  E.  of  London.  The  watering-place,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  is  about  5  m.  S.  of  Tunbridge. 

Tunguraoua.  toong-goo-ra'-gwa,  a  r.  of  S.  America,  which  rises  in 
Peru,  and  afterwards  forming  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  this  re- 


540  TUN— TUR 

Fate,  f ar,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine;  pin ;  n6,  n5t ;  66,  as  in  good , 

public  and  Ecuador,  joins  the  Ucayuli,  to  form  the  Amazon.  It  is  re- 
garded by  some  geographers  as  the  upper  portion  of  that  great  river. 

TV-nx-ca,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  l,314.*Co.  seat,  Peyton. 

Tu'-nis  (called,  by  the  inhabitants,  TW-nis),  a  state  or  regency  of 
N.  Africa,  nominally  dependent  on  the  Turkish  empire,  between  33° 
and  37°  20'  N.  Lat,  and  8°  30'  and  11°  20'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  and  E.  by  the  Mediterranean,  S.  by  the  desert,  and  W.  by  Algiers. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  300  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W,, 
near  170  m.  Area  vaguely  estimated  at  about  50,000  sq.m.  Pop. 
1,800,000.  (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Tunisine,  too'-ne-seen',  and  Tunisian, 
tu-nee'-she-an. 

Tunis  (Anc.  Tu^nes  or  Tune'ta),  a  large  and  flourishing  city,  cap. 
of  the  above  state,  situated  near  the  Mediterranean,  on  a  lagoon,  10  m. 
long,  and  from  3  to  5  m.  broad,  which  communicates,  by  a  narrow 
channel  called  the  Goletta  (or  "  little  throat"),  with  the  Bay  of  Tunis. 
It  is  encircled  by  a  high  wall,  with  six  gates,  around  which  there  is 
another  wall  enclosing  the  suburbs,  with  eleven  gates,  and  about  5  m. 
in  circumference.  There  are  five  principal  and  many  smaller  mosques. 
The  houses,  according  to  the  custom  of  Barbary,  have  generally  only 
one  story,  and  the  streets  are  narrow,  crooked,  and  extremely  dirty. 
Tunis  appears  to  be  the  most  populous,  commercial,  and  civilized,  as 
well  as  most  ancient  town  in  all  Barbary.  Lat.  36°  48'  N.,  Lon.  10° 
11'  E.  Balbi  estimates  the  pop.  at  not  less  than  100,000;  the  P.  C.  at 
from  130,000  to  200,000. 

Turcoing,  tiiRx-kwaV,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Nord,  near  the  Belgian  frontier,  10  m.  N.  E.  of  Lille.    Pop.  8,749.  (M.) 

Tu'-rin  (Fr.  pron.  tiT-raV;  It.  Torino,  to-ree'-no;  Anc.  Augus'ta 
Taurino'rum) ;  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  N.  Italy,  cap.  of  the  Sardinian 
States,  and  of  a  prov.  of  its  own  name,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Po,  at 
its  junction  with  the  Dora,  about  80  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  Milan.  It  is  one 
of  the  most  regularly-built  towns  in  Europe,  especially  in  that  part 
which  is  called  Nuovo  Torino  (noo-o'-vo  to-ree'-no),  or  "  New  Turin." 
Some  of  the  streets  are  remarkably  handsome,  reminding  one  of  the 
finest  parts  of  Paris.  With  respect  to  literary  and  scientific  institu- 
tions, Turin  ranks  as  one  of  the  very  first  of  the  Italian  cities.  The 
University,  founded  in  1405,  is  the  most  frequented  in  Italy  (B.) ;  it  has 
a  library  of  112,000  vols.,  besides  about  2,000  manuscripts.  There  is 
also  a  military  academy;  a  royal  academy  of  sciences;  a  cabinet  of 
medals,  one  of  the  richest  in  Europe ;  an  Egyptian  museum,  contain- 
ing, among  many  other  curiosities,  the  most  extensive  and  interesting 
collection  of  Egyptian  manuscripts  that  exists  ;  and  many  other  similar 
establishments.  Lat.  45°  4'  N.,  Lon.  7°  40'  E.  The  pop.,  which  at 
the  commencement  of  the  last  century  was  only  about  42,000,  amount- 
ed in  1848,  including  the  suburbs,  to  135,000.     (P.  C.) 

Turnkey  or  Ottoman  Empire  (in  Turkish,  Osv-manv-lee^  Vif-a- 
yet'-ee\  or  the  "  country  of  the  Osmanlees"),  an  extensive  country  oc- 
cupying the  S.  E.  portion  of  Europe  and  the  W.  part  of  Asia,  princi- 


TUR— TWI  541 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

pally  situated  between  30°  and  48°  N.  Lat.,  and  16°  and  48°  E.  Lon. ; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Austria  and  the  Prussian  empire  (from  which  it  is 
partially  separated  by  the  Black  Sea),  E.  by  Persia,  S.  by  Arabia  and  by 
the  Mediterranean,  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean,  the  Adriatic,  and  the 
Austrian  territories.  Length,  from  N.  N.W.  to  S.  S.  E.,  above  1,800  m. ; 
greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S.,  perhaps  700  m.  Balbi  estimates  the  area 
of  European  Turkey  at  about  146,900  sq.  m.,  and  the  pep.  at 7,000,000; 
the  area  of  Asiatic  Turkey  at  about  741,000  sq.  m.,  and  the  pop.  at 
12,500,000,  which  would  give  887,900  sq.  miles  for  the  area,  and 
19,500,000  for  the  pop.  of  the  whole  empire.  The  religion  of  Turkey 
is  Mahometanism :  the  Grand  Seignior  is  regarded  as  the  vicegerent 
of  the  prophet,  and  the  protector  of  the  Moslem  faith.  The  govern- 
ment is  an  absolute  despotism,  the  sultan  being  under  no  other,  restraint 
than  what  the  laws  of  the  Koran  impose.  Constantinople  is  the  capi- 
tal.— Adj.  Turk/-ish  or  Ot^-to-man;  inhab.  Turk  or  Ottoman  (Turk. 
Os'-manx-lee'). 

Turkistan.     See  Toorkistan. 

Turn'-hout  (-howt),  a  well-built  t.  of  Belgium,  25  m.  E.  N.  E.  of 
Antwerp,  with  flourishing  manufactures.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Tusv-ca-loo'-sa,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  N.  VV.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by 
the  Black  Warrior  r.     Pop.  18,056. 

Tuscaloosa,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  and  formerly  of  the  state  of  Ala., 
is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Black  Warrior  r.,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat  navigation.     Lat.  33°  12'  N.,  Lon.  87°  42'  W. 

Tus;-ca-ny  (It.  Toscana,  tos-ka'-na ;  Anc.  Etru'ria),  Grand  Duchy 
of,  a  state  in  the  N.  and  middle  part  of  Italy,  between  42°  22'  and  44° 
30'  N.  Lat,  and  9°  40'  and  12°  13'  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  (with  the  excep- 
tion of  some  small  detached  portions)  on  the  N.  by  the  territories  of 
Lucca,  Modena,  and  the  Papal  State.  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the  Papal  State, 
and  S.  W.  and  W.  by  the  Mediterranean.  Length,  from  N.  to  S., 
about  130  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W.,  above  100  m.  Total 
area,  including  Elba  and  some  other  small  islands  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, 8,432  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1836,  1,436,780.  (P.  C.)  Florence  is  the 
capital. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Tus'-can. 

Tus-ca-rA'-was,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  Ohio 
and  Erie' Canal.  '  Pop.  31,761.     Co.  t.  New  Philadelphia. 

Tuy,  twee,  (Anc.  TVdse),  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Spain,  in  Galicia, 
on  the  Mifio  (Minho),  about  16  m.  from  its  mouth.  Lat.  42°  2'  N.,  Lon. 
8°  35'  W.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Tver  (Twer),  a  commercial  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Volga,  and  on  the  high  road  between  Moscow 
and  St.  Petersburg,  about  90  rn.  N.  W.  of  the  former  city.  Lat.  56° 
52'  N.,  Lon.  35°  57'  E.     Pop.  24,000.     (P.  C.) 

Twked,  a  r.  of  Great  Britain,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween England  and  Scotland,  and  falls  into  the  North  Sea  at  Berwick. 

Twiggs,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Ga.,  on  tne  E.  side  of  the  Oc- 
mulgee  r.     Pop.  8,179.     Co.  t.  Marion. 
46 


542  TYL— UDI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  65  as  in  good 

Ty/-lkr,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  5,498. 
Co.  t.  Middlebourn. 

Tyne,  a  r.  in  the  N.  of  England,  falling-  into  the  North  Sea  at  Tyne- 
mouth.  It  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  300  or  400  tons  as  far  as  New- 
castle. 

Tyne'-mouth  or  North  Shields,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Northumber- 
land, at  the  mouth  of  the  above  r.,  on  its  N.  bank,  immediately  oppo- 
site to  S.  Shields,  and  7  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Newcastle.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, 11,890. 

Tyre  (called  by  the  Jews,  Tsoor ;  by  the  Arabs,  Soor ;  Gr.  Tupoj ; 
Lat.  Ty/rus) ;  a  celebrated  city  and  emporium  of  antiquity,  on  the  S.  E. 
coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  Lat.  33°  17'  N.,  Lon.  35°  14'  E.  A  vil- 
lage of  about  1,500  inhabitants  now  occupies  the  site  of  the  town  which 
was  the  glory  of  ancient  Phoenicia.  The  immense  mound  built  by 
Alexander  the  Great,  during  the  memorable  siege  of  the  second  Tyre, 
appears  to  be  the  only  monument  of  antiquity  which  can  attract  the 
attention  of  the  traveller.  (B.) — Adj.  and  inhab.  Tyr'-i^an. 

Tyree  or  Tyry.     See  Tiree. 

Tyrnau,  teeR'-nou  (Hung.  Nagy  Szombath,  nody  som-bdt),  a  com- 
mercial t.  of  Hungary,  cap.  of  the  "  circle  beyond  the  Danube,"  27  m. 
N.  E.  of  Presburg.     Pop.  above  7,000.     (B.) 

Tyr'-ol*  (Ger.  pron.  te-role^),  a  country  of  Germany,  forming  a  part 
of  the  Austrian  dominions,  between  45°  40'  and  47°  44'  N.  Lat.,  and  9° 
32'  and  12°  55'  E.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Bavaria,  E.  by  Austria 
and  Carinthia,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Italy,  and  W.  by  Italy  and  Switzerland. 
.Greatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  about  135  m.  ;  greatest  breadth,  from 
N.  to  S.,  above  120  m.  Area  11,457  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1832,  813,000. 
(P.  C.)  A  large  portion  of  this  country  is  mountainous.  The  Tyrolese, 
like  the  Swiss,  are  remarkable  for  their  strong  attachment  to  their  na- 
tive land.  Trent  (Trient)  is  the  chief  town. — Adj.  Tyr-o-le'-an  and 
Tyr-o-lese'  ;  inhab.  Tyrolese. 

Tyr-one',  an  inland  co.  in  the  N.  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Ulster,  YV.  of, 
and  bordering  on  Lough  Neagh.     Pop.  in  1831,  304,468.     (P.  C.) 

Tyr/-rel,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  S.  side  of  Albemarle 
Sound.     Pop.  5,133.     Co.  t.  Columbia. 

Ucayali,  oo-kl-yaMe,  a  r.  of  Peru,  which  joins  the  Tunguragua  to 
form  the  Amazon.  According  to  some  geographers,  it  is  properly  the 
Amazon  itself. 

Udine,  oo'-de-na,  a  walled  t.  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of 
Udine  or  Friuli,  on  an  elevated  plain,  about  20  m.  from  the  Adriatic, 

*  We  sometimes  hear  this  name  accentuated  in  English  like  the  German,  but 
the  pronunciation  that  we  have  given  appears  to  have  the  sanction  of  the  best 
speakers,  and  is  supported  by  the  authority  of  one  of  our  first  poets. 

"  like  him  wayworn 

Descending  from  the  Tyrol  as  night  fell," — 

Rogers's  Italy,  Part  Finrt,  VIIL 


UIS—UNI  543 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

on  the  high  road  between  Venice  and  Vienna.  It  is  well  built,  and 
contains  20,000  inhabitants.  (B.)     Lat.  46°  3'  N.,  Lon.  13°  15'  E. 

Uist,  wist,*  (or  more  properly  list,)  the  name  of  two  islands  of  the 
Hebrides,  off  the  W.  coast  of  Scotland,  belonging  to  Inverness-shire. 
North  Uist  is  about  16  m.  in  length,  and  nearly  13  m.  in  its  greatest 
breadth.  South  Uist  is  above  20  m.  in  length,  and  6  or  7  m.  in  its 
greatest  breadth. 

U'-kraine  (Polish,  Ukrai'na,  oo-kra-ee^-na),  a  name  which  has  been 
rather  indefinitely  applied  to  an  extensive  and  fertile  tract  in  the  S. 
part  of  European  Russia,  on  both  sides  of  the  Dnieper,  now  comprising 
the  governments  of  Kief,  Podolia,  Poltava,  and  Slobode  Ukraina ;  the 
last  is  sometimes  called  the  gov.  of  Ukraine. 

Uleaborg,  ooMe-6-boRG\  a  seaport  t.  of  Russia,  in  the  grand-duchy 
of  Finland,  cap.  of  a  circle  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  r.  Ule&  (ooMe-6).  Lat.  65°  N.,  Lon.  about  25°  30'  E. 
Pop.  about  5,000.     (M.) 

Ulm  (Ger.  pron.  oolm),  formerly  an  important  fortress  ofWurtem- 
berg,  on  the  Danube,  where  it  begins  to  be  navigable,  45  m.  S.  E.  of 
Stuttgart.  Its  cathedral  or  Munster,  though  unfinished,  is  a  fine  spe- 
cimen of  ancient  Gothic  architecture,  and  one  of  the  largest  and  loftiest 
churches  in  Germany.  Lat.  48°  23'  N.,  Lon.  9°  59'  E.  Pop.  16,000. 
(PC.) 

UiZ-ster,  the  most  northern  of  the  four  provinces  of  Ireland,  com- 
prising the  counties  of  Antrim,  Armagh,  Cavan,  Donegal,  Down,  Fer- 
managh, Londonderry,  Monaghan,  and  Tyrone. 

Ulster,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Hud- 
son r.     Pop.  59,384.     Co.  t.  Kingston. 

Umea,  oo'-me-6,  a  small  r.  in  the  N.  of  Sweden,  which  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Bothnia,  in  about  63°  40'  N.  Lat. 

Um'-mer-a-poo'-ra  (Amarapoura — see  Int.  XIX.,  1,  Obs.),  a  decayed 
city  of  Chin  India,  formerly  the  cap.  of  the  Birman  empire.  Lat.  21° 
55'  N.,  Lon.  96°  T  E. 

Underwalden.     See  Unterwalden. 

Union,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna r.     Pop.  26,083.     Co.  t.  New  ^Berlin. 

Union,  a  district  in  the  N.  N.  W.  part  of  S.  C,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Broad  r.     Pop.  19,852.     Seat  of  justice,  Unionville. 

Union,  a  co.  on  the  N.  border  of  Ga.     Pop.  7,234.   Co.  t.  Blairsville. 

Union,  a  parish  on  the  N.  border  of  La.  Pop.  8,203.  Seat  of  jus- 
tice, Farmersville. 

Union,  a  co.  on  the  S.  border  of  Ark.  Pop.  10,298.  Seat  of  justice, 
Union  c.  h. 

Union,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  9,012. 
Co.  t.  Morganfield. 

*  "  Be  mine,  so  please  my  liege,  -jismiss'd 
To  wake  to  arms  the  clans  of  Uist." 

Scott's  Lord  of  the  Isles,  Canto  IV. 


544  UNI— UNI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fit;  me,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

Union,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Ohio.     Pop.  12,204.     Co.  t. 
Marysville. 

Union,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering   on   Ohio. 
Pop.  6,944.     Co.  t.  Liberty. 

Union,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  111.,  on  the  Mississippi  r.     Pop. 
7,615.     Co.  t.  Jonesboro. 

United  States,  a  federal  republic  of  N.  America,  between  25°  and 
49°  N.  Lat.,  and  66°  50/  and  124°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N. 
by  British  America,  from  which  it  is  partially  separated  by  the  great 
lakes  Superior,  Huron,  Erie,  and  Ontario,  and  the  r.  St.  Lawrence, 
E.  by  the  British  Province  of  New  Brunswick  and  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  S.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Mexican  States,  from 
which  it  is  chiefly  separated  by  the  Rio  del  Norte  and  Gila  r.,  and 
on  the  W.  by  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  United  States  now  form  nearly 
a  parallelogram  of  about  2,400  miles  in  mean  length  from  east 
to  west,  and  an  average  breadth  from  north  to  south  of  about 
1,300  miles.  The  extreme  length  is  more  than  2,700  miles,  and 
the  greatest  breadth  near  1,600  miles.  Total  population  in 
1850  (exclusive  of  the  Indians  on  the  unappropriated  territory) 
23,246,301,  of  whom  3,198,298  are  slaves.  Since  the  first  edition 
of  this  Gazetteer  was  published,  astonishing  changes  have  taken 
place  in  the  extent  and  resources  of  the  United  States.  This  great 
confederacy  now  (1852)  possesses  an  empire  extending  over  more 
than  3,200,000  sq.  m.,  of  which  about  825,000  sq.  m.  have  been 
added  by  annexation,  conquest,  and  purchase,  within  the  last  7  yrs. 
A  new  state,  California,  has  sprung  up  on  our  Pacific  coast,  supply- 
ing by  its  inexhaustible  mines  of  gold,  as  well  as  by  its  peculiar 
geographical  and  commercial  position,  a  new  and  mighty  impetus  to 
the  enterprise  and  energy  of  our  citizens  of  every  state  and  territory. 
The  vast  regions  of  the  far  northwest,  which  but  a  few  years  ago 
were  gloomy  forests  or  lonely  prairies,  unexplored  and  untrodden, 
except  by  the  wandering  savage  or  the  fearless  hunter,  are  now  dotted 
with  towns  and  villages  and  resound  with  the  hum  of  an  ever-active 
population.  The  rivers,  whose  waters  had  borne  only  the  light  canoe 
or  occasional  masses  of  drift-wood,  are  now  plowed  by  the  rapid 
steamer  or  burdened  with  the  unwieldy  raft.  Even  in  the  older 
states  a  rapid  progress  has  been  made.  With  a  view  to  present 
to  the  reader  data  which  may  enable  him  to  form  a  correct  idea 
of  the  advancement  of  our  country,  a  table  has  been  prepared  show- 
ing the  population  of  each  state  in  1840  and  1850,  with  a  list  of 
the  counties  and  their  population,  those  which  have  been  added  since 
the  census  of  1840  being  distinguished  from  the  others  by  a  star. 
(See  Appendix  B.)  The  republic  comprises  thirty-one  states,  be- 
sides six  territories,  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  The  United 
States  have  been  usually  classed  into  four  great  divisions,  viz.  : — 
1.  The  Eastern  or  New-England  States,  comprising  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecti- 
cut. 2.  The  Middle  States — New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Delaware,  and  Maryland.     3.  The  Southern  States — Virginia, 


UNT— UNT  545 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Missis- 
sippi, Louisiana,  and  Texas.  4.  The  Western  States — Arkansas, 
Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin, 
Iowa,  and  Missouri,  with  Minnesota,  Indian,  and  Missouri  territories. 
To  these  we  may  now  add,  5.  The  Pacific  Division,  embracing  the 
State  of  California,  and  the  territories  of  Oregon,  Utah,  and  New 
Mexico.  There  are  six  cities  (including  their  suburbs)  numbering 
from  130,000  to  650,000  inhabitants  ;  three  from  50,000  to  100,000 ; 
five  from  40,000  'to  44,000  ;  four  from  30,000  to  40,000  ;  twelve  from 
20,000  to  30,000  ;  and  thirty-four  from  10,000  to  20,000  inhab.  The 
total  revenue  for  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1851,  was  $52,312,979,87. 
Of  this  amount  $49,017,567.02  were  from  the  customs.  Public  debt 
in  December,  1851,  $62,560,305.26.  Imports  for  the  fiscal  year  1851, 
$215,725,995  ;  exports  for  the  same  period  $217,517,130,'  of  which 
$29,231,880  was  specie,  and  $9,738,695  re-exported  foreign  mer- 
chandise. Cotton  exported  in  the  same  year  927,237,089  ft),  and 
breadstuffs  and  provisions  to  the  value  of  $21,918,653.  Railroads 
completed  11,565  m.,  at  a  total  cost  of  $335,150,848;  in  course  of 
construction  11,228  m. 

Steam  Marine  of  the  V.  S. — On  the  Atlantic  coast  there  are  46 
ocean  steamers,  274  ordinary  steamers,  65  propellers,  and  80  ferry- 
boats— tonnage  154,270  tons.  On  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  12  ocean 
steamers,  95  ordinary  steamers,  and  2  propellers — tonnage  23,244 
tons.  On  the  Pacific  coast,  37  ocean  steamers,  and  13  ordinary  steam- 
ers— tonnage  37,986. 

Inland  Steam  Marine. — On  the  northern  ^frontier  there  are  164 
steamers,  in  the  Ohio  basin  348,  and  in  the  Mississippi  valley  255, 
total  767  ;   tonnage  204,723. 

Each  of  the  thirty-one  states  constitutes  a  republic  independent 
of  the  others,  with  respect  to  those  affairs  which  are  purely  local;  but 
matters  of  general  interest,  such  as  providing-  for  the  defence  of  the 
country,  and  the  regulation  of  its  intercourse  with  foreign  nations,  fall 
within  the  province  of  the  federal  government.  The  legislature  of  this 
government  is  vested  in  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  The 
members  of  the  latter  are  elected  every  two  years  by  the  people  ;  the 
senators  are  appointed  by  the  state  legislatures,  two  being  chosen  by 
each  state,  for  the  term  of  six  years.  The  executive  power  is  in- 
trusted to  a  president,  who  holds  his  office  for  a  term  of  four  years. 
The  president  is  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy;  and  has 
*he  power,  in  conjunction  with  the  senate,  to  make  treaties,  appoint 
ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers,  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
2ourt,  and  the  various  executive  officers  of  the  general  government. 
The  vice-president  presides  over  the  senate,  and  in  case  the  votes  are 
equally  divided,  he  is  permitted  to  decide  by  a  casting  vote;  in  the 
event  of  the  president's  death,  he  becomes  president  for  the  remainder 
of  the  term.     Washington  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Unterwalden,  oonv-ter-wal'-den,  a  canton  in  the  central  part  of 
Switzerland,  S.  of,  and  bordering  on  L.  Lucerne.  Area  267  sq.  m. 
46* 


546  UPS— URI 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n6t ;  oo  as  in  good; 

Pop.,  in  1835,  23,600.  (P.  C.)  The  canton  is  divided  into  two  dis- 
tricts, namely,  Upper  and  Lower  Unterwalden.  Stanz  (stints),  a  little 
t.  near  the  L.  of  Lucerne,  with  about  2,000  inhabitants,  is  the  cap.  of 
Lower  Unterwalden,  and  Sarnen,  a  small  t.  of  about  the  same  size,  on 
the  Aa,  at  its  egress  from  the  L.  of  Sarnen  or  Sarner-See  (sait/-ner  sa), 
is  the  cap.  of  Upper  Unterwalden. 

Up/-sal  or  Upsala,  up-saMa,  an  archiepiscopal  city  of  Sweden,  cap. 
of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Sala,  37  m.  N.  by  VV.  of  Stock- 
holm. The  most  interesting  buildings  are  those  of  the  University,  and 
the  Cathedral,  which  is  the  largest  and  most  magnificent  in  Scandi- 
navia. The  University,  founded  in  1478,  is  the  most  celebrated  and 
flourishing  institution  of  the  kind  in  the  N.  of  Europe:  connected  with 
it  is  a  library  of  nearly  100,000  vols.  The  number  of  students  is  be- 
tween 1,000  and  1,500.  Many  eminent  scientific  men  have  been  pro- 
fessors in  this  university,  among  whom  we  may  cite  the  names  of 
Linneus,  Scheele,  and  Berzelius.  Lat.  59°  52'  N.,  Lon.  17°  39'  E.  Pop., 
without  including  the  students  of  the  University,  about  4,000.     (B.( 

Up'-son,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Flint  river. 
Pop.  9,424.     Co.  t.  Thomaston. 

U'-ral  (or  Oural,  oo-ral')  Mountains,  a  chain  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Eastern  Continent,  forming  a  portion  of  the  boundary  between 
Europe  and  Asia,  between  51°  and  70°  N.  Lat.,  and  55°  and  65°  E. 
Lon.  Their  general  direction  is  almost  due  N.  and  S.  None  of  the 
summits  of  this  mountain  system  appear  to  be  very  elevated,  the  highest 
being,  according  to  the  best  authorities,  between  5,000  and  6,000  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  These  mountains  are  exceedingly  rich  in 
ores.  It  is  probable  that  a  very  small  portion  of  their  treasure  has  yet 
been  revealed,  as  most  of  the  mines  in  this  region  have  been  opened 
within  the  last  70  or  80  years,  and  scarcely  a  year  passes  without  new 
deposites  being  discovered. — Adj.  U-rai/-i-an  or  oo-raF-e-an. 

Ural  (Oural)  or  Yaik,  yaMk,  a  r.  which  rises  on  the  E.  declivity  of 
the  Ural  Mountains,  near  55°  N.  Lat,  and  59°  E.  Lon.  and  flowing 
southerly,  in  its  general  course,  falls  into  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Cas- 
pian Sea,  by  several  mouths.  The  length  has  been  estimated  at  900 
m.  It  is  navigable  for  large  barges  to  Orsk  or  Orskaya,  near  the  S. 
extremity  of  the  Ural  Mountains. 

Urbino,  ooR-bee'-no,  (Anc.  Urbi'num  Horten'se,)  an  archiepiscopal  t. 
of  Italy,  in  the  Papal  State,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Urbino  and  Pesaro,  20 
m.  from  the  Adriatic.  It  is  surrounded  with  walls,  has  several  fine 
buildings,  and  is  the  seat  of  a  university.  Urbino  is  remarkable  as  the 
birth-place  of  the  immortal  Raphael.  Lat.  43°  44',  Lon.  12°  37'  E. 
Pop.  about  7,000.     (B.) 

Urfa.     See  Oorfa. 

U'-rx  (Ger.  pron.  oo'-re),  a  canton  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Switzer- 
land, bordering  on  the  L.  of  Lucerne.  Area  424  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1826, 
13,000  (B.),  in  1836,  13,519.  (P.  C.)*    Altorf  is  the-capital. 

*  McCulloch  states  the  population  at  40,650! 


URM— UZE  547 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin;  tii,  as  in  this;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Urmiah.     See  Ooroomeea. 

Uruguay,  oo-roo-gwi',  a  r.  of  S.  America,  which  rises  in  the  S. 
part  of  Brazil,  between  27°  and  28°  N.  Lat,  and  about  50°  W.  Lon. ; 
flowing  at  first  westerly,  and  afterwards  southerly,  it  joins  the  Parana 
to  form  the  La  Plata.  Length  estimated  at  near  1,000  m.  Though  it 
brings  down  a  great  quantity  of  water,  it  is  said  to  be  navigated  with 
difficulty,  on  account  of  its  numerous  rocks  and  the  rapidity  of  its  cur- 
rent. 

Uruguay,  Republic  of,  or  the  Eastern  Republic  of  the  Uru- 
guay, (Republica  del  Uruguay  Oriental,  r.i-poobMe-ka  dtl  oo-roo-gwi/ 
o-re-Gn-tal/),  called  also  the  Banda  Oriental,  a  republic  of  S.  America, 
between  53°  and  59'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  and  E.  by  Brazil,  S. 
by  the  Atlantic  and  the  r.  La  Plata,  and  W.  by  the  r.  Uruguay. 
Length  about  380  m. ;  greatest  breadth  near  300  m.  Area  estimated 
at  80,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  70,000.  (B.)  The  territory  of  this  republic 
formerly  constituted  the  principal  part  of  the  Banda  Oriental,  one  of 
the  divisions  of  the  vice-royalty  of  Buenos  Ayres,  whence  that  name  is 
still  sometimes  applied  to  the  republic.     Montevideo  is  the  capital. 

Urumiya.     See  Ooroomeea. 

Ustiug.     See  Oostioog. 

U'tah,  originally  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Upper  California,  ceded 
to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  with  Mexico  in  1848,  was  erected 
into  a  separate  territory  in  1850.  It  lies  between  37°  and  42°  N. 
Lat.,  and  between  105°  30/  and  120°  W.  Lon.,  being  about  620  m.  in 
length  from  E.  to  W.,  and  347  broad  from  N.  to  S.,  and  including 
an  area  of  187,923  sq.  m.  It  is  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Oregon,  E.  by 
Indian  Territory  and  New  Mexico,  S.  by  New  Mexico,  and  W.  by 
California.  The  Rocky  mountains  separate  it  from  Indian  Territory, 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada  partly  from  California.  It  is  divided  into  9 
counties.*  By  the  census  of  1850,  Utah  contained  11,380  inhab.,  of 
whom  11,330  were  white,  24  free  coloured  persons,  and  26  slaves. 
There  were  232  deaths  in  the  year  ending  June  30th,  1850,  or  about 
21  in  every  thousand. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Mountains,  &c. — This  extensive  region  is  an 
elevated  table-land,  generally  of  hopeless  sterility,  and  divided  into 
nearly  equal  portions  by  the  Sierra  Madre  mountains.  The  western 
section,  known  as  the  Great,  or  Fremont  Basin,  is  hemmed  in  by 
mountains  on  all  sides,  having  the  Blue  mountains  of  Oregon  on  the 
N.,  the  Wahsatch  mountains  on  the  E.,  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains 
on  the  W.,  and  a  nameless  mountain  or  mountains  on  the  S.  This 
basin  has  an  extent  of  about  400  m.  from  E.  to  W.,  by  250  from 
N.  to  S.,  and  a  general  elevation  of  from  4000  to  5000  ft.  above  the 
level  of  the  sea,  "  with  its  own  system  of  lakes  and  rivers,  and 
having  no  communication  with  the  ocean. "     The  eastern  portion  is 

*  Davis,  Great  Salt  Lake,  Iron,  San  Pete,  Tooele  (too-il-e),  Utah,  Weber 
Box  Elder,  and  Millard. 


548  UTA— UTA 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat;  m£,  m£t;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in  good; 

covered  with  a  white  incrustation  of  saline  and  alkaline  matter,  and 
the  western  with  a  mixture  of  salt,  sand,  and  clay,  in  which  animals 
sink  to  their  knees.  Several  detached  mountains  traverse  this  basin, 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Humboldt  mountains,  which  run  from 
N.  to  S.,near  the  centre  of  the  basin,  and  are  elevated  from  2,000  to 
5,000  ft.  above  the  surrounding  country.  The  eastern  portion  of 
Utah,  lying  between  the  Wasatch  and  Rocky  mountains,  is  believed 
to  be  even  more  sterile  than  the  western. 

Rivers,  Lakes,  &c. — The  Grand  and  Green  rivers,  with  their  tribu- 
taries, drain  the  eastern  portion  of  Utah.  The  Green  r.  rises  in  the 
S.  E.  of  Oregon,  and  running  southerly  about  500  m.,  joins  the 
Grand  r.  near  the  southern  boundary  of  Utah,  and  forms  the  Colorado. 
The  Grand  r.  rises  in  the  Rocky  mountains,  in  the  E.  of  Utah,  and 
runs  in  a  S.  W.  course  about  300  m.,  to  its  junction  with  the  Green 
river.  The  Great  Basin  has  no  large  rivers.  The  Humboldt,  or 
Mary's  r.,  rises  in  the  Humboldt  mountains,  and  running  S.  W. 
about  300  m.,  loses  itself  in  a  slough  or  lake,  called  Humboldt's  lake. 
Near  the  base  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  on  the  western  bor- 
der of  the  Great  Basin,  is  a  series  of  small  lakes  (the  largest,  Pyra- 
mid Lake,  is  about  40  m.  long),  which  receive  the  waters  flowing 
from  the  eastern  declivity  of  the  Sierra  Nevada.  There  are  several 
streams  in  other  parts  of  the  desert,  which  lose  themselves  in  like 
manner  in  sloughs,  or  small  lakes.  Nicollet  r.,  on  the  E.  rim  of  the 
basin,  has  a  N.  and  W.  course  of  about  300  miles,  and  empties  into 
a  lake  of  the  same  name.  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  largest  body  of 
water  in  Utah,  lies  in-the  N.  E.  part  of  the  Great  Basin,  and  is  about 
75  miles  long  by  35  wide,  but  has  a  much  greater  extent  at  the 
melting  of  the  snows.  This  lake  is  so  salt  that  no  living  thing  is 
found  in  it,  and  on  the  receding  of  the  waters  from  the  beach  in  the 
dry  season,  it  is  left  covered  with  thick  incrustations  of  salt.  About 
25  m.  S.  of  this,  and  communicating  with  it  by  the  Jordan  r.,  is  lake 
Utah,  about  35  miles  in  length.  Its  water  is  fresh  and  well  stocked 
with  trout  and  other  fish.  The  elevation  of  these  lakes  is  from 
4,200  to  4,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Bear  river,  from  Ore- 
gon, is  the  largest  tributary  of  Salt  Lake,  and  has  a  course  of  about 
200  m.  in  a  S.  W.  direction. 

Agriculture  and  Productions. — The  arable  portions  of  Utah  are  but 
a  small  fraction  of  the  whole  territory,  and  are  confined  to  the  val- 
leys of  the  rivers  and  lakes.  The  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley,  Bear 
r.  valley,  Utah  valley,  Yoab  valley,  South  valley,  Sevier  valley,  and 
Sand  Pitch  valley,  are  the  principal  agricultural  districts.  The  first 
of  these  is  much  the  largest,  being  about  120  m.  long,  and  from  20 
to  40  broad  ;  but  of  this  area  a  very  large  proportion  is  occupied  by 
the  lake  itself.  South,  valley  is  30  m.  long  by  20  wide  ;  Utah  60  m. 
long  by  20  wide  ;  and  Sand  Pitch  40  or  50  by  20  m.  "  There  are 
tracts  of  land  in  each  of  these  valleys  of  considerable  extent,  which 
are  not  susceptible  of  cultivation,  because  they  cannot  be  irrigated/'* 

•  See  Dr.  Bemishel's  letter  to  Senator  Smith. 


UTA— UTA  549 

ou,  as  in  our  ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  tliis ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

a  necessary  part  of  husbandry  in  Utah.  The  upper  portion  of  the 
valleys  of  the  Grand  and  Green  rivers  is  "  incapable  of  supporting 
any  population  whatever.  The  Unitah  and  Green  river  valleys,  ly- 
ing lower  doAvn  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Colorado,  are,  however,  not 
so  sterile/'  There  is  a  belt  of  fertile  land  at  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tains, and  on  the  borders  of  most  of  the  streams.  The  Humboldt  r. 
is  important  in  this  respect,  as  it  supplies  emigrants  to  California 
with  pasturage  for  their  animals.  Wheat,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat, 
Indian  corn,  and  the  garden  vegetables  of  the  Middle  States  are  the 
agricultural  products  of  Utah.  By  the  census  of  1850,  there  were 
15,219  acres  of  land  under  cultivation,  producing  103,441  bushels  of 
wheat;  9,144  bushels  of  Indian  corn;  8,897  ft)  of  wool;  74,064ft) 
of  butter ;  32,646  ft)  of  cheese  ;  and  4,288  tons  of  hay.  The  value 
of  live  stock  was  $533,951,  and  of  farming  implements  and  other 
machinery  $78,495. 

Timber. — "  This  whole  country  is  almost  entirely  destitute  of  tim- 
ber, except  on  the  sides  of  some  of  the  high  rocky  mountains,  or  in 
the  canons  whence  issue  the  mountain  streams.  There  are  some 
groves  of  cottonwood  and  box-elder  in  the  bottoms  of  some  of  the 
principal  streams." 

Manufactures. — There  were  also,  according  to  the  census  reports, 
16  manufacturing  establishments,  producing  $500  per  annum  and 
upwards.  Home-made  manufactures  were  produced  to  the  value  of 
$1,391. 

Climate  and  Meteorology. — Dr.  Bernishel  and  Mr.  Snow,  in  their 
letters  to  Senator  Smith  on  this  subject,  say  that  "  the  climate  of 
Great  Salt  Lake  City,  in  Lat.  40°  45/  N.,  is  milder  and  drier  than  in 
the  same  parallel  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  the  temperature  more 
uniform,  the  thermometer  rarely  descending  to  zero.  During  three 
years,  according  to  observation,  the  highest  point  attained  by  the 
thermometer  was  100°  above,  and  5°  below  zero.  The  variation  be- 
tween the  temperature  of  day  and  night,  in  midsummer,  is  from  20° 
to  40°.  Frosts  in  Utah  valley  fall  as  late  as  the  last  of  May  and  as 
early  as  the  first  of  September,  and  slight  ones  during  the  intermediate 
months,  rendering  Indian  corn  and  vines  rather  uncertain  crops.  Kain 
seldom  falls  between  April  and  October,  except  on  the  high  moun- 
tains, where  thunder-showers  are  frequent." 

Great  Salt  Lake  City  is  the  principal  town,  and  the  capital  of  this 
territory.*  It  is  a  Mormon  settlement  (the  most  of  the  inhab.  of 
Utah  are  Mormons),  situated  near  the  E.  bank  of  the  Jordan  r.,  and 
about  22  m.  S.  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  streets  cross  each  other 
at  right  angles,  forming  squares  of  ten  acres  each,  with  eight  lots 
to  a  square.  There  are  four  public  squares  in  the  city.  The  houses 
are  mostly  small,  and  built  of  adobes  or  unburnt  brick,  but  are  re- 

•  It  is  stated  that  the  capital  is  about  to  be  removed  to  a  place  to  be  called 
Fillmore,  in  a  county  to  be  named  Millard,  in  Pauvan  valley,  161  miles  south 
of  Great  Salt  Lake  City. 


550  URU— UZE 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  m£t ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n6t;  60  as  in  good; 

garded  merely  as  temporary.  It  is  in  contemplation  to  erect  a  tem- 
ple larger  than  that  at  Nauvoo.  There  are  good  schools  in  this 
town,  in  some  of  which  Greek,  Latin,  German  and  French  are  taught. 
Lying  on  the  emigrant's  route  to  California,  this  is  important  as  a 
place  at  which  to  refit  and  rest  the  caravans.     Pop.  about  6000. 

Urumiya.     See  Ooroomeea. 

Ustiug.     See  Oostioog. 

U'-ti-ca,  a  handsome  city  of  Oneida  co.,  in  the  E.  central  part  of 
New  York,  is  situated  on  the  Mohawk  r.  and  on  the  R.  R.  from  Al- 
bany to  Buffalo,  82  m.  in  a  direct  line  W.  N.  W.  from  the  former  and 
231  by  R.  R.  from  the  latter.  The  streets  are  wide  and  regular,  and 
the  houses  are  chiefly  constructed  of  brick  and  stone.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  rich,  well  cultivated  country,  and  is  the  centre  of  an  ac- 
tive trade,  which  is  facilitated  by  the  Erie  and  Chenango  canals. 
The  former,  which  is  here  70  feet  wide,  passes  through  the  town  and 
is  crossed  by  several  bridges ;  the  latter  extends  from  Utica  to  Bing- 
hamton.  Utica  is  enlivened  in  the  summer  and  autumn  by  the  ar- 
rival of  a  large  number  of  travellers  on  their  way  to  Trenton  Falls, 
which  are  about  15  m.  distant.  Among  the  public  buildings  and 
institutions  are  a  court-house,  an  exchange,  two  academies,  the  Utica 
Library,  a  Museum,  a  Mechanics'  Institute  which  supports  popular 
lectures,  and  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum — a  large  stone  edifice,  situated 
1  m.  W.  from  the  centre  of  the  town.  This  place  is  the  seat  of  ex- 
tensive manufactures  of  iron,  leather,  paper,  and  flour.  It  was  in- 
corporated as  a  village  in  1798,  and  as  a  city  in  1830.  The  pop.  in 
1840  was  12,782  ;  in  1850  it  amounted  to  17,565. 

Utrecht,  u'-trekt,  (Dutch  pron.  iV-treKt ;  Anc.  TrajWtum,*)  a  noted 
city  of  Holland,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Rhine,  20  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Amsterdam.  It  is  the  seat  of  a  celebrated  university, 
founded  in  1634,  and  attended  by  about  600  students.  (M.)  This  city 
is  the  head-quarters  of  the  Jansenists,  who  have  here  an  archbishop 
and  chapter  Lat.  52°  5'  31"  N.,  Lon.  5°  7  E.  Pop.  about  45,000. 
(P.  C.) 

Utrecht,  Province  of,  is  situated  in  the  N.  or  N.  central  part  of 
Holland,  bordering  on  the  Zuyder  Zee.     Pop.  147,681.     (P.  C.) 

Utrera,  oo-tra)-ra,  a  t.  of  Spain,  in  Andalusia,  15  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Seville.     Pop.  11,000.     (B.) 

Uttoxeter,  ux'-e-ter,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  17  m. 
W.  by  S.  of  Derby. 

Ux'-bridge,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Middlesex,  on  the  r.  Colne  and  the 
Grand  Junction  Canal,  15  m.  N.  by  YV.  of  London.  It  is  remarkable 
as  having  the  largest  country  corn-market  in  the  kingdom.  Pop. 
3,219. 

Uzes,  uv-zace',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Gard,  12  m.  S.  by  E.  of 
Nismes.     Lat.  44°  1'  N.,  Lon.  4°  25'  E.     Pop.  5,986.     (M.) 

*The  name  of  Utrecht  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from  its  position,  ultra  Trajec- 
turn  [Rheni],  "  beyond  the  passage  of  the  Rhine." 


VAL— VAL  551 

ou,  as  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin  ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Val-de-Peiias,  val-d;\-pane'-yas,  (i.e.  the  "valley  of  rocks,")  a  well- 
built  t.  of  Spain,  in  New  Castile,  112  in.  S.  of  Madrid,  celebrated  for 
its  wines.     Pop.  8,000.     (B.) 

Valais,  vaNla/,  (Ger.  Wallis,  walMis,)  a  large  canton,  forming1  the 
S.  S.  W.  extremity  of  Switzerland.  Length,  85  m.;  greatest  breadth, 
40  m.  Area,  1,672  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1837,  75,798.  (P.  C.)  Sion,  sev-ON', 
(in  German,  Sit'-ten ;  Anc.  Sedu'num,)  a  little  t.  near  the  right  bank 
of  the  Rhone,  with  2,500  inhabitants  (B.),  is  the  capital.  Lat.  46°  14' 
N..  Lon.  7°  22'  E.— Adj.  and  inhab.  Valv-ai-,W.* 

Valdivia,  val-dee'-ve-a,  a  t.  of  Chili,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  an  estuary  formed  by  the  confluence  of  several  small  rivers. 
Its  harbour  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  W.  coast  of  S.  America.  Lat. 
39°  53'  S.,  Lon.  73°  33'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at  5,000.     (B.) 

Valence,  vaMaNce^,  (Anc.  Valencia),  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Drome,  on  the  Rhone,  (here  crossed  by  a  handsome  suspension 
bridge,)  60  m.  S.  of  Lyons.  Lat.  44°  56'  N.,  Lon.  4°  53'  E.  Pop. 
10,000.     (B.) 

Valencia,  val-en'-she-a,  (Sp.  pron.  va-len'-the-a,)  formerly  a  king- 
dom and  now  a  large  province  of  Spain,  in  the  E.  part  of  the  peninsula; 
bounded  on  the  N.  by  Aragon,  N.  E.  by  Catalonia,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  the 
Mediterranean,  and  W.  by  Murcia.  Length,  above  200  m. ;  greatest 
breadth,  about  70  m.  Valencia  occupies  one  of  the  finest  and  most  fer- 
tile portions  in  the  Spanish  peninsula. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Valencian, 
val-en^-she-an  (Sp.  Valenciano,  va-lenx-the-a'-no). 

Valencia  (Anc.  Valencia  Edetano'rum),  an  archiepiscopal  city  of 
Spain,  cap.  of  the  above  prov.,  in  a  wide  and  fertile  plain,  called  La 
Huerta  (la  weV-t&)  or  "the  garden,"  on  the  Guadalaviar,  about  7m. 
above  its  entrance  into  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  enclosed  by  massive 
walls,  built  by  the  Moors,  flanked  at  intervals  with  round  towers,  and 
is  entered  by  four  gates.  Among  its  remarkable  edifices  may  be  men- 
tioned the  magnificent  Cathedral,  regarded  as  one  of  the  finest  in 
Spain.  Valencia  is  distinguished  as  a  seat  of  literature  and  science. 
Its  university,  founded  in  1411,  was  formerly  considered  the  best  in 
Spain,  particularly  for  the  study  of  medicine,  and  is  now  the  most  fre- 
quented of  any  in  the  kingdom  ;  in  1830,  it  had  nearly  2,500  students. 
There  are  also  seven  colleges,  a  royal  academy  of  fine  arts,  and  seve- 
ral other  similar  institutions.  Valencia  holds  a  conspicuous  place  in 
Spanish  history.  It  was  taken  from  the  Moors  about  the  year  1090,  by 
the  celebrated  Cid  ;  and  though  it  was  reconquered  by  the  Mahometans, 
it  has  since  been  generally  distinguished  from  other  towns  of  the  same 
name,  as  Valencia  of  the  Cid  (Valencia  del  Cid).  Lat.  39°  29'  N., 
Lon.,  0°  23'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  about  66,000.     (B.) 

Valencia,  sometimes  called  New  Valencia,  a  flourishing  commer- 
cial t.  of  S.  America,  in  the  republic  of  Venezuela,  near  the  VV.  extre- 


'There  did  she  blossom  till  a  Valaisan, 

A  townsman  of  Martigny,  won  her  heart." — 

Rogers's  Italy,  Part  Firrt,  V. 


552  VAL— VAN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  60,  as  in  good, 

mity  of  the  lake  of  Tacarigua  (ta-ka-ree'-gwa),  and  about  20  m.  S.  S.E. 
of  Porto  Cabello,  on  the  sea  coast.  Lat.  10°  12'  N.,  Lon.  67°  55'  W. 
Pop.  estimated  at  15,000.     (B.) 

Valenciennes,  var-laNx-se-enn^,  (Lat.  Valentianse,)  a  manufacturing 
t.  and  fortress  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Nord,  on  the  Scheldt,  28  m. 
S.  S.  E.  of  Lille.     Lat.  50°  21 '  N.,  Lon.  3°  31'  E.     Pop.  16,679.  (M.) 

Valn-la-do-lid/  (Sp.  pron.  val-ya-no-leeo',  almost  val-ya-THO-leeTH'; 
Anc.  Pin'tia),  a  celebrated  though  now  decayed  city  of  Spain,  in  Old 
Castile,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Pisuerga  (pe-sweu/-ga), 
about  15  m.  above  its  junction  with  the  Douro,  and  about  100  m.  N.  N. 
W.  from  Madrid.  It  has  a  university,  founded  in  1346,  which  was 
formerly  celebrated  as  a  school  of  jurisprudence,  and  is  now,  with 
respect  to  the  number  of  students,  the  second  in  Spain ;  eight  col- 
leges, and  a  school  of  the  fine  arts,  besides  less  important  institutions. 
Lat.  41°  40'  N.,  Lon.  4°  42'  W.  The  pop.,  which,  at  the  time  of  its 
greatest  prosperity,  was  estimated  at  above  100,000,  is  now  reduced  to 
about  21,000.     (B.) 

Valladolid  or  Mechoacan,  mecl^-o-a-kan',  a  city  of  Mexico,  cap. 
of  the  state  of  Mechoacan,  in  a  fine  valley,  140  m.  W.  by  N.  of  Mexi- 
co.   Lat.  19°  42'  N.,  Lon.  100°  52'  W.   Pop.  estimated  at  25,000.  (B.) 

Valparaiso,  val-par-i'-so,  the  principal  seaport  t.  of  Chili,  on  the 
Pacific,  60  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Santiago.  It  is  a  very  flourishing  place, 
and  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  towns  on  the  Pacific.  The 
first  printing  press  in  Chili  was  established  here  in  1811 ;  in  1826, 
twelve  newspapers  were  published  in  the  town.  (B.)  The  harbour  of 
Valparaiso  is  protected  from  all  winds  except  the  north  :  its  entrance 
is  defended  by  three  forts  and  a  battery.  Lat.  33°  2'  S.,  Lon.  71°  43; 
W.     Resident  pop.  in  1834,  25,000.     (P.  C.) 

Valtellina,  val-tel-lee'-na,  a  fertile  and  beautiful  valley  in  the  N. 
of  Italy,  drained  by  the  r.  Adda. 

Van,  van,  a  fortified  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  on  the  E.  side  of  a  lake  of 
the  same  name.  Lat.  about  38°  30'  N.,  Lon.  43°  40'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated by  Balbi  at  20,000,  but  by  some  other  writers  as  high  as  40,000 
or  50,000. 

Van,  Lake,  a  salt  lake  in  Asiatic  Turkey,  principally  between  38° 
and  38°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  42°  30'  and  43°  40'  E.  Lon.  Length  above 
60  m.  ;  greatest  breadth  about  45  m. 

Van  IW-ren,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ark.,  N.  E.  from  the 
Arkansas  r.     Pop.  2,864.     Co.  t.  Clinton. 

Van  Buren,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  a  little  N.W.  from 
the  Tennessee  r.     Pop.  2,674. 

Van  Buren,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  part  of  Mich.,  bordering  on  Lake  Mi- 
chigan.    Pop.  5,800. 

Van  Buren,  a  co.  on  the  W.  border  of  Mo.,  N.  of  Osage  r.   Pop.4,693. 

Van  Buren,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa,  intersected  by  De& 
Moines  r.     Pop.  12,270.  Co.  t.  Keosauque. 

Van'-der-burg,  a  co.  in  the  S.W.  of  Ind.,  on  the  Ohio  r.  P.  11,414. 
Co.  t.  Evansville. 


VAN— VEN  553 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Van  Dje^men's  Land  or  Tas-ma'-nj-a,  an  i.  belonging  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, off  the  S.  extremity  of  New  Holland,  between  40°  40'  and  43°  40' 
S.  Lat.,  and  144°  40'  and  148°  25'  E.  Lon.  The  island  is  heart-shaped, 
with  the  apex  towards  the  N.  W.  Length  about  240  m.  ;  greatest 
breadth  200  m.  The  surface  is  in  general  hilly  or  mountainous,  but 
there  appears  to  be  a  much  larger  proportion  of  good  soil  than  in  the 
Australian  continent.  The  climate  appears  to  be  healthy,  and  the 
country  seldom  suffers  from  long-continued  droughts  or  from  too  much 
rain.    Pop.  70,000. 

Vannes,  vann,  a  seaport  and  commercial  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the 
dep.  of  Morbihan,  on  the  Gulf  of  Morbihan.  Lat.  47°  39'  26"  N.,  Lon. 
2°  45'  W.     Pop.  above  10,000.     (B.) 

Van  Wert,  a  co.  in  the  VV.  N.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  S.  of  the  Mau- 
mee  r.     Pop.  4,8X3.     Co.  t.  Van  Wert. 

Var,  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  bordering  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean.    Pop.  323,404.  (B.)     Capital,  Draguignan. 

Varinas,  vA-ree'-nas,  or  Barinas,  ba-ree'-nas,  a  commercial  t.  of  S. 
America,  in  Venezuela,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  on  an  affluent 
of  the  Apure.  Lat.  about  7°  40'  N.,  Lon.  70°  20'  W.  The  pop., 
which,  before  the  war  of  independence,  amounted  to  10,000,  is  now  re- 
duced to  3,000.     (B.) 

Var/-na  (Warna),  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bul- 
garia, on  the  Black  Sea.  Lat.  43°  12'  N.,  Lon.  27°  54'  E.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  16,000.     (B.) 

Vauceuse,  vov-kluze',  a  dep.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  France,  E.  of,  and 
bordering  on  the  Rhone.  It  is  separated  from  the  dep.  of  the  Mouths 
of  the  Rhone  by  the  Durance.     Pop.  246,071.  (B.)     Capital,  Avignon. 

Vaud,  vo,  (Ger.  Waadt,  Waatt,)  a  canton  forming  the  W.  N.  W.  ex- 
tremity of  Switzerland.  Area  1,190  sq.  m.  Pop.  about  184,000.  (P.  C.) 
Lausanne  is  the  capital.  This  canton  is  also  called  Pays  de  Vaud. 

Velez-Malaga,  viV-leth  ma'-la-ga,  a  t.  of  Andalusia,  Spain,  in  a  re- 
markably fertile  country,  on  the  r.  Velez,  14  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Malaga. 
Pop.  estimated  at  14,000.     (B.) 

Velletri,  vH-lA'-tre,  (Anc.Ve'it/rae),  a  t.  of  Ttaly,  in  the  Papal  State, 
the  cap.  of  a  province  of  the  same  name,  near  the  Appian  Way,  20  m. 
S.  E.  of  Rome,  interesting  for  its  remains  of  antiquity.  Pop.  about 
10,000.     (B.) 

Venango,  ve-nang'-go,  a  co.  in  the  N.W.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by 
the  Alleghany  r.     Pop.  18,310.  ■  Co.  t.  Franklin. 

Vendee,  La,  la  vaN'-da/  or  ven-dee',  a  dep.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of 
France,  bordering  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Pop.  341,312.  (B.)  Capital, 
Bourbon-Vendee.  The  people  of  this  part  of  France  are  said  to  have 
been  formerly  remarkable  for  the  innocence  and  patriarchal  simplicity 
of  their  lives,  as  they  are  distinguished  in  history  for  their  brave, 
though  finally  unsuccessful  resistance  of  the  revolutionary  armies,  in 
1793-6. — Adj.  and  inhab.  Ven-de-'an. 

Venezuela,  venv-ez-we'-la,  (Sp.  pron.  ven-eth-waMa),  a  republic  of 
S  America,  which  formerly  constituted  a  part  of  Colombia,  between 
47  2L 


554  VEN— VEN" 

Fate,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  not ;  6d,  as  in  good , 

1°  and  12°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  60°  and  73°  20'  W.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the 
N.  by  the  Caribbean  Sea,  N.  E.  by  the  Atlantic,  S.  E.  by  Guiana,  S.  by 
Brazil,  and  W.  by  New  Granada.  Length,  from  E.  to  W.,  near  950  m. ; 
greatest  breadth,  from  N.  to  S,,  about  660  m.  Area  estimated  by  Balbi 
at  404,000  sq.  in.  Pop.  in  1839,  945,348.  (P.  C.)  The  climate  of 
Venezuela  resembles,  in  the  main,  that  of  other  tropical  countries.  The 
temperature  is  high,  except  in  very  elevated  regions.  The  year  is 
divided  into  the  wet  and  dry  seasons.  The  wet  season,  corresponding 
to  our  summer,  is  called  winter,  though  the  heat  is  then  greatest.  The 
vegetable  productions  of  Venezuela  are  mostly  those  which  are  com- 
mon to  the  tropics — maize,  coffee,  the  cocoa,  the  plantain  tree,*  the 
yucca,  potatoe,  sugar,  wheat,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  cotton  are  the  princi- 
pal objects  of  cultivation.     Caraccas  is  the  capital. 

Venice,  venMss,  (It.  Venezia,  ven-ed'-ze-a,)  a  celebrated  maritime 
city  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  E.  Lombardy,  and  formerly  of  a  powerful 
republic  of  its  own  name,  situated  on  a  cluster  of  small  islands,  in  a 
shallow  but  extensive  lagoon,  at  the  N.  VV.  extremity  of  the  Adriatic. 
The  appearance  of  this  town,  from  whatever  side  it  may  be  viewed,  is 
striking  and  singular  in  the  extreme.  Owing  to  the  lowness  of  the 
islands  on  which  it  is  built,  it  seems  to  float.  It  is  divided  into  two 
principal  portions  by  the  Great  Canal  (Canale  Maggiore,  ka-niMa  mad- 
jo;-ra),  a  serpentine  channel  crossed  by  the  Rialto  (re-aF-to),  the  prin- 
cipal bridge  of  the  city,  and  one  of  the  finest  in  Europe.  The  various 
islets  which  form  the  foundations  of  these  two  grand  divisions,  are  con- 
nected by  a  multitude  of  bridges,  which  are  intended  only  for  foot-pas- 
sengers. Almost  all  the  principal  houses  have  on  one  side  a  canal  and 
on  the  other  a  cale  (kaMa)  or  foot-walk.  The  canals  which  intersect 
every  part  of  the  town,  form  the  "water  streets"  of  Venice:  by  means 
of  them  nearly  all  the  intercourse  of  the  place  is  carried  on,  and  gon- 
dolas are  the  universal  substitute  for  carriages  and  horses.  Venice  is 
remarkable  for  the  multitude  of  its  superb  edifices,  among  which  we 
must  not  pass  unnoticed  the  celebrated  Church  of  St.  Mark  (the  patron 
saint  of  the  city),  with  its  500  columns  of  marble,  alabaster,  bronze 
and  verd  antique,  and  its  pavements  of  jasper  and  porphyry  ;  over  the 
entrance,  in  front  of  the  building,  are  the  famous  bronze  horses,  which, 
having  been  cast,  as  is  supposed,  at  Corinth,  during  the  period  of  Gre- 
cian glory,  successively  adorned  Athens,  Rome,  and  Constantinople. 
Venice  has,  among  other  literary  and  scientific  institutions,  two  royal 
gymnasia  ;  a  lyceum,  with  a  rich  cabinet  of  natural  history  ;  besides  the 
library  of  St.  Mark,  with  65,000  vols,  and  about  5,000  manuscripts. 
Lat.  45°  26'  N.,  Lon.  12°  21'  E.  Pop.  103,000  (B.);  in  1789,  before 
the  fall  of  the  republic,  it  amounted  to  139,000.  (P.  C.)— Adj.  and 
inhab.  Venetian,  ven-ee'-shun. 


*  The  plaintain  tree  belongs  to  the  same  species  as  the  banana.  The  fruit  has 
a  farinaceous  flesh,  in  colour  resembling  the  finest  yellow  butter.  It  sometimes 
attains  the  weight  of  60  and  even  80  lbs.  (P.  C.)  Some  varieties  have  an  exqu*. 
suo  flavour,  surpassing,  it  is  said,  that  of  the  finest  kinds  of  pear. 


VEN— VER  '666 

<m,  as  in  vur  ;  th,  as  in  thin  ,•  th,  as  in  this ;  it,  nearly  like  ng. 

Yenloo,  venx-lo^  a  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  prov.  of  Limburg,  on  the 
Meuse  (Maas).     Lat.  51°  22'  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.     Pop.  5,000.     (B.) 

Vera  Cruz,  va/-ra  crooce,  the  principal  seaport  and  commercial  t.  of 
Mexico,  cap.  of  a  state  of  its  own  name,  on  the  S.  W.  shore  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  enclosed  with  walls,  is  regularly  built,  with 
wide  and  well-paved  streets,  and  contains  many  excellent  houses. 
Though  its  harbour  is  very  imperfect,  and  the  town  is  situated  in  a 
sickly  and  barren  region,  it  appears  to  be  gradually  advancing  in  com- 
mercial importance  and  in  population.  Lat.  19°  12'  N.,  Lon.  96°  9 
W.  The  pop.,  before  the  war  which  separated  Mexico  from  Spain, 
was  estimated  at  16,000;  it  was  afterwards  reduced  to  half  that  num- 
ber (P.  C),  but  at  present  is  stated  to  amount  to  15,000.     (B.) 

Vercelli,  veR-chel'-le,  (Anc.  Vercel/lse,)  an  archiepiscopal  t.  of  N. 
Italy,  in  the  Sardinian  States,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  about 
40  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Turin.     Pop.  about  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

Verdun,  ve«,v-duN^,  (Anc.  Virodu'num  or  Verodu^num,)  a  t  and  for- 
tress of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Meuse,  on  the  Meuse,  where  it  begins 
to  be  navigable.     Lat.  49°  9'  31"  N„  Lon.  5°  22'  E.     Pop.  9,151.  (M.) 

Ver-mil/-j,-on,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind,,  between  the  Wabash,  on 
the  E.,  and  111*  on  the  W.     Pop.  8,661.     Co.  t.  Newport. 

Vermilion,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Ind.  P.  11,492. 
Co.  t.  Danville. 

Ver-mont',  one  of  the  U.  S.,  between  42°  40'  and  45°  N.  Lat.,  and 
71°  30'  and  73°  30'  W.  Lon.,  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Canada,  E.  by  New 
Hampshire,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Connecticut  r.,  S.  by 
Massachusetts,  and  W.  by  New  York;  and  divided  into  14  counties.* 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  near  160  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W., 
about  "90  m.  Area  variously  estimated  from  8,000  to  10,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  313,611.     Montpelier  is  the  seat  of  government. 

Ve-ro'-na  (It.  pron.  va-ro'-na),  a  celebrated  city  of  Austrian  Italy, 
cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  and  the  head-quarters  of  the  Austrian 
army  in  Italy,  on  the  Adige,  64  m.  W.  of  Venice.  It  is  pleasantly 
situated,  and  very  well  built,  and  is  surrounded  by  old  walls,  flanked 
with  towers.  Verona  is  remarkable  for  its  interesting  historical  asso- 
ciations, and  its  monuments  of  antiquity,  and  of  the  middle  ages.  The 
ancient  amphitheatre,  about  510  ft.  in  length  and  410  in  breadth,  is, 
after  the  Coliseum  of  Rome,  the  largest  existing  strucf,ire  of  its  kind : 
a  considerable  part  of  it  has  fallen  into  ruins,  but  it  is  estimated  that, 
when  entire,  it  was  capable  of  accommodating  22,000  spectators. 
Verona  is  distinguished  for  its  manufacturing  industry,  and  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade.  It  possesses  numerous  institutions  for  educa- 
tion ;  among  which  are,  a  lyceum  :  a  royal  house  for  the  education  of 
young  ladies,  which  is  one  of  the  best  establishments  of  the  kind  :  three 
gymnasia,  and  a  school  of  painting  and  design.  JLat  45°  26'  N.,  Lon. 
11°  1'  E.     Pop.  47,000  (B.)  :  the  P.  C.  says  it  amounts  to  near  60,000, 

*  Addison,  Bennington,  Caledonia,  Chittenden,  Essex,  Franklin,  Grand  Isle, 
Lamoille,  Orange,  Orleans,  Rutland,  Washington,  Windham,  Windsor. 


556  VER— VIC 

Fate,  far,  f All,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  net ;  66  as  in  good ; 

but  this  perhaps  is  intended  to  include  the  military. — Adj.  and  inhab. 

VERN-0-NEgE'. 

Versailles,  ver-sailz^,  (Fr.  pron.  vcr'-soT  or  vrRx-sa^e — see  Int. 
XIX.,  18,)  a  handsome  though  somewhat  decayed  t.  of  France,  cap.  of 
the  dep.  of  Seine  and  Oise,  and  formerly  the  principal  residence  of  the 
royal  court,  in  an  undulating  plain,  9  m.  S.  W.  of  Paris.  This  place 
was  a  mere  village  in  the  time  of  Louis  XIII.,  who  used  to  hunt  in 
the  neighbouring  woods,  and  built  here,  about  the  year  1627,  a  small 
hunting  seat,  which  Louis  XIV.  converted  (1661-72)  into  the  most 
magnificent  palace  in  FiUrope,  and  the  village  of  Versailles  grew  into 
a  handsome  city  of  about  80,000  inhabitants.  (B.)  The  palace  has  not 
been  occupied  by  the  court  since  1789,  and  was  falling  out  of  repair, 
when  the  late  sovereign,  Louis  Philippe,  caused  it  to  be  restored  and 
converted  into  an  historical  museum,  which  is  rilled  with  an  immense 
collection  of  statues  and  paintings,  exhibiting  the  principal  personages 
and  events  in  the  history  of  the  French  monarchy,  from  Clovis  to  the 
present  time.     Lat.  48°  48'  N.,  Lon.  2°  8'  E.     Pop.  28,776.     (B.) 

Verviers,  veRx-ve-a/,  a  flourishing  and  important  manufacturing  t 
of  Belgium,  14  m.  E.  by  S.  from  Liege.     Pop.  above  19,000.     (B.) 

Vesoul,  xeh-zooV,  a  t.  of  France,  cap.  of  the  dep.  of  Upper  Saone 
Lat.  47°  38'  N.,  Lon.  6°  10'  E.     Pop.  about  6,000.     (B.) 

Ve-su'-vi-us  (It.  Vesuvio,  va-soo'-ve-o),  a  celebrated  volcanic  moim 
tain  of  S.  Italy,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  10  m.  E.  S.  E.  from  the 
Neapolitan  capital.  It  is  remarkable  as  the  only  active  volcano  of  any 
consequence  at  present  existing  in  continental  Europe.  Lat.  40°  48 
40"  N.,  Lon.  14°  27  E.     Height  3,890  ft. 

Viatka,  ve-at'-ka,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  r.  Viatka,  an  affluent  of  the  Volga.  Lat.  58°  22'  N.,  Lon. 
49°  45'  E.     Pop.  6,890.     (M.) 

Viborg  (Wiborg),  vee^-boRg,  an  ancient  t.  of  Denmark,  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Jutland.  Lat.  56°  27  N.,  Lon.  9°  26'  E.  Pop.  about 
3,000.     (B.) 

Vi.-cen'-za  (Tt.  pron.  ve-chen'-za;  Anc.  Vicen'tia  or  Vice'tia),  a 
manufacturing  and  commercial  city  of  Austrian  Italy,  cap.  of  a  prov 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  Bacchiglione,  26"  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Verona.  It  is 
distinguished  by  the  number  of  its  edifices,  remarkable  for  their  archi- 
tectural beauty  or  grandeur,  a  superiority  which  it  owes  to  the  cele- 
brated Palladio,  who  was  born  in  this  town.  It  has  a  lyceum,  with  ten 
professors:  a  gymnasium,  with  fourteen  professors,  and  a  town  library, 
of  36,000  vols.  Vicenza  has  long  been  known  for  its  silk  manufac- 
tures, the  most  important  of  the  kind  in  the  Venetian  States.  Lat. 
45°  32'  N.,  Lon.  11°  33'  E.  Pop.  31,000.  (B.)— Adj.  and  Inhab.  Vi- 
centine,  vev-sen-teen'. 

Vich,  vik,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Spain,  in  Catalonia,  36  m.  N.  of 
Barcelona.  In  its  vicinity  are  mines  of  copper  and  coal.  Pop.  near 
13,000.     (B.) 

Vicks'-burg,  a  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Miss.,  cap.  of  Warren  co., 
on  the  Mississippi  r.,  54  m.  by  the  railroad  W.  from  Jackson.  Pop.  3,678. 


VIE  557 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Vienna,  ve-en'-na,  (Ger.  Wien,  ween ;  Anc.  Vindobo'na,)  the  largest 
city  of  Germany,  cap.  of  the  Austrian  empire,  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Danube,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  small  rivers  Wien  and  Alster,  190  m. 
E.  of  Munich.  It  consists  of  the  interior  or  old  city,  and  the  suburbs. 
The  old  city  is  nearly  circular,  and  not  above^  three  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. It  is  surrounded  by  a  broad  fosse,  and  a  wall  from  40  to  50  ft. 
high.  The  houses  in  the  old  town  are  generally  high  ;  the  streets  are 
narrow  and  crooked,  but  well-paved  and  very  clean.  The  places  or 
squares  are  irregular,  and  comparatively  small ;  in  one  of  them,  called 
the  Josephsplatz,  is  a  colossal  equestrian  statue  of  Joseph  II.,  which  is 
said  to  be  finely  executed.  The  most  remarkable  public  edifice  in  the 
Austrian  capital,  is  the  Cathedral  dedicated  to  St.  Stephen ;  it  was 
built  in  the  12th  and  13th  centuries,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  specimens 
of  ancient  German  architecture;  it  has  four  towers,  one  of  which  is 
among  the  loftiest  in  Europe ;  the  height  is  variously  stated,  from  420 
to  480  ft.  The  Burg  (booRg,  i.  e.  "  castle"),  or  imperial  palace,  is  an 
immense  building  of  irregular  construction,  but  offering  parts  of  great 
architectural  beauty  and  magnificence;  it  contains  the  imperial  jewel 
office,  one  of  the  richest  museums  of  valuable  curiosities  in  Europe, 
with  a  cabinet  of  medals,  which  far  surpasses  every  other  collection  of 
the  kind;  an  extensive  cabinet  of  natural  history,  &c.  The  Imperial 
Library,  connected  with  the  Burg,  has  above  300,000  printed  vols.,  be- 
sides 16,000  manuscripts;  it  contains,  among  other  curiosities,  the 
Tabula  Peutingerana,  a  map  of  the  Roman  empire  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, one  of  the  most  interesting  and  precious  monuments  of  ancient 
geography  extant ;  and  Tasso's  own  manuscript  of  his  "  Jerusalem  Deli- 
vered :"  attached  to  the  library,  is  a  collection  of  300,000  engravings, 
which  was  commenced  by  Prince  Eugene,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  valuable  in  Europe.  The  splendid  Palace  of  the  Arch- 
duke Charles  contains  an  extensive  library,  with  a  collection  of 
180,000  engravings  and  15,000  drawings,  by  old  masters.  Among  the 
multitude  of  literary. and  scientific  establishments  belonging  to  the 
Austrian  capital,  we  may  mention,  besides  those  already  adverted  to, 
the  University,  founded  in  1365,  and  afterwards  greatly  extended  and 
improved  by  Van  Swieten,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Empress  Maria 
Theresa:  it  is  now  one  of  the  principal  institutions  of  the  kind  in  Eu- 
rope, and,  with  respect  to  medicine,  the  first  in  Germany  ;  it  has  80 
professors,  and  above  2,000  students,  and  possesses  a  library  of  100,000 
volumes,  an  observatory,  a  botanic  garden,  and  other  appendages  :  the 
Josephinum,  founded  by  Joseph  II.,  a  medical  institution  for  preparing 
surgeons  for  the  army,  with  very  valuable  collections:  the  Imperial 
Oriental  Aca-demy,  and  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  of  which  Prince 
Metternich  is  president.  As  no  people  are  more  disposed  to  works  of 
charity  and  beneficence  than  the  Austrians,  the  hospitals  and  other 
charitable  institutions  are  numerous  and  well  endowed.  The  Obser 
vatory  is  in  Lat.  48°  12' 35"  N.,  Lon.  16°  22'  58"  E.  Pop.  in  1840 
(including  the  garrison  of  14,000  men),  410,945.  (P.  C.) — Adj.  and 
innab.  Viennese.  vev-en-neez'. 
47* 


558  VIE— VIN 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine,  or  pine,  pm  ;  no,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

Vienna,  a  port  of  entry  of  Md.,  in  Dorchester  co.,  on  the  Nanti- 
coke  r. 

Vienne,  vex-enn',  (Anc.  Vien'na,)  a  manufacturing  t.  of  France,  in 
the  dep.  of  Isere,  on  the  Rhone,  here  crossed  by  a  suspension  bridge, 
16  ha.  S.  by  E.  of  Lyons.  It  appears  to  have  been  formerly  a  far  more 
important  and  larger  town  than  at  present,  and  it  still  retains  many 
monuments  of  its  ancient  splendour;  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
a  Corinthian  temple,  resembling  the  Maison  Caree  of  Nismes,  but  not 
so  elegant.     Lat.  45°  33'  N.,  Lon.,  4°  54'  E.     Pop.  14,000.     (M.) 

Vienne,  a  dep.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  a  r. 
of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Loire.  Pop.  288,002.  (B.) 
Capital,  Poitiers. 

Vienne,  Upper,  (Fr.  Haute-Vienne,  6te  ve'-enn',)  a  dep.  in  the  S.W. 
central  part  of  France,  on  the  sources  of  the  r.  Vienne.  Pop.  293,011. 
(B.)     Capital,  Limoges. 

Vigevano,  ve-jev'-a-no,  a  t.  of  N.  Italy,  Sardinian  States,  near  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ticino,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Milan.     Pop.  12,000.  (P.  C.) 

Vi'-go,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering-  on  111.,  and  intersected 
by  the  Wabash.     Pop.  15,289.     Co.  t.  Terre  Haute. 

Villach,  vilMaKv,  a  small,  but  formerly  important  t.  of  Illyria,  on  the 
Drave.     Lat.  46°  35'  N.,  Lon.  13°  52'  E. 

Villa-Real,  veeF-ya  ra-al',  (i.  e.  "royal  town,")  a  t.  and  formerly  a 
fortress  of  Spain,  about  4  m.  from  the  sea,  and  33  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Va- 
lencia.    Pop.  estimated  at  about  8,000.     (M.) 

Villa-Rica,  viP-Ia  ree'-ka,  {i.e.  "rich  town,")  a  t.  of  Brazil,  cap.  of 
the  prov.  Minas  Geraes  (mee'-nas  zha-ra'-es,)  190  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Rio 
Janeiro.  The  produce  of  the  famous  gold  mines,  to  which  this  town 
owes  its  origin  and  name,  has  greatly  diminished,  and  the  population  of 
the  place  has  been  reduced  from  about  30,000  to  9,000  (B.),  but  it  is 
still  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  and  commercial  towns 
in  the  interior  of  Brazil. 

Villefranche,  veeP-ft-aNsli',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Aveyron, 
on  the  r.  Aveyron.     Lat.  44°  23'  N.,  Lon.  2°  2'  E.     Pop.  8,147.    (M.) 

Vincennes,  vin-senz^,  (Fr.  pron.  vaV-senn',)  a  small  t.  of  France, 
situated  about  3  m.  E.  of  Paris,  remarkable  for  its  ancient  royal  castle, 
which  is  now  used  as  a  state  prison. 

Vincennes,  a  t.  of  Indiana,  cap.  of  Knox  co.,  on  the  Wabash,  about 
150  m.  from  its  mouth.  It  was  settled  by  the  French,  from  Canada,  in 
the  early  part  of  last  century,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the 
western  states.     Pop.  estimated  about  4,500. 

Vin'-cent,  St.,  one  of  the  W.  India  Islands,  belonging  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, intersected  by  the  parallel  of  13°  20'  N.  Lat,  and  the  meridian 
of  61°  15'  W.  Lon.  It  is  18  m.  long,  and  11  rn.  broad,  with  an  area 
of  131  sq.  m.  Pop.,  in  1834,  27,122;  of  whom,  1,301  were  whites. 
(P.  C.)  Kingston,  near  the  S.  end  of  the  island,  with  about  2,000  in- 
habitants, is  the  capital. 

Vincent,  Cape  St.,  (the  Sacrum  Promontorium  of  the  ancients,)  a 


VIR— VIT  559 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

point  of  land  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Portugal.     Lat.  37°  3 
N.,  Lon.  9°  W. 

Vire,  veeR,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Calvados,  on  a  small  r.  of 
its  own  name,  35  m.  S.  W.  of  Caen.  Lat.  48°  51'  N.,  Lon.  0°  55'  W. 
Pop.  7,200.     (M.) 

Virgin  Islands,  a  group  of  small  islands,  forming  a  part  of  the  W. 
India  Archipelago,  between  18°  and  18°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  64°  10'  and 
65°  40'  VV.  Lon. 

Virginia,  ver-jin'-e-a,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  between  36°  30'  and  39°  40 
N.  Lat.,  and  75°  and  83°  30'  W.  Lon. ;  (this,  however,  does  not  in- 
clude a  narrow  strip  of  land  forming  the  N.  N.  W.  extremity  of  the 
state,  and  situated  between  Pa.  and  the  Ohio  r.)  :  bounded  on  the  N.  by 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Maryland  and  the  Atlantic, 
S.  by  N.  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Kentucky  and 
Ohio,  from  the  latter  of  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Ohio  r.  ;  and 
divided  into  137  counties.*  Greatest  length,  from  E.  to  W.,  450 
miles;  greatest  breadth,. from  N.  to  S.,  above  210  miles;  includ- 
ing the  strip  of  land  before-mentioned,  it  will  amount  to  near 
280  miles.  Area  estimated  at  70,000  square  miles.  Total  pop. 
1,421,061;  of  whom,  805,304  are  whites;  53,829  free  coloured,  and 
472,528  slaves.  Richmond  is  the  seat  of  government. — Inhab.  Virgi- 
nian, ver-jin'-e-an. 

Vis'-tu  la  (Ger.Weichsel,  Wike'-sel;  Polish,Wisla,  wisMa),  a  large  r. 
of  Europe,  which  rises  in  Austrian  Silesia,  near  the  frontier  of  Galicia, 
in  about  49°  35'  N.  Lat.,  and  19°  E.  Lon.,  and  flowing,  at  first  north- 
easterly, then  northerly,  afterwards  westerly,  and  again  north-easterly, 
divides  itself  into  several  branches,  discharging  a  part  of  its  waters 
into  the  Frische  Haff,  and  a  part  into  the  Gulf  of  Dantzic.  Its  entire 
length  is  estimated  at  about  500  m. :  it  is  navigable,  for  large  barges, 
to  Cracow,  above  300  m.  It  is  connected,  by  canals,  with  the  rivers 
Niemen  and  Elbe. 

Vitebsk  or  Vitepsk.     See  Witebsk. 

Viterbo,  ve-teR^-bo,  a  well-built  city  of  Central  Italy,  in  the  Papal 

*  Accomack,  Albemarle,  Alleghany,  Amelia,  Amherst,  Augusta,  Barbour,  Bath, 
Bedford,  Berkeley,  Botetourt,  Braxton,  Brooke,  Brunswick,  Buckingham,  Cabell, 
Campbell,  Caroline,  Carroll,  Charles  City,  Charlotte,  Chesterfield,  Clarke,  Cul- 
pepper, Cumberland,  Dinwiddie,  Elizabeth  City,  Essex,  Fairfax,  Fauquier,  Fayette, 
Floyd,  Fluvanna,  Franklin,  Frederick,  Giles,  Gloucester,  Goochland,  Grayson, 
Greenbrier,  Greene,  Greensville,  Halifax,  Hampshire,  Hanover,  Hardy,  Harrison, 
Henrico,  Henry,  Isle  of  Wight,  Jackson,  James  City,  Jefferson,  Kanawha,  King 
George,  King  William,  King  and  Queen,  Lancaster,  Lee,  Lewis,  Logan,  Loudoun, 
Louisa,  Lunenburg,  Madison,  Marion,  Marshall,  Mason,  Mathews,  Mecklenburg, 
Mercer,  Middlesex,  Monongalia,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Morgan,  Nansemond, 
Nelson,  New  Kent,  Nicholas,  Norfolk,  Northampton,  Northumberland,  Nottaway, 
Ohio,  Orange,  Page,  Patrick,  Pendleton,  Pittsylvania,  Pocahontas,  Powhattan 
Preston,  Princess  Anne,  Prince  Edward,  Prince  George,  Prince  William,  Pulaski, 
Randolph,  Rappahannock,  Richmond,  Ritchie,  Roanoke,  Rockbridge,  Rocking- 
ham, Russell,  Scott,  Shenandoah,  Smythe,  Southampton.  Spotsylvania,  Stafford, 
Surry,  Sussex,  Tazewell,  Tyler,  Warren,  Warwick,  Washington,  Wayne,  West- 
moreland,  Wood,  Wythe,  York,  Alexandria,  Appomattox,  Boone,  Doddridge, 
Gilmer,  Hancock,  Highland,  Putnam,  Raleigh,  Taylor,  Wetzel,  Wirt,  Wyoming. 


560  VIT— WAK 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  n&t ;  66  as  in  good , 

State,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same  name,  40  m.  N.  N.W.  of  Rome.  Pop. 
13,000.     (B.) 

Vitoria,  ve-to'-re-a,  sometimes  written  Vittoria,  a  manufacturing 
and  commercial  t.  of  Spain,  in  Biscay,  30  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Bilbao.  Pop. 
12,000.     (B.) 

Vitre,  ve'-tra',  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Ille  and  Vilaine,  23  m. 
E.  of  Rennes.     Pop.  7,899.     (M.) 

Vizagapatam,  ve-za'-ga-pa-tam',  a  small  seaport  t.  of  Hindostan,  on 
the  Coromandel  coast.     Lat.  17°  42'  N.,  Lon.  83°  24'  E. 

Vlad-i-meer'  (Vladimir  or  Wladimir),  a  decayed  city  of  European 
Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same  name,  110  m.  E.  by  N.  of  Moscow. 
Lat.  56°  10'  N.,  Lon.  40°  20'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  7,000.  (M.) 

Voghera,  vo-ga'-ra,  a  t.  of  N.  Italy,  Sardinian  States,  cap.  of  a  prov. 
of  the  same  name.    Lat.  44°  59' N.,  Lon.  9°  l'E.    Pop/ll,000.  (P.  C.) 

Volga  or  Wolga,  vol'ga  (Russ.  pron.  vol'ga),  a  large  r.  rising  in 
European  Russia  and  flowing  into  the  Caspian  Sea.  Length  esti- 
mated at  2100  m. 

Vol-hyn'-j-a.  (Pol.  Wolynsk,  vo-leensk'),  a  gov.  in  the  S.  W.  part 
of  European  Russia,  bordering  on  the  Austrian  territories.  Zhitomeer 
(Jitomir)  is  the  capital. 

Vo-log^-da,  a  commercial  t.,  cap.  of  an  extensive  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  in  the'N.  part  of  European  Russia.  Lat.  59°  13'  N.,  Lon.  40°  10 
E.     Pop.  14,000.     (P.  CO 

Vorarlberg,  fore-aRl'-beRG,  a  mountainous  district  of  the  Austrian 
States,  bordering  on  Switzerland  and  Bavaria.  It  forms  a  part  of  the 
gov.  of  Tyrol. 

Vo-ro-nezh'  (Voroneje,  Voronetz,  Woronetz,  or  Woronesch),  a 
flourishing  commercial  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  r.  Voronezh,  about  2  m.  above  its  junction  with  the  Don. 
Lat.  51°  40'  N.,  Lon.  39°  22'  E.  The  pop.  has  been  variously  stated  ; 
the  official  accounts  of  1841  make  it  no  less  than  43,800.     (P.  C.) 

Vosges,  vozh,  a  dep.  in  the  E.  part  of  France,  on  the  sources  of  the 
Moselle.     Pop.  411,034.  (B.)     Capital,  Epinal. 

Waal  or  Whaal.     See  Rhine. 

Wa'-bash,  a  r.  of  Ind.,  which  rises  in  the  E.  N.  E.  part  of  the  state: 
flowing  at  first  westerly,  and  afterwards  southerly,  it  falls  into  the 
Ohio,  near  37°  50'  N.  Lat.,  and  88°  W.  Lon.  In  the  latter  part  of  its 
course,  it  separates  Indiana  from  Illinois.  The  whole  length  is  esti- 
mated at  500  m.,  for  above  300  of  which  it  is  navigable. 

Wabash,  a  co.  towards  the  N.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  tne  Wa- 
bash r.     Pop.  12,138.  Co.  t.  Wabash. 

Wabash,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  on  the  Wabash  r.  Pop.  4,690. 
Co.  t.  Mount  Carmel. 

Wtake,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Neuse  r. 
Pop.  24,887.     Co.  t.  Raleigh. 

Wake'-field,  a  well-built  t.  of  England,  in  the  W.  Riding  of  York- 
shire, on  the  Calder,  9  m.  S.  of  Leeds.  It  was  formerly  the  seat  of 
extensive  woollen  manufactures,  and  is  now  one  of  the  principal  corn 


WAL— WAL  561 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

markets  in  the  kingdom.  Pop.  of  the  township,  with  an  area  of  only 
630  acres,  14,754. 

Walcheren,  wal'-Ker-en,  an  i.  of  Holland,  between  the  mouths  of 
the  E.  and  VV.  Scheldt,  forming-  a  part  of  the  prov.  of  Zealand  :  it  is 
intersected  by  the  parallel  of  51°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  3° 
30'  E.  Lon.  Its  form  approaches  a  circle.  Length  about  12  m. ;  great- 
est breadth  10  m. 

Wal'-deck  (Ger.  pron.  Wal'-dek),  a  principality  in  the  N.  of  Ger- 
many, consisting  of  two  separate  parts,  Waldeck  Proper,  and  the  county 
of  Pyrmont  (peeV-mont).  The  former  is  situated  between  51°  2'  and 
51°  3V  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  31'  and  9°  13'  E.  Lon.  Area  above  420  sq.  m. 
The  county  of  Pyrmont,  with  an  area  only  about  l-20th  part  as  great 
as  that  of  Waldeck  Proper,  lies  between  30  and  40  m.  farther  N.,  being 
intersected  by  the  52d  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  9°  15' 
E.  Lon.  Total  area  462  sq.  m.  Pop.  57,000.  (P.  C.)  Corbach  is  the 
capital. 

WAi/-do,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Me.,  on  Belfast  and  Penobscot  Bays. 
Pop.  47,230.     Co.  t.  Belfast. 

WAl'-do-bov-rough,  a  port  of  entry  of  Me.,  situated  on  Muscongus 
Bay,  in  the  E.  part  of  Lincoln  co. 

Wales  (see  Cornwall — note),  a  principality  of  Great  Britain,  oc- 
cupying the  W.  S.  W.  portion  of  the  island,  between  51°  22'  and  53° 
26'  N.  Lat.,  and  2°  51'  and  5°  20'  W.  Lon.;  bounded  on  the  W.  and  N.  by 
the  sea,  E.  by  England,  and  S.  by  the  r.  Severn  and  Bristol  Channel. 
Length,  from  N.  to  S.,  about  135  m.  ;  greatest  breadth,  from  E.  to  W., 
about  95  m.  Area  7,425  sq.  m.  Pop.  911,603.  (See  Great  Britain.) 
— Adj.  Welsh:  inhab.  Welsh'-man. 

WAlk/-er,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ga.  P.  13,109. 
Co.  t.  Lafayette. 

Walker,  a  co.  towards  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the 
Black  Warrior  r.     Pop.  5,124.     Co.  t.  Jasper. 

Wallachia,  wol-la'-ke-a,  (Turk.  IP-lak',)  a  principality  in  the  S.  E. 
part  of  Europe,  nominally  forming  a  portion  of  European  Turkey,  but 
in  reality  under  the  protection  of  Russia,  extending  from  43°  40'  to  44° 
40'  N.  Lat.,  and  22°  30'  to  28°  E.  Lon. ;  bounded  on  the  N.  by  Tran- 
sylvania and  Moldavia,  E.,  S.,  and  S.  W.  by  the  Turkish  territories, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Danube,  and  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Hun- 
gary. Length  about  280  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  125  m.  Area  esti- 
mated at  28,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  estimated  by  Balbi,  in  1826,  at  970,000. 
The  government  of  Wallachia,  like  that  of  Moldavia,  may  be  styled  a 
limited  monarchy.  The  prince  is  elected  for  life  by  the  aristocracy 
and  clergy ;  it  is,  however,  necessary  that  his  election  should  be  ap- 
proved by  Russia.  The  physical  and  moral  condition  of  both  the  Wal- 
lachians  and  Moldavians  is  miserable  and  degraded,  though  it  is  said  to 
have  considerably  improved  since  they  were  released  from  the  Turkish 
yoke. — Adj.  and  inhab.  WAl-la'-chj-an,  and  WAl'-lach. 

WAls/-all,  a  thriving  t.  of  England,  in  Staffordshire,  7  m.  N.W.  of 
Birmingham.     Pop.  7,395. 

Wat -'-ham  Abbey,  a  small  t.  of  England,  12  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  London. 


562  WAL— WAR 

Fate,  far,  f all,  f at ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  66,  as  in  good ; 

Waltham,  woF-thum,  a  small  t.  of  Mass.,  in  Middlesex  co.,  10  m., 
in  a  straight  line,  W.  by  N.  of  Boston.     Pop.  2,504. 

WAi/-ton,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Ga.,  a  little  S.  E.  of  the 
Chattahoochee.     Pop.  10,821.     Co.  t.  Monroe. 

Walton,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Florida,  bordering-  on  Ala.  Pop. 
1,379. 

WaiZ-worth,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  111. 
Pop.  17,861. 

WAnds'-worth,  a  large  village  of  England,  in  Surrey,  5  in.  S.  W. 
of  London.     Pop.  of  the  parish,  with  an  area  of  near  3  sq.  m.,  7,614. 

Wardein  or  Waradein.     See  Gross-  Wardein. 

Ware,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  bordering  on  Florida.  Pop.  3,888. 
Co.  t.  Waresboro. 

War'-ren,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  George. 
Pop.  17,199.     Co.  t.  Caldwell. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  J.,  bordering  on  the  Dela- 
ware.,   Pop.  22,358.     Co.  t.  Belvidere. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  N.  Y.,  and 
intersected  by  the  Alleghany  r.     Pop.  13,671.  Co.  t.  Warren. 

Warren,  a  co.  towards  the  N.  E.  part  of  Va.,  intersected  by  the 
Shenandoah.     Pop.  6,607.     Co.  t.  Front  Royal. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Roanoke. 
Pop.  13,912.     Co.  t.  Warrenton. 

Warren,  a  co.  towards  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  intersected  by  the 
Georgia  Railroad.     Pop.  12,425.  Co.  t.  Warrenton. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Mississippi 
and  Black  Warrior  rivers.     Pop.  18,121.     Co.  seat,  Vicksburg. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  Tenn.,  near  the  middle  of  the  state,  and  S.  E.  of 
Nashville.     Pop.  10,179.     Co.  t.  McMinnville. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  S.  side  of 
Green  r.     Pop.  15,123.     Co.  t.  Bowling  Green. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  intersected  by  the  little 
Miami  r.     Pop.  25,561.     Co.  t.  Lebanon. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Ind.,  between  the  Wabash,  on  the 
E.,  and  Illinois,  on  the  W.     Pop.  7,387.     Co.  t.  Williamsport. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  111.,  a  little  E.  of  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  8,176.    Co.  t.  Monmouth. 

Warren,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the  Missouri  r. 
Pop.  5,860.     Co.  t.  Warrenton. 

War'-saw  (Polish,  Warszawa,  WaR-sha^-va;  Lat.  Warso'via)  ;  the 
cap.  of  Poland,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Vistula,  nearly  in  the 
centre  of  the  kingdom.  The  old  town  was  irregularly  built,  with  nar- 
row streets;  but  since  Warsaw  has  come  into  the  possession  of  the 
Russians,  a  large  portion  of  it  has  been  rebuilt,  and  it  is  now  said  to  be 
one  of  the  handsomest  cities  in  Europe.  Everything  appears  to  be 
done  by  the  Russian  government  to  change  its  character  as  a  Polish 
town,  The  University  was  abolished  in  1834,  and  its  library  of  150,000 
vols,  transferred  to  St.  Petersburg.     The  Academy  of  Sciences  has 


WAR— WAS  563 

ou,  as  in  our ,  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this  ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

likewise  been  dissolved.  Lat.  52°  14/  N.,  Lon.  21°  3'  E.  Present  pop. 
probably  near  150,000.     (P.  C.) 

Warwick,  wor'-rik,  a  t.  of  England,  cap.  of  Warwickshire,  on  the 
Avon,  82  m.  N.  W.  of  London.  Its  magnificent  castle,  the  residence 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  is  a  most  interesting  monument  of  ancient 
feudal  times.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  about  8  sq.  m.,  9,775. 

Warwick,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  N.  side  of  James  r. 
Pop.  1,546.     Seat  of  justice,  Warwick  c.  h. 

Warwick,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  N.  side  of  the 
Ohio  r.     Pop.  8,811.     Co.  t.  Boonville. 

Warwickshire,  wor'-rik-shir,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of 
England,  N.  VV.  of  London.     Pop.  401,715. 

WAsh'-ing-ton,  the  cap.  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  District  of  Columbia,  on  the  N.  E.  or  left  bank  of  the  Poto- 
mac, which  is  here  crossed  by  a  wooden  bridge,  nearly  a  mile  in  length. 
The  plan  of  the  city  combines  regularity  with  variety,  but  a  very  small 
portion  only  of  the  original  outline  has  been  filled  up  with  buildings,  so 
that  the  town  presents  the  appearance  of  a  number  of  isolated  villages. 
The  Capitol,  containing  the  Representatives'  Hall,  the  Senate  Cham- 
ber, and  other  apartments,  is  a  magnificent  building,  of  freestone, 
painted  white,  352  ft.  in  length.  The  Rotunda  (so  named  from  its 
form),  constructed  entirely  of  marble,  and  adorned  with  historical  paint- 
ings and  pieces  of  sculpture,  is  96  ft.  in  diameter,  and  96  ft.  in  height, 
to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The  President's  House,  a  handsome  structure 
of  freestone,  has  a  front  170  ft.  in  length  and  two  stories  high,  with  an 
Ionic  portico.  The  Navy  Yard  is  on  an  affluent  of  the  Potomac,  called 
the  East  Branch,  about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  S.  E.  of  the  Capitol.  Pop. 
40,000.     Lat.  of  the  Capitol,  38°  53'  23"  N.,  Lon.  77°  V  24"  W. 

Washington,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Maine.  Pop. 
38,810.     Co.  t.  Machias. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Vt.  Pop.  24,654.  Co. 
t.  Montpelier. 

Washington,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  R.  I.  Pop. 
16,430.     Co.  t.  South  Kingston.     • 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  Vt.  Pop. 
44,750.     Co.  towns,  Salem  and  Sandy  Hill. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  W.  S.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Va. 
Pop.  44,939.     Co.  t.  Washington. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  Md.,  bordering  on  the  Potomac 
and  Pa.     Pop.  30,848.     Co.  t.  Hagerstown. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Tenn. 
Pop.  14,612.     Co.  t.  Abingdon. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  N.  C,  on  the  S.  side  of  Albe- 
«  arle  Sound.     Pop.  5,666.     Co.  t.  Plymouth. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Hie  Oconee  r.     Pop.  11,766.     Co.  t.  Sandersville. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Florida,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Appalachicola  r.     Pop.  1,950.  Co.  t.  Holmes's  Valley. 


564  WAS— WAY 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  66  as  in  good , 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  W.  IS.  W.  part  of  Alabama,  bordering  on 
Miss.     Pop.  2,713.     Seat  of  justice,  Washington  c.  h. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  the  Mis 
sissippi  r.     Pop.  8,389.     Co.  seat,  Princeton. 

Washington,  a  parish  forming  the  E.  N.  E.  extremity  of  La.  Pop 
3,408.     Seat  of  justice,  Franklinton. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  W.  N.  W.  part  of  Ark.,  a  little  N.  of  the 
Arkansas  r.     Pop.  9,849.     Co.  t.  Fayetteville. 

Washington,  a  co.  near  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Tenn.,  bordering  oi 
N.  C.     Pop.  13,861.     Co.  t.  Jonesborough. 

Washington,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ky.  Pop.  12,194  Co.  t 
Springfield. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop. 
29,540.     Co.  t.  Marietta. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  Ind.,  on  the  E.  fork  of  White  r. 
Pop.  17,040.     Co.  t.  Salem. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Kas- 
kaskia  r.     Pop.  6,953.     Co.  t.  Nashville. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  S.  W.  of  St.  Louis. 
Pop.  8,811.     Co.  t.  Potosi. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  bordering  on  L.  Mi- 
chigan.    Pop.  19,484. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Iowa.     Pop.  4,957. 

Washington,  a  port  of  entry  of  N.  C,  and  cap.  of  Beaufort  co.,  on 
the  Tar  r.,  at  its  entrance  into  the  Pamlico. 

WAsh'-j.-tav  (formerly  written  Ouachita),  a  r.  which  rises  in  the  W. 
part  of  Ark.,  and  flowing,  at  first  south-easterly,  then  southerly,  into 
La.,  falls  into  the  Red  r.  Some  geographers  call  that  portion  below 
the  junction  of  the  Tensas,  the  Black  River. 

Washita,  a  parish  in  the  N.  part  of  La.,  intersected  by  the  Washita 
r.    Pop.  5,008.     Seat  of  justice,  Monroe. 

WAsh/-te-naw\  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  W.  of  Detroit.  Pop 
28,567.     Co.  t.  Ann  Arbor. 

WA'-ter-ford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  bordering  on  St. 
George's  Channel.     Pop.  in  1831, 177,054.     (M.) 

Waterford,  a  city  and  seaport  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on 
the  estuary  of  the  r.  Suir,  about  10  m.  from  the  sea,  and  82  m.  S.  W. 
of  Dublin.  It  forms  a  co.  of  itself,  with  an  area  of  about  15  sq.  m. 
Pop.  28,821 ;  of  whom  26,377  belong  to  the  city  proper.  Lat.  52°  13' 
N.,  Lon.  7°  10' W. 

Wax-ter-iW  (Dutch  pron.  wa'-ter-lo'),  a  village  of  Belgium,  in  S. 
Brabant,  9  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Brussels,  remarkable  as  the  scene  of  an  im- 
portant battle,  fought  June  18,  1815,  between  the  allied  army,  under 
Lord  Wellington,  and  the  French,  under  Napoleon;  which  resulted  in 
the  total  defeat  of  the  latter,  and  in  the  irretrievable  overthrow  of  their 
great  commander. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  bordering  on  L.  Ontario. 
Pop.  44,953.    Co.  t.  Lyons. 


WAY— WES  565 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Wayne,  a  co.  forming-  the  N.  N.  E.  extremity  of  Pa.  Pep.  21,890. 
Co.  t.  Bethany. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Va.,  bordering  on  Ohio  r.  P.  4,  760. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  central  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the 
Neuse  r.     Pop.  13,486.     Co.  t.  Waynesborough. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  Al- 
tamaha  r.     Pop.  1,499.     Co.  t.  Waynesville. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  E.  S.  E.  part  of  Miss.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
2,892.     Co.  seat,  Winchester. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ala.  Pop. 
8,170.    Co.  t.  Waynesborough. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  and 
the  Cumberland  r.     Pop.  8,692.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ohio,  W.  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
Canal.     Pop.  32,981.     Co.  t.  Wooster. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mich.,  on  the  Detroit  r.  Pop. 
42,756.     Co.  t.  Detroit. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ind.,  bordering  on  Ohio.  Pop*25,320. 
Co.  t.  Centreville. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  N.  W.  of  the  Wabash  r.  Pop. 
6,825.     Co.  t.  Fairfield. 

Wayne,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Mo.,  bordering  on  Ark.  Pop.  4,518. 
Co.  t.  Greenville. 

Weakly,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Tenn.,  bordering  on  Ky.  Pop 
14,608.  Co.  t.  Dresden. 

Wednesbury,  wenz'-ber-re,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  England,  in  Staf- 
fordshire, 7  m.  N.  W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of 
above  3  sq.  m.,  11,625. 

Weimar,  Wi/-mar,  a  city  of  Germany,  cap.  of  the  grand  duchy  of 
Saxe  Weimar,  situated  in  a  delightful  valley,  on  the  Ilm,  an  affluent 
of  the  Saale,  136  m.  S.  W.  of  Berlin.  Among  the  literary  and  scientific 
establishments  of  this  place,  may  be  mentioned  the  grand  ducal  library, 
containing  above  130,000  vols.  Lat.  50°  59'  N.,  Lon.  11°  21'  E.  Pop. 
12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wells,  a  small  city  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  17  m.  S.  W.  of 
Bath.     Pop.  about  4,600. 

Wells,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Wabash  r. 
Pop.  6,152. 

Wen'-er  or  wa/-ner,  a  large  lake  of  Sweden,  intersected  by  the  59th 
parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  13th  and  14th  meridians  of  E  Lon.  Ex- 
treme length,  about  90  m.;  greatest  breadth,  near  50  m.  The  r.  Gotha 
forms  its  outlet. 

Wesel,  wa/-zel,  or  Niederwesel,  nee'-der-wa'-zel,  a  frontier  t.  and 
fortress  of  Rhenish  Prussia,  at  the  junction  of  the  Lippe  with  the 
Rhine,  20  m.  S.  E.  of  Cleves.     Pop.,   including  the  military,  13,000. 

We'-per   (Ger.  pron.  WiV-zer ;  Anc.  Visur^gis),  a  r.  of  Germany, 

48 


566  WES— WEX  1 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  no,  not;  65,  as  in  good, 

formed  by  the  union  of  the  Fulda  and  Werra,  falling-  into  the  North 
Sea  near  53°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length,  near  200  m.  It 
is  navigable  for  boats  almost  to  its  source. 

West  Bromwich  (brum'-ich),  a  manufacturing  t:  of  England,  in 
Staffordshire,  5  m.  N.  N.  VV.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  in- 
cluding an  area  of  above  8  sq.  m.,  26,121 :  in  1831,  it  was  only  15,327. 

West  Ches'-ter,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  N.  Y.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
the  Hudson.     Pop.  58,263.     Co.  t.  Bedford. 

West  Indies  (in'-dez),  the  name  of  the  archipelago  which  separates 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Caribbean  Sea  from  the  main  ocean,  situated 
between  10°  and  27°  N.  Lat.,  and  59°  30'  and  85°  W.  Lon.  The  W. 
India  archipelago  is  divided  into  three  principal  groups,  the  Bahamas, 
the  Greater  Antilles,  and  the  Lesser  Antilles — (see  Antilles.) 
The  individual  islands,  with  the  exception  of  Hayti,  are  owned  by  dif- 
ferent European  powers.  The  Spanish  possessions  are  the  largest, 
comprehending  more  than  half  the  area  of  the  archipelago.  They  are, 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  and  the  little  islands  of  Culebra  (koo-W-bra),  and 
Bique  (bee'-ka).  The  French  possess  only  Guadaloupe  and  Martinique, 
with  a  few  adjacent  islets :  to  the  Danes  belong  St.  John,  St.  Thomas, 
and  Santa  Cruz:  to  the  Dutch  the  three  little  islands  of  St.  Eustatius, 
Saba,  and  St.  Martin :  to  the  Swedes  only  the  small  island  of  St 
Bartholomew.  The  English  possess  all  the  Bahamas,  Jamaica,  An- 
guilla,  Barbuda,  Antigua,  St.  Christopher,  Nevis,  Montserrat,  Domi- 
nica, St.  Lucia,  Barbadoes,  St.  Vincent,  Grenada,  Tobago,  and  Trini- 
dad, besides  many  smaller  islands. — Adj.  and  inhab.  West  LV-dx-an. 

West^-meath7  (-meeTH),  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Ireland,  prov. 
of  Leinster.     Pop.  in  1831,  136,872.     (M.) 

Westminster.     See  London. 

West'-more-land,  a  co.  near  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  England. 
Pop.  56,454! 

Westmoreland  (usually  pronounced  west-moreMand),  a  co.  in  the 
S.  W.  part  of  Pa.,  on  the  Alleghany  r.  Pop.  51,726.  Co.  t.  Greens- 
burg. 

Westmoreland,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  S.  side  of  the 
Potomac.     Pop.  8,080.     Seat  of  justice,  Westmoreland  c.  h. 

West-phV-lj-a  (Ger.  Westphalen,  WestN-faMen),  an  extensive  prov. 
of  the  Prussian  dominions,  lying  W.  of  the  Weser,  between  50°  40'  and 
52°  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  6°  25'  and  9°  23'  E.  Lon.  Area  7,800  sq.  m.  Pop. 
1,328,000.     (P.  C.)— Adj.  and  inhab.  West-pha'-lj-an. 

Wet^-ter,  a  lake  of  Sweden,  intersected  by  the  58th  parallel  of  N. 
Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of  14°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length  80  m. ;  greatest 
breadth  17  m. 

Wex'-ford,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Leinster, 
bordering  on  tne  sea.     Pop.  in  1841,  202,033.     (P.  C.) 

Wexford,  a  seaport  t.  of  Ireland,  cap.  of  the  above,  on  a  shallow  bay 
called  Wexford  Haven.  Lat.  52°  22'  N.,  Lon.  6°  24'  W.  Pop.  in 
1831,  10,670.    (M.) 


WEX— WIE  567 

-  OU,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Wexford,  (Kawtavvwabet),  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Michigan, 
intersected  by  the  Manistee  r. 

Weymouth,  wa/-muth,  and  Melcombe  Regis,  meF-kum  re^-jis,  a 
seaport  t.,  or  rather  two  contiguous  towns  of  England,  in  Dorsetshire, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  little  river  Wey,  120  m.  W.  S.  W.  of  London. 
This  place  is  much  resorted  to  for  sea-bathing.     Pop.  7,708. 

Wheel/-inc,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Va.,  cap.  of  Ohio  co.,  on  the  Ohio 
r.,  50  m.  S.  W.  of  Pittsburg.  Lat.  40°  7'  N.,  Lon.  80°  42/  W.  Pop. 
11,391. 

Whit/-by,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  the  N.  Riding  of  Yorkshire,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Esk,  42  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  York.     Pop.  7,383. 

White,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ark.,  on  the  W.  side  of 
White  r.     Pop.  2,619. 

White,  a  co.  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  S.  E.  of  the  Cumber- 
land r.     Pop.  11,444.     Co.  t.  Sparta. 

White,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ind.,  intersected  by  the  Tippe- 
canoe r.     Pop.  4,761.     Co.  t.  Monticello. 

White,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  111.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the  Wabash. 
Pop.  8,925.     Co.  t.  Carmi. 

White  River,  a  r.  of  Ark.,  which  joins  the  Mississippi,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Arkansas.  Its  course  is  very  winding.  It  is  said  to  be 
boatable  for  above  500  m. 

White  River,  a  r.  of  Ind.,  which  falls  into  the  Wabash,  about  30 
m.  below  Vincennes.  Length,  including  the  West  Fork  or  principal 
branch,  probably  near  300  m. 

White  Sea,  a  large  gulf  of  the  Arctic  Ocean,  between  63°  40'  and 
68°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  32°  and  45°  E.  Lon.  The  length  is  near  500  m.; 
the  breadth  varies  from  30  m.  to  above  100  m. 

White-ha'-ven,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Cumberland,  important 
on  account  of  the  coal  mines  in  its  vicinity.  Lat.  54°  33'  N.,  Lon.  3° 
35' W.     Pop.  11,854. 

White/-side,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  111.,  on  the  Mississippi  r. 
Pop.  5,361.    Co.  t.  Sterling. 

Whit'-ley,  a  co.  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Ky.,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
7,447.     Seat  of  justice,  Whitley  c.  h. 

Whitley,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ind.,  N.  of  the  Wabash.  Pop. 
5,190.  V 

Wick'-low,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ireland,  prov.  of  Leinster,  border- 
ing on  the  sea.     Pop.  in  1831,  121,557.     (P.  C.) 

Wid/-in  or  Vidin,  a  t.  and  important  fortress  of  Bulgaria,  cap.  of  a 
small  prov.  (Sanjak)  of  its  own  name,  on  the  Danube,  130  m.  S.  E.  of 
Belgrade.     Pop.  estimated  at  from  20,000  to  25,000.     (B.) 

VVieo  or  Wied-Neu-Wied.     See  Neu-Wied. 

Wieliczka,  vyel-ich'-ka,  a  small  t.  of  Austrian  Gaiicia,  8  m.  S.  E.  of 
Cracow,  remarkable  for  its  famous  salt  mine,  which  is  9,500  ft.  (above  a 
mile  and  three-quarters)  in  extent,  from  E.  to  W.,  3,600  ft.  from  N.  to 
S.,  and  1,220  ft.  in  depth.  (P.  C.)  This  mine  is  in  fact  a  subterranean 
city,  and  contains  several  chapels  cut  out  of  the  salt  rock.     (B.) 

Wiesbaden.     See  Wisbaden. 


568  WIG— WIN 

Fate,  f ar,  fail,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  plrf ;  n6,  nSt ;  66,  as  in  good , 

Wight,  Isle  of,  (Anc.  Vec'-tis,)an  i.  off  the  S.  coast  of  England,  be- 
longing to  Hampshire.     Length  22  m. ;  breadth  13  m.     Pop.  42,550. 

Wig'-ton-shire,  a  co.  forming  the  S.   W.  extremity  of  Scotland, 
Pop.  39,195. 

Wu/-cox,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  central  part  of  Ala.,  intersected  by  the 
Alabama  r.     Pop.  17,352.    Co.  t.  Barboursville. 

Wilkes,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  intersected  by  the  Yad- 
kin r.     Pop.  12,099.     Co.  t.  Wilkesboro. 

Wilkes,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ga.,  a  little  W.  of  the  Savannah. 
Pop.  12,107.     Co.  t.  Washington. 

Wii/-kin-son,  a  co.  near  the  centre  of  Ga.,  on  the  W.  side  of  the 
Oconee.     Pop.  8,212.     Co.  t.  Irwinton. 

Wilkinson,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Miss.  Pop. 
16,914.     Co.  seat,  Woodville. 

Will,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  111.,  intersected  by  the  Illinois  r. 
Pop.  16,703.     Co.  t.  Juliet. 

Williams,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  W.  extremity  of  Ohio.  Pop.  8,018. 
Co.  t.  Bryan. 

Wil'-hams-burg,  a  dist.  in  the  E.  part  of  S.  C,  on  the  N.  E.  side 
of  the  Santee  r.     Pop.  12,447.     Seat  of  justice,  Kingstree. 

Williamsburg,  a  flourishing  t.  or  rather  suburb  of  New  York,  oil 
the  East  River,  above  Brooklyn.     Present  pop.  estimated  at  30,780. 

Williamson,  a  co.  in  the  W.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  S.  of  Nashville. 
Pop.  27,201.     Co.  t.  Franklin. 

Williamson,  a  co.  in  the  S.  part  of  111.,  midway  between  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers.     Pop.  7,216.     Co.  t.  Bainbridge. 

Wil'-ming-ton,  a  commercial  city  and  port  of  entry  of  Del.,  between 
the  Christiana  and  Brandywine  creeks,  just  above  their  junction,  30 
m.  S.  W.  of  Phila.  It  is  connected  by  R.  R.  with  Philadelphia  and 
Baltimore.  The  Christiana  is  navigable  to  the  town  for  vessels 
drawing  14  ft.  water.  Lat.  39°  41/  N.,  Lon.  75°  28'  W.  Pop.  13,979. 
Wilmington,  an  important  commercial  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  N.  C, 
cap.  of  New  Hanover  co.,  on  Cape  Fear  r.,  34  m.  from  its  mouth. 
Lat.  34°  11/  N.,  Lon.  78°  10/  W.     Pop.  7,264. 

Wil'-na  or  Vilna,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the 
same  name,  and  formerly  of  Lithuania,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Vilenka 
and  Vilia,  an  affluent  of  the  Niemen,  90  m.  N.  E.  of  Grodno.  The 
University  of  Wilna  was  suppressed  in  1832,  and  its  library  of  200,000 
vols,  transferred  to  St.  Petersburg.  Lat.  54°  41'  N.,  Lon.  25°  18'  E. 
Pop.  58,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wil'-son,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Tenn.,  on  the  S.  side  of 
the  Cumberland  r.     Pop.  27,444.    Co.  t.  Lebanon. 

WiltV-shire,  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  England,  W.  of  London. 
Pop.  258,733. 

Win'-ches-ter,  a  city  of  England,  cap.  of  Hampshire,  63  m.  S.  W 
of  London.     Pop.,  including  an  area  of  above  3  sq.  m.,  10,732. 

Winchester,  a  t.  of  Va.,  cap.  of  Frederick  co.,  on  a  small  affluent  of 
the  Potomac.  A  railroad,  30  m.  long,  connects  it  with  the  Baltimore* 
and  Ohio  Railroad,  at  Harper's  Ferry.     Pop.  4,500. 


WIN— WIS  569 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin ;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 


Wind'-ham,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Vt.  Pop.  29,062. 
Co.  t.  Fayetteville. 

Windham,  a  co.  forming  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  Conn.  Pop.  30,079. 
Co.  t.  Brooklyn. 

Wind'-sor,  a  t.  of  England,  in  Berkshire,  on  the  Thames,  20  m.  W. 
by  S.  from  London,  remarkable  as  the  site  of  Windsor  Castle,  the  prin- 
cipal country  seat  of  the  English  sovereigns.  Pop.,  including  an  area 
of  above  4  sq.  m.,  7,786. 

Windsor,  a  co.  towards  the  S.  E.  part  of  Vt.,  on  the  Connecticut  r. 
Pop.  38,320.     Co.  towns,  Woodstock  and  Windsor. 

Win-ne-ba'-go,  a  co.  in  the  N.  part  of  111.,  bordering  on  Wisconsin. 
Pop.  11,773.  Co.  t.  Rockford. 

Winnebago,  a  co.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wisconsin,  on  the  W.  side  of 
Winnebago  L.     Pop.  10,125. 

Win'-nj-peg,  a  large  L.  of  British  America,  between  50°  30'  and  54° 
N.  Lat.,  and  95°  30'  and  99°  30'  W.  Lon.  Length  about  250  ■  m. ; 
greatest  breadth  70  m.  The  rivers  Nelson  and  Severn  form  its  out- 
lets, and  discharge  themselves  into  Hudson's  Bay. 

Winn-ni.-pisv-e-o'-gee  (-je),  usually  pronounced  winv-ne-pis-sok^-ke,  a 
lake  in  the  E.  central  part  of  N.  H.,  connected  by  the  Winnipiseogee  r. 
with  the  Merrimack.     Length,  22  m. ;  greatest  breadth,  about  10  m. 

Win'-ston,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Miss.  Pop.  7,956.  Co. 
seat,  Louisville. 

Wirtemberg.     See  Wtf rtemberg. 

Wisbaden,  wis'-ba'-den  or  Wiesbaden,  weesv-ba'-den,  (Anc.  Matti- 
acum))a  t.  and  celebrated  watering-place  of  Germany,  cap.  of  the 
duchy  of  Nassau,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Rhine,  6  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  Mentz. 
It  owes  its  prosperity,  and  probably  its  name  (see  Baden),  to  its  warm 
mineral  springs,  which  were  known  to  the  Romans,  and  are  called  by 
Pliny,  fontcs  calidi  Mattiaci,  or  the  "  warm  springs  of  Mattiacum 
or  Mattiacus."  There  are  25  private  bathing  establishments  and  two 
public  ones.  Wisbaden  contains  a  public  library  of  60,000  vols.,  be- 
sides other  institutions.     Permanent  pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wis'-by,  a  seaport  t.  of  Sweden,  cap.  of  the  Island  of  Gottland,  situ- 
ated on  the  W.  coast.  In  the  middle  ages  it  was  a  member  of  the 
Hanseatic  League,  and  one  of  the  most  important  places  of  trade  in 
the  N.  of  Europe.  Though  greatly  fallen  from  its  ancient  prosperity, 
it  is  still,  according  to  Balbi,  the  fourth  town,  as  respects  maritime 
trade,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sweden.  Lat.  57°  39'  N.,  Lon.  18°  26'  E. 
Pop.  4,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wis-cas'-skt,  a  port  of  entry  of  Me.,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Lin- 
coln co.,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Sheepscot  r. 

Wiscon'-sin,  lately  a  territory  of  the  U.  S.,  was  created  a  sovereign 
state  in  1848.  This  state  lies  between  42°  30/  and  47°  N.  Lat.,  and 
between  87°  and  92°  50'  W.  Lon.,  having  an  average  length  of  about 
225  m.  from  E.  to  W.,  and  a  mean  breadth  of  213  m.  from  N.  to  S., 
including  an  area  of  about  53,924  sq.  m.  Wisconsin  is  bounded  on 
the  N.  by  Minnesota,  Lake  Superior,  and  the  northern  peninsula  of 
4g*  2  M 


570  WIS— WIS 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fit;  m&,  m&t;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  ndt;  oo  as  in  good; 

Michigan,  E.  by  Lake  Michigan,  S.  by  Illinois,  and  W.  by  Iowa  and 
Minnesota,  from  which  it  is  principally  separated  by  the  Mississippi 
river.  By  the  census  of  1850,  the  pop.  of  Wisconsin  was  305,191 ; 
of  whom  304,565  were  white,  and  626  coloured  persons.  Deaths  in 
the  year  ending  June  30th,  1850,  2,884,  or  nine  in  every  thousand. 
The  state  had  31  organized  counties  in  1850.* 

Lakes,  Rivers,  &c. — Besides  the  great  lakes  Superior  and  Michi- 
gan, which  wash  its  northern  and  eastern  shores,  Wisconsin  has  a 
number  of  small  lakes,  abounding  in  fish.  The  principal  of  these, 
Winnebago  Lake,  S.  E.  from  the  middle  of  the  state,  is  28  m.  long, 
and  10  wide.  It  communicates  with  Green  Bay,  a  N.  W.  arm  of 
Lake  Michigan,  by  the  Fox  river.  There  are  a  number  of  small 
lakes  in  this  region,  and  also  in  the  extreme  N.  W.  The  principal 
rivers  which  traverse  the  interior  have  a  S.  W.  course,  and  empty 
into  the  Mississippi,  in  the  following  order,  commencing  at  the  south : 
Wisconsin,  Bad  Axe,  Black,  and  Chippewa.  The  Wisconsin,  by  far 
the  most  important  of  these,  traverses  the  middle  of  the  state,  first 
in  a  S.  and  then  in  a  W.  direction.  The  Fox,  or  Neenah,  is  the 
principal  tributary  of  Lake  Michigan  from  this  state,  and  runs  in  a 
generally  N.  E.  course,  through  Winnebago  Lake,  into  Green  Bay. 
This  river  approaches  within  half  a  mile  of  the  Wisconsin  in  its 
course,  and  a  canal  is  being  constructed  to  unite  the  rivers  at  this 
place,  which,  when  completed,  and  some  obstructions  removed  in  the 
rivers  themselves,  will  open  steamboat  navigation  between  Lake 
Michigan  and  the  Mississippi  river.  The  Rock,  the  Des  Plaines,  and 
Fox  rivers  drain  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  The  Rock  flows  S. 
W.  about  300  m.  into  the  Mississippi.  The  other  two  are  affluents 
of  the  Illinois  r.  Lake  Pepin,  an  expansion  of  the  Mississippi,  is  on 
the  W.  boundary  of  this  state.  Most  of  the  rivers  are  not  navigable 
(except  for  canoes  or  floating  down  timber)  to  any  great  extent,  with- 
out artificial  aid. 

Face  of  the  Country,  Productions,  &c. — The  state  of  Wisconsin  may 
be  generally  described  as  an  elevated  rolling  prairie,  from  600  to 
1,500  feet  above  the  sea.  The  highest  portion  of  this  plateau  is  in 
the  N.,  and  separates  the  waters  flowing  into  Lake  Superior  from 
those  running  S.  and  S.  W.  into  the  Mississippi.  The  southern  slope 
is  again  interrupted  about  the  middle  of  the  state  by  another  ridge, 
giving  origin  to  a  second  slope,  drained  by  the  Rock  river  and  its 
branches.  The  descent  on  the  Lake  Superior  shore  is  very  abrupt, 
giving  rise  to  many  rapids  and  falls  which  interrupt  navigation,  but 
furnish  numerous  and  valuable  mill  sites.  There  is  a  third  ridge 
in  the  S.  E.,  dividing  the  tributaries  of  Lake  Michigan  from  those 
of  Green  Bay.     The  north  of  the  state  is  rugged,  and  its  agricultural 

•  Adams,  Brown,  Calumet,  Chippewa,  Crawford,  Columbia,  Dane,  Dodge> 
Fond  du  Lac,  Grant,  Green,  Iowa,  Jefferson,  Kenosha,  La  Fayette,  La  Pointe, 
ManitouwoO)  Marathon,  Marquette,  Milwaukie,  Portage,  Racine,  Richland, 
Rock,  Sauk,  Sheboygan,  St.  Croix,  Walworth,  Washington,  Waukesha,  and 
Winnebago.  Besides  these  the  more  recent  maps  have  Bad-Axe,  Door,  La 
Cruise,  Oconto,  Outagamie,  Waupacca,  and  Waushara. 


WIS— WIS  571 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

capabilities  believed  not  to  be  great.  On  the  St.  Croix,  Chippewa, 
and  other  rivers  of  the  N.  W.,  are  vast  forests  of  pine  timber.  "On 
the  N.  bank  of  the  Wisconsin,  W.  from  the  great  bend,  is  a  range  of 
abrupt,  thickly  wooded  heights.  In  the  W.  and  S.  W.  are  several 
isolated  mounds,  with  elevations  varying  from  200  to  1,000  ft.  The 
highest  of  these,  one  of  the  Blue  mounds,  is  1,001  ft.  above  the 
Wisconsin  r.  The  state  S.  of  the  Wisconsin  and  Fox  r.  is  a  fine 
farming  region.  West  of  the  Pekatonica  is  the  celebrated  lead  re- 
gion, also  abounding  in  copper  and  zinc.  This  section  is  broken, 
but  in  parts  well  adapted  to  agriculture,  and  especially  to  grazing. 
East  of  the  Pekatonica  the  proportion  of  prairie  land  is  increased, 
though  there  is  a  considerable  portion  of  timbered  land  on  the  rivers 
and  streams.  This  is  probably  the  best  agricultural  district  in  the 
state.  Limestone  underlies  most  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
— the  cliff  limestone  in  the  mineral  district,  and  the  blue  elsewhere. 
Between  Green  Bay  and  the  lake,  the  country  is  timbered  with  pine, 
Bpruce,  and  birch  ;  and  along  the  Fox  r.  to  Ft.  Winnebago  it  is  hilly 
and  well  timbered.  The  agricultural  products  of  the  state  are  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  oats,  buckwheat,  barley,  rye,  potatoes,  wool,  and  maple 
Bugar.  The  forest-trees  are,  pine,  cedar,  spruce,  tamarack,  birch, 
oak,  aspen,  basswood,  hickory,  elm,  ash,  hemlock,  poplar,  syca- 
more, &c. 

Climate,  Meteorology,  &c. — The  climate  of  this  state  compares  fa- 
vourably with  western  New  York,  being  milder  on  the  shores  of 
Lake  Michigan,  where  the  temperature  is  6?°  higher  than  on  the 
Mississippi  side.  The  winters  are  less  variable  than  in  the  Atlantic 
states.  The  Milwaukie  r.  was  closed  by  ice,  on  an  average  (in  the 
ten  years  preceding  1845),  from  November  22d  to  March  26th. 

Towns. — Milwaukie  City,  the  most  populous  and  commercial  in 
the  state,  is  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  at  the 
mouth  of  Milwaukie  r.,  90  m.  N.  from  Chicago.  Its  position  is  ad- 
mirably adapted  for  a  commercial  emporium,  and  in  rapidity  of 
growth  it  has  surpassed  all  the  western  towns  except  those  of  Cali- 
fornia. The  first  settlement  made  here  was  in  1834.  In  1843  the 
pop.  was  over  6,000  and  in  1850  it  amounted  to  20,060.  It  is  built  on 
the  high  bluffs  overhanging  the  lake,  and  on  the  flats  bordering  on 
the  river.  The  delicate  cream- colour  of  the  bricks  employed  in  the 
buildings  gives  the  town  a  peculiar  and  agreeable  aspect.  It  is  the 
eastern  terminus  of  a  R.  R.  200  m.  long,  which  is  designed  to  extend 
to  the  Mississippi  r.  ;  and  it  has  6  plank  roads  extending  into  the 
country.  The  number  of  vessels  owned  here  in  1851  was  39,  and 
the  tonnage  8,542.  The  value  of  manufactured  products  was  about 
$2,000,000.     It  has  21  churches,  and  7  daily  newspapers. 

Racine,  a  flourishing  town  on  Lake  Michigan,  70  m.  N.  from 
Chicago,  and  100  m.  E.  S.  E.  from  Madison.  It  has  a  good  harbour, 
and  large  quantities  of  produce  are  shipped  here.  There  are  several 
foundries,  machine-shops,  and  flouring-mills  in  the  place.    Pop.  5,100. 

Madison,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  neck 


572  WIS— WOO 

Fate,  far,  fill,  fat;  me,  met;  pine  or  pine,  pin;  n6,  n6t;  oo  as  in 

of  land,  between  the  Third  Lake  and  Fourth  Lake,  in  Dane  co.,  80  m. 
W.  from  Lake  Michigan.  Lat.  43°  5/  N.,  Lon.  89°  20'  W.  The 
capitol  is  a  substantial  limestone  structure,  which  cost  $50,000.  The 
Wisconsin  University  is  established  here.  Madison  was  laid  out  in 
1837.     Pop.  about  1,800. 

Fond  du  Lac,  Janesville,  and  Waukesha,  are  flourishing  towns, 
with  a  pop.  of  near  3,000  each. 

Wisconsin,  a.  r.  of  the  above  state,  falling  into  the  Mississippi 
near  43°  N.  Lat.,  and  91°  W.  Lon.  Length  estimated  at  400  m. ;  its 
navigation  is  impeded  by  sand-bars. 

Wismar,  wis'-mar,  a  fortified  seaport  t.  of  Germany,  in  the  grand  duchy 
of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  on  a  bay  of  the  Baltic,  called  the  Walpich 
(wal'-piic),  with  an  excellent  harbour.  Lat.  53°  50'  N.,  Lon.  11°  35' 
E.     Pop.  about  10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wissembourg,  vis^-saiv^-booR/,  a  fortified  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of 
Lower  Rhine,  on  the  Bavarian  frontier,  33  m.  N.  by  E.  from  Strasbourg. 

Wit-epsk/  or  Vitebsk,  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Dvvina,  330  m.  S.  by  W.  from  St.  Petersburg. 
Pop.  about  14,400.     (M.) 

Wit'-ten-bergn  (Ger.  pron.  wit'-en-beRGv),  a  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony, 
once  the  cap.  of  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  on  the  Elbe.  Tt  is  interest- 
ing as  the  cradle  of  the  Reformation ;  Luther  and  Melancthon  were 
professors  in  its  university,  and  their  remains  are  deposited  in  its  ca- 
thedral. A  superb  colossal  statue  of  Luther,  in  bronze,  was  erected  in 
the  market-place,  in  1821.  Lat.  51°  53'  N.,  Lon.  12°  46'  E.  Pop.  8,500, 
exclusive  of  the  garrison.     (P.  C.) 

Wiveliscombe,  wils'-kum,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire. 

WolfenbOttel,  Wol'-fen-buf-tel,  a  t.  of  Germany,  in  Brunswick, 
cap.  of  a  circle  of  the  same  name,  on  the  Ocker,  8  m.  S.  of  Bruns- 
wick. It  contains  a  magnificent  ducal  library,  with  near  200,000  vols. 
Lat.  52°  9'  N.,  Lon.  10°  32'  E.  Pop.,  including  the  suburbs,  about 
10,000.     (P.  C.) 

Wolverhampton,  wooP-ver-hamp'-ton,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Eng- 
land, in  Staffordshire,  13  rn.  N.  W.  of  Birmingham.  Pop.  of  the  town- 
ship, with  an  area  of  5  sq.  m.,  36,382.  In  the  vicinity  are  extensive 
mines  of  coal  and  iron  ore,  to  which  the  town  owes  its  prosperity. 

Wood,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Va.,  on  the  Ohio  r.  Pop.  9,450. 
Co.  t.  Parkersburg. 

Wood,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Ohio,  on  the  S.  E.  side  of  the 
Maumee  r.     Pop.  9,157.     Co.  t.  Perrysburg. 

Wood'-ford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  Ky.,  on  the  E.  side  of 
Kentucky  r.     Pop.  12,423.     Co.  t.  Versailles. 

Woodford,  a  co.  in  the  N.  central  part  of  111.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Illi- 
nois r.     Co.  t.  Woodford.    Pop.  4,416. 

Woolwich,  wooF-ich,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  in  Kent,  on  the  S. 
side  of  the  Thames,  7  m.  E.  of  London,  important  on  account  of  its  dock- 
yard, arsenal,  and  other  naval  and  military  establishments.  Pop 
25,785. 


WOR— WYT  573 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

Worcester,  woos'-ter,  a  city  of  England,  cap.  of  Worcestershire, 
on  the  Severn,  here  crossed  by  a  fine  stone  bridge,  with  5  arches,  100 
m.  W.  N.  W.  of  London.  It  has  extensive  manufactures  of  gloves : 
poicelain  and  fine  earthenware  are  also  produced  here.  Lat.  52°  9' 
N„  Lon.  2°  W.     Pop.  25,401. 

Worcester,  a  co.  occupying  the  central  part  of  Mass.,  and  extend- 
ing across  the  state.     Pop.  130,789. 

Worcester,  a  flourishing  and  handsome  t.  of  Mass.,  cap.  of  the 
above,  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad,  where  it  is  connected  with 
the  Norwich,  and  Worcester  Railroad,  and  at  the  termination  of  the 
Blackstone  River  Canal,  about  40  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  W.  by  S.  from 
Boston.     Lat.  42°  16'  N.,  Lon.  71°  48'  W.     Pop.  17,216. 

Worcester,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  E.  extremity  of  Md.  Pop.  18,859. 
Co.  t.  Snow  Hill. 

Wotton-under-Edge,  usually  pronounced  woo'-ton-und^-ridge,  a  small 
t.  of  England,  in  Gloucestershire,  17  m.  S.  by  W.  from  Gloucester. 

Worms  (Ger.  pron.  WoRms ;  Anc.  Borbitomagus,  afterwards  Van- 
giones),  a  celebrated  but.  decayed  city  of  Germany,  in  Hesse  Darm- 
stadt, on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  26  m.  S.  S.  E.  of  Mentz.  It  was 
anciently  one  of  the  residences  of  the  Frankish  sovereigns.  Charle- 
magne was  married  here.  The  Lutheran  Church,  in  the  market-place, 
in  which  is  a  painting  of  Luther  before  the  Diet  of  Worms,  now  occu- 
pies the  site  of  the  council-hall  in  which  that  Diet  was  held.  Lat.  49° 
38'  N.,  Lon.  8°  21'  E.     Pop.  8,500.     (P.  C.) 

Wrex'-ham,  a  handsome  t.  of  Wales,  in  Denbighshire,  11  m.  S.  by 
W.  from  Chester.     Pop.  5,818. 

Wright,  a  co.  towards  the  S.  part  of  Mo.,  on  the  head  branches  of 
the  Gasconade  r.    Pop.  3,387. 

WOrtemberg,  wur^-tem-berg\  (Ger.  pron.  WUR^-tem-beRG\)  often 
written  Wirtemberg,  a  kingdom  of  Germany,  between  47°  35'  and 
49°  35'  N.  Lat.,  and  8°  15'  and  10°  30'  E.  Lon.  Length  140  in. ; 
greatest  breadth  96  m.  Area  7,626  sq.  m.  Pop.  in  1838,  1,649,839. 
(M.)  The  government  of  Wiirtemberg  is  a  limited  monarchy.  Stutt- 
gart is  the  capital. 

Wurzburg,  wurts'-burg,  (Ger.  pron.  Wiiats'-booRG,)  an  ancient 
walled  city  of  Bavaria,  cap.  of  the  circle  of  the  Lower  Mayn,  on  the 
Mayn,  62  m.  E.  S.  E.  of  Frankfort.  The  University  of  this  place, 
founded  in  1402,  is  especially  distinguished  for  its  school  of  medicine ; 
it  contains  a  library  of  120,000  vols.  (M.)  Lat.  49°  46'  N.,  Lon.  9° 
56'  E.     Pop.  25,000,  exclusive  of  the  garrison.     (P.  C.) 

Wycomb,  wik'-um,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Buckinghamshire,  27  m 
W.  N.  W.  of  London. 

Wy-o'-ming,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  S.  W.  of  Rochester.  Co 
t.  Warsaw.    Pop.  31,981. 

Wyoming,  a  co.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  intersected  by  the  E.  branch 
of  the  Susquelianna.     Co.  t.  Tunkhannock.    Pop.  10,655. 

Wythe,  with,  (th  as  in  thin,)  a  co.  in  the  S.  W.  part  of  Va.,  inter- 
sected by  the  New  r.    Pop.  12,024. 


574  XAL— YAZ 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  not ;  56  as  in  good 

Xalapa  or  Jalapa,  na-la'-pa,  (see  Int.  XXVII.,  17,)  a  t.  of  Mexico, 
55  m.  N.  W.  of  Vera  Cruz.  Pop.  estimated  at  13,000.  (M.)  The 
medicinal  herb  jalap  owes  its  name  to  this  town ;  it  grows  abundantly 
in  the  vicinity. 

Xeres  or  Jeres  de  la  Frontera,  Ha'-rea  da.  la  fron-ta/-ra,  a  t.  of 
Spain,  in  Andalusia,  17  m.  N.  N.  E.  of  Cadiz.  It  is  the  great  empo- 
rium of  the  wine  called  Sherry,  grown  in  its  vicinity.  Pop.  34,000.  (B.) 

Xingu  or  Chingu,  shin-goo',  (see  Int.  XXVI.,  11,)  a  large  r.  of  Bra- 
zil, flowing  into  the  Amazon,  near  its  mouth.  Length  estimated  at 
1,500  m. 

Y,  pronounced  i,  an  arm  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  in  Holland. 

Yadkin.     See  Pedee. 

Yak-ootsk/  (Yakutsk),  a  t.  of  E.  Siberia,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of  the  same 
name,  on  the  Lena.  Lat.  62°  2'  N.,  Lon.  147°  44'  E.  Pop.  about 
4,000.     (M.) 

Yalv-a-bu'-sha,  a  co.  towards  the  N.  part  of  Miss.,  intersected  by  the 
Yalabusha  r.     Pop.  17,258.     Co.  seat,  Corfeeville. 

Yan'-cy,  a  co.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  N.  C,  bordering  on  Tenn.  Pop. 
8,205.     Co.  t.  Burnsville. 

Yang-tse-Kiang  (ke-ang'),  or  "blue  river;"  called,  also,  sometimes, 
Ta  Kiang,  or  "  great  river,"  the  largest  r.  of  China.  Its  source  has 
never  been  visited  by  Europeans,  but,  according  to  the  statements  of 
some  Chinese  travellers,  it  appears  to  rise  between  34°  and  35°  N.  Lat., 
and  89°  and  90°  E.  Lon.  Its  general  course  is  easterly,  and  it  falls 
into  the  Pacific  in  about  32°  N.  Lat.,  and  121°  E.  Lon.  Its  breadth  in 
the  last  800  m.  of  its  course  varies  from  1  to  3  m.  The  tide  ascends 
about  400  m. :  in  this  part  the  depth  of  the  river  is  very  great ;  a  Chi- 
nese proverb  says,  "  the  sea  has  no  boundary,  and  the  Ta-Kiang  no 
bottom."  The  whole  length  of  the  Yang-tse-Kiang  is  estimated  at 
above  3,000  m. 

Yanina.     See  Janina. 

Yarn-kund',  often  written  Yarkand  (see  Int.  XIX.,  1,  Obs.),  the 
chief  city  of  Chinese  Toorkistan,  on  a  r.  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  about 
38°  20'  N.,  Lon.  76°  20'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  50,000.     (M.) 

Yar'-mouth,  a  seaport  t.  of  England,  on  the  North  Sea,  partly  in 
the  co.  of  Norfolk  and  partly  in  that  of  Suffolk,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
r.  Yare,  108  m.  N.  E.  of  London.  It  is  the  principal  seat  of  the  Eng- 
lish herring  fishery.     Lat.  52°  37'  N.,  Lon.  1°  44'  E.     Pop.  24,086. 

Yaroslaf  (Jaroslavl  or  Jaroslaw),  yarv-o-slaf ,  an  important  commer- 
cial and  manufacturing  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  a  gov.  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  Volga.  Lat.  57°  38'  N.,  Lon.  40°  10'  E.  Pop. 
28,500. 

Yates,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  N.  Y.,  S.  E.  of  Rochester.  Pop. 
20,590.     Co.  t.  Penn  Yan. 

Yaz-oo',  a  r.  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Miss.,  falling  into  the  Mississippi 
r.,  a  little  above  Vicksburg. 


YAZ— YOR  575 

ou,  sis  in  our;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n  .nearly  like  ng. 

Yazoo,  a  co.  in  the  W.  part  of  Miss.,  between  the  Yazoo  and  Big 
Black  rivers.     Pop.  14,418.     Co.  seat,  Benton. 

Yed^-do  (Jeddo),  the  chief  city  of  Japan,  on  the  i.  of  Niphon,  on  a 
bay  to  which  it  gives  its  name.  It  is  said  to  be  about  20  m.  in  cir- 
cumference. Pop.  very  uncertain :  the  Japanese  writers  estimate  the 
number  of  houses  at  280,000.  The  pop.  is  probably  not  less  than 
1,300,000.     (B.) 

Yel/-l6w-stone,  a  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  which  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, and,  flowing  north-easterly,  falls  into  the  Missouri,  near  48°  N. 
Lat.,  and  104°  W.  Lon.  It  is  about  800  yards  wide  at  its  mouth. 
Length,  estimated  at  1,100  m.;  for  more  than  800  m.  of  which  it  is 
navigable.     (Morse.) 

Yem^-en  (Anc.  Ara'bia  Fe'lix),  a  country  occupying  the  S.  W.  por- 
tion of  Arabia. 

Yenisei,  yenv-e-sa/e,  a  large  r.  of  N.  Asia,  which  rises  in  the  Chi- 
nese empire,  near  51°  N.  Lat.,  and  98°  E.  Lon.  At  first,  its  course  is 
W.,  to  near  where  it  leaves  the  Chinese  territories,  when  it  turns  to 
the  N.,  and  continues  in  a  general  northerly  direction,  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  which  it  enters  by  a  wide  estuary,  in  about  72°  30'  N.  Lat., 
and  85°  E.  Lon.  Length  estimated  at  2,600  m.  It  is  of  little  use  for 
purposes  of  navigation,  in  consequence  of  its  flowing  through  a  deso- 
late country,  and  being  frozen  over  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year. 

Yeo'-vil,  a  small  t.  of  England,  in  Somersetshire,  on  the  Yeo  or 
Ivil,  an  affluent  of  the  Parret,  32  m.  S.  S.  YV.  of  Bath,  important  for 
its  manufacture  of  gloves. 

Yesso  or  Jesso.     See  Japan. 

Yezd,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  city  in  the  E.  part  of  Persia. 
Lat.  about  32°  40'  N.,  Lon.  55°  40'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  60,000.  (B.) 

Yonne,  a  dep.  in  the  N.  E.  central  part  of  France,  intersected  by  a 
river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into  the  Seine.  Pop.  355,237. 
(B.)     Capital,  Auxerre. 

York  (Anc.  Ebor^acum),  a  celebrated  city  of  England,  cap.  of  York- 
shire, on  the  Ouse,  170  m.  N.  N.  W.  of  London.  Though  inferior,  in 
population  and  importance,  to  many  other  English  towns,  York  is  re- 
garded, in  point  of  rank,  as  the  second  in  the  kingdom :  it  is  the  only 
city,  besides  London,  whose  chief  magistrate  takes  the  title  of  Lord 
Mayor.  The  most  remarkable  building  of  this  city  is  the  Minster  or 
Cathedral,  which  is  regarded  as  the  finest  edifice  of  the  kind  in  Great 
Britain,  and  one  of  the  finest  Gothic  structures  in  Europe:  length, 
internally,  5244  ft. ;  height  of  the  great  tower,  234  ft.  Eboracum  was 
an  important  town  under  the  Romans;  several  of  the  emperors  tempo- 
rarily resided,  and  one  (Severus)  died  here.  Several  parliaments  have 
been  held  in  York,  the  first  being  that  summoned  by  Henry  II.,  in  1160. 
Lat.  53°  58'  N.,  Lon.  1°  5'  W.  Pop.,  including  an  area  of  above  4 
sq.  rn„  28,842. 

York,  a  co.  forming  the  S.  W.  extremity  of  Maine.  Pop.  60,101. 
Co.  t.  Alfred. 

York,  a  t.  and  port  of  entry  of  Maine,  in  the  above  co.,  at  the  mouth 


576  YOR— ZAC 

Fate,  f ar,  fill,  fat ;  m£,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin  ;  n6,  n5t ;  66,  as  in  good  ; 

of  a  r.  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  43°  10'  N.,  Lon.  79°  40'  W.  Pop. 
2,980. 

York,  a  co.  in  the  S.  S.  E.  part  of  Pa.,  bordering  on  Md.  and  the 
Susquehanna  r.     Pop.  57,450. 

York,  a  t.  of  Pa.,  cap.  of  the  above  co.,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Sus- 
quehanna railroad,  24  m.,  in  a  straight  line,  S.  S.  E.  of  Harrisburg. 
Lat.  39°  58'  N.,  Lon.  76°  40'  W.     Pop.  6,897. 

York,  a  r.  of  Va.,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Pamunkey  and  Mat- 
tapony,  and  flowing  into  the  Chesapeake. 

York,  a  co.  of  Va.,  on  the  right  side  of  the  above  r.,  at  its  mouth. 
Pop.  4,460.    Co.  t.  Yorktown. 

York,  a  dist.  in  the  N.  part  of  S.  C,  on  the  Catawba  r.  Pop.  19,431. 
Seat  of  justice,  Yorkville. 

York'-shire,  the  largest  and  most  populous  co.  of  England,  lying  in 
the  N.  E.  part  of  the  kingdom,  and  bordering  on  the  North  Sea.  It  is 
divided  into  four  portions,  called  Ridings,  which,  for  extent,  may  be 
compared  to  ordinary  counties.     Pop.  1,591,480. 

Yorktown,  a  port  of  entry  of  Va.,  and  cap.  of  York  co.,  situated  on 
the  S.  side  of  the  York  r.,  near  its  mouth.  Lat.  37°  13'  N.,  Lon.  76° 
34'  VV. 

Youghall,  pronounced  yaul,  a  small  but  ancient  t.  and  seaport  of 
Ireland,  near  the  mouth  of  Black  Water  r.,  25  m.  E.  by  N.  from  Cork. 

Ypres,  eepr,  (Flem.  Ypern,  I'-pcrn),  a  fortified  manufacturing  t.  of 
Belgium,  in  W.  Flanders,  30  m.  S.  W.  of  Bruges.  It  was,  in  the  14th 
century,  far  more  flourishing  than  at  present,  and  was  formerly  famous 
for  its  manufacture  of  woollen  and  linen  cloths.  The  fabric  called 
diaper  (originally  d'  Ypres,)  derives  its  name  from  this  town.  (M.) 
Lat.  50°  51'  N.,  Lon.  2°  53'  E.     Pop.  15,000.     (P.  C.) 

Yssel,  I'-cel,  a  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Holland,  flowing  into  the  Zuy- 
der  Zee. 

Yuv-ca-tan'  or  yoo-ka-tan',  a  peninsula  forming  the  most  eastern 
part  of  Mexico,  between  16°  and  21°  40'  N.  Lat.,  and  86°  45'  and  91° 
W.  Lon.  It  is  principally  included  in  the  Mexican  state  of  Yucatan. 
The  southern  portion,  lying  on  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  is  occupied  by 
an  English  colony,  and  is  denominated  English  Yucatan,  or  British 
Honduras. 

Yverdun,  eN-veRv-duN^  a  t.  of  Switzerland,  in  the  canton  of  Vand, 
at  the  W.  extremity  of  the  lake  of  Neufchatel,  17  m.  N.  by  W.  of 
Lausanne.     Pop.  3,460.     (P.  C.) 

Yvetot,  eev -to;,  a  t.  of  France,  in  the  dep.  of  Lower  Seine,  20  m. 
N.  W.  of  Rouen.     Pop.  7,923.     (M.) 

Zaandam,  zaan-danV,  often  written  Saardam,  a  t.  and  former  cele- 
brated naval  arsenal  of  Holland,  on  the  Zaan,  an  affluent  of  the  Y.  It 
is  remarkable  for  the  great  number  of  windmills  in  its  vicinity.  Lat. 
52°  26'  N.,  Lon.  4°  50'  E.     Pop.  near  12,000.     (P.  C.) 

Zacatecas,  sak-a-taMias,  a  city  of  Mexico,  cap.  of  a  slate  of  the  samo 


ZAH— ZHI  577 

ou,  as  in  our ;  th,  as  in  thin;  th,  as  in  this ;  n,  nearly  like  ng. 

name.     Lat.  about  22°  50'  N.,  Lon.  102°  30'  W.     Pop.  estimated  at 
25,000.     (B.) 

Zahara.     See  Sahara. 

Zam-o'-ra  or  tha-mo'-ra,  an  ancient  city  of  Spain,  cap.  of  a  prov.  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Douro,  34  m.  N.  W.  of  Salamanca.  Pop. 
10,000.     (B.) 

Zanes'-ville,  a  t.  of  Ohio,  cap.  of  Muskingum  co.,  on  the  r.  Mus- 
kingum, 48  m.  E.  of  Columbus.     Pop.  including  suburbs,  10,355. 

Zanguebar,  zangx-ge-bar',  the  name  of  a  region  on  the  E.  coast  of 
Africa,  of  which  very  little  is  known.  It  appears  to  extend  from  about 
4°  N.  to  17°  or  18°  S.  Lat. 

Zan'-te  (Anc.  Zacyn'thus),  one  of  the  Ionian  Islands,  about  10  m. 
from  the  W.  coast  of  the  Morea.  It  is  about  20  m.  long  and  10  broad. 
Pop.  35,348.     (M.) 

Zante,  the  cap.  of  an  archiepiscopal  town,  is  on  the  E.  side  of  the 
island.     Lat.  37°  47"  N.,  Lon.  20°  54'  32"  E.    Pop.  about  19,000.    (B.) 

Zan^-zj-bar',  an  i.  on  the  E.  coast  of  Africa,  belonging  to  the  Imam 
of  Muscat.     Lat.  about  6°  S.,  Lon.  39°  E. 

Zanzibar,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  said  to  be  a  flourishing  commer- 
cial town,  and  has  a  pop.  estimated  at  above  10,000.     (B.) 

Zara,  za'-ra,  (Anc.  Ja'dera,)  an  archiepiscopal  t,  cap.  of  Dalmatia, 
on  the  Adriatic,  150  m.  S.  E.  of  Venice.  It  is  fortified,  is  the  centre 
of  an  active  commerce,  and  has  some  important  manufactures.  Lat. 
44°  6'  N.,  Lon.  15°  10'  E.     Pop.  about  5,000.     (B.) 

Zaragoza.     See  Saragossa. 

Zealand,  zeeMand,  (Dan.  Sjosland,  selMand,  i.  e.  "  sea-land,")  the 
largest  and  most  important  of  the  Danish  Islands,  situated  between  54° 
58'  and  56°  10'  N.  Lat.,  and  10°  50'  and  12°  35'  E.  Lon.  Length  80 
m. ;  greatest  breadth  about  65  m.  Area  estimated  at  2,800  sq.  m. 
Pop.  400,000.     (P.  C.) 

Zealand  (Dutch,  Zeeland',  zaMand,  i.  e.  "sea-land"),  a  prov.  in  the 
W.  part  of  Holland,  situated  partly  between  the  two  great  branches  of 
the  Scheldt,  and  bordering  on  the  sea.  Area  580  sq.  m.  Pop.  155,593. 
(P.  C.) 

Zebu  or  Cebu,  se-boo',  (Sp.  pron.  tha-boo',)  one  of  the  Philippine 
Islands,  intersected  by  the  10th  parallel  of  N.  Lat.,  and  the  meridian  of 
123°  30'  E.  Lon.     It  is  above  120  m.  long,  and  from  10  to  30  m.  wide. 

Zeitoun,  (ZttVow,)  zae-toon',  a  small  fortified  t.  of  Greece,  near  a 
gulf  of  the  same  name.     Lat.  38°  58'  N.,  Lon.  about  22°  40'  E. 

Zeitz,  tsites,  a  t.  of  Prussian  Saxony,  on  the  Elster,  22  m.  W.  S.  W. 
of  Leipsic.     Pop.  above  7,000.     (B.) 

Zelle.     See  Celle. 

Zerbst,  tseRbst,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  formerly  the 
residence  of  the  duke  of  Anhalt-Zerbst,  22  m.  S.  E.  of  Magdeburg. 
Pop.  about  8,000.     (B.) 

Zhitx-o-meer'  (Jitomir  or  Schitomir — in  Polish,  Zitomirz,  zhit-o^- 
meeRzh),  a  t.  of  European  Russia,  cap.  of  Volhynia,  75  no.  S.  W.  of 
Kief.     Pop.  17,434.     (M.) 
49 


578  ZIT— ZYT. 

F&te,  far,  fill,  fat ;  me,  met ;  pine  or  pine,  pin ;  n6,  n&t ;  66  as  in  good 

Zittau,  tsit'-tou,  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  t.  of  Saxony,  50  nv 
E.  S.  E.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  9,000.     (B.) 

Zollverein,  tsollf-fer-Ine\  or  "  Customs-Union,"  a  commercial 
league  recently  formed  in  Germany  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
unform  rate  of  customs.  It  includes  Prussia,  Bavaria,  Baden,  Wur- 
;emberg,  Saxony,  and  several  smaller  states. 

Zom'-bor\  a  royal  free  t.  of  Hungary,  cap.  of  the  county  of  Bacs 
(baach),  118  m.  S.  by  E.  of  Pesth.   Pop.  estimated  at  above  18,000.    (B.) 

Zug,  zoo<r  or  tsoog,  a  canton  in  the  N.  central  part  of  Switzerland, 
on  a  lake  of  its  own  name.  It  is  the  smallest  state  in  the  confedera- 
tion. Area  85  sq.  m.  Pop.  15,300.  (P.  C.)  Also  the  cap.  of  the 
above,  on  the  N.  E.  side  of  the  L.  of  Zug.  Pop.  about  2,500.  (M.) 
The  L.  of  Zug  is  about  9  m.  long  and  3  wide. 

Zullichau,  tstilMe-Kou,  a  manufacturing  t.  of  Prussia,  near  the  right 
bank  of  the  Oder.     Lat.  52°  10'  N.,  Lon.  15°  37'  E.    Pop.  4,700.   (B.) 

Zulpioh,  tsul'-piK,  (Anc.  Tolbiacum,)  a  small  t.  of  the  Prussian 
States,  20  m.  S.  W.  of  Cologne,  remarkable  for  its  historical  associa- 
tions. Here  Clovis,  the  king  of  the  Franks,  gained  a  grea.t  victory  over 
the  Alemanni,  A.  D.  496. 

Zurich,  zu'-rik,  (Ger.  pron.  tsu'-riK,)  a  canton  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Switzerland,  bordering  on  the  Rhine.  Area  690  sq.  m.  Pop.  231,576. 
T.) 

Zurich  (Anc.  TVricum),  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  the  Limmat,  at  its  egress  from  the  L,  of  Zurich,  60  m.  N.  E. 
of  Bern.  It  is  a  distinguished  seat  of  literature  and  science.  Among 
its  various  institutions,  we  may  name  the  Academy,  which,  with-  the 
admirable  Institute  of  Medicine  and  Surgery,  forms  a  complete  univer- 
sity (B.);  and  the  Town  Library,  with  45,000  vols.  Here,  also,  is  a 
topographical  model  in  relief,  representing  the  whole  of  Switzerland  ; 
it  was  executed  by  Mliller,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  admira- 
ble works  of  its  kind.  Lat.  47°  23'  N.,  Lon.  8°  31'  E.  Pop.  14,500. 
(P.  C.) 

Zurich,  Lake  of,  situated  principally  in  the  N.  part  of  the  canton 
of  Zurich,  is  about  24  m.  in  length,  and  from  1  to  24  m.  in  breadth. 

Zut'-phen,  a  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  on  the  Yssel.  Lat.  52°  8'  N. 
Lon.  6°  12'  E.     Pop.  11,000.     (P.  C.) 

Zuyder  (or  Zuider)  Zee,  zV-der  zee,  (Dutch  pron.  zoi'-der  zay,  i.  e 
"  South  Sea,")  a  bay  of  the  North  Sea,  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Holland 
Length  about  90  m. ;  greatest  breadth  50  m. 

Zweibrucken  or  Zweybrucken.     See  Deux-ponts. 

Zwickau,  tswik'-kou,  a  t.  of  the  kingdom  of  Saxony,  on  the  Mulde, 
58  m.  S.  W.  of  Dresden.     Pop.  7,400.     (B.) 

Zwoll,  a  fortified  t.  of  Holland,  cap.  of  the  prov.  of  Overyssel,  about 
60  m.  E.  N.  E.  of  Amsterdam.     Pop.  13,000.     (B.) 

Zwor'-nik  (Turk.  Izv-vorx-neek',)  a  t.  of  European  Turkey,  in  Bos- 
nia, cap.  of  an  inferior  pashalik  (sanjak)  of  its  own  name.  Lat.  44° 
30'  N.,  Lon.  19°  10'  E.     Pop.  estimated  at  14,000.     (B.) 

Zytomir.     See  Zhitomeer. 


COLLEGES   IN   THE  UNITED  STATES. 

[Extracted  from  the  American  Almanac  for  1849.1 


(.»:, 


07 


Bowdoin - ■•  •-■  — 

Waterville* 

Dartmou  th 

University  of  Vermont 

Middlebury 

Norwich  University 

Harvard  University -. 

Williams -. - 

Amherst - 

Holy  Cross§ 

Brown  University* • 

Yale 

Trinilyf 

Wesleyan  University! - 

Columbiaf - 

Union - 

Hamilton 

Madison  University* 

Genevaf  

University  of  New  York 

St.  John's* - 

St.PauFst 

College  of  New  Jersey 

Rutgers » 

Burlingtoirj- • 

University  of  Pennsylvania.^ - 

DiekinsonJ  - 

Jefferson 

Washington 

Alleghany! 

Pennsylvania 

Lafayette 

Marshall 

Western  University  of  Pennsylvania 

St.  Thomas  of  Villanova§ 

Delaware 

St.  John's •  •  •  • < 

St.  Mary's* 

Mount  St.  Mary's*, 

St  James's-r • 

Washington 

Georgetown^ - 

Columbian* 

William  and  Maryf 

Hampden-Sidney • 

Washington •. 

University  of  Virginia 

Randolph-Macon! 

Emory  and  Henry  J 

Rector* 

Bethany  College 

Richmond* - 

University  of  North  Carolina 

Davidson 

Wake  Forest* 

Charleston 

South  Carolina 

Erskine 

Franklin 

Oglethorpe 

EinoryJ 

Mercer  University*  •  •  * 

Christ  College  and  Episcopal  Institution}- 

University  of  Alabama 

La  GranceJ 

Spring  Hill§ 

Howard* 


Flace. 


Brunswick, 

Waterville, 

Hanover, 

Burlington, 

Middlebury, 

Norwich, 

Cambridge, 


Me. 

do. 
N.H. 

Vt. 

do. 

do. 
Mass. 


Williamstown,   do. 

Amherst, 

Worcester, 

Providence, 

New  Haven, 

Hartford, 

Middletown, 

New  York, 

Schenectady, 

Clinton, 

Hamilton, 

Geneva, 

New  York, 

Fordham, 

College  Point. 

Princeton, 


do. 
do. 
R.I. 

Conn. 

do. 

do. 
N.  Y. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
N.J. 


New  Brunswick,  do. 


do. 
Penn. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
Del. 
Md. 
do. 
do. 


Burlington, 

Philadelphia 

Carlisle, 

Canonsburg, 

Washington, 

Meadville, 

Gettysburg, 

Easton, 

Mercersburg, 

Pittsburg, 

Near  Philada., 

Newark, 

Annapolis, 

Baltimore, 

Emmetsburg, 

Near  Hagerst'n,  do. 

Chestertown,      do. 

Georgetown,     D.  C 

Washington,        do. 

Williamsburg,    Va. 

Prince  Ed.  Co.,  do. 

Lexington,  do. 

Charlottesville,  do 

Boyd  town, 

Glade  Spring 

Taylor  Co., 

Bethany, 

Richmond, 

Chapel  Hill, 

Mecklenburg  Co.,  do. 

Wake  Forest,        do. 

Charleston,        S.  C. 

Columbia,  do. 

Abbeville  Dist.,  do. 

Athens,  Ga. 

Milledgeville,      do. 

Oxford, 

Penfield, 

Monipelier, 

Tuscaloosa, 

La  Grange, 

Spring  Hill, 

Marion, 


do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

N.C 


do. 
do. 
do. 
Ala. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


1794 

1820 

1769 

1791 

1800 

I  Si  I 

1638 

1793 

1821 

1843 

1764 

1700 

1824 

1881 

1754 

1795 

1812 

1819 

1S23 

1831 

1841 

1837 

1746 

1770 

1846 

1755 

178 

1802 

18U6 

1815 

1832 

1832 

1830 

(819 

1833 
17t?4 

1799 
1830 
1842 
1783 
1789 
1821 
1693 
1,83 
1812 
1819 
1832 
1839 
1839 
1841) 
1832 
1789 
1838 
1838 
1795 
1804 

1785 
1836 
183 

1838 
1839 
1828 
1831 
1830 
1841 


1-6 
75 

•-201 
97 
60 
88 
277 
17' 
J. 50 
11 
135 
379 
66 
118 
121 
304 
\:q 
mo 


25,450 

7,000 
16,500 
10.000 

7J054 

1,000 
82,000 

8,500 
20,000 

4,300 
26.000 
46,000 

9,000 
12,000 
14,000 
16,000 
10,000 

7,000 


66l  5,400 


1.51 

111) 

■J  9 

940 

76 

106 

88 

112 

197 

105 

Hi 

81 

82 

81 

11 

30 

48 

71 

160 

126 

n 

70 
89 
55 
68 
25 
81 

212 

14; 
55 
50 

113 
43 

147 
44 
24 
47 

219 
88 

147 
45 

107 
61 
35 
98 
62 
70 
40 


4,000 
10,000 

2,800 
14,500 

1,500 


COLLEGES   IN   THE  UNITED   STATES.— Continued. 


Name. 


Oakland 

Centenary!  

St.  Charles^ 

Baton  Rouge « 

Franklin 

Greenville 

Washington 

University  of  Nashville 

Franklin 

East  Tennessee 

Cumberland  University 

Jackson 

Union* 

Transylvania — 

St.  Joseph's^ 

Centre 

A  ugusta J  . .  -  - 

Georgetown* 

Bacon.    

Western  Military  Institute. . 

University  of  Ohio. 

Miami  University — 

Franklin 

Western  Reserve 

Kenyonf  

Granville* - 

Marietta — 

Oherliu  Institute — 

Cincinnati 

St.  Xavier§ 

Woodward 

Ohio  Wesleyan  University!- 

Indiana  State  University 

Hanover  College 

Wabash 

Indiana  Asbury  University!- 

St.  Gabriel's^ 

Franklin 

Illinois 

ShurtleiT* 

McKendree! 

Knox — 

University  of  St.  Louis§ 

St.  Vincent's 

Masonic 

Missouri  University 

St. Charles! 

Fayette 

Michigan  University 

St.  Philip's^ 

Iowa  University 


Oakland,  Miss. 

Jackson,  La. 

Grand  Coteau,  do. 
Baton  Rouge,  do. 
Opelousas,  do. 

Greenville,        Tenn. 
Washington  Co., do. 
Nashville,  do. 

Near  Nashville,  do. 


Knoxville, 

Lebanon, 

Columbia, 

Murfreesboro 

Lexington, 

Bardstown, 

Danville, 

Augusta, 

Georgetown, 

Harrodsburg, 

Georgetown, 

Athens, 

Oxford, 

New  Athens, 

Hudson, 

Gambier, 

Granville, 

Marietta, 

Oberlin, 

Cincinnati, 

Cincinnati, 

Cincinnati, 

Delaware, 

Bloomington, 

South  Hanover,  do. 

Crawfordsville,  do. 

Greencastle,        do. 

Vincennes, 

Franklin, 

Jacksonville, 

Upper  Alton, 

Lebanon, 

Galesburg, 

St.  Louis, 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
Ohio, 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
Ind. 


do. 
do. 

111. 

do. 
do. 
do. 
Mo. 


Cape  Girardeau,  do. 
Mariorf  Co., 
Columbia, 
St.  Charles, 
Fayette, 
Ann  Arbour, 
Near  Detroit, 
Iowa  City, 


do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Mich. 

do. 
Iowa. 


Foun- 

Stu- 

ded. 

dents. 

1830 

64 

134! 

49 

1838 

103 

183r 

45 

li-39 

70 

1794 

41 

1794 

42 

180D 

77 

1844 

44 

1807 

81 

1844 

154 

1830 

44 

1842 

70 

1798 

91 

1819 

126 

1819 

130 

1825 

51 

1830 

120 

183+i 

60 

18-16 

164 

1821 

Oti 

180 

66 

182") 

80 

1826 

71 

182m 

48 

1832 

2d 

18  2 

48 

183 

85 

1819 

84 

1840 

270 

1831 

19 

1844 

31 

1827 

4»i 

l<-29 

38 

I83'l 

40 

1839 

268 

18)3 

50 

1837 

14 

1829 

3S 

1835 

13 

1835 

14 

1KJ7 

60 

1832 

160 

1843 

90 

1831 

45 

1840 

52 

1839 

60 

75 

1837 

89 

1839 

30 

1846 

7,000 

4,400 

4,000 

300 

3,000 
1.000 

10,000 
1,000 
3,960 
2,500 
2,000 
300 

14,000 
7,000 
4.500 
2,500 
5,200 
1,800 

3.500 
8.000 
2,200 
6,247 
8,800 
4,000 
6,250 
4,000 

6,000 
1,-100 
2,000 
2,500 
2,200 
4.800 
2>00 

200 
3,000 
1,600 

700 
3,000 
12,000 
5,000 


4,500 
3,000 


REMARKS. 

The  Colleges  marked  (*)  are  under  the  direction  of  the  Baptists  ;  thus  (f)  Episco- 
palians,- thus  (!)  Methodists;  thus  (§)  Catholics.  With  respect  to  the  Colleges  Which 
are  unmarked,  the  prevailing  religious  influence  of  those  that  are  in  New  England  is 
Congregationalism ;•  of  most  of  the  others,  Presbyterianism. 

By  students  in  the  above  table,  except  a  few  of  the  Colleges  in  the  Southern  and 
Western  Spates,  is  meant  undergraduates,  or  members  of  the  four  collegiate  classes ;  not 
including  such  as  are  pursuing  professional  education,  or  such  as  are  members  of  a  pre- 
paratory department. 

Some  of  the  Colleges  above  enumerated,  are  not  in  full  operation ;  and  scarcely 
deserve  a  place  in  the  Table.  According  to  the  census  of  1840,  there  are  in  the  United 
States  173  universities  or  colleges,  containing  16,233  students.  There  are  3,242  acade- 
mies and  grammar  schools,  containing  164,159  students.  It  is  evident  that  the  difference 
between  a  college  and  an  academy  is  not  very  clearly  defined,  except  that  the  former 
has  the  exclusive  right  of  granting  degrees. 

The  column  of  Libraries  includes  the  number  of  volumes  in  the  College  Libraries  and 
in  the  Students1  Libraries. 


APPENDIX   (A.) 


ADDITIONAL  ABBREVIATIONS    EMPLOYED    IN    THIS   APPENDIX. 


A.  Augusta. 
Al.  Albany. 
An.     Annapolis 

B.  Boston, 
br.    branch. 
Ca.     Columbia 
Cd.     Concord, 
cr.    creek. 

Cs.     Columbus. 


D.     Detroit, 
dist.    district. 
F.     Frankfort. 
Flor.    Florida. 
H.    Harrisburg. 
Hd.    Hartford. 
Is.    Indianapolis 
J.    Jackson. 
Jef.    Jefferson. 


M.    Milledgeville. 
Mtr.     Monfpelier. 
Montg.    Montgomery. 
Ne.    Nashville. 
O.     Ohio, 
par.    parish, 
pt.    post  township, 
pv.    post  village. 
R.    Richmond. 


Rh.     Raleigh. 
Sd.    Springfield. 
Susqa.    Susquehanna. 
T.     Tuscaloosa. 
tp.    township. 
Tn.     Trenton, 
v.    village. 
Wis.    Wisconsin. 
Wn.    Washington. 


[D3*  See  page  50;  also  Advertisement  to  the  Third  Edition  of  the  Gazetteer.  _/-[| 

The  following  list  of  states  and  territories  will  serve  to  show  the  order  in  which  the  same 
name  belonging  to  different  places  in  the  several  states  is  repeated  in  this  Appendix. 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York 

New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 

Georgia,  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Ohio 

Michigan,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Texas. 

Thus  the  Washingtons  of  Maine  will  be  first  given  ;  then  those  of  New  Hampshire,  ther. 

those  of  Vermont,  &c.    By  this  means,  if  the  inquirer  knows  to  what  state  the  name  he  is 

in  search  of  belongs,  he  will  be  able  to  find  it  far  more  readily,  than  he  could  have  done 

if  this  arrangement  had  not  been  observed. 


ADA 

Aaronsbtjrg,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  near  Penn's 
creek.  [S.  C.  97  w  of  Ca. 

Abbeville  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Abbeville  dist. 

Abbeville,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Ala.  on  Yat- 

Abbeyville,  pv.  Medina  co.  O.    [tayabba  cr. 

Abbot,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  70  n  of  A. 

Abbottstown,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  18  s  York. 

Aberdeen,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Miss,  on  Tombig- 
bee  river. 

Aberdeen,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Abingdon,  pv.  Harford  co.  Md.  22  e  of  Bal- 
timore. 

Abingdon,  pv.  cap.  of  Wn.  co.Va.  300  sw  R. 

Abington,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  20  sse  B. 

Abington,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  39  e  of  Hd. 

Abington,  pt.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  10  n  of  Phila. 

Abington,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  70  e  of  Is. 

Abington  Centre,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  150 
ne  of  Harrisburg.  [the  Hudson. 

Abram's  cr.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  flows  into 

Abse'cum,  pv.  Atlantic  co.  N.J.  95  s  Tn.  [R. 

Accomac,  pv.  cap.  of  Accomac  co.  Va.  193  E 

Acquackanonck,  pt.  Passaic  co.  N.  J.  SO  ne 

Acra,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  47sswAl.  [of  Tn. 

Acton,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  91  sw  of  A. 

Acton,  tp.  Windham  co.  Vt.  90  s  of  Mtr. 

Acton,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  22  nw  of  B. 

Ac  WORTH-  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  46  w  of  Cd. 

Ad<y,  pt.  Kent  co.  Mich,  on  Grand  r. 

Adairsville,  pv.  Logan  co.  Ky. 

Adams,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  wnw  B. 

Adams,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  162  nw  of  Al. 

Adams,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O.  [river. 

Adams,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O.  on  Tuscarawas 

Adams,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  0.5  w  of  Cambridge. 

Adams,  tp.  Monroe  co.  O.  on  Sunfish  cr.     [r. 

Adams,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O.  on  Muskingum 

Adams,  pt.  Seneca  co.  O.  on  Green  cr. 

Adams,  tp.Washington  co.  O.  on  Muskingum  r 

Adams,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  94  sw  of  D. 

Adams,  pt.  Decatur  co.  Ind.  54  se  of  Is. 
49* 


AIR 

Adams' Basin,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on  Erie 
canal.  [of  Harrisburg. 

Adamsburg,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  183  w 

Adam's  Mills,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  on  Ohio 
canal.  [of  Lancaster. 

Adamstown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  23  nnb 

Adamsville,  pv.  Marlborough  dist.  S.  C.  114 
ene  of  Columbia.  [ofNe. 

Adamsville,  pv.  M'Nairy  co.  Tenn.  139  sw 

Adamsville,  pv.  Cass  co.  Mich,  on  Christiana 
river. 

Addison,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  138  e  of  A. 

Addison,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlahi. 

Addison,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  18  s  of  Bath. 

Addison,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  on  the  Youghi- 
ogheny  river. 

Addison,  pt.  Gallia  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Addison,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich. 

Adelphia,  pv.  Ross  co.  O.  67  sw  of  Cs. 

Adrian,  pv.  cap.  of  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  on 
Raisin  river,  67  sw  of  Detroit. 

Agamen'ticus,  mt.  York  co.  Me. 

Agavvam,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 

Aguadilla,  ahxgwa-deel'ya,  a  sea-port  near 
the  nw  extremity  of  Porto  Rico. 

Aguas  CALiENTES,ah'gwas  cal-e-en'tes,  (lite- 
rally "  warm  waters"),  a  handsome  t.  of 
Mexico,  in  the  state  of  Zacatecas,  on  the 
Rio  Grande  de  Santiago,  about  270  m.  NW 
of  the  city  of  Mexico.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  manufactures,  its  active  commerce,  and 
for  the  warm  springs  in  its  vicinity,  whence 
it  derives  its  name.     Pop.  20,000. 

Agtjayo,  ah-  gwT'o,  a  small  t.  of  Mexico,  150 
m.  se  of  Monterey,  important  as  being  [ot 
having  been  ?]  the  capital  of  Tamaulipa* 
(B.)     Pop.  about  6,000. 

Aid,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  O. 

Aiken,  pv.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  77  w  of  Ca. 

Air.  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 

Airy  Grove,  pv.  Lenoir  co.  N.  C.  88  w  of  Rn 
581 


ALL 


582 


AMW 


Akron,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  268  w  of  Al.  ; 

Akron,  pv.  cap.  Summit  co.  O.  at  the  junction 
of  the  Ohio  and  Erie,  and  Ohio  and  Penn- 
sylvania canals.  [wanda  cr. 

Alabama,  pt.  Genesee   co.  N.Y.  on  Tona- 

Alabama,  v.  Houston  co.  Texas,  on  Trinity  r. 

Alaiedon,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich.  92  w  of  D. 

Alamo,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 

Alamo,  ah'la-mo,  the  name  of  several  small 
towns  in  different  parts  of  Mexico  and  South 
America.  Alamo  in  Spanish  signifies  a 
"  poplar-tree  (populus).  The  name  is  said 
to  have  been  given  to  at  least  some  of  these 
towns  on  account  of  the  rows  of  alamos 
with  which  ihey  are  adorned. 

Alamos,  ah'ia-moce,  at.  of  Mexico,  in  Sono- 
ra.  about  150  m.  ese  of  Guaymas.  Here  is 
a  rich  silver  mine.    Pop.  said  to  be  6,000. 

Alapaha,  al-ap'a-hawv,  r.  Ga.  flows  into  the 
Suwanee  river. 

Alaqua,  al'a-quawx,  r.  Flor.  flows  into  Choc- 
tawhatchee  Bay. 

Alaqua,  v.  Walton  co.  Flor.  on  Alaqua  r. 

Alba,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  143  n  of  H. 

Alban's,  St.  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.     [of  Mtr. 

Alban's,  St.  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Vt.  63  nw 

Alban's,  St.  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  100  nw  of  Sd. 

Albany,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  18  nw  of  Paris. 

Albany,  tp.  Carroll  co.  N.H.  6  n  of  Cd. 

Albany,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Maiden  cr. 

Albany,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  Towanda  cr. 

Albany,  pv.  Baker  co.  Ga.  on  Flint  r. 

Albany,  pv.  Henry  co.  Tenn.  106  w  of  Ne. 

Albany,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Ky.  126  s  of  F. 

Albany,  pv.  Whitesides  co.  111.  on  Miss.  r. 

Albion,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  26  ne  of  A. 

Albion,  pv.  cap.  of  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Erie  canal. 

Albion,  tp.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  r. 

Albion,  pv.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  34  n  of  Ca. 

Albion,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich,  on  Kalamazoo  r. 

Albion,  pv.  Edwards  co.  111. 

Albuquerque,  al-boo-ker'kay,  a  t.  of  New 
Mexico,  on  the  e  side  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Pop.  6,000.  [L.  Champlain. 

Alburg,  aul'burg,  pt.  Grand  Isle  co.  Vt.  on 

Alburg  Springs,  pv.  Grand  Isle  co.Vt. 

Alden,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  22  E  of  Buffalo. 

Aleppo,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 

Alexander,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Me.  25  n  of  Machias. 

Alexander,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  8  swBatavia. 

Alexander,  pt.  Athens  co.  O.  [ami  canal. 

Alexandersville,  pv.  Montg.  co.  O.  on  Mi- 

Alexandria,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  34  nw  Cd. 

Alexandria,  pt.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  on  St.  Lawrence 
river.  [Flemington. 

Alexandria,  tp.  Hunterdon  co.  N   J.  12  ne  of 

Alexandria,  borough,  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

Alexandria,  pv.  cap.  Rapides  par.  La.  on  Red  r. 

Alexandria,  pv-  De  Kalb  co.  Tenn.  50  e  of  Ne. 

Alexandria,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Ky.  85  N  of  F. 

Alexandriana,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 

160  sw  of  Raleigh.  [Green  r. 

Alford,  aul'ferd,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  on 

Alfordsville,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  107  sw 

Alfred,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  24  n  York,  [of  Rh. 

Alfred,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  12  se  Angelica. 

Algansee,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich. 

Allegan,  pv.  cap.  of  Allegan  co.  Mich,  on 
Kalamazoo  river. 

Alleghany,  city  of  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Alleghany,  immediately 
opposite  Pittsburg.     Pop.  10,000. 

Alleghany,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 


Alleghany,  tp.  Blair  co.  Pa. 

Alleghany,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Alleghany,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa. 

Alleghany,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa.      [leghany  r 

Alleghany,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  on  Al« 

Alleghany,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  [of  Rh. 

Allemance,  pv.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.69wnw 

Allen,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  18  wsw  of  H. 

Allen,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 

Allen,  tp  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  [of  Cd. 

Allenstown,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  10  s« 

Allentown,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  12  e  Tn. 

Allentown,  boro'  (called  also  Northampton), 
cap.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  87  ene  of  Harrisburg. 

Allentown,  pv.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  110  s  of  T. 

Allison,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Alloway,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  183  wnw  Al. 

Alloway's  cr.  N.  J.  flows  into  the  Delaware 
river,  6  s  of  Salem.  [of  Tn. 

Allowaystown,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  60  ssw 

Almond,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Canisteo r . 

Alna,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  20  s  of  A. 

Alps,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  24  e  of  Al. 

Alsace,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 

Alstead,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  66  w  of  Cd. 

Altamira,  al-ta-mee'ra,  a  decayed  town  of 
Mexico,  in  the  s  part  of  Tamaulipas,  near 
Tampico.  [pisiogee 

Alton,  pt.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  on  L.  Winni- 

Alton,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  200  wnw  of  Al. 

Alton,  111.    See  Gazetteer. 

Alvarado,  al-var-rah'do,  a  sea-port  on  the 
ne  coast  of  Mexico,  40  se  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Amagansett,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  near  theB 

Amanda,  tp.  Hancock  co.  O.  [end  of  Long  I. 

Amanda,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  O.  on  Clear  cr. 

Amanda,  tp.  Allen  co.  O.  on  Auglaize  r. 

Amber,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  near  Otisco  L 

Amboy,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  24  e  of  Oswego 

Amboy,  tp.  Lucas  co.  O. 

Amelia,  pv.  cap.  of  Amelia  co.  Va.  46  sw  R. 

Amelia  Island,  Flor.  e  of  Nassau  co.  15  m. 
long  and  4  wide.  [of  Poughkeepsie. 

Amenia,  pt.  and  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  20  ene 

Ameniaville,  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  25  ene 
of  Poughkeepsie. 

America,  pv.  Wabash  co.  Ind.  81  N  of  Is. 

Americus,  pv.  cap.  of  Sumter  co.  Ga.  104  ssw 
of  Milledgeville. 

Ames,  pv.  Montgomery  co.N.Y.  56  nw  of  Al 

Amesbury,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  44  ne  of  B. 

Amesville,  pv.  Athens  co.  O.  84  se  of  Cs. 

Amherst,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.    [30  s  of  Cd 

Amherst,  pv.  cap.  of  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H 

Amherst,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  82  w  of  B. 

Amherst,  tp.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  10  ne  of  Buffalo. 

Amherst,  pv.  cap.  of  Amherst  co.  Va.  15  enr 

Amherst,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.      [of  Lynchburg 

Amherstburg.    See  Gazetteer.  [pas 

Amite,  am-eet',  r.  La.  flows  into  L.  Maure- 

Amity,  pv.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  210  ne  of  A. 

Amity,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r 

Amity,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  122  s  of  Al. 

Amity,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 

Amity,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  10  s  of  Wn.  the  cap. 

Amity,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Ammonoosuc  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

Amoskeag,  amv-os-keg',  pv.  and  Falls,  Hills- 
borough co.  N.H.  on  Merrimack  river,    [r. 

Amsterdam,  pv.  Montg.  co.N.Y.  onMohawl* 

Amsterdam,  pv.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  184  w  of  R 

Amsterdam,  pv.  Jef.  co.  O.  \ 

Amwell,  tp.  Hunterdon  co.  N.J. 

Amwell,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 


ARA 


583 


ATK 


Anahuac  (an-a-wack')  Mts.  a  mountain  chain 
w  of  the  upper  portion  of  the  Rio  del  Norte, 
and  running  nearly  parallel  to  it.  It  maybe 
regarded  as  a  branch  of  the  Rocky  Mts. 

Anahuac,  v.  Liberty  co.  Texas,  on  the  e  side 
of  Galveston  Bay.  [1±  broad. 

Anastasia  is.  Flor.  on  the  e  coast,  18  long, 

Ancram,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  45  sse  of  Al. 

Anderson,  pv.  cap.  of  Anderson  dist.  S.  C. 

Anderson,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  the  O.  r. 

Anderson,  tp.  Rush  co.  Ind.         [39  ne  of  Is. 

Anpersontown,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Ind. 

Andersonville,  pv.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C. 

Andersonville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  53  se  Is. 

Andes,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  87  sw  of  Al. 

An'eover,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  60  wsw  of  A. 

Andover,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  22  nw  Cd. 

Andover,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  20  sw  of  Wind- 

Andover,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  21  n  of  B.   [sor. 

Andover,  pv.  Tolland  co..Conn.  19  e  of  Hd. 

Andover,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  15  se  Angeli- 

Andover,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  64  n  Tn.     [ca. 

Andover,  tp.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 

Andover,  pv.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  140  w  of  D. 

Andover,  pv.  Henry  co.  111.  130  Nbyw  Sd.  [rus. 

Andrews,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  22  s.  e.  Bucy- 

Andrew's,  St.  bay  on  the  s  coast  of  Flor. 

Andrew's,  St.  sound,  Ga.  at  mouth  of  Satilla  r. 

Androscoggin  r.  See  Gazetteer,  [gelicacr. 

Angelica,  pv.  cap.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  An- 

Angola,  pv.  and  cap.  of  Steuben  co.  Ind. 

Ann,  St.  a  sea-port  on  theN  side  of  Jamaica, 
40  nnw  of  Spanish  Town.  [ville. 

Annapolis,  pv.  Jef.  co.  0. 16  nw  of  Steubon- 

Annapolis,  a  t.  near  the  nw  coast  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, on  a  little  bay  which  extends  from  the 
Bay  of  Fundy  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  r. 
St  John.  [on  the  Huron  r. 

Ann  arbor,  pv.  cap.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 

Anne,  St.  a  r.  of  Canada  E.  runs  into  the  St. 
Lawrence  50  m.  above  Quebec. 

Annotta  Bay,  a  sea-port  on  the  n  side  of  Ja- 
maica, 23  n  of  Kingston. 

Annsburg,  tp.  Wn.  co.  Me.  on  Narraguagus  r. 

Annsville,  tp.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  25  nw  Utica. 

Annsville,  v.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  57  sw  of  R. 

Anson,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  44  ne  of  A. 

Antes,  pt.  Blair  co.  Pa. 

Anthony's  Nose,  the  name  of  several  eleva- 
ted peaks  in  N.Y. 

Antietam  (an-tee'tum)  cr.  Wn.  co.  Md.  flows 
into  the  Potomac  r. 

Antistown,  v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.     [of  Cd. 

Antrim,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  28  w  by  s 

Antrim,   tp.    Franklin   co.   Pa.   on   Coneco- 

Antrim,  tp.  Crawford  co.  O.        [cheague  cr. 

Antrim,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  91  e  of  Cs. 

Antrim,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 

Antwerp,  pt.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  on  Oswegatchie  r. 

Antwerp,  pt.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 

Anville,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa. 

Apollo,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  193  w  of  H. 

Appalachicola.    See  Gazetteer. 

Apple  r.  111.  flows  into  the  Mississippi. 

Appleton,  tp.  Waldo  co.  Me.      [bia  co.  Ga. 

Appling  C.  H.  or  Applington,  cap.  of  Colum- 

Appoquinimink  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

Aquackanock.     See  Acquackanonck. 

Aqueeogue,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 

Aquin,  ah-kang',  (see  Introduction  XIX.  21 
and  23)  a  sea-port  on  the  s  coast  of  Hayti, 
75  w  by  s  from  Port-au-Prince. 

Aransas,  a  sea-port  of  Texas,  in  Refugio  co. 
oi:  a  peninsula  called  Live  Oak  Point. 


Aransas  Bay  (otherwise  called  Aransazua, 
and  Aransaso  Bay),  on  the  coast  of  Texas, 
is  immediately  n  of  Corpus  Christi  Bay. 
Aransas  r.  flows  into  the  above. 

Ar-ap'a-hoe  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  be- 
tween the  s  Fork  of  the  Platte  r.  and  the 
head  wateis  of  the  Arkansas. 

Arcadia,  tp.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  5  w  of  Lyons. 

Archer,  pt.  Harrison  co   O.  on  Stillwater  r. 

Arcola,  pv.  Lake  co.  O. 

Akgentink,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich. 

Argyle,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me. 

Argyle,  pt.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  36  n  of  Al. 

Argyle,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C.  74  ssw  Rh. 

Arietta,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  N.  Y.  on  Sacaji- 
daga  r. 

Ar-is'pe,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora.  Lat.  30° 
40'  N,  Lon.  109^  w.     Pop.  3,000. 

Arkansas  Post,  pv.  and  cap.  of  Ark.  co.  Ark 
on  Arkansas  r. 

Arkport,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Canisteo  r 

Arkwright,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 

Arlington,  pt.  Bennington  co.Vt.  on  Green  r 

Armada,  pf   Macomb  co.  Mich. 

Armagh,  p/.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  60  e  of  Pittsburg 

Armagh,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

Armstrong,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  Crooked  cr 

Arneytown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  15  se 
of  Trenton. 

Arnoldtown,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Va.  138  w  R. 

Arrow  Rock,  pv.  Saline  co.  Mo.  on  Mo.  r. 

Asbury,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J. 

Ascutney  Mt.  Windsor  co.  Vt. 

Ash,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  [ofB. 

Ashburnham,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  53  nw 

Ashby,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  47  nnw  of  B. 

Ashfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.Mass.  on  Westfield 
river. 

Ashford,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  32  e  of  Hd. 

Ashford,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 

Ashland,  cap.  Ashland  co.  O.  79  nw  of  Cs. 

Ashport,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Tenn.  on  Miss.  r. 

Ashtabula,  v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  on  Ashta- 
bula r.  [Conn.  r. 

Ashtjelot  (ash'we-lot)  r.  N.H.  flows  into  the 

Ashville  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Buncombe  co 
N.  C.  on  Fr.  Broad  r.  [noe  cr. 

Ashville  C.  H.  cap.  of  St.  Clair  co.  Ala.  on  Ca- 

Aspalaga,  v.  Gadsden  co.  Flor.  35  w  Talla- 
hassee, [w  of  N.  O. 

Assumption  C.  H.  pv.  Assumption  par.  La.  90 

Aston,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 

Astoria,  pv.  Queens  co.  N.  Y.  6  ne  N.  York. 

Astoria,  Oregon.    See  Gazetteer. 

Asylum,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 

Atchafalaya.    See  Gazetteer. 

Athens,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  50  n  of  A. 

Athens,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt,  110  s  of  Mtr. 

Athens,  pt.  Green  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudsoi. : 

Athens  (called  formerly  Tioga  Point),  v.BraJ- 
ford  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susquehanna  r. 

Athens,  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 

Athens,  cap.  of  Limestone  co.  Ala.  25  nw  of 
Huntsville. 

Athens,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Miss.  175  nw.  of  J. 

Athens,  pv.  cap.  of  Izard  co.  Ark.  on  White  r 

Athens,  pv.  cap.  M 'Minn  co.  Tenn.  150seN« 

Athens,  Ohio.    See  Gazetteer. 

Athens,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  120  w  of  D. 

Athens,  pv.  Sangamon  co    111    14  N  of  Sd. 

Athol,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Muss.  70  wnw  B 

Athol.  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudson  r 

Atkinson,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  35  nne  of 
Bangor. 


AVE 


584 


BAR 


Atkinson,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  33  se  Cd 
Atlas,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  81  w  by  s  of  Sd. 
Atsion,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.J.  43  s  of  Tn. 
Attica,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  260  w  of  Al. 
Attica  Centre,  pv.  of  the  above  township. 
AttiGB,  pt.  Seneca  co.  O.  80  n  of  Cs. 

Attleborough,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  12  n  Pr. 

Atlleborough,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  ne  Phila. 

Atwater,  pt'.  Portage  co.  O.  144  se  of  Cs. 

Auburn,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  47  W«W  B. 

Auburn,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Auburn  (Four  Corners),  pv.  Susqa.  co.  Pa. 

Auburn,  pv.  Macon  co.  Ala.  172  se  of  Tusca- 

Auburn,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  15  ne  Cs.    [loosa. 

Auburn,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  27  nw  of  D. 

Auburn;  pv.  Sangamon  co.  111.  15  s  by  W  Sd. 

Auburn,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Mo.84ene  Jef.  City. 

Auglaize  r.  O.  flows  into  the  Maumee  r. 

Auglaize,  tp.  Allen  co.  O. 

Auglaize,  tp.  Paulding  co.  O. 

Augusta,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  100  wnw  of  Al. 

Augusta,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  75  n  of  Tn. 

Augusta,  pt.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  65  N  H. 

Augusta,  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 

Augusta,  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Miss.  173  se  of  J. 

Augusta,  Ky.     See  Gazetteer. 

Augusta,  pt.  Carroll  co.  O.  135  e  of  Cs. 

Augusta,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 

Augusta,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  9  n  of  Is. 

Augusta,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  87  w  by  s  Sd. 

Augusta,  pv.  Des  Moines  co.  Iowa,  on  Skunk  r 

Augustine,  St.  Flor.    See  Gazetteer. 

Augustine,  St.  v.  Cecil  co.  Md.  90  ne  of  An. 

Augustine,  St.  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  85  nnw  Sd. 

Auraria,  pv.  Lumpkin  co.  Ga.  in  the  gold  re- 
gion. 

Axjrelius,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  5  w  Auburn. 

Aurelius,  tp.  Wn.  co.  O.  40  se  Cs. 

Aureaus.  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

Aurora,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  116  e  of  A. 

Aurora,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga  L. 
16  sw  of  Auburn. 

Aurora,  tp.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  15  se  of  Buffalo. 

Aurora,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Ky. 

Aurora,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  25  se  of  Cleveland. 

Aurora,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  87  se  of  Is. 

Aurora,  pv.  Kane  oo.  111.  on  Fox  r. 

Aurora,  pv.  Racine  co.  Wis.  110  se  Madison. 

Au  Sable  r.  N  Y.  flows  into  L.  Champlain. 

Au  Sable,  tp.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  [Sable  r. 

Au  Sable  Forks,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  on  Au 

Austerlitz,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  30  ssw 
of  Albany. 

Austerlitz,  pv.  Kent  co.  Mich.  178  wnw  of  D. 

Austinburg,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  200  ne  Cs. 

Austin,  the  cap.  of  Texas,  and  of  Travis  co. 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado,  about  200  m. 
from  its  mouth,  and  230  nw  of  Galveston. 
The  scenery  around  this  city  is  highly  pic- 
turesque, and  the  view  from  the  president's 
house  remarkably  fine. 

/  jstin,  a  co.  in  the  se  central  part  of  Texas, 
intersected  by  the  R.  Brazos.  The  soil  in 
the  ne  and  e  portions  is  very  fertile;  to- 
wards the  w  and  s  it  is  sandy.  Capital,  Bell- 
ville. 

Austintown.  tp.  Mahoning  co.  O.  160  se  Cs. 

Aux  Cayes,  o-kay,  or  simply  Cayes,  a  sea-port 
on  the  s  coast  of  Hayti,  about  100  m.  w  by 
s  from  Port-au-Prince.  Its  pop.  is  said  to 
have  been  formerly  15,000,  but  it  has  de- 
clined of  late. 

Ava,  pv   Winnebag(    ?^.  111. 

Averill,  tp.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  the  Canada  line. 


Averysborough,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C, 

on  Cape  Fear  river. 
Avery's  Gore,  tp.  Addison  co.  Vt.    [of  Mt?- 
Avery's  Gore,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  57  N  by  w 
Aviston,  pt.  Clinton  co.  111.  100  s  of  Sd. 
Avoca,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  onConhoctonr. 
Avon,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  50  nw  of  A. 
Avon,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  wjrvv  of  Hd 
Avon,  pv.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  4  e  of  Gene.- 

see  r.  noted  for  its  sulphur  springs. 
Avon,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  17  w  of  Cleveland. 
Avon,  pv.  Kane  co.  111.  198  nne  of  Sd. 
Avon,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich. 
Azalia,  pv.  Bartholomew  co.  Ind.  60  sse  Is. 
Aztalan,  pt.  Jef.  co.  Wis.  30  e  by  s  Madison. 

Babylon,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  near  South 
Bad  r.  Mich,  flows  into  Saginaw  r.  [Bay. 
Baileysburg,  pv.  Surry  co.  Va.  66  se  of  R. 
Baileyville,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Me.  209  e  of  A. 
Bainbridge,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 
Bainbridge,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Bainbridge,  pv.  cap.  of  Decatur  co.  Ga.  on 

Flint  nver. 
Bainbridge,  tp.  Geauga  co.  O.  on  Chagrin  cr. 
Bainbridge,  pt.  Ross  co.  O.  18  sw  Chilicothe. 
Bainbridge,  tp.  Berrien  co.  Mich. 
Bainbridge,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  38  w  of  Is. 
Bainbridge,  pv.  Williamson  co.  111.  176  s  byK 

of  Springfield.  [Mississippi  r. 

Bainbridge,  v.  Cape  Girardeau  co.  Mo.  on  the 
Bairdstown.    See  Bardstown. 
Baiting  Hollow,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 
Baker's  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  Pemigewasset  r. 
Baker's  Falls  (or  Rapids),  on  Hudson  r. 

Washington  co.  New  York. 
Bakersfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  50  NNwMtr. 
Bakerstown,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  14  from 

Pittsburg. 
Bakersville,  pv.  Yancey  co.  N.  C. 
j  Bald  Eagle  r.  Pa.  flows  into  the  w  br.  of 

the  Susquehanna  r. 
Bald  Eagle,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 
Bald  Head,  the  sw  end  of  Smith's  I.  N.  C. 
Bald  Head  Cape,  at  the  sw  point  of  Wells 

Bay,  Maine. 
Baldwin,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  40  nw  of 

Portland. 
Baldwin,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss,  on  Big  Black  r. 
Baldwinsville,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  64 

w  of  Boston.  [necar. 

Baldwinsville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Se- 
Baldwinsville,  pv.  Scott  co.  Mo. 
Baley,  tp.  Benton  co.  Ark. 
Ballardsville,  pv.  Logan  co.Va 
Ballardsville.  pv.  Oldham  co.  Ky.  30  NW  F 
Ballston,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.       [n  of  Al 
Ballston  Centke,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  25 
Ballston  Spa.     See  Gazetteer.  [ky  r. 

Ballville,  tp.  Sandusky  co.  O.  on  Sandus- 
Baltimore,  tp.  Windsor  co.  Vt. 
Baltimore,  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del.     [sw  Cs, 
Baltimore,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  on  O.  canal,  32 
Baltimore,  pv.  Warren  co.  Ind.  on  the  Wa- 
bash, 77  nw  of  Indianapolis. 
Bangor,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Bangor,  pt.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  6  w  of  Malone 
Bannacks  (incorrectly  written  Boon  acks),  a 

tribe  of  Indians  in  the  se  part  of  Oregon. 
Bannister  r.  Halifax  co.Va.  joins  Dan  r. 
Bapttstown,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  33  nnw 

of  Trenton. 
Bar-a-co'a,  a  sea-port  on  the  n  side  of  Cuba. 

near  the  e  extremity  of  the  island.    It  is 


BAT 


585 


BED 


remarkable  as  the  earliest  Spanish  settle- 
ment in  the  W.  Indies.       [Gr.  Guyandot  r. 

Barboursville,  v.  cap.  of  Cabell  co.  Va.  on 

Barboursville,  pv.  Orange  co.  Va.  80  sw  of  R. 

Barboursville,  pv.  cap.  of  Knox  co.  Ky.  on 
Cumberland  r. 

Bards  town,  atao  written  Bairdstown,  cap. 
of  Nelson  co.  Ky.  40  sw  of  Frankfort. 

Bargaintown,  N.  J.    See  Gazetteer. 

Baring,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Me.  s  of  St.  Croix  r. 

Barker,  tp.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  12  n  Bingham- 
ton.  Lof  Hd. 

Barkhamstead,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Con.  24  nw 

Bark  River,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Wis. 

Barlow,  pt.  Wn.  co.  O.  10  w  of  Marietta. 

Barnard,  tp.  Piscataquis  co.Me. 

Barnard,  pt.  Windsor  co.  \t.  40  s  of  Mtr. 

Barnardsville,  pv.  Roane  co.  Tenn.  150  E 
by  s  of  Nashville.  [Hudson. 

Barxne-gat',  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Barnegat  Bay,  N.  J.  is  on  the  s  coast,  in  Mon- 
mouth county. 

Barnegat,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.J.  56  se  of  Tn. 

Barnesville,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  100  e  Cs. 

Barnsview,  v.  Clarke  cq.  Mo.  2  e  of  Wiacon- 
da  river. 

Barnet,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  on  the  Conn.  r. 

Barnstable,  Mass.     See  Gazetteer. 

Barnstead,  pt.  Belknap  co.  N.FI.  18  ne  Cd. 

Barnsville,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ga.  65  w  of  M. 

Barnwell,  pv.  cap.  of  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C. 
100  s  by  w  of  Columbia. 

Bar're,  pi.  Washington  co.  Vt.  7  s  of  Mtr. 

Barr:,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  65  w  of  B. 

Barre,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Erie  canal. 

Barre,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

Barre  Cent're.  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y. 

Barretsville,  pv.  Lumpkin  co-.  Ga.  near 
Etowah  river.  [Portsmouth. 

Barrington,  pt.  Stafford  co.  N.  H.  20  nw  of 

Barrington,  pt.  Bristol  co.  R.  I. 

Barrington,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  on  Crooked  L. 

Barrington,  Great,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Ma*. 

Barrowdale,  pv.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  26  n  Ca. 

Barry,  pt.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 

Barry,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  85  w  of  D. 

Barry,  tp.  Barry  co.  Mich. 

Barryton,  cap.  of  Wn.  co.  Ala.  133  ssw  of 
Tuscaloosa. 

Bart,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  55  e  of  H. 

Bartholomew,  tp.  Jef.  co.  Ark. 

Bartlett,  tp.  Jef.  co.  Pa. 

Bartlett,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Saco  r. 

Bab  ton,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  on  Barton  r. 

Barton  r.  Vt.  flows  into  L.  Memphremagog. 

Barton,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Susqa.  r. 

Bascobel,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ga.  83  n  by  w  of  M. 

Basin  Harbor,  pv.  Addison  co.  Vt.  on  L. 
Champlain.      '  [a  of  Tn. 

Baskingridge,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  46  n  by 

Bastrop,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
intersected  by  the  Colorado.  Soil  in  ge- 
neral extremely  fertile.  Indigo  grows  in 
abundance  without  cultivation. 

Bastrop,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  stands  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Colorado,  85  m.  se  of  Aus- 
tin.    Pop.  about  400. 

Batavia,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Batavia,  pv.  cap.  Clermont  co.  0. 103  sw  of  Cs. 

Batavia,  tp.  Geauga  co.  O. 

Batavia,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich. 

Batesville,  cap.  of  Independence  co.  Ark.  90 
nne  of  Little  Rock. 

Batesville,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  Ill  e  of  Cs. 


Batesville,  pv.  Bates  co.  Mo.  (formerly  Har- 
mony Missionary  Station.) 

Bath,  Me.     See  Gazetteer. 

Bath.  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  on  the  Conn.*. 

Bath,  pv.  cap.  of  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Con- 
hocton  river.    It  contains  about  200  houses. 

Bath,  v.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Al. 
Here  is  a  sulphur  spring  of  some  note. 

Bath,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  100  ne  of  H. 

Bath  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Bath  co.  Va.  with  hot 
mineral  springs. 
I  Bath,  v.  Richmond  co.  Ga.  15  sw  of  Augusta. 

Bath,  pv.  Beaufort  co.  N.  C.  14.3 e  by  s  of  Rh. 

Bath,  tp.  Allen  co.  O. 

Bath,  tp.  Greene  co.  O.  on  Mad  r. 

Bath,  tp.  Summit  co.  O.  130  ne  of  Cs. 

Bath,  pv.  Cass  co.  111.  48  w  by  n  of  Sd. 

Bathes,  v.  Jef.  co.  Ga.  near  Reedy  cr.    [La. 

Baton  Rouge,  pv.  cap.  E.  Baton  Rouge  par. 

Battahatchee  r.  Ala.  and  Miss,  flows  into 
the  Tombigbee. 

Battenville,  pv.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  38  n  by  e  Al. 

Battle  cr.  Mich,  a  br.  of  the  Kalamazoo  r. 

Battle  Cr.  pv.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  117  w  of  D. 

Battleboro',  pv.  Edgecomb    co.    N.  C.  66 
e  by  N  of  Raleigh. 

Baughman,  tp.Wayne  co.  O.  on  Newman's  cr 

Baumstown,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  60  e  by  n  of  H. 

Bay,  tp.  Ottawa  co.  O.  on  Sandusky  r. 

Bayou.    See  Gazetteer.  [par.  La. 

Bayou  Chicot,  bT'yoo  she'ko,  pv.  Calcasieu 

Bayou  Gould,  pv.  Iberville  par.  La. 

Bazetta,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  5  e  of  Warren. 

Bealsville,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  200  w  of  H. 

Bealsville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  O.  127  ese  of  Cs. 

Bear  Cr.  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 

Bear  cr.  Ala.  flows  into  Tennessee  r. 

Bear  Cr.  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Mo. 

Bear  r.  California,  a  fresh-water  stream  flow- 
ing into  Great  Salt  Lake.  [meer. 

Bean    or    Tiffin's  cr.  O.  flows  into  Mau- 

Beardstown;  pv.  Cass  co.  111.  on  111.  r.  48  w 
by  n  of  Springfield. 

Bearfield,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 

Beattystown,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  at  the 
w  foot  of  Schooley's  Mountains. 

Beaucoup,  boxcoop',  pv.  Wn.  co.  111.  126  s  Sd. 

Beaufort,  N.  C.  and  S.C.     See  Gazetteer. 

Beaumont,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Jef.  co.  on 
the  Nechcs,  250  e  of  Austin.    Pop.  200. 

Beaver,  Big,  r.  Pa.  flows  into  Ohio  r. 

Beaver,  cap.  of  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  O.  r.  30  be- 
low Pittsburg. 

Beaver,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 

Beaver,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Beaver,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

Beaver,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 
:  Beaver,  tp.  Mahoning  co.  0. 
j  Beaver,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 
!  Beaver,  pt.  Pike  co.  O.  73  s  of  Cs. 
I  Beaver,  tp.  Boone  co.  111.  [river. 

j  Beaver  Cr.  tp.  Greene  co.  O.  on  Little  Miami 
I  Beaver  Dam,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 
j  Beaver  Islands,  a  group  near  n  end  L.  Mich. 
I  Beaver  Meadow,  po.  Carbon  co.  Pa.  100  ne 
I  of  H.  Anthracite  of  an  excellent  quality 
is  found  here.  [of  H. 

j  Beavertown,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  83  n  by  w 
I  Beccaria,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 
i  Becket,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  118  w  of  B 
|  Beddington,  tp.  Wn.  co.  Me. 
!  Bedfokd,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  on  Mer- 
rimack river. 
I  Bedford,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  15  xvr  ot  B 


BEL 


586 


BER 


Bedford,  pv.  semi-capital  of  Westchester  co. 

N.Y.  45  nne  of  New  York. 
Bedford,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
Bedford,  pv.  cap.  of  Bedford  co.  Pa.  200  w  of 

Philadelphia,  noted  for  its  medicinal  springs. 
Bedford,  pv.  cap.  of  Trimble  co.  Ky.  40  s\v  of 

Frankfort. 
Bedford,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O.  60  ke  of  Cs. 
Bedford,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  12  se  of  Cleve- 
land. 
Bedford,  tp.  Meigs  co.  O.  on  Shade  r.  [zoo  r. 
Bedford,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich,  on  Kalama- 
Bedford,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  [of  Is. 

Bedford,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  70  sw 
Bedminster,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  8  nw  of 

Somerville. 
Bedminster,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
Beekman,  pt.  Dutchess  co  N.Y.  14  se  Pough- 

keepsie.  [Plattsburg 

Beekmantown,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  8  n  of 
Beelersville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ark. ;  5  m.  s 

are  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 
Belair,  pv.  and  cap.  of  Harford  co.  Md.  25  n 

e  of  Baltimore. 
Belair,  pv.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.  90  N  of  Ca. 
Belohertown,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  80 

miles  w  of  Boston. 
Belfast,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Belfast,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r. 
Belfast,  tp.  Fulton  co.  Pa. 
Belford,  pv.  Nashville  co.  N.  C.  50  e  of  Rh. 
Belgrade,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  11  n  of  A. 
Belgrade,  v.  Jasper  co.  Texas,  on  Sabine  r. 
Belgrade  Mills,  pv.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  17  N 

of  Augusta. 
Bell,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.         [Ga.  railroad. 
Bell  Air,  depot,  Ga.  10  w  of  Augusta,  on  the 
Belle  r.  Mich,  flows  into  the  St.  Clair  r. 
Belle-fon-taine',  pv.  cap.  of  Logan  co.  O. 

70  nw  of  Columbus. 
Bellefontaine,  v.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  on  Mo.  r. 
Belle-fonte',  pv.  cap.  of  Centre  co.  Pa.  on 

Spring  creek,  85  nw  of  Harrisburg. 
Bellefonte,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Ala.  near 

Tennessee  r.  166  ne  of  Tuscaloosa,  [n  Al. 
Belle  Isle,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  137  w  by 
Bells-monte',  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  190  sw 

of  Nashville. 
Bellevievv,  pv.  Calhoun  co.  111.  85  sw  of 

Springfield. 
Belleview,  tp.  Washington  co.  Mo. 
Belleville,  pv.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  170  nw  of  Al. 
Belleville,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  on  Passaic  r. 

70  ne  of  Trenton  and  3k  from  Newark.    It 

contains  about  200  houses.        [Tuscaloosa. 
Belleville,  pv.  Conecuh  co.  Ala.  150  s  by  e  of 
Belleville,  cap.  of  Desha  co.  Ark.  on  Ark.  r. 
Belleville,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  68  Ne  of  Cs. 
Belleville,  city  cap.  of  St.  Clair  co.  111.  100  s 

by  w  of  Springfield. 
Bellevue,  pv.  Huron  co.  O.  96  n  by  e  of  Cs. 
BeLlevue,  pt.  Eaton  en.  Mich.  120  wnw  of  D. 
Bellingham,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  36  sw  B. 
Bellona  Arsenal,  pv.  Chesterfield  co.  Va. 

on  James  river.  [Conn.  r. 

Bellows'  Falls,  pv.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on 
Belleport.  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  [Ala.  r. 
Bell's  Landing,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ala.  on  the 
Belmont,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  37  e  by  n  of  A. 
Belmont,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  on  Chateau- 

guay  river. 
Belmont,  pv.  Panola  co.  Miss.  170  n  of  J. 

eimont,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  109  e  of  Cs. 
Belmont,  pv  Iowa  co.  Wis.  64  sw  Madison. 


Belpre,  pt.  Wn.  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  r. 

Belvidere,  bel-ve-deer',  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt. 
45  n  of  Montpelier.       [Del.  r.  57  nnw  Tn. 

Belvidere,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on 

Belvidere,  1p.  Boone  co.  111. ' 

Belvidere,  pv.Winnebago  co.  111.220  n  by  ESd. 

Benedict,  pv.  Charles  co.  Md.  on  Patuxent  r. 

Benedicta,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me. 

Bengal,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Mich. 

Bennett's  Bayou,  tp.  Benton  co.  Ark. 

Bennettsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Marlborough  list 
S.C.  107  ne  of  Columbia. 

Bennington,  pv.  semi-cap.  of  Bennington  co 
Vt.  37  Ne  of  Albany.  Here  the  British  were 
defeated,  Aug.  1777,  by  the  Americans  un- 
der Gen.  Starke.    Pop.  of  the  tp.  3.429. 

Bennington,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Tcun- 
wanda  creek. 

Bennington,  pt.   Morrow   co.   0.  40  ne  of  Cs 

Bennington,  tp.  Shiawassee  co  Mich,  on 
Looking-glass  river. 

Bensa'lem,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  near  Bristol. 

Benson,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Bentleyville,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  on  Pigeon  cr. 

Benton,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  180  w  of  Al. 

Benton,  pv.  Lumpkin  co.  Ga.  124  nnw  of  M 

Benton,  pv.  cap.  of  Yazoo  co.  Miss.  50  nw  J 

Benton,  pv.  cap.  of  Saline  co.  Ark.  24  sw  of 
Little  Rock. 

Benton,  tp.  Hocking  co.  O. 

Benton,  pv.  Holmes  co.  O.  92  ne  of  Cs. 

Benton,  tp.  Linn  co.  Mo. 

Benton,  tp.  Macon  co.  Mo. 

Benton,  tp.  Newton  co.  Mo. 

Benton,  tp.  Polk  co.  Mo. 

Benton,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Mo.  220  se  0* 
Jefferson  City. 

Benton,  tp.  Taney  co.  Mo. 

Benton,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mo. 

Benton's  Port,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa. 

Bentonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Polk  co.  Tenn.  170 
se  of  Nashviille.  [of  Little  Sugar  cr. 

Bentonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Benton  co.  Ark.  2  s 

Berea,  pv.  Cuyahoga  co.  0. 12  sw  Cleveland. 

Bergen,  (g  hard)  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  14 
nw  of  Batavia. 

Bergen,  pv.  cap.  Hudson  co.  N.  J.  56  ne  Tn. 

Berkley,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  37.  s  of  B. 

Berkley  Springs,  near  the  village  of  Bath, 
Morgan  co.  Virginia. 

Berkshire,  berk'-shir,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt. 
on  Missisque  river. 

Berkshire,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  13  N  Owego. 

Berkshire,  pt.  Delaware  co.  O.  28  n  of  Cs. 

Berkshire  Valley,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  12 
nw  of  Morristown. 

Berlin,  tp.  Oxford  co.  Me.  45  nw  of  A. 

Berlin,  pt.  Coosco.  N.  H.  on  Androscoggin  r. 

Berlin,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Vt.  4  s  of  Mtr.       [cester 

Berlin,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  15  ne  of  Wor- 

Berlin,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  s  by  w  Hd. 

Berlin,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  26  K  of  Al. 

Berlin,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  140  w  by  s  of  H. 

Berlin,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa. 

Berlin,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Md.  120  se  of  An. 

Berlin,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ala.  86  sw  of  T. 

Berlin,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Tenn.  48  s  of  Ne. 

Berlin,  tp.  Delaware  co.  O. 

Berlin,  tp.  Erie  co.  O. 

Berlini  pt.  Holmes  co.  O.  95  NE  of  Cs. 

Berlin,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 

Berlin,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  0. 18  sw  of  Warren. 

Berlin,  tD.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 


BEX 


587 


BLA 


Benin,  pv.  Sangamon  co.  111.  14  wby  s  of  Sd. 

Berlin,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 

Berlin,  pv.  Scott  co.  Iowa. 

Bermudian,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  19  s  by  w  H. 

Ber-na-dotte',  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  65  nw  of 

Springfield. 
Bernard,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.     [by  n  of  B. 
Bernarlston,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  100  w 
Bernari-sville,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J. 
Berne,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  23  w  of  Al. 
Berne,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuylkill. 
Berne,  tp.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Federal  cr. 
Berne,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Beunville,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  63  e  by  n  of  H. 
Berrien  Springs,  pv.  Berrien  co.  Mich.  190 

sw  of  Detroit. 
Berrysburg,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  40  n  of  H. 
Berrysville,  pv.  Knox  co.  Ind.  113  sw  of  Is. 
Berrytown,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  14  s  by  w  of 

Dover. 
Berryville,  v.  Scott  co.  Miss.  10  s  of  Hills- 

boro'  C.  H. 
Bertrand,  pt.  Berrien  co.  Mich.  180  w  of  D. 
Berwick,  tp.  York  co.  Me.  on  Salmon  Fall  r. 
Berwick,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  40  sw  of  H. 
Berwick,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Bethab'ara,  a  Moravian  v.  Stokes  co.  N.  C. 
Betha'nia,  Moravian  pv.  Stokes  co.  N.  C. 

118  nw  of  Raleigh.  [of  Hd. 

Bethany,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  46  sw 
Bethany,  pv.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  250  w  of  Al. 
Bethany,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  160  ne  of  H. 
Bethany,  pv.  Brooke  co.  Va.  350  nw  of  R. 
Bethel,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  60  w  of  A. 
Bbthel,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  on  White  r. 
Bethel,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  70  sw  of  Hd. 
Bethel,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  60  w  Newburg. 
Bethel,  tp.  Fulton  co.  Pa. 
Bethel,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  50  e  of  H. 
Bethel,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  near  Chester  cr. 
Bethel,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  on  Swatara  cr. 
Bethel,  pv.  Hertford  co.  N.  C.  160  ne  of  Rh. 
Bethel,  pv.  Glynn  co.  Ga.  230  se  of  M. 
Bethel,  v.  Wayne  co.  Ga.  oil  Turtle  r. 
Bethel,  tp.  Miami  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Bethel,  tp.  Clark  co.  O.  on  Mad  r. 
Bethel,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  110  sw  of  Cs. 
Bethel,  tp  .Monroe  co.  O. 
Bethel,  tp.  Branch  co.  Mich. 
Bethel,  tp.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 
Bethel,  tp.  Posey  co.  Ind. 
Bethlehem,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  88  nw  Cd. 
Bethlehem,  tp.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  5  s  of  Al. 
Bethlehem,  pt.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  40  n  by 

w  of  Trenton. 
Bethlehem,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  on  the 

Lehigh  r.  48  n  of  Philadelphia.    It  contains 

a  celebrated  female  seminary,  conducted  by 

the.  Moravians. 
Bethlehem,  v.  Oglethorpe  co.  Ga.  65  nne  M. 
Bethlehem,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O.  on  Walhon- 

ding  river.  [river. 

Bethlehem,  pv.  Starke  co.  O.  on  Tuscarawas 
Bethlehem,  pv.  Clark  co.  Ind.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Bethlem,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  43  wsw  of 

Hartford. 
Beverly,  Maes.    See  Gazetteer.       [ofR. 
Beverly,  pv.  cap.  of  Randolph  co.  Va.  200  nw 
Beverly,  pv.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  150  sw  of  Rh. 
Bexar*  (Sp.  pron.  ba-iiaR'),  a  large  co.  or 

region  of  Texas,  occupying  the  w  central 

#  This  name,  as  we  are  informed,  is  usually  pronounced 
by  the  Teiuns  bar. 


portion  of  the  state,  being  watered  by  the 
head  streams  of  the  Colorado,  G'«adalupe. 
and  Nueces,  anfc  their  branches  The  soii 
consists  for  the  most  part  of  a  sandy  loam, 
and  is  in  general  exceedingly  productive 
Capital,  San  Antonio  de  Bexar. 

Biddeford,  tp.  York  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 

Big  Beaver,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 

Big  Black  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

Big  Blue  r.  rises  in  the  Indian  Territory,  and, 
flowing  into  Mo.  falls  into  the  Missouri  r. 

Big  Cr.   tp.  Crawford  co.  Ark. 

Big  Cr.  tp.  Phillips  co.  Ark. 

Big  Cr.  tp.  Van  Buren  co.  Ark. 

Big  Cr.  tp.  Rives  co.  Mo. 

Big  Cr.  tp.  Van  Buren  co.  Mo.  [mung  r. 

Big  Flats,  pt.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  on  Che- 

Big  Hatchy  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  the  Missis- 
sippi river. 

Big  Island,  pt.  Marion  co.  O.  47  w  by  N  Cs. 

Big  Lick,  tp.  Hancock  co.  O. 

Big  Prairie,  tp.  New  Madrid  co.  Mo. 

Big  R.  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Mo.  [Ohio. 

Big  Sand>-  r.  of  Va.  and  Ky.  flows  into  the 

Big  Springs,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O.         [w  of  Al. 

Big  Spring  Point,  pv.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.  190 

Big  Walnut  r.  an  affluent  of  the  Scioto  r.  O. 

Biller'ica,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  7  sse  of 
Lowell. 

Biloxi,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Miss,  on  Biloxi  Bay. 

Bingham,  (bing'-um)  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on 
Kennebec  river. 

Bingham,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Bingham,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Mich. 

Binghamton,  pv.  cap.  Broome  co.  N.Y.    [cr. 

Birdsall,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Black 

Bikdsville,  pv.  Burke  co.  Ga.  74  e  of  M. 

Birmingham,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

Birmingham,  pv.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  107  NW 
of  Harrisburg. 

Birmingham,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 

Birmingham,  a  suburb  of  Pittsburg,  on  the  s 
side  of  Monongahela  river. 

Birmingham,  pv.  Erie  co.  O.  on  Vermilion  r. 

Birmingham,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  19  nw  D. 

Bishoi'sville,  pv.  Sumter  dist.S.C.87NE  Ca. 

Bistineau,  (bisvte-no')  lake,  Claiborne  par 
La.  35  long  and  2  broad. 

Black,  tp.  Posey  co.  Ind.  [Plattsburg. 

Black  Brook,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  20  sw  of 

Black  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Genesee  r. 

Black  Cr.  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  270  w  by  s 

Black  Cr.  tp.  Mercer  co.  O.  [of  Al 

Black  Feet  Indians  (Fr.  Pieds  Noirs,  pex-ai' 
iiwur),  a  powerful  and  warlike  tribe  in  the 
N  and  w  portions  of  Missouri  Territory. 

Blackford,  pv.  cap.  of  Blackford  co.  Ind.  80 
ne  of  Indianapolis. 

Black  Hawk,  pt.  Shelby  co.  Ind.  34  se  of  Is. 

Blackleysville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  O.  94  ne  Cs. 

Black  Lick,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 

Black  r.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  flows  into  the  Con- 
necticut at  Springfield. 

Black  r.  N.  Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Black  r.  N.  C.  an  affluent  of  Cape  Fear  r.  [r. 

Black  r.  S.  C.  an  affluent  of  the  Great  Pedee 

Black  r.  Ark.  flows  into  the  White  r. 

Black  r.  O.  flows  into  Lake  Erie. 

Black  r.  Mich,  flows  into  Lake  Michigan 

Black  R.  tp.  Independence  co.  Ark 

Black  R.  tp.  Lawrence  co  Ark. 

Black  R.  pt.  Loraiti  co.  O.  on  Black  r. 

Black  R.  tp.  St.  Francis  co.  Mo. 

Black  R.  tp.  Washington  co.  Mo. 


BLO 


588 


BOO 


Black  R.  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mo. 

Black  Rock,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  2£  n  Buffalo. 

Blackstone  r.  rises  in  Mass.  and  falls  into 

Providence  river,  R.I.  [of  R. 

Blacksville,  pv.  Monongalia  co.  Va.  300  nw 
Black  Warrior  r.  See  Gazetteer. 
Blackwater  r.  N.H.  flows  into  Contoocook  r 
Blackwater  r.  Va.  flows  into  Nottaway  r. 
Blackwater,  tp.  Pettis  co.  Mo.  [ne  of  Wn. 
Bladensburg,  pv.  Prince  George  co.  Md.  6 
Blairsville,  pv.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  Kiski- 

minitas  river.  [of  M. 

Blairsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  co.  Ga.  118  nnw 
Blairsville,  pv.  Posey  co.  Ind.  180  sw  of  Is. 
Blakely,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Lackawan- 

nock  river. 
Blakely,  pv.  cap.  of  Early  co.  Ga.2C0  sw  of  M. 
Blakely,  pv.  cap.   of  Baldwin  co.  Ala.   on 

Tensaw  river,  opposite  to  Mobile. 
Blanchard,  pt.  Piscataquis  co  Me.  70  N  of  A. 
Blanchard,  tp.  Hancock  co.  O. 
Blanchard,  tp.  Hardin  co.  O. 
Blanchard,  tp.  Putnam  co.  O.  [n  of  Cs. 

Blanchard's  Bridge,  pv.  Hancock  co.  O.  80 
Blanford,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  HOwofB. 
Blauveltville,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  130 

s  of  Albany. 
Bleeker,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y. 
Blendon,  pt.  Franklin  co.  O.  10  y  of  Cs. 
Blendon  Institute,  pv.  Franklin  co.  O. 
Blenham,  tp.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.         [river. 
Blissfield,  pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  on  Raisin 
Block  Island,  Newport  co.  R.  I.  30  sw  of 

Newport.      '  [kill  river. 

Blockley,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  on  Schuyl- 
Bloody  Run,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  90  w  by  s  H. 
Bloom,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Bloom,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Bloom,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O.  on  Muskingum  r. 
Bloom,  tp.  Scioto  co.  O. 
Bloom,  tp.  Seneca  co.  0. 86  n  of  Cs. 
Bloom,  tp.  Wood  co.  O.  [bee  r. 

Bloomfield,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  onKenne- 
Bioomfield,  pt.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  the  Conn.  r. 
Bloomfield,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  7  nw  Hd. 
Bloomfield,  pt.   and  v.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  4  n 

of  Newark. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  240  nw  H. 
Bloomfield,  v.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Pa.  24  nw  of  H. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  135  n  of  R. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  43  swof  F. 
Bloomfield,  tp.  Jackson  co.  O. 
Bloomfield,  pt.  Morrow  co.  0.46  nne  of  Cs. 
Bloomfield,  tp.  Logan  co.  O. 
Bloomfield,  tp.  Richland  co.  O.  60  ne  of  Cs. 
Bloomfield,  tp.  Trumbull  co.  0. 15  N  Warren. 
Bloomfield,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich,  on  a  br.  of 
Bloomfield,  tp.  La  Grange  co.  Ind.  [Rouge  r. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Ind.  74  sw 

of  Indianapolis. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  Edgar  co.  111.  128  e  by  s  of  Sd. 
Bloomfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Stoddard  co.  Mo.  230 

se  of  Jefferson  City. 
Bloomingburg,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y. 
Bloomingburg,  pv.  Fayette  co.  O.  45  ssw  Cs. 
Blooming  Grove,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.     [Is. 
Bloomington,  pv.  cap.  Monroe  co.  Ind.  49  sw 
Bloomington,  pv.  McLean  co.  111.  73  nne  Sd. 
Bloomington,  tp.  Buchanan  co.  Mo. 
Bloomington,  pv.  cap.  of  Macon  co.  Mo.  106 

N  of  Jefferson  City. 
Bloomington,  pv.  cap.  of  Muscatine  co.  Iowa, 

on  Mississippi  river. 
BLOOMiNGViLLE,pv.Erieco.O.120  n  byECs. 


Bloomsbukg,  eap.Columbiaco.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 

Bloomsburg,  pv.  Halifax  co.Va.  140  s  by  w  R. 

Bloomsbury,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  43  NNwTn. 

Bloomville,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
w  branch  of  Delaware  river. 

Blossburg,  pv.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  130  nw  of  H. 
In  its  vicinity  is  a  celebrated  mine  of  bitu- 
minous coal.  [100  ne  of  T. 

Blountsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Blount  co.  Ala. 

Blountsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Sullivan  co.  Tenn. 
280  e  by  N  of  Nashville. 

Blountsville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  72  e  by  N  Is 

Blue  Hill,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  75  e  of  A. 

Blue  Mountain,  tp.  Izard  co.  Ark.      [teeb. 

Blue  Ridge.    See  Blue  Mountains,  Gazet 

Blue  R.  tp.  Hancock  co.  Ind. 

Blue  R.  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  [gum  r 

Blue  Rock,  pt.  Muskingum  co.  O.  on  Muskir.- 

Bluffton,  pv.  cap.  of  Wells  co.  Ind.  107  nn* 
of  Indianapolis. 

Blythe,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ark. 

Blythe,  tp.  Caldwell  co.  Mo. 

Boalsburg,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  84  nw  of  H. 

Boardman,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  0. 170  ne  of  Cs. 

Bodenham,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  82  s  by  w  Ne. 

BcauFr.  Ark.  and  La.  flows  into  the  Washita  r. 

Boeuf,  tp.  Franklin  co.'Mo. 

Boeuf  Bayou.    See  Gazetteer. 

Boggs,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  [Pearl  r. 

Bogue  Chito  (or  Chitto)  r.  La.  flows  into 

Bohemia  cr.  Md.  flows  into  Elk  r. 

Bois  Blanc  Island,  L.  Huron,  se  of  Macki- 
naw, 10  m.  long  and  3  broad. 

Bois  d'Arc,  tp.  Hempstead  co.  Ark. 

Bokes  Cr.  tp.  Logan  co.  O. 

Bolivar,  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  15  e  Angelica. 

Bolivar,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  112  s  by  w  Rh. 

Bolivar,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Tuscara- 
was river. 

Bolivar,  pv.  cap.  Bolivar  co.  Miss,  on  Miss.  r. 

Bolivar,  pv.  cap.  of  Hardeman  co.  Tenn.  on 
Big  Hatchee  river.  [Jefferson  City. 

Bolivar,  pv.  cap.  of  Polk  co.  Mo.  132  sw  of 

Bolivar,  v.  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  on  the  e  bank 
of  the  Brazos. 

Bolivar,  Galveston  co.    See  Point  Bolivar 

Bolivia,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Ark. 

Bolivia,  tp.  Gasconade  co.  Mo. 

Bolton,  pt.  Chittenden  co.Vt.  20  nnw  of  Mtr 

Bolton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  33  w  of  B. 

Bolton,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  14  e  of  Hd. 

Bolton,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  on  Schroon  r. 

Bombay,  pt.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  on  Little 
Salmon  river. 

Bo'nham,  a  little  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Fannin 
co.  on  Bois  d'Arc  creek,  350  nne  of  Austin. 

Bo-nair',  (Sp.  Buen  Ayre,  bwen  T'ray,  i.  e 
"  good  air,")  a  small  island  of  the  West  In 
dies  belonging  to  the  Dutch,  25  Eof  Curacoa 
Salt  is  exported  in  considerable  quantities. 

Bon  Hohme,  tp.  St.  Genevieve  co.  Mo. 

Bon  Homme,  St.  Louis  co.  Mo. 

Bonne  Femme,  tp.  Howard  co.  Mo. 

Bonnet  Carre,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  John  Baptial 
parish,  La.  on  the  Mississippi  river. 

Boone,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 

Boone,  tp.  Warwick  co.  Ind. 

Boone,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Mo. 

Boonesborough,  pv.Wn.  co.  Md.  90  nw  An 

Boonesborough,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ky.  53  se  of 
Frankfort,  on  Kentucky  river. 

Boone  Lick,  tp.  Howard  co.  Mo.     [n  Utica. 

Booneville,  pt.  Oneida  co. N.Y.  onBlackr.38 

Booneville.  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Ark. 


BRA 


589 


BRE 


Booneville,  pv.  cap.  of  Warwick  co.  Ind.  170 

ssw  of  Indianapolis. 
Booneville,  pv.  cap.  of  Cooper  co.  Mo.  on  the 

Missouri  river. 
Boonville,  a  nourishing  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of 

Brazos  co.  110  e  by  n  from  Austin. 
Boothbay,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  40  s  by  E  of  A. 
Bordentown,  borough,  Burlington  co.  N.  J. 

on  the  Delaware  river. 
Borgne,  Lake.    See  Gazetteer. 
Bordley,  pv.  Union  co.  Ky.  220  w  by  s  of  F. 
Boscawen,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  on  the 

Merrimack  river. 
Boston,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  20  sw  Buffalo. 
Boston,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Ark. 
Boston,  pt.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  66  sw  of  F. 
Boston,  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  canal. 
Boston,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich,  on  Grand  r. 
Boston,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Bowie  co.  360 

ne  of  Austin,  and  5  s  of  tied  r. 
Botetourt  Springs,  pv.  Roanoke  co.  Va. 

180  w  by  s  of  Richmond. 
Bottle  Hill,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  57  n  by  e  Tn. 
Bound  Brook,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  33  n  by 

E  of  Trenton. 
Bourbon,  tp.  Calloway  co.  Mo. 
Bourneville,  pv.  Ross  co.  O.  63  s  of  Cs. 
Bournsbbrg,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  75  N  by 

w  of  Jefferson  City. 
Bovey,  tp.  St.  Genevieve  co.  Mo. 
Bovina,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  Little  De- 
laware river. 
Bow,  tp.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  on  Mer'k.  r. 
Bowdoin,  bo'den,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  18  ssw 

of  Augusta.  [Kennebec  r. 

Bowdoinham.   pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  on  the 
Bowen,  tp.  Madison  co.  Ark. 
Bowersville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ga.  120  n  M. 
Bowie,  a  co.  occupying  the  ne  ext.  of  Texas, 

and  bordering  on  Red  river.    A  large  por- 
tion of  the  surface  is  covered  with  timber. 

Soil  very  good.     Capital,  Boston. 
Bowles,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Mo.       [40  n  of  R. 
Bowling  Green,  pv.  cap.  of  Caroline  co.  Va. 
Bowling  Green,    pv.  Oglethorpe   co.  Ga.  63 

nne  of  Milledgeville.        [on  Big  Barren  r. 
Bowling  Green,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Ky. 
Bowling  Green,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 
Bowling  Green,  tp.  Marion  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 
Bowling  Green,  pv.  cap.  of  Clay  co.  Ind.  60 

s  by  w  of  Indianapolis. 
Bowling  Green,  tp.  Pettis  co.  Mo.  [of  B. 
Boxborough,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  28  nw 
Boxford,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  30  n  by  e  of  B. 
Boxville,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Ga.  130  sse  of  M. 
Boydstown,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  100  ne  A. 
Boydton,  pv.  cap.  of  Mecklenburg  co.  Va. 

109  ssw  of  Richmond. 
Boylston,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40  w of  B. 
Boylston,  tp.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  140  nw  of  A!. 
Bozrah,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn,  on  Yan- 

tic  river.  [ese  of  Hd. 

Bozrahville,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  31 
Braceville,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  0. 160  ne  of  Cs. 
Brackabeen,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  45  w  Al. 
Bradford,  tp.  Lincoln  co.  Me. 
Bradford,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  00  ne  of  A. 
Bradford,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  25  w  Cd. 
Bradford,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 
Bradford,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Merrimack  r. 
Bradford,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 
Branford,  tp.  M'Keaii  co.  Pa. 
Bradford,  tp.  Lincoln  co.  Mo. 
Bradfordville,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ky.  68  s  F. 
50 


Bradley  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  50  n  of  Ban 
gor.  [Mtr. 

Bradleyvale,  tp.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  50  ne  of 
Brady,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 
Brady,  tp.  Williams  co.  O.  on  Tiffin's  r. 
Brady,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich,  on  Pottage  r. 
Bradyville,  pv.  Cannon  co.  Tenn.  56  se  Ne. 
Brainard's  Bridge,  pv. Rensselaer  co.  N.Y. 

16  ne  of  Albany. 
Braintree,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  23  s  of  Mtr. 
Braintree,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  14  s  of  B. 
Braintrem,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 
Bralsville,  v.  Monroe  co.  O. 
Branch,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  [of  D 

Branch,  pv.  cap.  of  Branch  co.  Mich.  110  wsw 
Branch  Port,  pv.  Yates  co.  N.Y. 
Branchville,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  77  N  of  Tn. 
Brandenburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Mead  co.  Ky.  on 

the  Ohio  river,  94  w  by  s  of  Frankfort. 
Brandon,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  48  sw  of  Mtr. 
Brandon,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  10  sw  Malone. 
Brandon,  pv.  cap.  of  Rankin  co.  Miss.  13  e  J. 
Brandon,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich,  on  the  sources 

of  Flint  river. 
Brandonville,  pv.  Preston  co.  Va.  260  nw  R. 
Brandt,  tp.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Erie. 
Brandy,  tp.  Williams  co.  O.  [laware  r. 

Brandywine  cr.  Pa.  and  Del.  flows  into  De- 
Brandywine,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
Brandywine,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Ind. 
Brandywine,  hundred,  New  Castle  co.  Del. 
Brandywine  Mills,  pv.  Summit  co.  0. 140  nk 

of  Columbus.  [Sound. 

Branford,  pt.  N.  Haven  co.  Conn,  on  Long  I. 
Brantford,  a  flourishing  town  of  Canada  W 

on  Grand  river.  20  m.  w  by  s  of  Hamilton. 

Pop.  3,000  or  4,000. 
Brasher  Falls,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y. 

on  Deer  river.  [Conn.  r. 

Brattleborough,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on 
Braxton  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Braxton  co.  Va.  on 

Elk  river. 
Brazoria,  a  co.  of  Texas?  bordering  on  the 

Gulf   of   Mexico,  and   intersected  by  the 

Brazos.  With  the  exception  of  a  strip  of 

prairie  land  along  the  coast,  the  soil  is  gene- 
rally very  fertile. 
Brazoria,  a  sea-port  and  cap.  of  the  above 

co.,  is  situate  on  the  w  or  right  bank  of  the 

Brazos,   about  30   m.   by  water  from  its 

mouth,   and   60  w  by  s"  from  Galveston. 

Pop.  500. 
Brazos  r.    See  Gazetteer. 
Brazos,  a  eo.  in  the  e  central  part  of  Texa«, 

e  of  and  bordering  on  the  river  Brazos. 

Soil   fertile ;    well  adapted   to  pasturage. 

Capital,  Boonville.  [on  Kentucky  r. 

Breathitt  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Breathitt  co.  Ky. 
Brecknock,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
Brecknock,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
Bremen,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  40  se  of  A. 
Bremen,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  40  se  of  Cs. 
Brenha'm,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Washington 

co.  100  e  of  Austin.     Pop.  about  500. 
Brentsville  Oil.  pv.  cap.  of  Prince  William 

co.  Va.  lt)0  N  of  Richmond. 
Brentwood,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on 

Exeter  river. 
Brest,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  40  s  by  w  of  D 
Brewer,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob 

scot  river. 
Brewer,  tp.  Pike  co.  Ark. 
Brewerton,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Onei 

da  river. 


BRO 


590 


mo 


Brewster,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass,  on  Cape 

Cod  Bay.' 
Bricksville,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  140  ne  Cs. 
Bridesbtjrg,  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  5  ne  of 

Philadelphia. 
Bridgehampton,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 
Bridgeport,  Conn.    See  Gazetteer. 
Bridgeport,  pv.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga 

L.  at  w  end  Cayuga  Bridge,  [nongahela  r. 
Bridgeport,  borough,  Fayette  co.  Pa.  on  Mo- 
Bridgeport,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Va.  on  Simpson's 

creek. 
Bridgeport,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Bridgeport,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  [son. 

Bridgeport,  pv.  Brown  co.  Wis.  143  ne  Madi- 
Bridges,  tp.  Taney  co.  Mo.  [Pond. 

Bridgeton,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  on  Long 
Bridgetown,  N.  J.    See  Gazetteer. 
Bridgeville,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  on  Ne- 

versink  river. 
Bridgeville,  pv.Warren  co.  N.  J.  GO  n  by  w  Tn. 
Bridgeville,  pv.  Sussex  ccf.  Del.  38  s  Dover. 
Bridgeville,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  ().  62  e  of  Cs. 
Bridgewater,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  37  nnw 

of  Concord.  [e  of  B. 

Bridgewater,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  25  s  by 
Bridgewater,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  78  s  of  Mtr. 
Bridgewater,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  15  s  of  Utica. 
Bridgewater,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  [miny  cr. 
Bridgewater,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Nesha- 
Bridgewater,  borough,  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Bea- 
Bridgewater.  pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  [ver  r 
Bridgewater,  tp.  Williams  co.  O. 
Bridgewater,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 
Bridport,  pt.  Addison  co.Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 
Brier  Cr.  pt.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  [plain. 

Brighton,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Me.  57  n  of  A. 
Brighton,  tp.  Essex  co.  Vt.  GO  ne  of  Mir. 
Brighton',  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  5  w  of  B. 
Brighton,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r. 
Brighton,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Big  Beaver  r. 
Brighton,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  105  n  by  e  of  Cs. 
Brighton,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  42  srw  D. 
Brighton,  pv.  Macoupin  co.  III.  12  N  of  Alton. 
Brighton,  pv.  Washington  co.  Iowa. 
Brighton  Centre,  pv.  Clark  co.  O.  33  wCs. 
Brightsville,  pv.  Marlboro'  dist.  S.C.  117  ne 

of  Columbia. 
Brimfield,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  68  w  of  B. 
Brimfield,pt.  Portage  co.  O.  10  sw  Ravenna. 
Bringiers,  pv.  and  C.H.  St.  James  par.  La. 

on  the  Mississippi. 
Brinkleyville,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  90  ne 

of  Raleigh. 
Bristol,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  on  the  Atlantic. 
Bristol,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  PL  30  n  of  Cd. 
Bristol,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  SO  sw  of  Mtr. 
Bristol,  R.I.     See  Gazetteer. 
Bristol,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  17  sw  of  Hd. 
Bristol,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  9  sw  of  Canan- 

daigua. 
Bristol,  borough,  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware 

river,  20  ne  of  Philadelphia. 
Bristol,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  onTacony  cr. 
Bristol,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O.  on  Meigs  cr. 
Bristol,  pt.  Lapeer  co.  Mich.  43  N  of  D. 
Bristol,  pv.  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  160  n  of  Is. 
Bkoadalbin,  pt.  Fuiton  co.  N.Y.  40  nw  Al. 
Broad  r.  Ga.  abr.  of  the  Savannah. 
Broad  r.  S.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Broad  r.  S.  C.  an  arm  of  the  sea,  between  Port 

Royal  Island  and  the  main  land. 
Broad  Cr.  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 
Broad  Kill,  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 


Broad  Top,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  [carta, 

Brockport,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Erie 
Brookville,  pv.  Steuben  co.  Ind.  180  nne  of 

Indianapolis. 
Broken  Straw,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa. 
Bronson,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  2  s  of  Norwalk. 
Bronx  r.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  flows  into 

East  river. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  PL  46  ne  of  Cd. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  17  s  of  Mtr. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mas3.  60  w  of  B. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  70swof  Hd. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  88  wby  n  Al. 
Brookfield,  borough,  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  170  n  of  H. 
Brookfield,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 
Brookfield,  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 
Brookfield,  v.  Stark  co.  O. 
Brookfield,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O. 
Brookfield,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Brookhaven,  tp.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 
Brookhaven,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Miss.      [Mtr. 
Brookline,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  110  s  of 
Brookline,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  50  s  of  Cd. 
Brookline,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  4  w  by  s  of  B. 
Brookline,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ga.  85  n  of  M. 
Brooklyn,  pv.  cap.  of  Windham  co.  Conn. 

44  e  by  N  of  Hartford. 
Brooklyn,  pt.  Susqa.  co.  Pa.  170  nne  of  H. 
Brooklyn^  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  0. 145  nne  of  Cs. 
Brookneal,  pv.  Campbell  co.Va.  on  Staunton 
Brooks,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  15  ne  A.     [river. 
Brookville,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  79  ne  of  A. 
Brookville,  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 
Brookville,  pv.  Bracken  co.  Ky.  65  ne  of  F. 
Brookville,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Ind.  70 

ese  of  Indianapolis.  [Jefferson  City. 

Brookville,  pv.  Marion  co.  Mo.  120  nne  of 
Broome,  tp.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  38  w  of  Al. 
Brothers  Valley,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa. 
Brown,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
Brown,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 
Brown,  tp.  Vinton  co.  O.  on  Racoon  cr. 
Brown,  tp.  Carroll  co.  O.  on  Sandy  cr. 
Brown,  tp.  Darke  co   O. 
Brown,  tp.  Delaware  co.  O. 
Brown,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O. 
Brown,  tp.  Knox  co.  O.  on  Yellow  cr. 
Brown,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 
Brown,  tp.  Paulding  co.  O. 
Brown,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Ind. 
Brown,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Ind. 
Brown,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 
Brownfield,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  78  sw  of  A 
Brownhelm,  pt.  Lorain  eo.  O.  [tor  r. 

Brownington,  pt.  Orleans  co.Vt.  e  of  Bar- 
Brownington,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa.  210  nw  of  H. 
Brownsbukg,   pv.   Rockbridge   co.   Va.   on 

Maffet's  creek. 
Brown's  Port,  pv.  Perry  co.  Term.  lOOsAvNe. 
Brownstown,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich,  on  Lake 

Erie. 
Brownstown,  pv.  cap.  Jackson  co.  Ind.  70  s  Is. 
Brownsville,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  [river. 
Brownsville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Rlack 
Brownsville,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  on  Monon- 

gahela  river. 
Brownsville,  pv.  Wn.  go.  Md.  95  nw  of  An. 
Brownsville,  v.  Monroe  co.  Ga.  near  Ocmul 

gee  river.  [n  of  T 

Brownsville,  pv.  Talladega  co.  Ala.  140  e  by 
Brownsville,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss.  20  w  of  J. 
Brownsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Edinondsou  co.  Ky 

on  Green  river. 


BUR 


591 


BYR 


Brownsville,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  40  e  of  Cs. 

Brownsville,  pv.  Union  co.  Ind.  68  e  by  s  of  Is. 

Brownsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  111.  177  s 
of  Springfield. 

Bkowntown,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  150  n  H. 

Brlce,  pt.  Macomb  co.  Mich.    ' 

Bruceville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  80  rw  of  An. 

Bruington,  pv.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  42 
ne  of  Richmond. 

Brumfieldville,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  62  ens  H. 

Brunswick,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 

Brunswick,  pt.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Brunswick,  tp.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.4  E  Troy. 

Brunswick,  pv.  cap.  of  Glynn  co.  Ga.  on  Tur- 
tle river. 

Brunswick,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  120  ne  of  Cs. 

Brunswick,  pv.  Chariton  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri 

Brush  Cr.  tp.  Washington  co.  Ark.     [river. 

Brush  Cr.  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 

Brush  Cr.  tp.  Jefferson  co.  O. 

Brush  Cr.  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

Brush  Cr.  tp.  Scioto  co.  O. 

Brush  Hill,  pv.  Dupage  co.  111.  188  ne  of  Sd. 

Brutus,  tp.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  7  N  of  Auburn. 

Brutus,  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

Bryan, cap.  Williams  co.  0. 150  nw  of  Cs. 

Bryansburg,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  83  se  Is. 

Bryantown,  pv.  Charles  co.  Md.  70  sw  An. 

Buchanan,  v.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  on  James  r. 

Buchanan,  tp.  Berrien  co.  Mich,  on  St.  Jo- 
sephs river.  [12  se  of  Ne. 

Buchanansville,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn. 

Buck,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  [nw  of  Al. 

Buck  Bridge,  "St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  230 

Buck  Cr.  tp.  Hancock  co.  Ind. 

Buckeystown,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  80  nw 
of  Annapolis. 

Buckfield,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  32  w  by  s  of  A. 

Buckingham,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  the  Dela- 
ware river. 

Buckingham,  tp.  Bucks  Co.  Pa.  27  N  of  Phila. 

Buckland,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  100  w  of  B. 

Buckland,  pv.  Prince  William  co.  Va.  110  n  R. 

Buckram,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Bucks,  tp.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich,  on  St.  Jos.  r. 

Bucks,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  [river. 

Bucksport,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 

Bucyrus,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co.  O.  on  San- 
dusky river. 

Buells  Lowell,  tp.  Washington  co.  O. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.  on  Susquehanna  r. 

Buffalo,  borough,  Perry  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Union  eo.  Pa. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  210  w  of  H. 

Buffalo,  pv.  Cleveland  co.  N.  C. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ark. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O.  87  e  of  Cs. 

Buffalo,  tp.  Morgan  co.  Mo.  [angua  r. 

Buffalo,  v.  cap.  of  Dallas  co.  Mo.  3  W  of  Ni- 

Buffalo,  tp.  Pike  co.  Mo. 

Buffalo  Bayou,  a  stream  of.  Texas,  which 
flows  into  an  arm  of  Galveston  Bay  at 
Lynchburg.  [of  An. 

Bullocktown,  pv.  Queen  Anne  co.  Md.  64  E 

Bull  Skin,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 

Bundysburg.  pv.  Geauga  co.  O.  160  ne  of  Cs. 

Bunker  Hill,  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

Burboise,   tp.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.     [sofAl- 

Bur-uett',  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  180  w  by 

Burke,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  50  ne  of  Mtr. 

Burks ville.  pv.  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  80 
aw  of  Richmond. 


Burkesville,  pv.  cap.  Cumberland  co.  Ky.  on 
Cumberland  river.  [of  An. 

Burketsville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  92  nw 

Burlingham,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y. 

Burlingham,  pv.  Meigs  co.  O.  86  se  of  Cs. 

Burlington,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  120  ne  A. 

Burlington,  Vt.    See  Gazetteer.      [NofB. 

Burlington,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  13  why 

Burlington,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn. 20  w  of  Hd 

Burlington,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  80  w  of  Al. 

Burlington,  N.J.    See  Gazetteer. 

Burlington,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  140  N  of  H. 

Burlington,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  200  nw  R. 

Burlington,  pv.  cap.  of  Boone  co.  Ky.  82  n 
by  e  of  Frankfort.  [Ohio  r. 

Burlington,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  O.  oh 

Burlington,  tp.  lacking  co.  O. 

Burlington,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  110  w  of  D. 

Burlington,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ind.  53  nnw  of 
Indianapolis. 

Burlington,  pv.  cap.  of  Des  Moines  co.  Iowa. 
See  Iowa. 

Burnham,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  34  E  of  A. 

Burns,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y. 

Burns,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich 

Buenside,  pt.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  150  nw  of  H. 

Burrilville,  pt.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  oil 
Branch  river. 

Burr  Oak,  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  125  sw  D. 

Burrsville,  pv.  Caroline  co.  Md.  70  e  of  An. 

Burton,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on  Alle- 
ghany river. 

Burton,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Burton,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  165  ne  of  Cs. 

Bush  Cr.  tp.  Washington  co.  Ark. 

Bush  Cr.  tp.  Scioto  co.  O. 

Bushkill,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 

Bushnell's  Basin,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on 
the  Erie  canal. 
j  Bushwick,  tp.  King's  co.  N.Y.  3  e  Brooklyn. 

Buskirk's  Bridge,  pv.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  on 
Hoosick  river. 

Busti,  tp.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  320  w  of  Al. 

Bustleton,  pv.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  10  ne  of  Phila. 

Buston,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Butler,  tp.  Wayne  co.  N.Y. 

Butler,  borough,  cap.  of  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Butler,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Butler,  tp.  Columbiana  co.  O. 

Butler,  tp.  Darke  co.  O. 

Butler,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 

Butler,  tp.  Mercer  co.  O. 

Butler,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 

Butler,  tp.  Branch  co.  Mich.     [Cumberland  r. 

Butler's  Landing,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.  on 

Butter  Hill,  a  high  and  steep  eminence  on 
the  w  of  Hudson  river,  at  the  n  entrance  of 
the  Highlands. 

Buttermilk  Channel,  the  passage  between 
Governor's  I.  and  Long  I.  in  N.Y.  harbour. 

Buttermilk  Falls,  N.Y.  a  picturesque  and 
beautiful  cascade  on  the  w  bank  of  the  Hud- 
son river,  2  m.  below  West  Point,     [of  Al. 

Butternuts,  tp.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  90  w  by  s 

Buxton,  tp.  York  co.  Me.  65  sw  of  A. 

Bybeery,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  15  ne  Phila, 

Byfield,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  35  n  by  e  of  B 

Byram  r.  Conn,  enters  Long  I.  Sound. 
!  Byram,  tp.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  8  se  of  Newton. 
|  Byrd,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 
|  Byrd,  tp.  Cape  Girardeau  co.  Mo. 
i  Byrnville.  pv.  Schoharie  co.N.Y.  46  wby  s 
j      of  Albany. 
I  Byron,  tp.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  10  ne  Batavia 


CAL 


592 


CAL 


Byron,  pv.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich.  72  nw  of  D. 

Byron,  pv.  Ogle  co.  111.  180  n  of  Sd. 

Bytown,  a  flourishing  t.  of  Canada  West,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Ottawa,  about  120  m. 
above  Montreal.  At  this  place,  there  are 
falls  in  the  river  between  25  and  30  feet  in 
height,  of  which  some  use  is  already  made 
in  manufactures.  A  suspension  bridge  (the 
first  which  has  been  constructed  in  the  pro- 
vince) of  243  feet  span,  crosses  the  Ottawa 
here.  Bytown  is  the  terminus  of  the  Rideau 
canal,  which  extends  to  L.  Ontario  at  Kings- 
ton. 

Cabin  Point,  pv.  Surry  co.  Va.  43  se  of  R. 

Cabot,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  20  ne  of  Mir. 

Cabotville,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on  Con- 
necticut river. 

Cache,  tp.  Green  co.  Ark. 

Cache,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Ark. 

Caddo,  tp.  Clark  co.  Ark. 

Caddo  Cove,  tp.  Hot  Spring  co.  Ark. 

Cadereita,  kad-a-ra'ta,  a  small  t.  of  Mexico, 
on  or  near  the  r.  Tigre,  below  Monterey. 

Cadiz,  pv.  cap.  of  Harrison  co.  0. 114  ene  Cs. 

Cadiz,  pv.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  on  Little  r. 

Cadiz,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  45  ene  of  Is. 

Cadron,  tp.  Conway  co.  Ark.  [river. 

Cadyville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Saranac 

Cesar's  Cr.  tp.  Greene  co.  O.  on  Caesar's  cr. 

Caernarvon,  ker-nar'ven,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Caernarvon,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 

Cahaba  r.     See  Cahawba,  Gazetteer. 

Cahaba,  pv.  cap.  of  Dallas  co.  Ala.  on  Ala.  r. 

Cahokia,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  on  Miss.  r. 

Cahokia  cr.  111.  flows  into  the  Mississippi  r. 

Cahoes  or  Cahoos.    See  Cohoes. 

Cain,  tp.  Fountain  co.  Ind. 

Ca  Ira,  sah  e-rah',  pv.  Cumberland  co.  "Va. 
57  w  by  s  of  Richmond.  [kill. 

Cairo,  ka'ro,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  10  w  Cats- 
Cairo,  pv.  Sumner  co.  Tenn.  on  Cumberland  r. 

Cairo,  pv.  Alexandria  co.  111.  at  the  s  extre- 
mity of  the  state. 

Calais,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Me.  on  St.  Croix  r. 

Calais,  pt.  Washington  co.  Vt.  10  ne  of  Mtr. 

Calcutta,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  160  ne  Cs. 

Caldwell,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  63  N  of  Al. 

Caldwell,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  60  nne  of  Tn. 

Caldwell,  pv.  Caldwell  par.  La.  on  Washita  r. 

Caledonia,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  on  Gene- 
see river. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Moore  co.  N.  C.  85  sw  of  Rh. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Miss.  157  ne  of  J. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Henry  co.  Tenn.  120  w  by  M 
of  Nashville. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Marion  co.  O.  52  n  of  Cs. 

Caledonia,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Alexander  co.  111.  on  the  Ohio. 

Caledonia,  pv.  Washington  co.  Mo.  on  Big  r. 

Calhoun,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  115  wnw 
of  Columbia.  [Milledgeville. 

Calhoun,  pv.  Lumpkin  co.  Ga.  130  nnw  of 

Calhoun,  pv.  M' Minn  co.  Tenn.  on  Hiwas- 
see  river. 

Calhoun,  pv.  Henry  co.  Mo.  117  w  Jef.  city. 

Calhoun,  a  v.  of  Victoria  co.  Texas,  on  St. 
Joseph's  Island. 

CALIFORNIA,  an  extensive  country  in 
the  western  portion  of  N.  America,  divided 
into  Lower  and  Upper  California. 

Lower  California,  (Sp.  California  Vieja, 
fcal-e-foR'ne-a  ve-a'Ha,  i.  e.  "  Old  Califor- 


!  nia")  a  peninsula  of  above  700  m.  m  length 
'  and   170   m.    in   its  greatest    bieadth,   sepa- 
rated from  the  main  land  by  the  Gu.'f  of  Cali- 
|  fornia.     The  aspect  of  the  greater  portion  of 
j  this  country  is  in  the  highest  degree  forbid- 
|  ding;  indeed  the  whole  of  this  region  may 
I  be  regarded  as  one  continuous  mass  of  high, 
bare  and  steep  rocks,  intersected  by  numerous 
ravines.    With  the  exception  of  two  or  three 
places,  it  scarcely  contains  any  level  ground 
which  can  be  called  a  valley.    There  is  hard- 
ly any  land  susceptible  of  cultivation,  except 
on  the  east  declivity  towards  the    Gulf  of 
California.     The  climate  is  exceedingly  dry 
and  hot.    In  some  parts  it  does  not  rain  every 
year,  but  only   at   intervals  of  five   or   six 
years;  in  other  parts  it  is  said  that  rain  never 
falls.     The  vegetation,  as  might  be  expected, 
is  very  scanty.     Figs,  olives,  dates,  and  vines 
are,  however,  cultivated  in  the  less  sterile 
portions  to  some  extent. 

California  (State  of).— The  following  inte- 
resting matter,  having  been  received  after  the 
article  in  the  Gazetteer  was  stereotyped,  is  in- 
serted here.  It  is  extracted  from  an  article  in 
Silliman's  Journal  in  Nov.,  1851,  by  Prof.  Shep- 
herd, containing  a  description  of  the  Hot  Springs 
or  Geysers,  discovered  hy  him  in  California. 
For  the  purpose  of  abbreviation,  we  use  our  own 
or  the  professor's  language  indifferently.  "  We 
travelled  N.  W.  from  the  head  of  Napa  valley, 
and  on  the  morning  of  the  fourth  day  reached 
the  summit  of  a  high  peak,  from  which  on  the 
W.  we  saw  the  Pacific ;  on  the  S.  San  Francisco 
Bay,  Mount  Diablo,  Sonoma  and  Napa  valleys ; 
on  the  S.  W.  the  valleys  of  Santa  Rosa  and  Rus- 
sian r.,  and  on  the  E.  the  Sierra  Nevada  moun- 
tains. On  the  N.,  immediately  at  our  feet,  there 
opened  an  immense  chasm,  apparently  formed 
by  the  rending  of  the  mountains  in  a  direction 
from  W.  to  E..  from  which,  at  the  distance  of 
four  or  five  miles,  we  distinctly  saw  clouds  and 
dense  columns  of  steam  rapidly  rising;  and  it 
was  with  difficulty  we  could  persuade  ourselves 
we  were  not  looking  down  upon  some  manufac- 
turing city.  Descending,  we  discovered  within 
the  space  of  half  a  mile  square,  from  one  to  two 
hundred  openings,  through  which  steam  issued 
with  violence,  sending  up  columns  of  dense 
vapour  to  the  height  of  from  150  to  200  feet.  The 
roar  of  the  largest  tubes  could  be  heard  for  a 
mile  or  more.  Many  of  them  acted  spasmodi- 
cally, like  a  high-pressure  engine,  throwing  out 
occasional  jets  of  hot  scalding  water  some  20  or 
30  feet.  Numerous  cones  are  formed  by  the  ac- 
cumulation of  various  mineral  salts  and  a  de- 
positc  of  sulphur  crystals  with  earthy  matter, 
which  often  harden  into  crusts  of  greater  or  less 
thickness  and  strength.  Frequently  the  water 
mounts  to  the  top  of  the  cones  with  violent 
ebullition,  and  beneath  your  feet  you  hear  the 
lashing  and  foaming  gyrations  as  you  approach 
them.  The  writer,  on  one  occasion,  hearing  the 
rushing  of  water  under  his  feet,  struck  down 
with  an  axe,  which  went  through  at  the  first 
blow  to  the  extent  of  the  helve,  disclosing  a 
stream  of  angry  water,  of  five  or  fix  feet  in 
breadth,  boiling  inter;  se'y." 

Tn  the  middle  of  January,  1852.  information 
fror*  California  stated,  that  up  to  that  time,  the 
thermumeter  had  been  down  to  the  freezing 
point  but  twice,  and  that  green  peas  and  garden 
flowers  were  in  blcom. 


CAM 


593 


CAN 


Three  shocks  of  an  earthquake  were  felt  at 
San  Francisco,  December  27th,  1851. 

Seven  quicksilver  furnaces — the  largest  yield- 
ing 400  bottles  per  week — belonging  to  one' firm, 
were  in  operation,  January,  1852. 

A  remarkable  ^oda  spring  has  been  discovered 
near  New  Almadin. 

A  large  cave  has  been  discovered  in  the  E. 
central  part  of  the  state. 

The  legislature  held  its  sessions  in  the  winter 
of  1351-2  at  Sacramento  City. 


Cal-la-poo'ya  Indians,  a  tribo  in  Oregon, 
dwelling  s  of  the  Columbia,  and  e  of  the 
Willamette  river.  [of  H. 

Callensburg,  pv.  Clarion  co.  Pa.  190  wnw 

Calumet,  tp.  Pikeco.  Mo.     [L.  Winnebago. 

Calumet  Village,  pv.  Calumet  co.  Wis.  on 

Calvary,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Mo. 

Calvin,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Camanche,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Iowa,  on 
the  Mississippi  river. 

Camanche  Indians.    See  Comanches. 

Cambria,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y. 

Cambria,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 

Cambridge,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  60  n  of  A. 

Cambridge,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Androscog- 
gin river. 

Cambridge,  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  on  Lamoille  r. 

Cambridge,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 

Cambridge,  pt.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  34  n  by  E  of  Al. 

Cambridge,  pv.  cap.  of  Dorchester  co.  Md.  60 
se  of  Annapolis.  [n  of  Ca. 

Cambridge,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  80  w  by 

Cambridge,  pv.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  84  s  by  e  of  T. 

Cambridge-,  pv.  cap.  of  Guernsey  co.  O.  77  e 
of  Columbus. 

Cambridge,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  66  swD. 

Cambridge,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  52  e  of  Is. 

Cambridceport,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  2 
w  of  Boston.  [Bay. 

Camden,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on   Penobscot 

Camden,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on  Fish  er. 

Camden,  city,  Camden  co.  N.J.  on  the  De- 
laware river,  opposite  Philadelphia. 

Camden,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  3  s  of  Dover. 

Camden,  pv.  cap.  of  Camden  co.  N.  C.  on  Pas- 
quotank river.  [Wateree  r. 

Camden,  pv.  cap.  of  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  on 

Camden,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss.  40  «  by  e  of  J. 

Camden,  pv.  cap.  of  Benton  co.  Tenn.  80  w  Ne. 

Camden,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  30  w  of  F. 

Camden,  tp.  Lorain  co.  O. 

Camden,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  150  wswof  Cs. 

Camden,  pt.  Hillsdale  eo.  Mich.  120  se  of  D. 


#  The  liabitat  of  these  two  animals  appears  lo  be  liuiiti 
<D  the  northern  part  of  tire  mountaiuous  region. 

50* 


Camden,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ind.  74  N  of  la. 
Camden,  pv.  Schuyler  co.  111.  72  wnw  of  3d 
Camden,  pv.  Ray  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Camel's  Rump,  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of 

the  Green  Mts.  Vt.  17  w  of  Montpelier. 
Cameron,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Canisteo  r. 
Camillus,  pt.  Onondaga  co.N.  Y.  7w  Syracusa 
Campbell,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  10  se  of  Bath. 
Campbell   C.  H.  pv.   Campbell  co.  Va.    125 

wsw  of  Richmond. 
Campbell,  tp.  Warwick  co.  Ind. 
Campbellsburg,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ky.  30  nw  of 

Frankfort.  [w  of  Ne. 

Campbellsville,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  67  s  by 
Campbellsville,  pv.  Greene  co.Ky.  77  ssw  of 

Frankfort.  [on  Chattahoochee  r. 

Campbellton,  pv.  cap.  of  Campbell  co.  Ga. 
Campbelltown,  pv.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  15  E  of 

Harrisburg. 
Camp  Branch,  tp.  Warren  co.  Mo. 
Camp  Creek,  tp.  Pike  co.  O.  [Cd. 

Campion,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H. 47  N  by  w  of 
Camptown,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  3  sw  of  New- 
ark, [bee  r. 
Canaan,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  the  Kenne- 
Canaan,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  nw  of  Cd. 
Canaan,  pt.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  Connecticut  r. 
Canaan,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn,  on  Housa- 

tonic  r. 
Canaan,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  24  se  of  Al. 
Canaan,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  160  ne  of  H. 
Canaan,  tp.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Hockhocking  r. 
Canaan,  tp.  Madison  co.  O. 
Canaan,  tp.  Morrow  co.  O. 
Canaan,  pt.  Wayne  co.  O. 
Canaan,  tp.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich. 
Canaan,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  84  sse  of  Is. 
Canaan  Centre,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  26 

se  of  Albany.  [N.Y.  25  sw  of  Al. 

Canaan  Four  Corners,  pv.  Columbia  co. 
Canadian  r.    See  North  Canadian  r. 
Canadice,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  218  w  of  Al. 
Canajoharie.    See  Gazetteer. 
Canal,  pt.  Venango  co.  Pa.  220  nw  of  H. 
Canal  Fulton,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  the 

Ohio  canal. 
Canandaigua,  N.  Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Canandaigua,  v.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  17  w  of 

Adrian.  [Ne. 

Canasauga,  pv.  Bradley  co.  Tenn.  170  se  of 
Canasto'ta,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 

Erie  canal. 
Candia,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  18  se  of  Cd 
Candor,  pt.  Tioga  eo.  N.  Y.  8  n  of  Owego. 
Candor,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa.  225  w  of  H. 
Caneadea,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  10  N  of 

Angelica. 
Cane  Hill,  pt.  Washington  co.  Ark. 
Canfield,  cap.  Mahoning  oo.  0. 160  ne  of  C3. 
Canisteo,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Canisteo  rj 
Canisteo  r.  N  Y.  flows  into  the  Tioga. 
Cannonsbuug,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cannouchee  (kan-oo'che)  r.  Ga.  the  largest 

affluent  of  the  Ogeeehee. 
Cano'ga,  pv.  Seneea  co.  N.Y.  near  Cayuga  L. 
Canonicut  i.  R.  I.  in  Narraganset  Bay. 
Canterbury,  pt.  Merrimaek  co.  N.H.  8  n  Cd 
Canterbury,  pt.  Windham  eo.  Conn.  40  e  Hd 
Canterbury,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  1  w  of  Hud* 

son  river. 
Canterbury,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  8  s  of  Dover. 
Canton,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Androscog 

gin  river. 
Canton,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  16  s  by  wof  B. 


CAR 


594 


CAT 


Canton,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  13  mv  of  Hd. 
Canton,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 

Grass  river. 
Canton,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  70  ssw  of  Tn. 
Canton,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  Towanda  cr. 
Canton,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Canton,   pv.   cap.   of  Cherokee   co.   Ga.   on 

Etowah  river.  i 

Canton,  pv.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  90  s  by  e  of  T. 
Canton,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Miss.  23  N 

by  e  of  Jackson. 
Canton,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ark. 
Canton,  pv.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  on  Cumberland  r. 
Canton,  pv.  cap.  of  Stark  co.  0. 120  ne  of  Cs. 
Canton,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich. 
Canton,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ind.  97  s  of  Is. 
Canton,  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  70  nnw  of  Sd. 
Canton  Centre,  pv.  of  Canton  pt.  Conn. 
Cantonment  Gibson,  or  Fort  Gibson,  pv. 

and  military  station  in  the  Indian  Ter.,  on 

Neosho  r.  near  its  entrance  into  Arkansas  r. 
Cantwell's  Bridge,  pv.  New  Castle  co. 

Del.  24  n  by  w  of  Dover. 
Canyville,  pv.  Grayson  co.Ky.  170swof  F. 
Cape  Cod,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cape  Elizabeth,  tp.  Me.  6  s  of  Portland. 
Cape  Fear,  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cape   Girardeau,  pv.  Cape   Girardeau   co. 

Mo.  on  the  Mississippi. 
Cape  Island,  pv.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  on  the 

shore  of  the  Atlantic.    It  is  a  place  of  great 

resort    for   the   citizens   of   Philadelphia, 

during  the  warm  season. 
Cape  May,  the  s  extremity  of  N.  J.      [N.  J. 
Cape  May  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of    Cape  May  co. 
Cape  Neddock,  York  co.  Me.  a  barren  head- 
land projecting  into  the  Atlantic. 
Capeville,    pv.    Northampton    co.   Va.   on 

Chesapeake  bay  near  Cape  Charles. 
Cape  Vincent,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Carbondale,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  160  nne  H. 
Car'den-as,  a  sea-port  on  the  n  side  of  Cuba, 

28  m.  e  of  Matanzas.     A  railroad  extends 

from  this  place  s  to  Bemba,  18  m. 
Cardiff,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y. 
Cardington,  pv.  Morrow  co.  O.  36  N  of  Cs. 
Carlinville,  pv.  cap.  of  Macoupin  co.  111. 

40  ssw  of  Springfield. 
Carlisle,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  19  nw  B. 
Carlisle,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  36  w  of  Al. 
Carlisle,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 
Carlisle,  pv.  Troup  co.  Ga.  130  w  M.     [of  F. 
Carlisle,  pv.  cap.  of  Nicholas  co.  Ky.  53  ene 
Carlisle,  tp.  Lorain  co.  O. 
Carlisle,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Ind.  100  sw  of  Is. 
Carlton,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 
Carlyle,  pv.  cap.  Clinton  co.  111.  95  s  of  Sd. 
Carmel,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  64  ne  of  A. 
Carmel,  pv.  cap.  of  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  100  s  Al. 
Carmel,  pv.  St.  Joseph   co.    Ind.  130  n  of  Is. 
Carmel,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich.  [Wabash  r. 

Carmi,  pv.  cap.  of  White  co.  111.  on  Little 
Carnesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Ga.  110 

N  of  Milledgeville. 
Caroline,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  12  se  Ithaca. 
Carondelet,  pv.  St.  Loui»  co.  Mo.   on  the 

Mississippi  river. 
Carpenter's   Landing,  pv.   Gloucester   co. 

N.  J.  on  Mantua  cr.  4  s  of  Woodbury. 
Carritunk,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  75  sse  An. 
Carroll,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  nw  base  of 

the  White  Mountains. 
Carroll,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 
Carroll,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Fa. 


Carroll,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa. 

Carroll,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

Carroll,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 

Carroll,  pv.  Carroll  co.  [nd.  on  the  Wabash  r 

Carrollsville,  pv.  Tishamingo  co.  Miss.  201 

ne  of  Jackson.  [wnw  of  M 

Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Ga.  138 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Pickens  co.  Ala.  42  w  T. 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Miss.  90  n  J. 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Ark. 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  Carroll  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r, 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  O.  [of  Sd, 
Carrollton,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  111.  70  st» 
Carrollton,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Mo.  6  n  of  Mo.  r 
Carrollville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Tenn.  110  sw 

of  Nashville. 
Carsonville,  pv.  Talbot  co.  Ga.  75  wsw  M 
Cartersville,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Va.  or 

James  river. 
Carthage,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  40  Nwof  A 
Carthage,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r 
Carthage,  v.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  2  N  of  Ko 

Chester,  at  the  lower  falls  of  the  Genesee  r 
Carthage,  pv.  cap.  of  Moore  co.  N   C.  80  sv» 

of  Raleigh. 
Carthage,  pv.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.  17  s  of  T. 
Carthage,  pv.  cap.  of  Leake  co.  Miss.  57  ne  J 
Carthage,  pv.  cap.  of  Smith  co.  Tenn.  on  Cum 

berland  river,  52  e  of  Nashville.  [uati 

Carthage,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  8  N  of  Ckicin. 
Carthage,  tp.  Athens  co.  O. 
Carthage,  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  32  ese  of  Is. 
Carthage,   pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  111.  10* 

wnw  of  Springfield. 
Carver,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  47  se  of  B. 
Cascade  Range,  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the 

w  part  of  Oregon,  running  in  general  nearly 

N  and  s,  at  the  distance  of  from  100  to  200  m 

from  the  Pacific.   It  is  a  continuation  of  the 

Sierra  Nevada  of  California.    The  name  if 

derived  from  the  cascades  of  the  Columbia 

which  are  formed  where  this- river  breakr. 

through  the  Cascade  Range. 
Casco  Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Me.  e  of  Portland 

It  contains  several  hundred  islands. 
Caseville,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  76  ssw  of  AJ 
Cashtown,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  43  sw  of  H. 
Cashville,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C. 
Cass,  pt.  Hancock  co.  O.  100  nw  of  Cs. 
Cass,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich.  133  wnw  of  D. 
Cass  r.  Mich  flows  into  the  Saginaw.   [N.Y* 
Cassadaga,  a  lake  and  cr.  of  Chautauque  co 
Cassopolis,  pv.  cap.  of  Cass  co.  Mich.  c^\ 

Stone  Lake. 
Cassville,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  86  nnw  of  Al 
Cassville,  pv.  cap.  of  Cass  co.  Ga.  140  nw  M, 
Cassville,  pv.  Grant  co.  Wis.  on  Mississippi  r. 
Castile,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r, 
Castine,  Me.  See  Gazetteer. 
Castleman's  r.  Pa.  an  affluent  of  the  Yough- 

iogheny.  [river. 

Castleton,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  on  Castleton 
Castleton,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 

Hudson  river. 
Castleton,  tp.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.  on  N  end 

of  Staten  Island. 
Castor,  tp.  Madison  co.  Mo.  [of  San  Antonio. 
Castroville,  a  v.  of  Bexar  co.  Texas,  15  W 
Catahoola,  r.  and  lake  of  La.  communicating 

with  the  Washita. 
Catawba  r.  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Catawba  Springs,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  158 

w  by  s  of  Raleigh.  [quehanna  r. 

Catawissa,  pt.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  the  Suv 


CEN 


595 


CHA 


Catawissa  Forge,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  87  i 
nne  of  Harrisburg. 

Catharine,  St.  an  important  t.  of  Canada  W.  | 
at  the  junction  of  the  Welland  canal  with 
Lake  Ontario.    Pop.  estimated  at  6,000. 

Catharine's,  pt.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  16  n  of 
Elmira. 

Catharine's,  St.  an  i.  of  Liberty  co.  Ga. 
10  m.  long.  North  of  it  is  St.  Catharine's 
Sound.  [Ohio  r. 

Catlettsburg,  pv.  Greenup  co.  Ky.  on  the 

Cat:,in,  tp.  Chemung  co.  N.  Y.  10  n  Elmira. 

Cato,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  12  N  of  Auburn. 

Caton,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  25  se  of  Bath. 

Catonsville,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  36  n  An. 

Cat-or'ce,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  about  150  m.  s  of 
Monterey,  famous  for  its  rich  silver  mines. 

Catskill.    See  Gazetteer. 

Caughnawaga,  kauNna.-wau'ga,  v.  Montgo- 
mery co  N.Y.  on  the  Mohawk  r.     [sse  T. 

Cauleysville,  pv.   Covington   co.  Ala.  200 

Cavendish,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  on  Black  r. 

Cave  Hill,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ark. 

Cavetown,  pv.Wn.  co.  Md.  107  nw  of  An. 

Cayes.    See  Aux  Cayes. 

Cayman  (Lake),  kl-man',  i.  e.  "  alligator,"  a 
Jake  of  Mexico,  lying  partly  in  the  state  of 
Chihuahua,  and  partly  in  that  of  Durango, 
about  230  m.  wnw  of  Monterey.  Its  length 
is  perhaps  40  m.  [Lake. 

Cayuga,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  on  Cayuga 

Cayuse  (kah-yuce')  Indians,  a  tribe  of  Ore- 
gon, dwelling  s  of  the  Columbia,  and  e  of 
Fall  river. 

Cayuta,  pt.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  12  ne  Elmira. 

Cazenovia,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  113  w  by 
N  of  Albany. 

Cearcy,  tp.  Phillips  co.  Ark. 

Cecil,  tp.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  10  ne  Washington,  Pa. 

Ceciltown,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  78  ne  of  An. 

Cedar,  tp.  Boone  co.  Mo. 

Cedar,  tp.  Callaway  co.  Mo. 

Cedar  Bluff,  pv.  cap.  Cherokee  co.  Ala.  152 
ne  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Cedar  Cr.  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del. 

Cedar  Cr.  tp.  Cooper  co.  Mo. 

Cedar  Cr.  tp.  Allen  co.  Ind. 

Cedar  Swamp,  pv.  Queen's  co.  Long  Island. 

Cedartown,  pv.  cap.  of  Paulding  co.  Ga.  on 
Tallapoosa  river. 

Cedarville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  79  w  by 
N  of  Albany.  [cr. 

Cedarville,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.J.  on  Cedar 

Celina,  pv.  cap.  of  Mercer  co.  O.  on  the  grand 
reservoir  of  the  Miami  canal. 

Central,  tp.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.         [43  e  Hd. 

Central  Village,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn. 

Centre,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Centre,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 

Centre,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 

Centre,  pt.  Perry  co.  Pa.  36  nw  of  H. 

Centre,  tp  Union  co.  Pa. 

Centre,  tp   Carroll  co.  O. 

Centre,  tp  Columbiana  co.  O.  on  Beaver  r. 

Centrej  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 

Centre,  tp  Monroe  co.  O. 

Centre,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Centre,  tp.  Rush  co.  O. 

Centre,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Ind. 

Centre,  tp.  Marion  co.Ind.  See  Indianapolis. 

Centre,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 

Centreburg,  pv.  Knox  co.  O.  36  ne  of  Cs. 

Centrefield,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  200  w  by 
k  of  Albany. 


Centre  Harbour,  pt.  Belknap  co.  N.  H  41 
N  of  Concord. 

Centre  Hill,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.        [nne  H. 

Centre  Moreland,  pv.  Luzerne  cc .  Pa.  136 

Centre  Port,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Great 
Cow  harbour. 

Centre  Village,  pv.  Camden  co.  Ga.      [B. 

Centreville,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  78  SB 

Centreville,  pv.  Rent  co.  R.  I.  on  Pawtuxet  t. 

Centreville,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  265  w  Al. 

Centreville,  v.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Centreville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  240  nw  H. 

Centreville,  v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  [Dover. 

Centreville,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  54  N  of 

Cenireville,  pv.  cap.  Queen  Anne  co.  Md.  40 
E  of  Annapolis. 

Centreville,  pv.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  110  N  of  R. 

Centreville,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  90  nw  Ca. 

Centreville,  pv.  Wilkes  co.  Ga.  77  nne  of  M. 

Centreville,  pv.  cap.  of  Bibb  co.  Ala.  on  Ca- 
hawba  river,  32  se  of  Tuscaloosa.  [cr. 

Centreville,  pv.  Amite  co.  Miss,  on  Dawson's 

Centreville,  pv.  St.  Mary's  par.  La.  on  Bayou 
Teche.  [54  sw  of  Ne. 

Centreville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hickman  co.  Tenn. 

Centreville,  pv.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  28  e  of  F. 

Centreville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  O.  9  s  by  B 
of  Dayton.  [on  Prairie  r. 

Centreville,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich. 

Centreville,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Ind.  on 
White- water  r.  62  e  Is.        [N.Y.  39  ne  Al. 

Centre  White  Creek,  pv.  Washington  co. 

Ceres,  tp.  M'Kean  co.  Pa.  16  nw  Smithport. 

Cerestown,  pv.  M'Kean  co.  Pa.  on  a  branch 
of  the  Alleghany.  [Cadiz. 

Cerulean  Springs,  pv.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  11  n  of 

Chagres,  chah'gres,  a  sea-port  of  New  Gra- 
nada, on  the  N  side  of  the  isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma. The  American  and  British  Pacific 
mails  are  transmitted  through  this  place  to 
Panama,  from  which  it  is  distant  about  60 
miles.  [w  of  Ne. 

Chalk  Level,  pv.  Humphreys  co.  Tenn.  70 

Chamberland,  pv.  M'Nairy  co.  Tenn.  146  s 
w  by  w  of  Nashville.       * 

Chambers  C.H.  or  La  Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of 
Chambers  co.  Alabama,  164  E  by  s  of  T. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.  See  Gazetteer,  [of  Cs. 

Chambersburg,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  O.  75  sw 

Chambersburg,  v.  Columbia  co.  O. 

Chambersburg,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  63  w  of  Sd. 

Chamblissburg,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Va.  156  w 
by  s  of  Richmond. 

Chambly  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

Chamiuon,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r. 

Champion,  tp.  Trumbull  co.  0. 5  N  of  Warren. 

Champlain,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Chazy  r. 

Chanceford,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  47  sse  of  H. 

Chandlerville,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Me  on  Se- 
basticook  river. 

Channing,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 

Chapala,  chah-pah'la.,  a  lake  of  Mexico,  in 
Jalisco,  70  m.  long  and  30  wide. 

Chapel  Hill,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  28  NwRh 

Chapel  Hill,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Tenn.  38  s  Ne. 

Chaplin,  pt.Windham  co.  Conn.  37  e  by  n  Hd 

Chapman,  pt.  Union  co.  Pa.  42  N  by  w  of  H 

Chapman,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Chaptico,  pv.  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  75  s  of  An 

Char'cas,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  in  the  state  of  San 
Luis  Potosi.  In  it8  vicinity  are  rich  silver 
mines.  Lat.  23^  10'  n,  Lon.  100°  40'  w. 
Pop.  estimated  at  5,000. 

Chardon,  pv.  cap.  of  Geauga  oo.  0. 170  ne  Ca. 


CHA 


596 


CHE 


Chariton  r.Mo.  flows  into  the  Mississippi  r.  i 
Chariton,  tp.  Howard  co.  Mo. 
Chariton,  pv.  Chariton  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Ch  a.rlemont,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Deer- 
field  river.  [bour. 
Charles  r.  Mass.  empties  into  Boston  har- 
Charles  City  C.  H.  cap.  Charles  Qity  co. 

Va.  45  se  by  e  of  Richmond. 
Charles,  St.  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Charles  co.  Mo. 

20  sw  of  St.  Lonis. 
Chaeleston,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  98  ne  A. 
Charleston,  tp.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  55  nne  Mir. 
Charleston,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  40  wnw 

of  Albany. 
Charleston,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  14G  n  of  H. 
Charleston,  S.  C.  See  Gazetteer.  [of  J. 
Charleston,  pv.  Tallahatchee  co.  Miss.  136  n 
Charleston,  pv.  Bradley  co.  Tenn.  167  se  Ne. 
Charleston,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich.  127  w  D. 
Charleston,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  Ind.  100  sse 

of  Indianapolis. 
Charleston,  pv.  Peoria  co.  111.  90  n  of  Sd.   [r. 
Charlestown,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.H.  on  Conn. 
Charleslown,  Mass.     See  Gazetteer. 
Charlestown,  pt.  Washington  co.  R.  1. 45  ssw 

of  Providence. 
Charlestown,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  70  ne  of  An. 
Charlestown,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Va. 

168  N  of  Richmond. 
Charlestown,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
Charlestown,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  145  ne  of  Cs. 
Charloe,  pv.  cap.  Paulding  co.  0. 137  nw  Cs. 
Charlotte,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me. 
Charlotte,  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  54  w  of  Mtr. 
Charlotte,  tp.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 
Charlotte,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r. 
Charlotte  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Charlotte  co.  Va. 

98  wsw  of  Richmond.  [on  Sugar  r. 

Charlotte,  pv.  cap.  of  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
Charlotte,  pv.  cap.  of  Dickson  co.  Tenn.  38  w 

by  n  of  Nashville. 
Charlotte,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich.  116  w  by  s  D. 
Charlotte  Harbour,  Flor.   See  Gasparil- 

la  Sound.  [s  of  An. 

Charlotte  Hall,  pv.  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  66  I 
Charlotteville,  pv.  cap.  Albemarle  co.  Va.  | 

on  Moore's  creek,  85  nw  of  Richmond. 
Charlottesville,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Ind.  28 

e  of  Indianapolis.  [w  of  B. 

Charlton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  53  swby 
Charlton,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  25  nnw  of  Al. 
Chartiers  cr.  a  small  river  of  Pa.  flows  into 

the  Ohio  river,  4  miles  below  Pittsburg. 
Chartiers,  tp.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  6  N  of  Wn.  Pa. 
Chateauguay,  pt.  Franklin  co.N.Y.  on  Cha- 
teauguay r. 
Chateauguay  r.    See  Gazetteer.  [cr. 

Chatfield,  pt.  Crawford  co.  O.  on  Sycamore 
Chatham,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  ouse  point 

of  Cape  Cod. 
Chatham,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  16  s  of  Hd. 
Chatham,  pt.  Columbia  co.N.Y.  18  s  byE  Al. 
Chatham,  pt.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  Passaic  r. 
Chatham,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  68  ese  of  H. 
Chatham,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 
Chatham,  pv.  Licking  co.  O. 
Chatham,  tp.  Medina  co.  O. 
Chatham,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  the  Thames, 

50  m.  e  of  Detroit.  [N.Y.  23  s  Al.  j 

Chatham  Four  Corners,  pv.  Columbia  co.  ] 
Chattahoochee  r.  Ga.     See  Gazetteer. 
Chattahoochee,  pv.  Gadsden  co.  Flor.  on  the  j 

Appalachicola  river.  [nw  of  M.  \ 

Chattoogaville,  pv.  Chattooga  co.  Ga.  Is6  i 


Chaumont,  pv.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  on  Chaumoa' 
Bay.  [on  Chautauque  cr 

Chautauque,  tp.  cap.  of  Chautauque  co .  N.Y 

Chautauque,  L.  in  the  centre  of  Chautauque 
co.  N.Y.  is  about  18  m.  long,  and  from  1  to 
3  miles  wide. 

Chazy,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Champlain. 

Chazy  r.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  flows  into  L.  Cham- 
plain. 

Chelmsford,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  on  the 
Merrimack  river.  [Montpelier. 

Chelsea,  pv.  cap.  of  Orange  co.  Vt.  24  se  of 

Chelsea,  tp.  Suffolk  co.  Mass.  4  ne  OfB. 

Cheltenham,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

Chemung  r.  N.  Y.  formed  by  the  junction  o' 
the  Conhocton  and  Tioga, — flows  into  ths 
Susquehanna.  [mung  r 

Chemung,  tp.  Chemung  co.  N.  Y.  on  Che- 

Chenango  r.  of  N.  Y.  flowing  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna at  Binghamton.         [quehanna  r. 

Chenango,  tp.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Sus- 

Chenango,  pt.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 

Chenango  Forks,  pv.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Chenango  river.  [of  New  Orleans. 

Cheneyville,  pv.  Rapides  par.  La.  265  nw 

Chepacket,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  16  w  by 
N  of  Providence.  [Pedee  r. 

Cheraw,  pv.  Chesterfield  dist.  S.  C.  on  Great 

Cherokee,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  75  nw  of  Cs. 

Cherokee  Corner,  pv.  Oglethorpe  co.  Ga 
77  N  of  Milledgeville. 

Cherokee  Iron  Works,  pv.  York  dist.  S.  C. 
104  n  of  Columbia. 

Cherokees.    See  Gazetteer. 

Cherry,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Cherry  Creek,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.  Y.  20 
e  of  Mayville.  [Narraguagus  r. 

Cherryfield,   tp.  Washington   co.  Me.  on 

Cherry  Grove,  v.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  8  ne  of 
Belleville.  [Harrisburg. 

Cheery  Ridge,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  167  ne  of 

Cherry  Tree,  pt.  Venango  co.  Pa.  [Al. 

Cheery  Valley,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  55  w 

Cherry  Valley,  pv.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 

Cherryville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  107 
ene  of  Harrisburg.  [Chesapeake  Bay. 

Chesapeake  City,    pv.    Cecil    co.    Md.    on 

Cheshire,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  on  Hoo- 
sick  river.  [Hartford 

Cheshire,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  25  ssw 

Cheshire,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 

Cheshire,  pt.  Gallia  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  r. 

Chesnut  Hill,  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  9  nw 

*  of  Philadelphia. 

Chesnut  Hill,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  on  Head's  cr 

Chesnut  Hill',  pv.  Hall  co.  Ga.  107  nnw  of  M 

Chesnut  Ridge,  a  branch  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains,  extending  from  Md.  ne  through 
Fayette  and  Westmoreland  counties,  Pa. 

Chest,  pt.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  150  nw  of  H. 

Chester,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me.      [Concord. 

Chester,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  22  sse  of 

Chester,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  S3  s  of  Mtr. 

Chester,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  116  w  by  s  B 

Chester  J  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  31  s  byE  Hd 

Chester,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  100  s  by  w  Al 

Chester,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.J.  9  sw  of 
Mount  Holly. 

Chester,  pt.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  50  n  by  E  of  Tn 

Chester,  pv.  cap.  of  Delaware  co.  Pa.  14  sw 
of  Philadelphia. 

Chester,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 

Chester  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Chester  dis>t.  S.  C  57 
n  by  w  of  Columbia. 


CHI 


597 


CLA 


Chester,  pv.  Gwinnett  co.  Ga.  82  nw  of  M. 

Chester,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 

Chester,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 

Chester,  tp.  Geauga  co.  O.  19  z  of  Cleveland. 

Chester,  tp.  Morrow  co.  0. 

Chester  j  pt.  Meigs  co.  O.  95  sse  of  Cs. 

Chester,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich. 

Chester,  tp.  Wabash  co.  Ind. 

Chester,  pv.  Randolph  co.  111.  150  se  of  Sd. 

Chester  r.  rises  in  Kent  co.  Del.  and  flows 

through  Md.  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Chester  Cross  Roads,  pv.  Geauga  co.  O. 
Chester  Factory,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass. 

113  w  of  Boston.  [necticut  r. 

Chesterfield,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  on  Con- 
Chesterfield,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  106  w 

of  Boston.  [se  of  Hd. 

Chesterfield,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  36 
Chesterfield,  tp.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Cham- 
plain. 
Chesterfield,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  [s  R. 
Chesterfield,  pv.  cap.  Chesterfield  co.  Va.  16 
Chesterfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Chesterfield  dist.  S.C. 

on  Thomson's  creek,  105  nne  of  Columbia. 
Chesterfield,  pt.  Lucas  co.  O. 
Chesterfield  Factory,  Cheshire  co.  N.  H. 

56  sw  of  Concord.  [of  -A.1. 

Chestertown,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  80  n 
Chestertown,  pv.  cap.  of  Kent  co.  Md.  on 

Chester  river,  54  ne  of  An.  [of  A. 

Chesterville,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  26  nw 
Chesterville,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Tenn.  148  w  Ne. 
Chesterville,  pv.  Morrow  co.  0.52  nne  of  Cs. 
Chesuncook  Lake,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Chetimaches  Lake,  La.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cheviot,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  0. 7  nw  Cincinnati. 
Chew's  Landing,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.J.  38 

sse  of  Trenton.  [nw  °f  An- 

Chewsville,   pv.  Washington   co.   Md.  105 
Cheyenne.    See  Chienne. 
Chiapa,  che-ah'pa,  a  state  in  the  se  part  of 

Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Pacific.     Area, 

38,500  sq.m.      Pop.   estimated  at  130,000. 

Capital,  Ciudad  Real.  [into  L.  Mich. 

Chicago  r.  111.  flows  by  the  t.  of  this  name 
Chicago,  111.    See  Gazetteer. 
Chichester,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  8e  Cd. 
Chickahominy  r.  Va.  flows  into  James  r. 
Chickamauga  r.  rises  in  Ga.  and  flows  into 

Tennessee  r.  in  the  state  of  Tenn. 
Chick-a-pee'  r.  Mass.  flows  into  Conn,  river, 

in  the  n  part  of  Springfield  co. 
Chickapee  Falls,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on 

Chickapee  river.  [form  the  Pascagoula. 
Chickasawha  r.  Miss,  unites  with  Leaf  r.  to 
Chicktawaga,  tp.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  6  e  Buffalo. 
Chienne  (she-enn')   Indians,  a  tribe  found 

chiefly  in  the  e  part  of  Missouri  Territory. 
Chihuahua,  che-wah'wa,  a  state   in  the  n 

part  of  Mexico,  e  of  Sonora.     It  formerly 

extended    eastward   beyond    the   Rio    del 

Norte.    Area,  72,500  sq.  m.     Pop.  120,000. 

Chihuahua,  the  capital  of  the  above,  is  a 

handsome  city,  with  a  pop.  of  30.000.    (B.) 
Childsburg,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ky.  32  e  of  F. 
Chili,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  10  sw  Rochester. 
Chilicothe,  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Chilicothe,  pv.  Peoria  co.  III.  on  Peoria  L. 
Chilicothe,   pv.  cap.   of  Livingston   co.  Mo. 

150  SW  of  Jefferson  City. 
Chillisquaque,  pt.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 
Chilmark,  pt.  Dukes  co.  Mass.  on  the  sw 

part  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 
Chilo,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  o£  the  Ohio  r. 


Chilts  or  Chikailis,  cnik-ka'lis,  art  mlian 

tribe  H  of  the  mouth  of  Columbia  river. 
China,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  21  e  of  A. 
China,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Clear  cr. 
China,  pt.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 50  nneD.  [lar 
Chipola  r.  Flor.  and  Ala.  enters  Appalachico- 
Chippewa  or  Chippeway  r.  of  Wis.  flowing 

into  the  Miss.  r.  at  L.  Pepin,  in  Lat.  44°  30'  N. 
Chippewa,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  7  nw  Beaver. 
Chippewa,  pt.  Wayne  co.  O.  [gara  Falls. 
Chippewa,  a  v.  of  Canada  West,  2  above  Nia- 
Chippeway  Indians.  See  Gazetteer. 
Chittenango  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Oneida  L. 
Chittenango,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Syracuse  and  Utica  railroad,  120  wnw  Al. 
Chittenden,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  12  n  of 

Rutland.  [Yalabusha  r. 

Chocchuma,  pv.  Tallahatchee   co.   Miss,   on 
Choconut,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.Pa.l89NNEH. 
Choctaw  Indians.    See  Gazetteer. 
Choc-taw-hatch'ee  r.  rises  in  Ala.  and  flows 

into  a  bay  of  the  same  name  in  Flor. 
Choptank  r.  Md.  flows  into  a  large  estuary 

in  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Chowan  r.  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Christian,  tp.  Independence  co.  Ark. 
Christiana,   r.   or   cr.  Del.  flows   into   Ihe 

Delaware  below  Wilmington.  [tiana  cr. 
Christiana,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  on  Chris- 
Christiansburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co. 

Va.  200  wsw  of  Richmond.  [Frankfort 
Christiansburg,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  13  w  of 
Christiansburg,  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.  60  w 

of  Columbus.  [97  sw  of  P 

Christiansville,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  Va 
Christiansville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Tenn.  113  w  of 

Nashville.  rof  R. 

Chuckatuck,  pv.  Nansemond  co.  Vt:.  75  sb 
Church  Hill,  pv.  Queen  Anne  co.  Ma.  48  k 

of  Annapolis.  [of  C» 

Church  Hill,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C  109  w 
Churchillsville,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  77 

se  of  Indianapolis. 
Churchtown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  52  e  of  H. 
Churchville,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Md.  60  n  An. 
Churchville,  v.  Clark  co.  Mo.  on  Mississippi  r. 
Cicero,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Oneida  L. 
Cicero,  pt.  Hamilton  co.  Ind.  32  N  of  Is. 
Cienfuegos.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cin-a-lo'a,  a  province  of  Mexico,  bordering 

on  the  Gulf  of  California.    It  forms,  to- 
gether with  Sonora  (which   bounds  it  on 

the  n),  the  state  of  Occidente.  [del  Fuerte. 
Cinaloa,  a  t.  of  the  above  prov.  70  s  of  Villa 
Cincinnati,  v.  Ralls  co.  Mo.  on  Salt  r. 
Cincinnati,  a  v.  of  Texas,  on  Trinity  r.  about 

180  ene  of  Austin.     Pop.  200. 
Cincinnatus,  pt.  Courland  co.  N.Y. 
Circleville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pickaway  co.  O.  on. 

Scioto  r.  26  s  of  Columbus.  [James  r. 

City  Point,  pv.  Prince  George  co.  Va.  on 
City  West,'  pv.  Porter  co.  Ind.  on  L.  Mich. 
Ciudad  Real,  se-oo-dad'  ra-al',  a  small  t.  of 

Mexico,  cap.  of  the  state  of  Chiapa.    Lat. 

16^  so'  N,  Lon.  93^  io'  w. 
Claiborne,  pv. Monroe  co.Ala.  on  Alabama  r. 
Claiborne,  tp.  Union  co.  O.  [Jackson 

Claiborneville,  pv.  Yazoo  co.  Miss.  57  N  of 
Clair,  St.  pt.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  110  w  of  H. 
Clair,  St.  pv.  Burke  co.  Ga.  68  e  M. 
|  Clair,  St.  tp.  Butler  co.  O 
Clair,  St.  tp.  Columbiana  eo.  O.  [of  D. 

Clair.  St.  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Clair  co.  Mich  48  nk 
[  Clairsville,  St.  pv.  cap.  of  Belmont  co.  O. 


CLE 


598 


COA 


Clal'ams,  an  Indian  tribe  of  Oregon,  n  of  the 

Columbia,  and  near  the  Straits  of  Fuca. 
Clappville,  pv.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  50  w  of  B. 
Clara,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 
Claremont,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 
Claremont,  pv.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  162  nw  Ca. 
Clarence,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  270  w  of  Al. 
Clarendon,  pt.  Rutland  co.Vt.  70  ssw  of  Mtr. 
Clarendon,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y. 
Clarendon,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 
Claridon,  tp.  Marion  co.  O. 
Claridon,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  30  e  of  Cleveland. 
Clarion  r.  or  Great  Toby's  cr.  Pa.  flows  into 

the  Alleghany.  [of  H. 

Clarion,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarion  co.  Pa.  184  WMW 
Clark,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 
Clark,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O- 
Clark,  tp.  Cole  co.  Mo. 
Clark,  tp.  Lincoln  co.  Mo. 
Clarksborough,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  40 

sw  of  Trenton.  [Lenox. 

Clarksburg,  tp.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  27  n  of 
Clarksburg,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  20  e  Tn. 
Clarksburg,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  68  wnw 

of  Annapolis.  [Monongahela  r. 

Clarksburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Harrison  co.  Va.  on  the 
Clarksburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Lewis  co.  Ky.  on  Salt 

Lick  cr.  107  e  of  Frankfort. 
Clarksburg,  pv.  Ross  co.  O.  40  s  of  Cs. 
Clarksburg,  pv.  Decatur  co.  had.  55  se  of  Is. 
Clarksfield,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  on  Vermilion  r. 
Clajrkson,  pt.   Monroe   co.  N.Y.  16  nw  of 

Rochester. 
Clarkson,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  0. 160  ne  of  Cs. 
Clark's  r.    See  Gazetteer. 
Clarkstown,  pv.  cap.  of  Rockland  co.  NY.  on 

the  Hudson  river. 
Clarksville,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H. 
Clarksville,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y. 
Clarksville,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N .  J.  45  N  of  Tn. 
Clarksville,  pv.  Greene  co.Pa  200  wsw  of  H. 
Clarksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Habersham  co.   Ga. 

138  N  of  Milledgeville. 
Clarksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Clark  co.  Ala.  134  s  T. 
Clarksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  Ark. 
Clarksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co.  Tenn. 

45  nw  of  Nashville. 
Clarksville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  82  sw  of  Cs. 
Clarksville,  pv.  Pike  co.  Mo.  on  Mississippi  r. 
Clarksville,  the  cap.  of  Red  River  co.  Tex- 
as, 350  ne  of  Austin,  and  20   s  of  Red  r. 

Pop.  near  300. 
Claverack,  tp.  Columbia  co.  N.Y. 4  e  Hudson. 
Clay,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  10  n  Syracuse. 
Clay,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 
Clav,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 
Clay,  pt  St.  Clair  co.  Mich.  62  NNE  of  D. 
Clay,  tp  La  Fayette  co.  Mo. 
Clay,  tp.  Ralls  co.  Mo. 

Claysville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa.  220  w  H. 
Claysville,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ala.  on  Tenn.  r. 
Claysville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ky.  50  ene  of  F. 
Claysville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ind.  96  s  of  Is. 
Clayton,  pt.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  on  Chaumont  r. 
Clayton,  pv.  cap.  Rabun  co.  Ga.  180  n  of  M. 
Clayton,  pv.  cap.  of  Barbour  co.  Ala.  180  se  T. 
Clayton,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 
Clayton,  pv.  Adams  co.  111.  90  w  of  Sd. 
Claytonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Henderson  co.  N.C. 

on  French  Broad  river. 
Clay  Village,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  17  w  of  F. 
Clear  Creek,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 
Clear  Creek,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
CUai  Creek,  tp.  Richland  cc   O. 


Clear  Creek,  tp.  Warren  co.  O.        [215  s  Sd. 

Clear  Creek  Landing,  pv.  Alexander  co  111 

Clearfield,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Clearfield,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 

Clearfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  on  an 

affluent  of  the  Susquehanna  river. 
Clearfield   cr.   Pa.   an   affluent  of  the  West 

Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  river. 
Clear  Spring,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Md.  112  nw  An. 
Clemmonsville,  pv.  Davidson  co.  N.  C   130 

w  of  Raleigh. 
Clermont,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 

Hudson  river.  [Lake. 

Cleveland,  pv.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  on  Oneida 
Cleveland,  pv.  Meriwether  co.  Ga.  107  wM. 
Cleveland,  pv.  cap.  of  Bradley  co.  Tenn.  156 

se  of  Nashville. 
Cleveland,  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cleves,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  Big  Miami  r 
Clifton,  pv.  Russell    co.  Va.  on   Maiden 

Spring  Fork. 
Clifton,  pv.  Greene  co.  O.  on  the  Little  Miami. 
Clifton  Factory,  pv.  St.  Mary's  co.Md.  100 

s  of  Annapolis. 
Clifton  Park,  pt.  Saratoga  co.N.Y.17n  Al. 
Clifty,  tp.  Bartholomew  co.  Ind. 
Clinch,  tp.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich.      [nebec  r. 
Clinton,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  on  the  Ken- 
Clinton,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  50  s  of  Hd. 
Clinton,  tp.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  10  n  of  Pough- 

keepsie. 
Clinton,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  9  sw  of  Utica. 
Clinton,  tp.  Essex  co.  N.  J. 
Clinton,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  37  N  of  Tn. 
Clinton,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  226  w  of  H. 
Clinton,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  on  W.  Branch 

of  the  Susquehanna. 
Clinton,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  [of  Rh. 

Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Sampson  co.  N.  C.  94  ssb 
Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Jones  co.  Ga.  25  w  of  M. 
Clinton,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  40  s  of  T. 
Clinton,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss.  10  w  of  J. 
Clinton,  pv.  E.  Feliciana  par.  La.  112  nw  of 

New  Orleans.  [tie  Red  r. 

Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Van  Buren  co.  Ark.  on  Lit- 
Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Anderson  co.  Tenn.  on 

Clinch  river. 
Clinton,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O. 
Clinton',  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  118  nw  of  Cs. 
Clinton,  pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  50  sw  of  D. 
Clinton,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich,  on  L.  St.  Clair. 
Clinton,  tp.  Putnam  co.  Ind. 
Clinton,  pt.  Vermilion  co.  Ind.  82  w  of  Is. 
Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Dewitt  co.  111.  64  ene  of  Sd. 
Clinton   College,   pv.  Smith  co.  Tenn.  50 

ene  of  Nashville.  [Sable  r 

Clintonville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.  on  Au 
Clintonville,  pv.  Venango  co.  Pa. 
Clintonville,  pv.  Greenbrier  co.  Va.  224  w  R. 
Clintonville,  pv.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  45  E  of  F. 
Clio,  pv.  Marlborough  dist.  S.  C.  117  ne  Ca. 
Clockvilbe,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  120 w Al 
Cloutierville,  pv.  Natchitoches  par.  La. 
Clover  Port,  pv.  Breckenridge  co.  Ky.  ob 

the  Ohio  river. 
Clyde,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  on  Clyde  river. 
Clyde  r.  N.  Y.    formed   by  the  junction    of 

Flint  and  Mud  crs.  flows  into  Seneca  river. 
Clymer,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.  Y. 
Coahuila,   koxa-wee'la,  a  province   in   t"ie 

ne  part  of  Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Rio 

del  Norte.    In  union  with  Texas,  it  for- 
merly   constituted    one    of   the    Mexican 

States.     Its  area  is  probably  about  50,000 


COL 


599 


COL 


sq.m  Pop.  unknown.  According  to  Balbi, 
Monclova  (or  Coahuila)  is  the  capital,  but 
some  writers  give  Saltillo  as  the  capital. 

Coal,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 

Coal  Brook,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Coatesvillk,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  the  Co- 
lumbia railroad,  33  m.  w  of  Philadelphia. 

Cobleskill,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  40  wAl. 

C'oburg,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  the  v  shore 
of  L.  Ontario.     Lat  44°  N,  Lon.  78°  10'  w. 

Cochectox,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  on  Del.  r. 

Cochran's  Grove,  pv.  Shelby  co.  III.  72  se  Sd. 

CochraXsville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  62eseH. 

Codorus  cr.  rises  in  Md.  and  flows  into  the 
Susquehanna  river  in  Pa. 

Codorus,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  on  Codorus  cr. 

Coeymax's,  quee'manz.  pt.  Albany  co.  N.  Y. 
13  s  of  Albany. 

Coffeeville,  pv.  Clark  co.  Ala.  on  Tombig- 
bee  river.  [Turkey  cr.  130  x  of  J. 

Coffeeville,  pv.  cap.  Yalabusha  co.  Miss,  on 

Cohasset,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  20  se  of  B. 

Cohoes,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Mohawk. 

Cohoes  Falls,  on  the  Mohawk,  3  m.  above  its 
mouth.  There  is  a  perpendicular  fall  of 
about  70  feet. 

Coitsville,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  O.  on  Beaver  r. 

Cokesburg,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  93wCa. 

Colbert,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Miss,  on  Tombig- 
bee  river. 

Colburx,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  the  x  shore 
of  L.  Ontario.  Lat.  44°  x,  Lon.  about  78°  w. 

Colbyville,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ky.  40  ese  of  F. 

Colchester,  pt.  Chittenden  oo.  Vt.  on  Lake 
Champlaiu.  [Salmon  r. 

Colchester,  pt.  New  London   co.  Conn,   on 

Colchester,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y. 

Coldbrook,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  60  wB. 

Coldbrook,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  80  xw  Al. 

Coldex,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  [Hudson  r. 

Cold  Sprixg,  pv.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Cold  Spring,  tp.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Alleghany  river. 

Cold  Spring,  pv.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  105  s  Tn. 

Cold  Spring,  pv.  Shelby  co.  111.  72  se  of  Sd. 

Cold  Spring  Harbour,  pv.  on  the  x  side  of 
Long  Island.  [of  R. 

Cold  Stream,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  1G7  xxw 

Cold  Water,  pv.  cap.  of  Branch  co.  Mich. 
110  wsw  of  Detroit.  [river. 

Colebrook,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Connecticut 

Colebrook,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  30  xw  Hd. 

Colebrookdale,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Cole  Cr.  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Ind. 

Colemaxsville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ky.  50  xe 
of  Frankfort.  [ent  of  Deei  field  r. 

Coleraix,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  an  afilu- 

Colerain,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 

Colerain,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 

ColerainJ  pv.  Bertie  co.  N.  C.  on  Chowan  r. 

Colerain,  pt.  Belmont  co.  O. 

Colerain,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O. 

Colerain,  lp.  Ross  co.  O.  [Spruce  cr. 

Coleraix  Forge,  pv.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  on 

Cr  les  C  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Coles  co.  111.  90  ese  Sd. 

Colima,  ko-lee-'ma,  the  chief  t.*  of  the 
Mexican  territory  of  Colima,  near  a  cele- 
brated volcano  of  the  same  name.  Lat. 
about  18^50'  N.  Lon.  108=  10'  w.  [qa.  r 

Colesville,  p  ...  i>  oome  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Sus- 

#  Balbi  speaks  of  this  place  as  a  "  little  toivii,"  while  one 
of  the  maps  of  the  Society  P»r  the  Diffusion  of  Useful 
Knowledge  givei  30,000  for  t'iie  pep. ;  but  this  may  pobsibly 
be  an  error  of  the  eugraVer. 


College,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 

College  Corxers,  pv.  Butler  co.  0. 110  wsW 

of  Columbus. 
Collegeville,  pv.  Saline  co.  Ark.  15  sw  of 

Little  Rock.  [of  Rh 

Colletsville,  pv.  Caldwell  co.  N.  C.  213  w 
Collixs,  pt.Erfe  co.N.Y.  on  Cattaraugus  cr 
Collixsville,   pv.  Hartford    co.    Conn,  on 

Farmington  river. 
Collinsville,  pv.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  123  nw  of  Al. 
Collinsville,  pv.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  122  w  II, 
Collinsville,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  100  sw  of  Cs. 
Collinsville,  pv.  Madison  co.  111.  86  s  of  Sd. 
Colox,  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  [teer. 

Colorado  r.  See  Rio  Colorado,  Gazet- 
Co-lor-ad'o,  a  co.  of  Texas,  lying  on  both 

sides  of  the  r.  Colorado,  from  80  to  100  m. 

from   the  sea.     Along  the   Colorado  and 

Navidad  the   soil   is    exceedingly  fertile  : 

Towards  the  xe  border  of  the  co.  it  is  sandy 

and  less  productive.     Capital,  Columbus. 
Colorado  City,  a  v.  of  Fayette  co.  Texas, 

on  the  Colorado  river,  a  mile  or  two  above 

La  Grange. 
Colosse,  pv.  Oswego  co. N.Y.  150  wnw  of  Al. 
Colt's  Neck,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J  40  e  of 

Trenton.  |  Machias. 

Columbia,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  15  w  of 
Columbia,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 
Columbia,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  24  E  of  Hd. 
Columbia,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  75  w  of  Al. 
Columbia,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  70  n  of  Tn. 
Columbia,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  ISusqa.  r. 
Columbia,  borough,  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Columbia,  pv.  Fluvanna  co.  Va.  on  James  r. 
Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Tyrrell  co.  N.  C.  on 

Scoupernong  r. 
Columbia,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ala.  240  sw  of  T. 
j  Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Miss,  on 

Pearl  river.  [Washita  r. 

Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Caldweil  par.  La.  on 
Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Chicot  co.  Ark.  on  the 

Mississippi  river.  [Duck  r. 

Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Maury  co.  Tenn.  on 
Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Adair  co.  Ky.  98  s  of  F. 
Columbia,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.  6  e  Cincinnati. 
Columbia,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  74  w  of  D. 
Columbia,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  55  E  of  Is.  [r. 
Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Whitley  co.  Ind.  on  Blue 
Columbia,  pv.  Monroe  co.  111. 
Columbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Boone  co.  Mo.  on  Roche 

Pierre  river. 
Columbia,  a  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  on  the 

right  bank  of  the  Brazos  river.     Pop.  near 

1000.  [157  xw  nf  R 

Columbia  Furxace,  pv.  Shenandoah  co.  Va. 
Columbiaxa,  pv.  cap.of  Shelby  co.Ala.  73  e  T. 
Columbiana,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Columbiaville,  v.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  near 

the  river  Hudson.  [la  r. 

Columbus,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  on  Unadil- 
Columbus/pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  12  s  of  Tn. 
Columbus,  tp. Warren  co.  Pa.  [Tombigbee  r. 
Columbus,  pv.  cap.  of  Lowndes  co.  Miss,  on 
Columbus,  pv.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.  120  sw  of 

Little  Rock.  [see  river. 

Columbus,  pv.  Polk  co.  Tenn.  on  the   Hiwas- 
Colutribus,  pv.  cap.  Ballard  co.  Ky.  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi.' 
Columbus,  pt.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich.  37  xe  of  D. 
Columbus,  py.  rap.  of  Bartholomew  co.  Ind. 

4(1  se  of  Indianapolis. 
Columbus,  pv.  Adams  co.  111.  100  w  of  Sd. 
Columbus,  v.  Texas,  cap.  of  Colorado  co.  en 


CON 


600 


COR 


the  right  bank  of  the  Colorado  river,  90  m. 
be  of  Austin. 

Columbus  City,  pv.  cap.  Muscogee  co.  Ga. 
on  the  Chattahoochee. 

ComaC;  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  Island. 

Comanche,  a  v.  of  Travis  co.  Texas,  on  the 
Colorado,  20  m.  below  Austin. 

Co-man'ches,  a  numerous  and  powerful  tribe 
of  Indians  dwelling  in  the  northern  part  of 
Texas  and  Mexico. 

Co-mar'go,  a  small  t.  of  Mexico,  on  the  Rio 
del  Norte,  50  nw  of  Reinosa. 

Commerce,  pv.  Tunica  co.  Miss,  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

Commerce,  pv.  Wilson  co.  Tenn.  48  ene  Ne. 

Commerce,  pt.  Oakland  co.Mich.35NWof  D. 

Commerce,  pv.  Scott  co.  Mo.  on  Mississippi  r. 

Comstock,  pv.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich,  on  Kal- 
amazoo river. 

Con'chas,  a  r  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  flow- 
ing into  the  Rio  del  Norte. 

Concord,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  54  N  of  A. 

Concord,  pt.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  the  Conn.  r. 

Concord,  tp.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  25  s  of  Buffalo. 

Concord,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  20  wsw  Phila. 

Concord,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 

Concord,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  72  w  of  H. 

Concord,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  46  s  of  Dover. 

Concord,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Va.  102  w  of  R. 

Concord,  pv.  cap.  Cabarrus  co.  N.  C.  140 
wsw  of  Raleigh. 

Concord,  pv.  Baker  co.  Ga. 

Concord,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Tenn.  78  s  of  Ne. 

Concord,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Ky.  on  the  Ohio  r. 

Concord,  tp.  Delaware  co.  O. 

Concord,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 

Concord,  tp.  Lafayette  co.  O. 

Concord,  pt.  Lake  co.  O.  177  ne  of  Cs. 

Concord,  tp.  Miami  co.  O.  on  the  Miami  r. 

Concord,  tp.  Ross  co.  O. 

Concord,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  84  w  of  D. 

Concord,  pv.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.  62  nw  Is. 

Concord,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  35  ne  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 

Concordia  v.  La.    See  Vidalia. 

Concordia,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  200  sw  Ne.  j 

Concordville,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  83  ese  j 
of  Harrisburg. 

Conecocheague   (konNe-ko-cheeg')  cr.  rises  ! 
m  Pa.  and  flows  into  the  Potomac  at  Wil- 
liamsport,  Md. 

Cone'cuh  r.  a  branch  of  the  Escambia.    See  j 
Escambia,  Gazetteer. 

Conedogwinit  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Sus- 
quehanna r.  2  ins.  above  Harrisburg. 

Conemaugh  r.  Pa.  falls  into  the  Alleghany  r. 
30  nxe  of  Pittsburg. 

Conemaugh,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  [river. 

Conemaugh,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  the  above 

Conemaugh,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa 

Conewago,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 

Conewngo,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  [Susqa. 

Conewago  cr.  Adams  co.  Pa.  falls  into  the 

Conewango  cr.  rises  in  the  sw  part  of  N.  Y. 
and  falls  into  the  Alleghany  river  in  Pa. 

Conewango,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Conewango  creek.  [ghany  r. 

Conewango,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa.  on  the  Alle- 

Conewingo,  pv.  Cecil  oo.  Md.  on  a  creek  of 
the  same  name.  [Butler. 

wONicQUEN'EssiNG,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa.  10  w  of 

Conequenessing  cr.  Butler  co.  Pa.  joins  Ma- 
honing river.  [Susquehanna  r. 

Conestoqa  r.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  falls  into  the 


Conestoga,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  [Genesee. 
Conesus,  tp.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  10  se  of 
Conesville,  tp.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  20  s  of 

Schoharie. 
Congaree  r.  S.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Congress,  tp.  Morrow  co.  O. 
Congress,  pt.  Wayne  co.  O.  on  Killbuck  cr. 
Conhocton,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  18  nw  Bath 
Conhocton  r.  N.  Y.  rises  in  Steuben  co.  and 

unites  with  the  Tioga  to  form  the  Chemung. 
Conklin,  pt.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Susqa.  r. 
Conneaut,   tp.   Crawford  co.   Pa.   12  w  of 

Meadville. 
Conneaut,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa.  15  s  of  Erie. 
Conneaut,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie 
Conneautville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  250 

nw  of  Harrisburg. 
Connelsville,  pt.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  180  w  H 
Conner's  Mills,  Cooper  co.  Mo.  45  nw  of 

Jefferson  City.  [60  ese  of  Is 

Connersville,  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Ind. 
Conoten,  pv.  Harrison  co.  O.  120  ne  of  Cs. 
Conquest,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  15  n  Auburn. 
Constable,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y. 
Constableville,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  [Lake. 
Constantia,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Oneida 
Constantine,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich,  on  St. 

Joseph's  river.  [mack. 

Contoocook  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  the  Merri- 
Contoocook  Village,  pv.  Merrimack  co.  N. 

H.  on  the  Contoocook  river. 
Covis,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 
Conway,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  H.  on  Swift  r. 
Conway,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Deerfield  r. 
Con  wayborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Horry  dist.  S.  C. 
Conyngham,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  108  nne  H. 
Cookham,  pv.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  20  n  of  Ca 
Cooksburg,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  [of  An. 

Cooksville.  pv.  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.  53  nw 
Cooksville,  pv.  Noxubee  co.  Miss.  132  ne  of  J. 
Coolbaugh's,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 
Cool  Spring,  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa. 
Cooper  r.  S.  C  flows  into  Charleston  Harbour. 
Cooper,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me. 
Cooper,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich.   [Otsego  L. 
Cooperstown,  pv.  cap.  of  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  on 
Cooperstown,  pv.  Venango  co.  Pa.  218  wnw 

of  Harrisburg. 
Coopersville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  55  se  H. 
Coosa  r.  Ala.    See  Gazetteer.  [river. 

Coosawda,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  on  Alabama 
Coosa whatchie,  pv.  cap.  of  Beaufort  dist. 

S.  C.  on  the  Coosawhatchie  r. 
Copake,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  50  s  of  Al. 
Copano,  a  v.  of  Refugio  co.  Texas,  on  Copano 

Bay,  15  ese  of  Refugio. 
Copely,  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  124  ne  of  Cs. 
Copenhagen,  pv.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  on  Deer  r 
Copenhagen,  pv.  Caldwell  co.N.  C.  200 with. 
Copenhagen,  pv.  Caldwell  par.  La. 
Coram,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  200  sse  of  Al. 
Corbeau,  v.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  [ta  r 

Core  a  Fabre,  pv.  Union  co.  Ark.  on  Washi- 
Corinna,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me. 64  nnw  of  A 
Corinth,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  85  nne  of  A 
Corinth,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  34  se  of  Mtr. 
Corinth,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  52  N  of  Al. 
Corinth,  pv.  Heard  co.  Ga.  120  w  of  M. 
Corneliusville,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  90  n  F. 
Cornerseurg,  pv.  Trumbull  co.  O. 
Cornersville,  pv.  La  Fayette  co.  Miss. 
Cornersville,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  60  s  Ne. 
Cornersville,  pv.  Graves  co.  Ky.  290  sw  of  F. 
Corning,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Chemung  r 


cow 


601 


CUM 


Cornish,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 
Cornish,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 
Corn  Planter,  pt.Venango  co.  Pa. 
Cornville.  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  42  n  of  A. 
Cornwall',  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  63  swof  Mtr. 
Cornwall,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn,  on  Housa- 

tonic  i 
Cornwall,  tp.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  6  s  Newburg. 
Cornwall  Landing,  v.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Hudson  river.  [ofAl. 

Cornwallville,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  38  ssw 
Corpus  Ciiristi,  kris'te,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap. 

of  San  Patricio  co.  on  Corpus  Christi  Bay, 

230  miles  sw  of  Galveston. 
Cortland,  pt  .W.Chester  co.  NY.  on  Croton  r. 
Cortlandville.  pv.  cap.  of  Cortland  co.  N.Y. 

on  Toughnioga  river.  [Toughnioga  r. 

Cortland  Village,  pv.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  on 
Cortoise,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Mo. 
Corunna,  pv.  cap.  of  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 

on  Shiawassee  river. 
Cortdon,  pt.  M'Kean  co.  Pa.  230  nw  of  H. 
Corydon,  pv.  cap.  of  Harrison  co.  Ind.  126  s  Is. 
Cosala,  a  town  of  Mexico,  in  Cinaloa,  140 

w  of  Durango.    Pop.  estimated  at  5,000.   In 

its  vicinity  are  several  rich  gold  mines. 
Coshocton,  pv.  cap.  of  Coshocton  co.  O.  83 

ene  of  Columbus. 
Cossawago,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
Cote  Sans  Dessein,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo. 

on  the  Missouri  river. 
Cotton,  tp.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 
Cotton  Gin  Port,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Miss,  on 

Tombigbee  river. 
Cottonville,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ala.  109  ne  T. 
Cottrelville,  tp.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 
Cotuit  Village,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  68 

sse  of  Boston.  [ghany  r. 

Coudersport,  pv.  cap.  Potter  co.  Pa.  on  Alle- 
Coursenville,  pv.  Sussex  CO.  N.J.  5  sw  of 

Newton. 
Courtableau  r.  La.  enters  Atchafalaya  r. 
Courtland,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  120  w  T. 
Courtwright,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  20  se  Cs. 
Coventry,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  54  n  of  Mtr. 
Coventry,  tp.  Grafton   co.  N.  H.  12  ese    of 

Haverhill.  [deuce. 

Coventry,  pt.  Kent  co.  R.  I.  12  sw  of  Provi- 
Coventry,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 
Coventry,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  Tb>ga  r. 
Coventry,  tp.  Summit  co.  O  [wsw  of  Al. 

Coyentryville,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  114 
Covkrt,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga  L. 
Covesvillk,  pv.  Albemarle  co.  Va.  CJ0  nw  R. 
Covington,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y. 
Covington,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  [of  Tioga  r. 
Covington,  borough,  Tioga  co.  Pa.  on  a  branch 
Covington,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Lehigh  r. 
Covington,  pv.  cap.  of  Alleghany  co.  Va.  on 

Jackson  river.  [of  Rh. 

Covington,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  120  sw 
Covington,  pv.  cap.  of  Newton  co.  Ga.  60  nw 

of  Milledgville.  [n  of  New  Orleans. 

Covington,  pv.  cap.  St.  Tammany  par.  La.  4-5 
Covington,  pv.  Tipton  co.  Tenn.  185  wsw  Ne. 
Covington,  pv.  Miami  co.  O.  on  Stillwater  r. 
Covington,  pv.  cap.  of  Fountain  co.  Ind.  on 

the  Wabash  river.  [Ohio  r  P.  9,408. 

Covington  City,  pv.  Kenton  co.  Ky.  on  the 
Cowansville,  pv.  Rowan  co.  N.  C  131  w  Rh. 
Cowve-litsk    Indians,  a  tribe  of  Oregon,  N 

of  the  Columbia,  near  Fort  Vancouver. 
<  'owpasture   r.Va.  one  of  the  upper  iributa- 
ri'3s  of  James  river. 

5i  : 


Coxsackie,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  22  s  of  Al. 
Crab  Orchard,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  62  sse  P 
Crafton,  pv.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  167  sw  R 
Craftsbury,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  on  Black  r. 
Craig,  tp.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 
Cranberry,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  22  nb 

of  Trenton. 
Cranberry,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa.  11  sw  of  Butler. 
Cranberry,    pt.  Venango    co.   Pa.   on  Alle- 
ghany river. 
Cranesville,  pv.  Daviess  co.  Mo.    [videnee. 
Cranston,  tp.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  5  swPro- 
Crawford,  tp.  Washington  co.  Me. 
Crawford,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  92  s  of  Al. 
Crawford,  pv.  Estill  co.Ky.  on  a  br.  of  Ky.  r. 
Crawford,  tp.  Coshocton  co   O. 
Crawfordsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Taliaferro  co. 

Ga.  62  n  of  Milledgeville. 
Crawfordsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co. 

Ind.  45  nw  of  Indianapolis.  [wnw  Ca. 

Craytonville,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  114 
Creagerstown,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  88 

nw  of  Annapolis. 
Creek,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  [land  r. 

Creelsburg,  pv.  Russell  co.Ky.  on  Cumoer- 
Crittenden,  pv.  Grant  co.  Ky.  60  nne  of  F. 
Crittenden,  v.  Clarke  co.  Ark.  82  sw  of  Little 

Rock. 
Crockett,   a  v.  of  Texas,    semi-capital   of 

Houston  co.  near  Trinity  r.  180  m.  ne  of 

Austin.     Pop.  near  300.  [182  ese  of  T. 

Crockettsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Russell  co.  Ala. 
Croghan,  tp.  Lewis  co.  N.Y. 
Croghansville,  v.  a  suburb  of  Pittsburg,  on 

the  road  to  Philadelphia. 
Croix  (kroi)  St.  v.  cap.  of  St.  Croix  co.Wis. 
Croix,  St.  river.    See  Gazetteer. 
Crooked  Cr.  pt.  Carroll  co.  Ark. 
Crooked  Lake,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cromwell,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
Crosby,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O. 
Crosbyville,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  72  N  Ca. 
Crossanville,  pv.  Perry  co.  O. 
Cross  Cr.  tp.  Jef.  co.  O.  on  Great  Miami  r. 
Crossingvllle,  pv. Crawford  co.  Pu.250nw  H. 
Cross  Keys,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  46  s  Tn. 
Crosswalks,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  8  sse  Tn. 
Crow  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  central 

and  sw  part  of  Missouri  Territory,  [plain. 
Crown  Point,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Chain- 
Crown  Point,  pv.  cap.  of  Lake  co.  Ind.  15  s 

of  Lake  Michigan. 
Croydon,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  on  Sygar  r. 
Cuba,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  280  w  of  Al. 
Cuba,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  78  sw  of  Cs. 
Cuckooville,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Va.  47  nw  of  11. 
Cuivre,  tp.  Pike  co.  Mo. 
Cuivre,  tp.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo. 
Culiacan,   koo-le-ah-kan',  a   t.  of  Mex:co, 

the  largest   in    the   state  of  Cinaloa,  on  a 

river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  into 

the  Gulf  of  California.  Lat. about  25°  N.Lon. 

107°  w.     Pop.  said  to  be  10,000. 
Cullo'den,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ga.  68  w  of  M. 
j  Culpepper  C.  H.  pv.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  99 

nnw  of  Richmond. 
Cumberland,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  on  Cas- 

co  Bay.  [Providence. 

Cumberland,  tp.  Providence  co.  R.  1.8  N  of 

Cumberland,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 

j  Cumberland,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa.         [w  of  R 

Cumberland  C.  H.  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Va.  .'52 

;  Cumberland,  pv.  Guernsey  go.  O.  90  e  of  Cs 

I  Cumberland,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  10  E  of  Is. 

0 


DAN 


602 


DEA 


Cumberland  Hill,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I. 

on  Pawtueket  river. 
Cumberland  Island,  on  the  coast  of  Ga.  Cam- 
den co.  15  miles  long,  and  from  1  to  5  broad. 
Cumberland  r.  and  Mts.    See  Gazetteer. 
Cumberland  Valley,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
Cumming,  pv.  cap.  of  Forsyth  co.  Ga.  109  w 

of  Milledgeville. 
Cummings,  pt.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  110  n  of  H. 
Cummington,  pt.  Hampshire  co.   Mass.   on 

Westfield  river. 
Cumru,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuylkill  r. 
Cunningham's  Island,  in  thew  part  L.  Erie. 
Current  r.  rises  in  Mo,  and  flows  into  the 

Black  river  in  Arkansas.  [Currituck  Sound. 
Currituck  C.  H.  pv.  Currituck  co.  N.  C  on 
Curtisville,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  136  w 

of  Boston.  [of  H. 

Curwinsville,  pv.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  130  nw 
Cushing,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  50  se  of  A. 
Cussawago,  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  245  nw  H. 
Cusseta,  pv.  Chambers  co.  Ala.  170  ese  of  T. 
Custards,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  210  nw  of  II. 
Cutchogue,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Cuthbert,  pv.  cap.  of  Randolph  co.  Ga.  158 

sw  of  Milledgeville.  [lantic. 

Cutler,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  the  At- 
Cuttingsville,  pv.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  72  ssw 

of  Montpelier. 
Cuyahoga  r.  O.  enters  L.  Erie  at  Cleveland. 
Cuyahoga  Falls,  pv.  Summit  co.  O.  on  the 

above.  [ne  of  F. 

Cynthiana,  pv.  cap.  of  Harrison  co.  Ky.  37 
Cynthiana,  pv.  Pike  co.  O.  75  s  of  Cs. 
Cynthiana,  tp.  Shelby  co.  O. 
Cynthiana,  pv.  Posey  co.  Ind.  158  sw  of  Is. 
Cyruston,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Tenn.  97  s  of  Ne. 

Dacheet  r.  rises  in  Ark.  and  flows  into  L.  Bis- 
tineau,  La.  [of  Ca. 

Dacusville,  pv.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  130  wnw 

Dadeville,  pv.  cap.  of  Tallapoosa  co.  Ala. 
140  ese  of  Tuscaloosa.  [Dover. 

Dagsborough,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Bel.  54  sse  of 

Daiilonega,  pv.  cap.  of  Lumpkin  co.  Ga.  140 
N\w  of  Milledgeville.  [s  of  Boston. 

Daixgekfield,  a  v.  of   Titus   co.  Texas,  30 

Daleville,  pv.  cap.  of  Dale  co.  Ala.  on  a 
branch  of  Choctawhatchee  river. 

Daleville,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Miss.  104  B  of  J. 

Dallas,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  130  ne  of  H. 

Dalles  (dalz)  of  the  Columbia,  a  narrow 
passage  in  the  river,  some  50  in.  above  the 
Cascades.  This  channel,  which  receives 
the  whole  volume  of  the  river,  is  formed  by 
walls  of  basaltic  rock,  and  is  only  53  yards 
wide  in  the  narrowest  place.  The  wowl 
dalles  (from  dalle,  a  ;;  slab")  appears  to  sig- 
nify ';  trough"  in  the  language  of  the 
French  hunters. 

Dalmatia,  pv.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.40  n  II. 

Dalton,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.H.on  Connecticut  r. 

Dalton,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  125  w  of  B. 

Dalton,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  80  e  of  Is. 

Damariscotta  Mills,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  30 
se  of  Augusta.  [of  Cs. 

Damascoville,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  0. 174  ne 

Damascus,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 

Damascus,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  70  nwAii. 

Damascus,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  107  nw 
of  Columbia.  __ 

Damascus,  pv,  Henry  co.  O.  on  Maumee  r. 

D\n  r.  N.  C.  and  Va.  unites  with  the  Staunton 
river  to  form  the  Roanoke. 


Dawa,  pt,  Worcester  co.  Mass.  70  w  of  B. 
Danborough,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  103  e  of  H 
Danburg,  pv.  Wilkes  co.  Ga.  88  nne  of  M. 
Danbury,  pt.  Grafton  co.N.  H.  28  nw  of  Co 
Danbury,  Conn.    See  Gazetteer. 
Danby,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  80  s  of  Mtr. 
Danby,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  168  wsw  of  Al. 
Dandridge,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Tenn. 

on  French  Broad  river. 
Dangerfield.    See  DaingerfielD. 
Danielsville,  pv.  Spottsylvania  co.   Va.  95 

nw  of  Richmond.  [of  M. 

Danielsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Ga.  90  if 
Dansville,  pv.  Livingston  co.  N.Y. 
Dansville,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 
Danube,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  70  wnw  Al, 
Danvers,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  16  n  of  B. 
Danville,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  42  sw  A 
Danville,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.30  se  Cd. 
Danville,  pv.  cap.  of  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  30  nb 

of  Montpelier. 
Danville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montour  co.  Pa.  70  n  H 
Danville,  pv.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  on  Dan  r. 
Danville,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ga.  on  Flint  r. 
Danville,  pv.  cap.  of  Boyle  co.  Ky.  40  s  of  F. 
Danville,  pv.Knox  co.  O.  65  ne  of  Cs. 
Danville,  pv.cap.  of  Hendricks  co  Ind.  20  wis. 
Danville,  pv.  cap.  Vermilion  co.  111.  130  e  Sd. 
Danville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co.  Mo.  47 

ne  of  Jefferson  City. 
Darby,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  on  Darby  cr. 
Darby,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O.  [ville. 

Darby  cr.  O.  flows  into  Scioto  r.  near  Circle- 
DaebvvillEj  pv.  Pickaway  co.  0. 38  s  of  Cs. 
Dardanelle,  pv.  Yell  co.  Ark.  on  Ark.  r. 
Dardenne,  pv.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo. 
Darien,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  sw  of  Hd. 
Darien, 'pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  260  w  of  Al. 
Darien,  Ga.     See  Gazetteer. 
Darien,  pt.Wahvorth  co.Wis.  60  se  Madison. 
Darkesville,  pv.  Berkley  co.  Va.  160  n  R. 
Darlington,  borough,  Beaver  co.  Pa.  240  v» 

of  Harrisburg. 
Darlington,  pv.  Harford  co.  Md.  70  n  of  Ai». 
Darlington  C.  II.  pv.  cap.  of  Darlington  dist. 

S.  C.  130  ese  of  Columbia. 
Darlington,  pv.  St.  Helena  par.  La. 
Darlington,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Ind.  45  wsw  of  ]* 
Darnstown,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Md.  65  wnw  An. 
Darrstown,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  109  sw  of  Cs 
Dartmouth,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  65  s  of  B. 
Darwin,  pv.  Clark  co.  111.  on  the  Wabash  r 
Dauphin,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susqa. 
Davenport,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  70  sw  Al 
Davenport,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Iowa,  on  the 

Mississippi  river. 
Davidson,  pt.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  110  n  of  H 
Davidson  College,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.N.C, 
Davidsonville,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  110  \v 

of  Harrisburg. 
Davidsonville,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  Md. 
Davisborough,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Ga.  40  se  of  M 
Davis's  Mills,  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  106  ssw 

of  Columbia. 
Daviston,  pv.  Clay  co.  Ind.  74  wsw  of  Is. 
Davis  ville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
Day,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  60  n  of  Al. 
Dayanville,  pv.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  110  nw  Al 
Dayton,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 
Dayton,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  76  s  of  T. 
Dayton,  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Dayton,  pv.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.  62  N  of  Is. 
Dead  r.  Me.  falls  into  the  Kennebec  20  in. 

below  Mooseheud  Lake 


DEL 


G03 


DIL 


Pkad  Stream,  Me.  enters  the  Penobscot  r.  at 
Orono. 

Deal,  v.  Monmouth  co.  N.' J.  near  the  sea. 

Deansville,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  104  wsw 
of  Albany. 

Dearborn,  tp.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  15  N  of  A. 

Dearborn,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich,  on  Rouge  r. 

Dearbornville,  pv. Wayne  co.  Mich .  10  w  D . 

Deavertowx,  pv.  Morgan  co.  O.  70  E  of  Cs. 

Decatur,  pi.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  GO  w  of  Al. 

Decatur, tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  14  MB  Lewistovvn. 

Decatur,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  77  xw  of  Ca. 

Decatur,  pv.  cap.  of  De Kalb  co.  Ga.  90  nw  M. 

Decatur,  pv.  cap.  of  Newton  co.  Miss.  76  E  J. 

Decatur,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ala.  on  Tennessee  r. 

Decatur,  pv.  cap.  of  Meigs  co.  Tenn.  near 
Tennessee  river. 

Decatur,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  105  sw  of  Cs. 

Decatur,  pt.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich.       [bash  r. 

Decatur,  pv.  cap.  of  Adam*  co.  lad.  on  Wa- 

Decatur,  pv.  cap.  of  Macon  co.  111.  40  e  of  Sd. 

Decatur,  pv.  Howard  co.  Mo.  51  nw  Jef.  City. 

Deckerton,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  87  n  of  Tn. 

Dedham,  tp.    Hancock  co.  Me.      [ssw  of  B. 

Dedham,   pv.    cap.  of  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  13 

Deep  Cr.  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Va.  114  se  of  R. 

Deep  r.  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn,  on  Conn.  r. 

Deep  r.  N.  C.  a  branch  of  Cape  Fear  r. 

Deer  cr.  Harford  co.  Md.  enters  the  Susqa. 

Deer  Cr.  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O.  [of  Cd. 

Dekrfield,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  19  se 

Deerfield  r.  Mafift.  enters  the  Conn. 

Deerfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  95  w  of  B. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  4  N  of  Utiea. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Co- 
hanscy  cr.  [borough. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  13  nw  of  Wells- 

Deerfield,  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  223  nw  of  H. 

Deerfield,  pv.  Augusta  co.  Va.  135  wsw  R. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Deerfield,  pt.  Portage  ca.  O.  on  Mahoning  r. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Ross  co.  O.  44  s  of  Cs. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Warren  co.  O. 

Deerfield,  pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  65  sw  of  D. 

Deerfield,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich. 

Deerfield,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ind.  88  ene  of  Is. 

Deerfieldville,  pv.  Warren  co.  O.  90  se  Cs. 

Deering,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  on  Con- 
toocook  river.  [Bay. 

Deer  Isle,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 

Deerpark,   tp.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on  Never- 
sink  river. 

Deersville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  0. 109  e  of  Cs. 

Defiance,  pv.  cap.  of  Defiance  co.  O.  at  the 

junction  of  the  Maumce  and  Auglaize  r. 
Defriestville,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  4  se 
of  Albany.  [wegatchie  r. 

De  Kalb,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  Os- 
De  Kalb,   pv.  Lewis  co.  Va.  or:  Little  Ka- 
nawha river.  [ene  of  J. 
De  Kalb,  pv.  cap.*  of  Kemper  co.  Miss.  106 
De  Kalb,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  100  wsw  of  Sd. 
De  Kalb,  village,  Bowie  conuty,  Texas,  about 
10  sw  of  Red  river.     A  college  is  about 
being  established  here.     Pop.  200. 
Delaware,  tp.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  Dela- 
ware river. 
Delaware,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  7  NW  of  Mercer. 
Delaware,  pt.  Pike  co.  Pa.         [Whetstone  r. 
Delaware    C.  H.   pv.   Delaware    co.   O.   on 
Delaware,  tp.  Hancock  eo.  O. 
Delaware,  tp.   Defiance  co.  O.  on  Maumee  r. 
Delaware,  pv.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  65  se  of  Is. 
Delaware,  pv.  Jersey  co.  111.  60  sw  of  Sd. 


Delaware  City,  pv.  Newcastle  co.  Del.  on 
the  Delaware  river.  [of  Al. 

Delhi,  pv.  cap.  of  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  77  wsw 

Delhi,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O. 

Delhi,  pv.  Jersey  co.  111.  78  sw  of  Sd. 

Delmar,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 

Delphi,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  120  w  of  Al. 

Delphi,  pv.  Marion  co.  Tenn.  110  se  of  Ne. 

Delphi,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Ind.  on  Wa- 
bash river. 

Delphi,  pv.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.  53  se  Jef.  City. 

Deli'iitox,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ky.  20  e  of  F. 

Delta,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  112  wsw  of  Al. 

Demopolis,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  on  Tom- 
bigbee  river,  64  ssw  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Denmark,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 

Denmark,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.  on  Black  r. 

Denmark,  pv.  Madison  co.  Tenn.  146  sw  Ne. 

Denmark,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 

Drama,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  80  se  of  B. 

Dennis,  pt.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  85  s  of  Tn. 

Denxison,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Denxysville,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on 
Dennis  river.  [Choplank  r. 

Denton,   pv.  cap.  of  Caroline   co.  Md.   on 

Dent onsville,  pv.  Hanover  co.  Va.  21  n  R. 

Depatjville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.N.Y.  onCliau- 
mout  river. 

Depere,  pv.  cap.  of  Brown  co.  Wis. 

Depeyster,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Oswegatchie  river. 

Deposit,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  Del.  r. 

Deptford,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J. 

Derby,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  on  Clyde  r.  60 
nne  of  Montpelier.  [tonic  r. 

Derby,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn,  on  Housa- 

Derry,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  28  se  of  Cd. 

Derry,  tp.  Montour  co.  Pa.  84  N  of  H. 

Derry,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  12  se  of  H. 

Derry,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  on  Kishcoquilla  cr. 

De  Ruyter,  de  rl'ter,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y. 

Des  Moines  r.  Iowa.    See  Gazetteer. 

Des  Moines,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  124  wnw  Sd. 

Des  Plaines  (de  plain)  r.  111.  a  branch  of  the 
Illinois  river. 

De  Witt,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  126  w  Al. 

De  Witt,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Mich.  96 
nw  of  Detroit.  [river. 

De  Witt,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Mo.  on  the  Missouri 

De  Witt's  Valley,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y. 

Dexter,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  70  nne  of  A. 

Dexter,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r. 

Dexter,  pv.Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  52  w  of  D. 

Dexterville,  v.  Chautauque  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Chautauque  Lake.  [ssw  of  R. 

Diamond  Grove,  pv.  Brunswick  co.  Va.  80 

Diana,  tp.  Lewis  co.N.Y.  on  Oswegatchie  r. 

Diana  Mills,  Buckingham  co.  Va.  75  w  R. 

Dickinson,  pt.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  15  sw  of 
Malone. 

Dickinson,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  24  sw  H. 

Dickinson,  pv.  Franklin  co.Va.  170  wsw  R. 

Dickinsonville,  pv.  Russell  co.  Va. 

Dicksburg,  pv.  Knox  co.  Ind.  130  sw  of  Is. 

Digby,  a  t.  of  Nova  Scotia,  10  m.  sw  of  An- 
napolis, on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay. 

Digiiton,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  on  Taunton  r. 

Diggers,  a  name  applied  to  various  tribes  of 
miserable  and  degraded  Indians  in  Oregon 
and  California,  who  subsist  on  roots,  which 
they  dig  out  of  the  earth,  and  on  insects, 
lizards,  &c.  [196  sw  of  Rh. 

i  Dillonsville,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
/  Dillsboro',  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  85  se  of  Is. 


DRA 


604 


DUT 


Dillsburg,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  13  ssw  of  H.      i 
Dillsworthtown,   pv.  Chester   co.  Pa.  78 

ese  of  Harrisburg. 
Dimock's,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  177  nne  H. 
Dimocksville,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  [ry. 
Dingman,  tp.  Pike  co.  Pa.  po.  Dingman's  Fer- 
Dinsmore,  pt.  Shelby  co.  O.  103  wnw  of  Cs. 
District,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Pine  cr. 
Dinwiddie  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Dinwiddie  co. 

Va.  on  Stony  creek. 
Dismal  Swamp,  Va.    See  Gazetteer.    [Tn. 
Dividing  Cr.  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  80  s 
Dix,  tp.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  16  n  of  Elmira. 
Dixborotjgh,  pv.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  36 

w  of  Detroit.  [coggin  r. 

Dixfield,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  the  Andros- 
Dixmont,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  42  ne  of  A. 
Dixon,  tp.  Preble  co.  O.  bordering  on  Ind. 
Dixon,  pv.  cap.  of  Ogle  co.  111.  on  Rock  r. 
Dixonville,  pv.  Cole  co.  Mo.  8  from  Jef.City. 
Dixville,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H- 
Dixville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Va.  200  sw  of  R. 
Dobb's  Ferry,  pv.  Weschester  co.  N.  Y.  126 

s  of  Albany.  [of  Madison. 

Dodgeville,  pv.  Iowa  co.  Wisconsin,  44  w 
Dodsonville,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ala.  145  ne  T. 
Dolington,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  120  e  of  H. 
Dolsentown,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  100  s  of  Al. 
Donaldsonville,  pv.  Ascension  par.  La.  on 

the  Mississippi  river. 
Donegal,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa.  9  ne  of  Butler. 
Donegal,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Dorchester,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  50  nw  Cd. 
Dorchester,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  4  s  of  B. 
Dorchester,  v.  Cumberland  co.  N..T. 
Dorset,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  95  ssw  Mtr. 
Douglas,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  43  sw  B. 
Douglas,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Manatawny  cr. 
Douglas,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.      [gelina  r. 
Douglas,  v.  Nacogdoches  co.  Texas,  on  An- 
Douglasville,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  64  e  of  H. 
Dover,  pv.  cap.  of  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  on  ;he 

Piscataquis  river. 
Dover,  N.  H.    See  Gazetteer. 
Dover,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  126  s  of  Mtr. 
Dover,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  15  ssw  of  B. 
Dover,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  20  e  of  Pough- 

keepsie. 
Dover,  tp.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J. 
Dover,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  Rockaway  r. 
Dover,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  30  s  of  Harrisburg. 
Dover,  pv.  Russell  co.  Ala.  194  ese  of  T. 
Dover,  pv.  cap.  of  Pope  co.  Ark.  on  Illinois 

creek,  87  nw  of  Little  Rock.       [berland  r. 
Dover,  pv.  cap.  of  Stewart  co.  Tenn.  on  Cura- 
Dover,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  79  ene  of  F. 
Dover,  tp.  Athens  co.  O. 
Dover,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie. 
Dover,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Ohio  canal. 
Dover,  tp.  Union  co.  O. 
Dover,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 
Dover,  pv%Bureau  co.  111.  130  n  of  Sd. 
Dover,  pv.  La  Fayette  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Dowelltown,  pv.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  150  wxw 

of  Richmond.  [ware  Bay. 

Downe,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Dela- 
Downingtown,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  the 

Colombia  railroad,  34  m.  w  of  Philadephia. 
DoYlestown,  borough,  cap.  of  Bucks  co.Pa. 

28  n  of  Philadelphia. 
Dracut,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  27  nnw  B. 
Drakestown,  pv. Morris  co.  N.J.  on  Schoo- 

ley's  Mountain. 
Dkanesville,  pv.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  140  n  of  R. 


Drayton,  pv.  Dooly  co.  Ga.  100  ssw  of  M . 

Draytonsville,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  97  jft 
of  Columbia. 

Dresden,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me,  on  Kennebec  r . 

Dresden,  pi.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  28  N  Sandy  Hill. 

Dresden,  pv.  cap.  of  Weakly  co.Tenn.  122  w 
of  Nashville. 

Dresden,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  69  e  of  Cs. 

Dresden,  pv.  Grundy  co  111.  [sse  of  R 

Drewrysville,  pv.  Southampton  co.  Va.  78 

Drewsville,  pv. Cheshire  co.  NH .  on  Conn,  r . 

Dromoee,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  15  se  of  Lan- 
caster. 

Dryden,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  153  w  of  Al. 

Dryden,  tp.  Lapeer  co.  Mich. 

Dry  Ridge,  pv.  Grant  co.  Ky.  52  nne  of  F. 

Duane,  pt.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  15  s  of  Malone. 

Duanesburg,  pt.Schenectady  co.  NY.  23w  Al. 

Dublin,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  47  sw  of  Cd. 

Dublin,  tp.  Fulton  co.   Pa.  25  e  of  Bedford. 

Dublin,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  106  E  of  H. 

Dublin,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

Dublin,  pv.  Harford  co.  Md.  68  N  of  An. 

Dublin,  pv.  cap.  Laurens  co.  Ga.  on  Oconee  r. 

Dublin,  pv.  Graves  co.  Ky.  285  wsw  of  F. 

Dublin,  pv.  Franklin  co.  O.  12  nnw  of  Cs. 

Dublin,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  50  E  of  Is. 

Dubuque,  Dubuque  co.  Iowa.    See  Iowa. 

Duck  Creek,  hundred,  Kent  co.  Del. 

Dudley,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  58  swof  B 

Dudley,  pt.  Hardin  co.  O.  66  nnw  of  Cs. 

Dudley,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind.  [of  T. 

Dudleyville,  pv.  Tallapoosa  co.  Ala.  150  esk 

Dumfries,  pv.  Prince  William  co.  Va.86  n  R. 

Dummer,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Androscog- 
gin r. 

Dummerston,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  West  r. 

Dunbar,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  8  ne  of  Union. 

Dunbarton,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  10  s  Cd. 

Duncan,  tp.  Linn  co.  Mo.  [ssw  of  Ca. 

Duncansville,  pv.  Barnwell   dist.  S.  C.  80 

Duncansville,  pv.  Thomas  co.  Ga.  2  n  of  the 
Florida  line. 

Duncard,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa.  [nne  of  H. 

Dundaff,  borough,  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  160 

Dun-das',  a  t.  or  v.  of  Canada.  West,  on  Bur- 
lington Bay,  at  the  w  extremity  of  Lake 
Ontario. 

Dundee,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mich,  on  Raisin  r. 

Dungannon,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.      [Erie. 

Dunkirk,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 

Dunlapsville,  pv.  Union  co.  Ind.  70  e  of  Is. 

Dunsburg,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Pa.  on  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna  river. 

Dunsville,  pv.  Essex  co.  Va.  56  ne  of  R. 

Dunningsville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

Dunstable,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  30  nw  B. 

Dunstable,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa.  30  w  of  Wil- 
liamsport. 

Durango,  doo-rang'gOj  a  state  in  the  nw 
central  part  of  Mexico,  s  of  Chihuahua. 
Area  56,500  sq.  m.  Pop.  200,000.  Durango, 
the  capital,  has  a  population  estimated  at 
25,000.  (B.) 

Durham,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  40  sw  of  A 

Durham,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  32  E  of  Cd. 

Durham,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  20  s  of  Hd 

Durham,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  on  Catskill  r. 

Durham,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  ne  Doylestown 

Durhamville,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on  Oneida 
creek.  [w  of  Ne 

Durhamville,  pv.  Lauderdale   co.  Tenn.  180 

Dutch  Settlement,  pv.  St.  Mary's  par.  La 
on  Teche  river. 


EAS 


G05 


EAS 


Dutotsburg,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  on  the  Del.  r. 

Duxbuey,  tp. Washington  co.  Vt.  13  wof  Mtr. 

Dux  mry,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  36  sse  of  B. 

Dwight,  v.  Indian  Territory,  a  missionary 
station  among  the  Cherokees,  near  the  Ar- 
kansas river. 

Dxberry,  tp.  Wayr.e  co.  Pa.  [w  of  Ne. 

Dyersburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Dyer  co.  Tenn.  160 

Eagle,  pt. Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Caneadea  cr. 
Eagle,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 
Eagle,  pt.  Hancock  co.  O.  83  sw  of  Cs. 
Eagle  Harbour,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  256  w 

of  Albany. 
Eagle  Rock,  pv.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  12  e  of  Rh. 
Eagletown,  pv.  Choctaw  nation,  Indian  Ter. 

177  w  of  Little  Rock,  Ark. 
Eagle  Village,  pv.  Boone  co.Ind.  15nwIs. 
Eagleville,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  102NWof  H. 
Eagleville,  pv.  Williamson  co.  Tenn.  27  s  Ne. 
Earl,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Earl,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  13  nw  of  Lancaster. 
Earlsville,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  on  Che- 
nango river.  [sse  of  B. 
East  Abington,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  18 
East  Alton,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  33  ne  Cd. 
East  Avon,  pv.   Livingston  co.  N.Y.  2  e 

of  Avon  Springs.  [sw  of  A. 

East  Baldwin,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  70 
East  Barnard,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  40  s  Mtr. 
East  Berkshire,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  60  n 

of  Montpelier. 
East  Berlin,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  25  sw  of  H. 
East  Berne,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  19  w  of  Al. 
East  Bethel,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  28  s  Mtr. 
East  Bethlehem,  pt.  Washington  co.  Pa.  on 

Monongahela  river.  [of  Canandaigua. 

East  Bloomfield,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  8  w 
East  Bradford,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  Bran- 

dywine  creek. 
East  Brewster,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  93 

se  of  Boston.  [25  sse  of  B. 

East  Bridgewater,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 
Eastbrook,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me.  [Mtr. 

East  Brookfield,  pv.  Orange  co.  Vt.  22  s  of 
East  Brookfield,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  56 

wsw  of  Boston. 
East  Buffalo,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 
East  Caln,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.       [nw  of  B. 
East  Cambridge,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  1 
East  Chester,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  25 

sse  of  Concord.  [of  N.Y. 

East  Chester,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  15  ne 
East  Cocalico,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  Co- 
calico  creek.  [leghany  r. 
East  Deer,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  the  Al- 
East  Dennis,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  83  se 

of  Boston.  .  [Chicques  cr. 

E/lst  Donegal,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on 
East  Durham,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  40  s  Al. 
East  Elliott,  pv.York  co.  Me.  100  ssw  of  A. 
East  Fairfield,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  158 

ene  of  Columbus.  [s  of  B. 

East  Falmouth,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  84 
East  Fallowfield,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
East  Farmington,  pv.   Oakland  co.  Mich. 

24  nw  of  Detroit. 
East  Findlay,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Eastford,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  35  e  Hd. 
East  Foxborough,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  25 

s  of  Boston. 
East  Goshen,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  18  w  Phila. 
East  Granby,  pv.  Hd.  co.  Conn.  15  n  of  Hd. 
East  Granville,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass. 
51* 


East  Greenbush,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y. 
East  Greenville,  pv.  Stark  co.  0. 110  ne  Cs 
East  Greenwich,  pt.  cap.  of  Kent  co.  R.  I. 

14  s  of  Providence.  [w  of  Al. 

East  Guilford,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  104 
East  Haddam,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  30 

sse  of  Hartfoi*.  [Cod,  97  se  of  B. 

Eastham,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  on  Cape 
East  Hampton,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  on 

Connecticut  river.  [Pine  brook. 

East  Hampton,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn,  on 
East  Hampton,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  the  b 

end  of  Long  Island. 
East  Hanover,  pt.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  20  e  II. 
East  Hartford,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  1  e 

of  Hartford.  [s  of  B. 

East  Harwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  100 
East  Haven,  tp.  Essex  co.Vt.  on  Pasumsic  r. 
East  Haven,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  39  s 

of  Hartford. 
East  Haverhill,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  38  n  B. 
East  Hempfield,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  38 

ese  of  Harrisburg. 
East  Huntingdon,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
East  Killingly,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  49 

E  of  Hartford.  [36  se  of  Cd. 

East  Kingston,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H. 
East  Koy  cr.  N.  Y.  joins  West  Koy  cr.  and 

enters  the  Genesee  river.  [of  Cd. 

East  Lebanon,  pv.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  50  nw 
East  Lebanon,  pv.  Wayne  co.  O.  108  ne  Cs. 
East  Liberty,  pv.  Fayette  co.Pa.  on  Youghi- 

ogheny  river.  [burg. 

East  Liberty,  v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  5  E  of  Pitts- 
East  Liberty,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  60  nw  of  Cs. 
East  Liverpool,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  on 

the  Ohio  river.  [90  wsw  of  B. 

East  Long  Meadow,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass. 
East  Lyme,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  50 

sse  of  Hartford. 
East  Machias.    See  Mechisses,  Me. 
East  Marlborough,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  28 

sw  of  Philadelphia. 
East  Medway,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  24  sw  B. 
East  Middleborough,    pv.    Plymouth    co. 

Mass.  44  s  of  Boston. 
East  Monroe,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  78  sw  Cs. 
East  Nantmeal,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  33  nw 

of  Philadelphia. 
East  New  Market,  pv.  Dorchester  co.  Md. 

73  se  of  Annapolis. 
East  New  York,  pv.  King's  co.  Long  I.  6  e 

of  New  York.  [of  Phila. 

East  Nottingham,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  40  sw 
Easton,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  24  s  of  B. 
Easton,  pv.Washington  co.  N.Y.  27  nne  of  Al. 
Easton,  Pa.     See  Gazetteer. 
Easton,  pv.  cap.  of  Talbot  co.  Md.  45  se  of  An. 
East  Orleans,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  98 

se  of  Boston. 
East  Otis,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
East  Palestine,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
East  Penn,  pt.  Carbon  co.  Pa.  90  ne  of  11. 
East  Pennsboro',  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 
East  Pikeland,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  24  nw  of 

Philadelphia. 
East  Pierpont,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y. 
East  Plainfield,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  55 

nw  of  Concord. 
Eastport,  Me.  See  Gazetteer,  [nessee  r 
Easlport,  pv.  Tishamingo  co.  Miss,  on  Ten- 
Eastport,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  0. 113  ene  of  Cs. 
East  Portage,  tp.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  [Phila 
East  Rockhill,  tp.  Bucks  co.Pa. 33  Nxwof 


EDI 


606 


ELI 


East  Salisbury,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  40  nne 

of  Boston.  [n  of  Cd. 

East  Sanbornton;  pv.  Belknap  co.N.H.  21 
East  Sandwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  64 

sse  of  Boston  v  [of  A. 

Ea.st  Tiiomasto"n,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  40  se 
East  Town,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  16  wnw  Phila. 
East  Troy,  pv.  Walworth  co.  Wis.  79  se  of 

Madison. 
East  Union,  pt.Wayne  co.  O.  100  ne  of  Cs. 
East  Unity,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  44  w  Cd. 
East  Vincent,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
Eastville,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
Eastville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ala.  170  e  of  T. 
East  Wareham,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  56 

s  of  Boston. 
East  Washington,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H. 
East  Waterford,  pv.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  54  nw 

of  Harrisburg.  [sw  of  Cd. 

East  Weare,  pv.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  10 
East  Weymouth,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  15 

s  of  Boston.  [of  B. 

East  Whately,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  91  w 
East  Whiteland,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  20  nw 

of  Philadelphia.  [of  Hd. 

East  Windsor,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  7  ne 
East  Windsor,  tp.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  20  sw  of 

New  Brunswick.  [of  Al. 

East  Worcester,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  53  w 
Eaton,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  H.  62  n  of  Cd. 
Eaton,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  100  w  of  Al. 
Eaton,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susqua.  r. 
Eaton,  pv.  La  Fayette  co.  Miss.  176  n  of  J. 
Eaton,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Tenn.  on  Forked  Deer 

river,  142  w  of  Nashville. 
Eaton,  tp.  Lorain  co.  O.  4  se  of  Elyria. 
Eaton,  pv.  cap.  of  Preble  co.  O.  94  w  of  Cs. 
Eaton,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich.  110  w  of  D. 
Eatonton  or  Eaton  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Putnam 

co.  Ga.  21  nw  of  Milledgeville. 
Eatontown,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  47  e  Tn. 
Eatonville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  75  wnw 

of  Albany. 
Ebenezer,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.213wRh. 
Ebenezer,  v.  Effingham  co.  Ga.  on  Savannah  r. 
Ebenezerville,  pv.  York  dist.  S.  C.  84  n  Ca. 
Ebensburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Cambria  co.  Pa. 

140  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Eckford,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  100  w  of  D. 
Eckmansville,  pv.  Adams  co.  0. 100  s  of  Cs. 
Economy,  pt.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Ohio  r. 
Ecorce,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich. 
Eddington,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me. 
Eddyville,  v.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Rondout  r. 

at  the  termination  of  the  Delaware  and  Hud- 
son canal.  [land  r. 
Eddyville,  pv.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  on  Cumber- 
Eddytown,  v.  Yates  co.  N.Y. 
Eden,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Mt.  Desert  i. 
Eden,  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  45  n  of  Mtr. 
Eden,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  14  s  of  Buffalo. 
Eden,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 
Eden,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O.  8  s  Tiffin.  [Chowan  r. 
Edenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Chowan  co.  N.  C.  on 
Edenville,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y. 
Edgarton,  pv.  cap.  of  Dukes  co.  Mass.  on 

the  E  part  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 
Edgecomb,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  32  sse  of  A. 
Edgefield  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Edgefield  dist. 

S.  C.  56  wsw  of  Columbia. 
Edgemont,  pt.  Delaware  co.  Pa.87ESE  of  H. 
Edina,  pv.  cap.  of  Knox  co.  Mo.  [scot  r. 

Edinburg,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
Edinburg,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  52  N  of  Al. 


Edinburg,  borough,  Erie  so.  Pa.  250  nw  it  II 
Edinburg,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  242  wnw  of  H, 
Edinburg,  pv.  Leake  co.  Miss.  70  ne  of  J. 
Edinburg,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  146  ne  of  Cs. 
Edinburg,  pv.  Johnson  co.  Ind.  30  s  of  Is. 
Edinburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Jones  co.  Iowa. 
Edisto  r.  S.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Edmeston,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  15  w  of 

Cooperstown. 
Edmonds,  tp.  Wn.  co.  Me.  on  Cobscook  Bay. 
Edwards,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  Os- 

wegatchie  river.  [ley's  Lake. 

Edwardsburg,  pv.  Cass  co.  Mich,  on  Beards- 
Edwardsfort,  pv.  Knox  co.  Ind.  105  sw  Is. 
Edwardsville,  pv.  Warren  co.  O. 
Edwardsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  111.  12 

se  of  Alton.  [merce. 

Eel  r.  Ind.  flows  into  White  r.  at  Point  Com- 
Effingham,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  H.  62  nne  Cd. 
Effingham,  pv.  Darlington  dist.  S.  C.  133  enk 

of  Columbia. 
Egg  Harbour,  Great,  tp.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J 

48  sse  of  Woodbury. 
Egg  Harbour,  Great,  r.  N.  J.  rises  in  Glo'ster 

co.  and  flows  into  Great  Egg  Harbour  Bay. 
Egg  Harbour,  Little,   tp.   Burlington  co. 

N.  J.  35  se  of  Mount  Holly. 
Egg  Harbour,  Little,  r.  N.  J.  flows  into  Lit- 
tle Egg  Harbour  Bay,  called  also  Great  Bay. 
Egremont,  tp.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
Egypt,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn. 
k'gypt,   v.   Colorado   co.   Texas,  2  or  3  m. 

from  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado  river. 
Elamsville,  pv.  Patrick  co.  Va.  216  wsw  R. 
Elba,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  7  N  of  Batavia. 
Elba,  tp.  Lapeer  co.  Mich.  [of  M. 

Elberton,  pv.  cap.  of  Elbert  co.  Ga.  110  nnk 
Elbridge,   pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  13  w  of 

Syracuse.  [ofH. 

Eldersville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa.  230  w 
Elderton,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  168  wnw  II. 
El.dred,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  [Bay. 

Elizabeth,  tp.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  on  Newark 
Elizabeth,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  14  s  Pittsburg. 
Elizabeth,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
Elizabeth,   pv.    (post  office   called  Jackson 

ville,)  Wood  co.  Va. 
Elizabeth,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  O. 
Elizabeth,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 
Elizabeth,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  4  n  of  Ohio  r. 
Elizabeth,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Ark.  on 

White  river. 
Elizabeth  City,  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Elizabeth  Islands,  Mass.  consist  of  16  small 

islands  between  Buzzard's  Bay  and  Vine- 
yard Sound,  [of  N.Y. 
Elizabethport,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  12  sw 
Elizabeth  r.  Va.  flows  into  a  large  estuary 

at  the  mouth  of  James  river. 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Essex  co.  N.Y 

on  Boquet  river.  [ne  of  Tn. 

Elizabethtown,  borough,  Essex  co.  N.  J.  44 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  18  e  H 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Marshall  co.  Va 

on  Ohio  river.  [Cape  Fear  r. 

Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Bladen  co.  N.  C.  on 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Carter  co.  Tenn. 

on  Watauga  river.  [sw  of  F. 

Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Hardin  co.  Ky.  80 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  0. 132  sw  Cs. 
Elizabethtown,  pv.  cap.  of  Hardin  co.  111.220 

sse  of  Springfield. 
Elizaville,  pv.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  5  w  of 

Flemingsburg. 


EMM 


607 


EWI 


Elk  r.  rises  in  Pa.  and  flows  into  Chesapeake 

Bay.  [the  Muscle  Shoals. 

Elk  r.  Ala.  falls  into  the  Tennessee  r.  above 
Elk,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa.  on  the  Alleghany  r. 
Elk,  tp.  Vinton  co.  O.  on  Racoon  cr. 
Elk,  tp.  Monroe  co.  O. 
Elk  Cr.  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  16  sw  of  Erie. 
Elk  Cr.  pt.  Venango  co.  Pa.  122  wnw  of  H. 
Elkhart  r.  Ind.  flows  into  St.  Joseph's  r.  in 

Elkhart  co. 
Flkhart,  pv.  Elkhart  co.  Ind. 
Elkhart,  tp.  Noble  co.  Ind. 
Elkhorn  r.  Ky.  flows  into  Kentucky  r. 
Elkhorn  r.  111.  flows  into  Kaskaskia  r. 
Elkhorn,  pv.  cap.  of  Walworth  co.  Wis.  68  se 

of  Madison. 
Elkland,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  170  n  of  H. 
Elk  Ridge  Landing,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co. 

Md.  on  Patapsco  river. 
Elk  River,  tp.  Newton  co.  Mo. 
Elk  Run,  tp.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Elkton,  pv.  cap.  of  Cecil  co.  Md.  on  Elk  r. 
Elkton,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  90  s  of  Ne. 
Elkton,  pv.  cap.  of  Todd  co.  Ky.  on  Elk  cr. 
Elkton,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  154  ne  of  Cs. 
Elkton,  pv.  Polk  co.  Mo.  114  sw  of  Jef.  City. 
Elkville,  pv.  Caldwell  co.N.C.  on  Yadkin  r. 
Ellejay,  pv.  cap.  of  Gilmer  co.  Ga.  176  nw  M. 
Ellenburg,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  25  NNW  of 

Plattsburg. 
Ellensville,  pv.  Ul6ter  co.  N.Y.  86  sw  of  Al. 
Ellerslik,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  194  ne  H. 
Ellerslie,  pv.  Harris  co.  Ga.  108  wsw  of  M. 
Ellery,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  Chau- 

tauque  Lake.  [Mayville. 

Ellicott,  tp.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  18  se  of 
Ellicott's  Mills,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  on 

Patapsco  river.  [N.Y.  on  Great  Valley  cr. 
Ellicottsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Cattaraugus  co. 
Ellington,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  20  nne  Hd. 
Ellington,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  25  e  of 

Mayville. 
Elliot,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Salmon  Fall  r. 
Elliotsville,  tp.  Piscataquis  co.  Me. 
Ellisburg,  pi.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 

Ontario. 
Ellisburg,  pv.  La  Grange  co.  Ind.  180  n  of  Is. 
Ellisville,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Va.  66  nw  of  R. 
Ellisville,  pv.  cap.  of  Jones  co.  Miss.  144  se  J. 
Ellisville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ind.  50  ssw  of  Is. 
Ellisville,  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  75  nw  of  Sd. 
Ellsworth,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  Me.  on 

Union  river. 
Ellsworth,  tp.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  52  N  of  Cd. 
Ellsworth,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  47  w  Hd. 
Ellsworth,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  O.  160  ne  of  Cs. 
Ellsworth,  pv.  cap.  of  Texas   co.    Mo.  on  an 

affluent  of  Gasconade  river. 
Elmira,  pv.  cap.  of  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  on 

Chemung  r.  and  on  N.  Y.  and  Erie  R.  R. 
Elmore,  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  20  n  of  Mtr. 
El  Paso  del  Norte.    See  Paso  pel  Norte. 
Elsinborough,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  3  ne  of 

Salem. 
Elyria,  pv.  cap.  of  Lorain  co.  0. 116  nne  Cs. 
Elysburg,  pv.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  80  n 

of  Harrisburg. 
Elyton,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Ala.  54  ne  T. 
Emaus,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  87  e  of  H. 
Embden,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  Kennebec  r. 
Emory  r.  Tenn.  falls  into  Clinch  r. 
Emmet,  tp.  Calhoi  a  co.  Mich. 
Emmittsburg,  p-»   Frederick  co.  Md.  80  nw 

of  Annapolis. 


Emoreyville,  pv.  Barbour  co.  Ala.  200  se  of 

Tuscaloosa.  [river. 

Enfield,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 
Enfield,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  42  nw  of  Cd. 
Enfield,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  75  w  of  B. 
Enfield,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  18  n  of  Hd. 
Enfield,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  5w  of  Ithaca 
Enfield,  pv.  King  William  co.  Va.  24  ne  of  R. 
Enfield,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  76  ne  of  Rh. 
English  Neighbourhood,  pv.  Bergen  co. 

N.  J.  8  N  of  New  York.  [Madison. 

English  Prairie,  pv.  Grant  co.  Wis.  87  w  of 
Englishtown,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  31  e 

of  Trenton. 
Ennisville,  pv.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  80  w  H. 
EnnoRee  r.  S.  C.  an  affluent  of  Broad  r. 
Enoch,  pt.  Monroe  co.  O.  about  100  e  of  Cs. 
Enosburg,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  56  n  of  Mtr. 
Enosbueg  Falls,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  59  N 

of  Montpelier. 
Ephratah,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  58  wnw  Al. 
Ephratah,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  38  e  of  H. 
Epi'iNG,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  30  ese  Cd. 
Epsom,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  12  E  of  Cd. 
Equality,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.C.  166  wsw 

of  Raleigh.  [line  cr. 

Equality,  pv.  cap.  of  Gallatin  co.  111.  on  Sa- 
Erie,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 
Erie,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  48  s  of  T. 
Erie,  tp.  Ottawa  co.  O.  on  Portage  r 
Erie,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  47  sw  of  D. 
Erieville,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  110  w  of  Al. 
Erin,  pt.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  8  e  of  Elmira. 
Errol,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Androscoggin  r. 
Erving,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 
Erwin,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Tioga  r. 
Erwinna,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  the  Del.  r. 
Erwinsville,  pv.  Cleveland  co.  N.  C.  200  w 

of  Raleigh. 
Escambia  r.  Flor.  and  Ala.   See  Gazetteer. 
Esopus,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  7  s  of  Kingston. 
Esperance,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  29  w  Al. 
Espy,  pv.  Columbia  co.Pa.  on  the  Susqa.  r. 
Espyville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  250  nw  of  H. 
Essex,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  48  nw  of  Mtr. 
Essex,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  32  ne  of  B. 
Essex,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn,  on  Conn.  r. 
Essex,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Champlain. 
Estillville,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Va.  on 

Mocassin  creek,  a  branch  of  Clinch  river. 
Etowah  r.  Ga.     See  Gazetteer. 
Etna,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  60  nne  of  A. 
Etna,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  Fall  cr. 
Etna,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ky.  99  ssw  of  F. 
Etna,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  17  e  of  Cs. 
Etna,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 
Euclid,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie 
Eulalia,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa.  187  nnw  of  H. 
Eugene,  pv.  Vermilion  co.  Ind.  85  w  of  Is. 
Eutaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Ala.  36  sw  T 
Eutaw  Springs,  S.  C.  a  small  branch  of  the 

Santee  river. 
Evans,  iv'enz,  pt.  Er;e  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Erie. 
Evansburgh,  pv.  C^Arford  co.  Pa.  242  nw  H. 
Evans's  Mills,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on 

Pleasant  creek. 
Evansport,  pv.  Defiance  co.  O.  165  nw  Cs. 
Evansville,  pv.  Preston  co.  Va.  266  nw  R. 
Evansville,    capital  of  Vanderburg  co.  Ind. 

on  the  Ohio.    Pop.  8,000.  [wnw  of  R. 

Everettsville,   pv.   Albemarle   co.  Va.  78 
Everton,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  66  e  of  Is. 
Evesham,  pt.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  34  s  of  Tn. 
Ewing,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Mass. 


FAL 


608 


FAY 


Ewing,  tp.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  [Jef.  City. 

Ewingsville,  pv.  Cooper  co.  Mo.  70wnw  of 
Ewington,  pv.  cap.  of  Effingham  co.  111.85 

se  of  Springfield. 
Exeter,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  79  nne  of  A. 
Exeter,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  37  se  Cd. 
Exeter,  tp.Wn.  co.  R.  I.  24  sw  of  Providence. 
Exeter,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  77  w  of  Al. 
Exeter,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
Exeter,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Exeter,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich. 
Exeter,  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  47  w  of  Sd. 

Fabius  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Mississippi  r. 

Fabius,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y. 

Fabius,  tp.  Marion  co.  Mo.  [Staten  I. 

Factoryville,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.  on 

Factoryville,  pv.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuta  cr. 

Factoryville,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  156  ne  of  H. 

Fairdale,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  169  neH. 

Fairfax,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  on  Lamoille  r. 

Fairfax  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Fairfax  co.  Va.  120 
N  of  Richmond.  [of  R. 

Fairfax,  pv.  cap.  of  Culpepper  co.Va.  75  nnw 

Fairfield,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  22  n  of  A. 

Fairfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  56  WW  of  Mtr. 

Fairfield,  Conn.    See  Gazetteer.        [Falls. 

Fairfield,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  8n  of  Little 

Fairfield,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.J.  on  Del.  Bay. 

Fairfield,  v.  Essex  co.  N.J.  11  nw  Newark. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  43  sw  of  H. 

Fairfield,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Fairfield,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  on  Cone- 
maugh  river. 

Fairfield,  v.  Rockbridge  co.  Va.  110  w  of  R. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  135  nwR. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Pickens  co.  Ala.  56  w  of  T. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Tenn.  50  s  of  Ne. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  47  sw  of  F. 

Fairfield,  tp.  Butler  co.  O.  [river. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Greene  co.  0. 57  w  of  Cs.  on  Mad 

Fairfield,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 

Fairfield,  tp.  Huron  co.  O.  100  n  of  Cs. 

Fairfield,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  72  e  of  Is. 

Fairfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  111.  145  se  Sd. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Benton  co.  Mo.  90  sw  of  Jef- 
ferson City.  [Madison. 

Fairfield,  pv.  Walworth  co.  Wis.  66  se  of 

Fairfield  Corners,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Me. 
28  n  of  Augusta. 

Fair  Haven,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  80  sw  Mtr. 

Fair  Haven,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  on  Acush- 
nett  river. 

Fair  Haven,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  38  s  Hd. 

Fair  Haven,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  112  w  of  Cs. 

Fair  Haven,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Iowa. 

Fairlee,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  38  se  of  Mtr. 

Fairmount,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Fairplay,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ind.  on  White  r. 

Fairport,  pv.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  on  Che- 
mung canal. 

Fairport,  pv.  Lake  co.  O.  on  Grand  r. 

Fairton,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  70  s  Tn. 

Fairview,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  on  Lake  Erie. 

Fairview,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  17  nw  of  York. 

Fairview,  pv.  Brooke  co.  Va.  2  e  of  Ohio  r. 

Fairview,  pv.  Buncombe  co.  N.C.  245  w  Rh. 

Fairview,  pv.  Greenville  dist.  S.C.  88  nw  Ca. 

Fairview,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  95  e  of  Cs. 

Fairview,  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  83  nw  of  Sd. 

Fairville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  192  w  of  Al. 

Fallowfield,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Fall  River,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer 


Fall  River,  Oregon,  flows  into  .ne  Colum- 
bia from  the  s,  in  Ion.  120°  30*  w?  about  20 
m.  above  the  Dalles.  The  name  is  derived 
from  the  multitude  of  falls  and  rtpids  oc- 
curring in  its  course. 

F  alls,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  25  ne  of  Philadelphia. 

Falls,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susque- 
hanna river. 

Falls,  tp.  Hocking  co.  O.  [sink  r. 

Fallsburg,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  onNerer- 

Fallsburg,  pt.  Licking  co.  O.  65  ne  of  Cs. 

Fallston,  pt.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Big  Beaver  r . 

Fallstown,  pv.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  150  w  Rh. 

Falls  Village,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  45 
wnw  of  Hd. 

Falmouth,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  45  sw  A. 

Falmouth,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  75  s  of  B. 

Falmouth,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  15  se  of  H. 

Falmouth,  pv.  Stafford  co.  Va.  64  N  of  R. 

Falmouth,  pv.  cap.  of  Pendleton  co.  Ky.  60 
ne  of  Frankfort. 

Falmouth,  a  sea-port  on  the  n  side  of  Jamaica, 
60  m.  nw  of  Spanish  Town.        [bersburg. 

Fannet,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  16  n  of  Cham- 

Fannettsburg,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  59  s  H. 

Fannin,  a  large  co.  in  the  ne  part  of  Texas, 
bordering  on  Red  river.  The  soil  in  the  n 
and  e  sections  is  very  productive,  and  well 
adapted  to  the  growing  of  cotton  and  In- 
dian corn  ;  towards  the  w  it  is  sandy.  Capi- 
tal, Bonham. 

Farmersville,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  280 
sw  of  Albany.  [Bayou  D'Arbonne. 

Farmersville,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  par.  La.  on 

Farmington,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Me. 
32  nw  of  Augusta. 

Farmington,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  38  ene  Cd. 

Farmington,  pt. Hartford  co.  Conn.  9wof  Hd. 

Farmington,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  205  w  of  Al. 

Farmington,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 

Farmington,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 

Farmington,  pv.  Davie  co.  N.  C.  133  w  Rh. 

Farmington,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ga.  62  n  of  M. 

Farmington,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Tenn.  54  s  Ne. 

Farmington,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O. 

Farmington,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  20  nwD. 

Farmington,  pv.  Fulton  co.  III.  78  nw  of  Sd. 

Farmington,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Francis  co  Mo. 
139  se  of  Jefferson  City 

Farmington,  pv.  of  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa. 

Farmington  Falls,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Me.  27 
nw  of  Augusta* 

Farmville,  pv.  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  on 
the  Appomattox  r.  70  wsw  of  Richmond. 

Farnumsville,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  39 
wsw  of  Boston.  [of  H. 

Farrandsville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Pa.  115  nw 

Far  Rockaway,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y. 

Far  West,  pv.  cap.  of  Caldwell  co.  Mo.  176 
nw  of  Jefferson  City. 

Fawn  Grove,  pt.  York  co.  Pa. 

Fawn  River,  tp.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich. 

Fayette,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  18  wnw  A. 

Fayette,  v.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Eri« 

Fayette,  v.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 

Fayette,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga  L. 

Fayette,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  214  w  of  H. 

Fayette,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa. 

Fayette,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  87  ne  of  An. 

Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of  Jef.  co.  Miss.  80  sw  of  J 

Fayette  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Ala 
40  nw  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Fayette,  tp.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich. 

Fayette,  pv.  Greene  co.  III.  57  SW  of  Sd. 


FIS 


609 


FOR 


Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of  Howard  co.  Mo.  60  nw 

of  Jefferson  City. 
Fayette,  a  co.  of  Texas,  lying  on  both  sides 

of  the   r.  Colorado,  100  m.  from   the  sea. 

Soil,  a  black  loam  mixed  with  sand ;  very 

fertile,    especially   in    the  southern    part. 

Capital,  La  Grange. 
Fayette  Corner,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  77 

s  of  Nashville.  [115  s  of  Mtr. 

Fayette ville,  pv.  cap.  of  Windham  co.  Vt. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  near  the 

Erie  canal. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  52  wswH. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Va.  290 

w  of  Richmond. 
Fayetteville,  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Ga.  on 

an  affluent  of  Flint  river. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  Talladega  co.  Ala.  87  e  T. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  Ark. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lincoln  co.  Tenn. 

on  Elk  river.  [on  White  r. 

Fayetteville,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  94  sw  of  Cs. 
Fayetteville,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  on  Kaskas- 

kia  river.  [Mtr. 

Fayston,  tp.  Washington  co.Vt.  16  wsw  of 
Fearing,  pt.  Washington  co.  O.  109  ESI  Cs. 
Federalsburg,  pv.  Dorchester  co.  Md.  65 

se  of  Annapolis. 
Federalton,  pv.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Hocking  r. 
Feliciana,  pv.  Graves  co.  Ky.  291  w  of  F. 
Felicity,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  118  ssw  of  Cs. 
Fell,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  [from  B. 

Feltonsville,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  30 
Felt's  Mills,  pv.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  162NWof  Al. 
Femme  Osage,  pv.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo.  on  the 

Missouri  river. 
Fenner,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  112  w  of  Al. 
Fenter,  tp.  Hot  Spring  co.  Ark. 
Fenton,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  on  Maramec  r. 
Fentonville,  pv.  Genesee  co.  Mich.  57  nnw 

of  Detroit. 
Fermanagh,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  [lia  I. 

Fernandina,  pv.  Nassau  co.  Flor.  on  Ame- 
Ferguson,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa.  11  s  JBellefonte. 
Ferguson,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  [lington. 

Ferrisburg,  tp.  Addison  co.  Vt.  19  s  of  Bur- 
Fincastle,  pv.  cap.  of  Botetourt  co.  Va.  175 

w  of  Richmond. 
Fincastle,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Tenn.  206  e  Ne. 
Fincastle,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  100  s  of  Cs. 
Findlay,   tp.   Alleghany   co.   Pa.  15  nw  of 

Pittsburg. 
Findley,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  O.90nwCs. 
Finksburg,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  50  nw  of  An. 
Fini.eyville,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  195  sw  of  H. 
Fireplace,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
FisirDAM,  pv.  AVake  co.  N.  C.  22  sw  of  Rh. 
Fishdam,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  60  nw  of  Ca. 
F ishek sb o rough,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Va.  175 

wsw  of  Richmond.  [of  Hd. 

Fishersville,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  50  e 
Fisher's  Island,  N.Y.  off  the  e  end  of  Long 

Island.  8  m.  long.  [daga  r. 

Fish  House,  v.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  on  Sacan- 
Fishing  Cr.  pt.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  100  n  of  H. 
Fishkill,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  88  s  of  Al. 
Fishiull  Landing,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Hudson  river. 
Fishkill  Mts.    See  Highlands,  Gazetteer. 
Fishing  R.  tp.  Ray  co.  Mo. 
Fisksburg,  pv.  Kenton  co.  Ky.  on  Licking  r. 
Fisksville,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  13  sw 

of  Providence. 


FiTcnBURG,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  46  wrrw 
of  Boston. 

Fitchport,  pv.  Garrard  co.  Ky.  44  sse  of  F. 

Fitchville,  pt.  Huron  co.  O   98  N  of  Cs. 

F itzwilliam,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H  60  sw 
of  Concord. 

Flaggtown,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  24  ne  Tn 

Flanders,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Flanders,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the e  foot  of 
Schooley's  Mountain. 

Flatbusii,  pv.  King's  co.  N.Y.  5  se  of  N.Y. 

Flat  Head  (or  Sailish,  sa'lish)  Indians,  a 
tribe  dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  Clark's  r. 
and  the  adjacent  portion  of  the  Columbia. 
Their  name  is  derived  from  a  custom,  for- 
merly prevalent  among  them,  of  flattening 
the  heads  of  their  children,  when  very 
young,  by  artificial  means.  It  is  said  that 
this  practice  has  been  abandoned  by  them, 
but  that  it  still  obtains  among  several  othor 
tribes,  to  whom  the  name  of  Flat  Heads  is 
not  usually  given. 

Flatlands,  v.  King's  co.  N.  Y.  8se  Brooklyn. 

Fleetville,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  158  ne  of  H. 

Fleming,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  4  s  of  Auburn. 

Flemingsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Fleming  co.  Ky. 
95  e  of  Frankfort.  [2.5  n  of  Tn. 

Flemington,  pv.  cap.  of  Hunterdon  co.  N.J. 

Flemington,  pv.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  15  nw  Rh. 

Fle'scher,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  52  nnw  Mtr. 

Fletcher,  pv.  Miami  co.  O.  <>6  w  of  Cs. 

Flicicsville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  117  nk 
of  Harrisburg. 

Flint,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich.  60  nw  D.   [let. 

Flint  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Canandaigua  out- 
Flint  r.  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 

Flint  r.  Mich,  a  branch  of  Saginaw  r. 

Flintville,  pv.  Marion  dist.  S.  C.  140  e  Ca. 

Florence,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  33  nw  Utica. 

Florence,  pv.Washington  co.  Pa.  227  w  of  H. 

Florence,  pv.  Stewart  co.  Ga.  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee r.  [Tennessee  r. 

Florence,  pv.  cap.  of  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  on 

Florence,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  76  n  of  F. 

Florence,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  112  n  of  Cs. 

Florence,  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  144  wswD. 

Florence,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  59  w  of  Sd. 

Florence,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Mo.  54  w  Jef.  City. 

Florence,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Iowa,  on  Iowa  r. 

Florida,  a  cape  on  the  se  coast  of  Florida. 

Florida,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  on  Cold  r. 

Florida,  tp.  Montg.  co.  N.Y.  34  nnw  of  Al. 

Florida,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  110  ssw  of  AL 

Florida,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  94  sw  of  D; 

Florida,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mo.  83  ne  Jef.  City. 

Florissant,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Ms.  131  E  Jsf« 
ferson  City.  [sw  of  Detroit 

Flowerfield,  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  154 

Floyd,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  8  n  of  Ulica. 

Floyd  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Floyd  co.  Va.  215 
wsw  of  Richmond. 

Flovdsburg,  pv.  Oldham  co.  Ky.  37  w  of  F 

Flushing,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  9  e  of  N.Y. 

Flushing,  pt.  Belmont  co.  O.  on  Stillwater  cr. 

Flushing,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich.  67  nw  of  D. 

Fonda,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  on 
the  Mohawk  r.  [on  Lake  Winnebago- 

Fond  du  Lac,  cap.  of  Fond  du  Lac  co.  Wis. 

Fordham,  v.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y. 

Fordsville,  pv.  Marion  co.  Miss.  128  sse  J. 

Forestburg,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  on  Ne- 
versink  river. 

Forest  Lake,  pt.  Susqa.  co.  Pa.  180  nne  H. 

Forestville,  pv.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  15  w  of  Rh. 


FOX 


610 


FRA 


Forge  Village,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  30 

m.  from  Boston. 
Forks,  tp,  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
Forks,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Forked  Deer  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  the  Miss.  r. 
Forktown,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  99  sse  An. 
Forsyth,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Ga.  55  w  M. 
Forsyth,  pv.  cap.  of  Taney  co.  Mo.  onWhite  r. 
Fort  Adams,  pv. Wilkinson  co.  Miss.  158 sw 

of  Jackson.  [Champlain  canal,  68  n  Al. 

Fort  Ann,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Fort  Armstrong,  on  the  lower  extremity  of 

Rock  Island  in  the  Mississippi  river. 
Fort  Argyle,  Bryan  co.  Ga.  on  Ogechee  r. 

(now  in  ruins.)  [14  above  Darien. 

Fort  Barrington,  Ga.  on  the  Altamaha  r. 
Fort  Bend,  a  co.  of  Texas,  lying  on  both 

sides  of  the  r.  Brazos,  some  50  m.  from  the 

sea.  Soil  generally  a  rich  sandy  loam.  Capi- 
tal, Richmond. 
Fort  Brady,  Mich.    See  Satjlt  St.  Mary. 
Fort  Brown.    See  Matamoras. 
Fort  Covington,  pv.  Franklin  co.  N.Y. 
Fort  Edward,  pv.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  49  n  of  AI. 
Fort  Gibson.    See  Cantonment  Gibson. 
Fort  Gratiot,  grash'e-ot,  pv.  St.  Clair  co. 

Mich.  60  ne  of  Detroit.  [of  Long  Island. 
Fort  Hamilton,  pv.  King's  co.  N.Y.  w  end 
Fort  Houston,  a  v.  of  Texas,  semi-capital 

of  Houston  co.  near  the  left  bank  of  Tri- 
nity r.  175  m.  ne  of  Austin.    Pop.  150. 
Fort  Leavenworth,  pv.  Indian  Territory, 

on  the  Missouri  r.  with  extensive  military 

works.  [the  Mississippi  r. 

Fort  Madtson,  pv.  cap.  of  Lee  co.  Iowa,  on 
Fort  Miller,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Hudson  river.  [the  Mohawk  r. 

Fort  Plain,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  on 
Fort  Smith,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Ark.  on  the 

Arkansas  r.  with  extensive  fortifications. 
Fort  Polk.     See  Point  Isabel. 
Fort  Snelling,  pv.  Iowa,  on  the  Mississippi 

r.  with  important  military  works. 
Fort  Towson,  pv.  Indian  Key,  Ark.  a  little 

N  of  Red  river. 
Fort  Vancouver  (belonging  to  the  British), 

Oregon,  on  the  n  side  of  the   Columbia. 

Lat.  45°  38'  N,  Lon.  122°  40'  w. 
Fort  Walla- Walla.   See  Walla- Walla. 
Fort   Wayne  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Allen  co. 

Ind.  on  Maumee  river.  [n  of  Madison. 

Fort  Winnebago,  pv.  Portage  co.  Wis.  42 
Foster,  pt.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  19  w  of 

Providence. 
Fosterville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ga.  75  wnw  M. 
Fosterville,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn.  46  se 

of  Nashville.  [Mo.  100  se  of  Jef.  City. 

Fourche  a   Renault,  pv.  Washington  co. 
Fourche  la  Fave,  tp.  Conway  co.  Ark. 
Fourche  la  Fave,  tp.  Pope  co.  Ark. 
Fowler,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Oswegatchie  river. 
Fowler,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  0. 10  n  of  Warren. 
Fowlstown,  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ga.  11  sw  of 

Bainbridge. 
Fox,  pt.  Cfearfield  co.  Pa.  143  nw  of  H. 
Fox,  tp.  Carroll  co.  O. 

Foxborough.  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  27  ssw  B. 
Foxcroft,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  83  ne  of  A. 
Fox  Indians.    See  Sacs. 
Fox  r.  III.  flows  into  the  111.  r.  in  La  Salle  co. 
Fox  Springs  (sulphur  and  chalybeate),  Ky. 

10  e  of  Flemingsburg  and  80  e  of  Frankfort. 
Foxville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  100  nw  An. 


Framingham,    pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  22 

wsw  of  Boston. 
Francis,  St.  a  r.  which   rises  in  Mo.,  and 

Sowing  through   the   ne  portion  of  Ark 

falls  into  the  Mississippi.    If  is  navigable 

at  high  water  200  m. 
Francis,  St.  pv.  St.  Francisco.  Ark. 
Francis,  St.  a  r.  of  Canada  East,  falling  into 

Lake  St.  Peter's  from  the  se,  60  m.  below 

Montreal.  [sw  of  Cd. 

Francistown,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  25 
Francisville,  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa. 
Francisville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Ga.  60  sw  M 
Francisville,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  87  n  of  F. 
Francisville,  St.  pv.   cap.  of  West   Feli- 
ciana par.  La.  on  the  Mississippi  river. 
Francisville,  St.  pv.  Lawrence  co.  111.  180  se 

of  Springfield.  [Moines  r. 

Francisville,  St.  pv.  Clark  co.  Mo.   on  Des 
Franconia,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  75  n  of  Cd. 
Franconia,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  88  e  H. 
Franconia,  pv.  Putnam  co.  O.  130  nw  of  Cs. 
Frankford,  tp.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  on  Papa- 

kating  creek. 
Frankford,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 
Frankford,  borough,  Phila.  co.  Pa.  5  NEPhila. 
Frankford,  pv.  Greenbrier  co.  Va.  224  w  R. 
Frankford,  pv.  Pike  co.  Mo.  90  ne  Jef.  City. 
Frankfort,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on  the  Pe- 
nobscot river.  [hawk  r. 
Frankfort,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Mo- 
Frankfort,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  on  Patter 

son's  creek. 
Frankfort,  pv.  Ross  co.  O.  22  nw  Chilicothe. 
Frankfort,   pv.   cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Ind.  42 

nnw  of  Indianapolis.  [sse  of  Sd. 

Frankfort,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  111.  160 
Frankfort  Springs,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  100  e  of  A. 
Franklin,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  18  nnw  Cd. 
Franklin,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  70  nnw  Mtr. 
Franklin,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  31  sw  of  B. 
Franklin,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  37  se 

of  Hartford. 
Franklin,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  84  sw  of  Al. 
Franklin,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  25  se  Malone. 
Franklin,   tp.   Bergen   co.   N.  J.   13  nw   of 

Hackensack.  [Woodbury. 

Franklin,   tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  15  se  of 
Franklin,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  7se  of  So- 

merville.  [cr. 

Franklin,  tp.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  Pohatcong 
Franklin,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  9  n  of  Union. 
Franklin,  t\;   Greene  co.  Pa.  on  Ten  Mile  cr. 
Franklin,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.     [French  cr. 
Franklin,  borough,  cap.  of  Venango  co.  Pa.  on 
Franklin,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Franklin,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  4  s  of  H.     [of  An. 
Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Baltimore  co.  Md.  34  N 
Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Pendleton  Co.  Va.  on 

an  affluent  of  the  Potomac  river.  [Rh. 

Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Macon  co.  N.  C.  33  w  of 
Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Heard  co.  Ga.  on  the 

Chattahoochee  river. 
Franklin,  pv.  and  depot.  Henry  co.  Ala.  on 

the  Montgomery  and  West  Point  railroad. 
Franklin,  pv.  Holmes  co.  Miss.  55  N  of  J. 
Franklin,  pv  cap.  of  St.  Mary's  par.  La.  oil 

the  Bayou  Teche. 


FRE 


611 


FUR 


Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Williamson  co.  Tenn. 

IS  sw  of  Nashville.  [of  F. 

Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Simpson  co.  Ky.  164  sw 
Franklin,  tp.  Adams  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Franklin,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 
Franklin,  tp.  Harrison  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Jackson  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Morrow  co.  0. 
Franklin,  Ip.  Licking  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp  Monroe  co.  O 
Franklin,  tp.  Portage  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Summit  co.  O.     [Great  Miami  r. 
Franklin,  pt.  Warren  co.  O.  84  wsw  Cs.  on 
Franklin,  tp.  Wayne  co.  O. 
Franklin,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 
Franklin,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  28  sw  of  D. 
Franklin,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 
Franklin,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind. 
Franklin,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  Ind.  20  s  Is. 
Franklin,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ind. 
Franklin,  tp.  Owen  co.  Ind. 
Franklin,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 
Franklin,  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  43  wsw  of  Sd. 
Franklin,  pt.  Howard  co.  Mo.  on  the  Mo.  r. 
Franklin,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Franklin,  pv.  Walworth   co.  Wis.  75  se   of 

Madison. 
Franklin,  a  v.  of  Liberty  co.  Texas,  on  the 

left  bank  of  Trinity  river. 
Franklin,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Robertson 

co.  100  m.  ne  of  Austin. 
Franklin  City,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  28  w  B. 
Franklindale,  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  [of  Cs. 
Franklin  Furnace,  pv.  Scioto  co.  O.  105  s 
Franklin  Mills,  pv.  Portage  co.  O.  on  Cu- 
yahoga river.  [155  ne  of  Cs. 
Franklin  Square,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Frankltnton,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  par. 

La.  OS  n  of  New  Orleans. 
FRANKLiNTOwN,pv.Yorkco.  Pa.  ISsswofH. 
Franklintown,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Va.  168 

e  of  Richmond.  [w  of  Al. 

Franklinville,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  280 
Franklinville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C. 
Frankstown,  borough,  Blair  co.  Pa.  2  E  of 

Flollidaysburg. 
FKAZER's  r.  of  British  North  America,  falls 

into   the   Straits   of  Fuca,    near    the   49th 

parallel  of  B  Lat.     Length  above  GOO  in. 
Frazeyseurg.  pv.  Muskingum  eo.  O.  60  e  Cs. 
Frederica,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  13  s  of  Dover. 
Frederica,  pv.  Glynn  co.  Ga.  on  St.  Simon's  i. 
Frederick,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Frederick,  Md.     See  Gazetteer. 
Fredericksburg,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
Fredericksburg,  pv. Wayne  co.  O.08  NEof  Cs. 
Frederickshurg,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ind.  on 

Blue  river  [Jef.  City. 

Fredericksburg,  pv.  Ray  co.  Mo.  154  wsw  of 
Fredonia,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  2  E  of 

Lake  Erie. 
Fredonia,  pv  Chambers  co.  Ala.  175  ese  of  T. 
Fredonia.  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Tenn.  31  Nwof 
Fredonia,  pv.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  [Ne. 

Fredonia,  pt.  Licking  co.  O.  40  ne  of  Cs. 
Fredonia,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.         [Ohio  r. 
Fredonia,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co.  Ind.  on 
Fredonia,  pv.  Williamson  co.  III. 
Frkdensburg,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Freedom,  pt.  Waldo  co.'Me.  33  ne  of  A. 
F.rp<?dom,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N,  H.  60  NNF.  of  Cd. 


[  Freedom,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 

:  Freedom,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 

;  Freedom,  borough,  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Ohio  r. 

Freedom,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  50  sw  of  An. 

Freedom,  pt.  Portage  co.  O. 

Freedom,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 

Freedom,  pv.  Owen  co.  Ind.  67  sw  of  Is. 

Freedom  Plains,  pv.  Dutchess  co.N.Y.  79  8 
of  Albany. 

Freehold,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  42  s  of  Al. 

Freehold,  pv.  cap.  of  Monmouth  co.  N.J.  35 
se  of  Trenton. 

Freehold,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa. 

Freehold,  Upper,  tp.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J. 

Freeman,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  48  nnw  of  A 

Freemansbtjrg,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 

Freemanton,  tp.  Effingham  co.  111.  90  se  Sd. 

Freeport,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  on  Casco 

Bay.  [leghany  r. 

]  Freeport,  borough,  Armstrong  Co.  Pa.  on  Al- 

Freeport,  pt.  Harrison  co.  O.  99  ene  of  Cs. 

Freeport,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ind.  30  se  of  Is. 

Freeport,  pv.  Stephenson  co.  111.  on  Peekato- 
nica  river. 

Freesburg,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  66  n  of  H. 

Freetown,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  42  s  of  B 

Freetown,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y. 

French  Broad  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

French  cr.  rises  in  N.Y.  and  flows  into  the 
Alleghany  river  in  Venango  co.  Pa. 

French   Cr.   pt.   Chautauque    co.  N.  Y.    on 
French  creek. 

French  Cr.  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  on  French  cr. 

French  Cr.  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 

Frenchtown,  pv.  Lewis  co.Va.  310  wsw  R. 

Frenclitown,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mich. 

French  Village,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111. 

Friendship,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  54  se  of  A. 

Friendship,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Cam- 
pan's  cr.  [of  An. 

Friendship,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  Md.  31  sw 

Friendsville,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  175 
nne  of  Harrisburg.  [140  nnw  of  R. 

Front  Royal,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co    Va. 

Frostburg,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Md.  176  nw 
of  Annapolis. 

Fruit  Hill,  pv.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  132NWof  H. 

Fryeburg,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 

Fullersville,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  190 
nnw  of  Albany. 

Fulton,  pv.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Oswego  r. 

Fulton,  tp.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  9  s  of  Scho- 
harie. 

Fulton,  pv.  Davie  co.  N.  C.  156  w  of  Rh. 

Fulton,  pv.  Sumter  dist.  S.  C.  69  e  of  Ca. 
i  Fulton,  pv.  cap.  of  Itawamba  co.  Miss.  220 

ne  of  Jackson,  on  Tombigbee  r. 
!  Fulton,  pv.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.  on  Red  r. 

Fulton,  tp.  Sevier  co.  Ark. 

Fulton,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Tenn.  on  Miss,  r 

Fulton,  pt.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Fulton,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  canal. 

Fulton,  pv.  Barry  co.  Mich.  140  w  of  D. 
;  Fulton,  pV.  Whitesidee  co.  111.        [Jef.  City. 
I  Fulton,  pv.  cap.  of  Callaway  co.  Mo.  22  ne  of 

Fulton  Lakes,  N.Y.  a  chain  of  8  small  lakes, 
!      in  Herkimer  and  Hamilton   cos.  which  dis- 
charge their  waters  into  Moose  river. 

Fultonkam,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  57  e  Cs. 

Fultonvii.i.e,    pv.  Monig.  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Erie  canal.  [of  Frederick 

I  Funkstown,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md.  22  nw 

!  Furnace  Village,  pv.  Litchfield  co    Con- 

|     uecttcut,  50  wn \v  of  Hartford. 


GEN 


612 


GIB 


Gaines,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y. 

Gaines,  pv.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  [nnw  of  R. 

Gainesborough,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Va.  154 

Gainesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Tenn. 
on  Cumberland  r.  73  ene  of  Nashville. 

Gaines' Cross  Roads,  pv.  Rappahannock  co. 
Va.  120  nnw  of  Richmond. 

Gaines'  Ferry,  on  the  Sabine,  the  most  fre- 
quented land  route  to  Texas,  between 
Natchitoches  and  San  Augustine. 

Gainesville,  pv.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.   [of  M. 

Gainesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hall  co.  Ga.  118  nnw 

Gainesville,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ala.  54  sw  of  T. 

Galen,  tp.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  5  e  of  Lyons. 

Galena,  pv.  Delaware  co.  O.  21  n  of  Cs. 

Galena,  111.    See  Gazetteer. 

Galesburg,  pv.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 137  wD. 

Galesburg,  pv.  Knox  co.  111.  105  nnw  of  Sd. 

Galion,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  68  nne  of  Cs. 

Gallatin,  tp.  Columbia  co.  N.Y. 15  se  of  Hud- 
son. 

Gallatin,  pv.  cap.  of  Copiah  co.  Miss.  37  s  of  J. 

Gallatin,  pv.  cap.  of  Sumner  co.  Tenn.  26  ne 
of  Nashville. 

Gallatin,  pv.  Allen  oo.  O.  113  nw  of  Cs. 

Gallatin,  pv.  Parke  co.  Ind.  78  w  of  Is. 

Gallatin,  pv.  cap.  of  Davies  Co.  Mo.  190  nw 
of  Jefferson  City. 

Gallatin's  r.  unites  with  Madison  and  Jef- 
ferson rivers  to  form  the  Missouri. 

Gallipolis,  pv.  cap.  of  Gallia  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Galloway,  tp.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J.  on Nacote  cr. 

Galway,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  36  nnw  Al. 

Galveston,  city  and  bay.    See  Gazetteer. 

Galveston,  a  co.  in  the  se  part  of  Texas,  on 
Galveston  Bay.  Soil  generally  light,  with  a 
large  mixture  of  sand,  well  adapted  to  the 
growth  of  sweet  potatoes,  melons,  &c. 
Capital,  Galveston. 

Galvezton,  v.  Ascension  par.  on  Iberville  r. 

Gambier,  pv.  Knox  co.  O.  56  ne  of  Cs. 

Gardiner,  pv.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  6  s  of  A. 

Gardiner's  Bay,  N.Y.  at  the  e  end  of  Long  I. 

Gardiner's  Island,  N.Y.  off  the  e  end  of 
Long  Island. 

Gardner,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  58.\NWof  B. 

Garland,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  98  nne  of  A. 

Garnettsville,  pv.  Mead  co.  Ky.  83  w  of  F. 

Garrettsburg,  pv.  Christian  CO.  Ky.  224  sw 
of  Frankfort. 

Garrettsville,  pv.  Portage  co.O.86  ne  Cs. 

Garysbueg,  pv.  Northampton  co.  N.C. 

Gasconade  r.  Mo.  See  Gazetteer,  [nade  r. 

Gasconade,  pv.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.  on  Gasco- 

Gasparilla  Sound,  on  the  w  coast  of  Flor. 

Gaston,  pv.  Northampton  co.  N.  C.  on  Ro- 
anoke river. 

Gates,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y. 3  w  of  Rochester. 

Gates'  Mills,  pv.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Cha- 
grin river.  [ene  of  Rh. 

Gatesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Gates  co.  N.  C.  214 

Gauley  Bridge,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Va.  on  the 
Great  Kanawha.  [river. 

Gauley  r.  Va.  falls  into  the  Great  Kanawha 

Gaylesville,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  Ala.  on  Coosa 
river. 

Gaysville,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  39  s  of  Mtr. 

Ged'des,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  130  wxw  Al. 

Genesee  r.    See  Gazetteer.         [Angelica. 

Gen-es-ee',  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  20  sw  of 

Genesee,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Genesee,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich,  on  Flint  r. 


Gkneseo. 


tp.  Mil 

,N.Y. 


See  Gazetteee.. 


Geneseo,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  111.  146  NNW 

of  Springfield. 
Geneva,  N.Y.   See  Gazetteer. 
Geneva,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie. 
Geneva,  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  41  wsw  of  Sd. 
Geneva,  pt.  Walworth  co.  Wis. 
Geneva,  a  v.  of  Texas,  on  the  right  bank  of 

Trinity  river,  a  few  miles  above  Swart  wout 
Genito,  pv.  Powhatan  co.Va.  28  w  of  R. 
Genoa,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  17  s  of  Auburn 
Genoa,  pt.  Delaware  co.  O.  23  n  of  Cs. 
Genoa,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  48  WNWof  D 
Genoa,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  111.  217  nne  of  Sd. 
George's,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
George,  Lake,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer.  [Cs 
Georgesville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  O.  13  sw  of 
Georgetown,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  50  s  of  A 
Georgetown,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  31  H  of  B. 
Georgetown,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  112  w  Al 
Georgetown,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Georgetown,  pv.  cap.  of  Sussex  co.  Del.  41  e 

of  Dover.  [teer. 

Georgetown,  D.  C.  and  S.  C.  See  Gazet- 
Georgetown,  Randolph  co.  Ga.  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee river. 
Georgetown,  pv.  Copiah  co.  Miss,  on  Pear.  r. 
Georgetown,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Ky.  17  e  F. 
Georgetown,  pv.  cap.  Brown  co.  O.  107  ssw 

of  Columbus. 
Georgetown,  pv.  Floyd  co.  Ind.  130  s  of  Is. 
Georgetown,  pv.  Vermilion  co.  111.  140  e  Sd. 
Georgetown,  pv.  cap.  of  Pettis  co.  Mo.  67  w 

of  Jefferson  City. 
Georgia,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  40  nw  of  Mtr. 
Gerard,  pv.  Russell  co.  Ala.  on  Chattahoo- 
chee river. 
Gerardstown,  pv.  Berkley  co.Va.  165  n  R. 
German,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y  123  w  of  Al. 
German,  tp.  Clark  co.  O. 
German,  pt.  Darke  co.  O.  97  w  of  Cs. 
German,  tp.  Harrison  co.  O. 
German,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 
German,  tp.  Auglaize  co.  O. 
German,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 
German  Flats,  tp.  Herkimer   co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Mohawk  river. 
Germanno,  pv.  Harrison  co.  0. 120  ene  of  Cs. 
German  Settlement,  pv.  Preston  co.  Va.  210 

nw  of  Richmond.  [nw  of  Raleigh. 

Germanton,  pv.  cap.  of  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  123 
Germantown.  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  46  s  Al. 
Germantown,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
Germantown,  borough,  Philadelphia  co.  Pa. 

6  nnw  of  Philadelphia. 
Germantown,  pv.  Hyde  co.  N.  C.  on  Tar  r. 
Germantown,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Tenn.  220  wsw 

of  Nashville. 
Germantown,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  70  ene  of  F 
Germantown,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  O.  82  w 

of  Columbus. 
Germantown,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  16  ne  of  Is. 
Germanville,  pv.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  32  w 

of  Columbia. 
Germany,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  10  se  Gettysburg 
Gerry,  pt.  Chaulauque  co.  N.Y.  on  Cassa- 

daga  creek.  [35  ene  of  II. 

Gettysburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Adams  co.  Pa 
Gettysburg,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  102  w  of  Cs. 
Ghent,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  27  ?  of  Al. 
Ghent,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ky.  on  Ohi.  >r. 
Giiolson,  pv.  Noxubee  co.  Miss.  113  ne  of  J. 
Gholsonville,  pv.   Brunswick   co.   Va.   on 

Meherrin  river. 
Gibraltar,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  31  s  o[  D. 


GOL 


G13 


GRA 


Gibson,  tp.  Elk  co.  Pa. 

Gibson,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 

Gilbertsville.  pv.  Olsego  co.  N.Y.  95  w  Al. 

Gilboa,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  51  \v  of  Al. 

Gilead,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Androscoggin  r. 

Gilead, 'pv.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  21  ese  of  Hd. 

Gilead,  tp.  Morrow  co.  O. 

Gilead,  pv.  Wood  co.  O.  on  Maumee  r. 

Gilead,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich.  128  wsvv  of  D. 

Gilead,  pv.  Calhoun  co.  111.  105  sw  of  Sd. 

Giles  C.  H.  pv.  Giles  Co.  Va.  on.  New  r. 

Gilford,  pv.  cap.  of  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  on 
Winnipiseogee  Lake.  [of  Cd. 

Gilford  Village,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.H.  3:1  N 

Gill,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Connecticut  r. 

Gilman,  pt.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  68  nnw  of  Al. 

GiLMANTON,pt.  Belknap  co.  N.H.20Nof  Cd. 

Gilmanton  Iron  Works,  pv.  Belknap  co. 
N.  H.  23  N  of  Concord. 

Gilsum,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  56  wsw  of  Cd. 

Girard,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 

Girard,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  260  nw  of  H. 

Girard,  pv.  Trumbull  co.  O.  170  ne  of  Cs. 

Girard,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich.  110  wsw  of  D. 

Glasco,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson  r. 

Glasgow,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del        [of  F. 

Glasgow,  pv.  cap.  of  Barren  co.  Ky.  123  sw 

Glasgow,  pv.  Howard  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 

Glassborough,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  47  s 
of  Trenton. 

Glass  Lake,  tp.  Jackson  co.  Mich. 

Glastenbury,  tp.  Bennington  co.Vt.  9  ne  of 
Bennington.  [necticut  r. 

Glastenbury,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn,  on  Con- 

Glaze,  tp.  Miller  co.  Mo. 

Glenburn,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  77  ne  of  A. 

Glen  Cove,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Glenham,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  88  s  of  Al. 

Glenn,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  43  wnw  of 
Albany.  [Hudson  r. 

Glenn's  Falls,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Glennville,  pt.  Schenectady  co.  N.Y.  30  w 

Gloucester,  Mass.  See  Gazetteer.     [ofAl. 

Gloucester,  tp.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  16  wsw 
of  Providence.  [Phila. 

Gloucester,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  10  se  of 

Gloucester  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Gloucesler  co.Va. 
Qo  e  of  Richmond. 

Gloucester  Furnace,  pv.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J. 
74  s  of  Trenton. 

Glover,  pt.  Orleans  co.Vt.  39  nne  of  Mtr. 

Gloversville,  pv.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  40  nw  Al. 

Gxaiienhutten,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

Goat  Island,  an  island  in  Niagara  r.  at  the 
falls,  which  it  divides  into  two  unequal 
parts. 

Govve,  Petit,  peh-tee'  go-av',  a  sea-port  on 
the  n  side  of  Hayli,  35  m.  wsw  of  Port-au- 
Prince. 

Goblintown,  pv.  Patrick  co.  Va.  208  wsw  R. 

Godkrich,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  L.  Huron. 
at  the  mouth  of  Maitland  r.  Lat.  43e  50' 
n,  Lcm.  82»w.  [of  Cd. 

Goffstown,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  16  s 

Goixoxda,  pv.  cap.  of  Pope  co.  111.  on  Ohio  r. 

GjDi.D  Region.     See  California. 

Goldsborough,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  110  e  A. 

(.'  ildsborough,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.C.  50  se  Rh. 

Go-li-aiv,  a  co.  it>  the  southern  part  of  Tex- 
as, intersected  by  tne  San  Antonio  r.  Soil 
a  black  mould,  well  adapted  to  raising  cot- 
ton, sugar,  corn,  grapes,  &c.  The  land, 
however,  in  some  parts,  often  suffers  from 
drought. 
52 


Goliad,  the  cap.  of  the  above  co.  is  a  little 
village  situated  on  the  w  or  right  bank  of 
the  San  Antonio. 

GonaIves,  Hayti.    See  Gazetteer. 

Gon-zal'es,  a  co.  in  the  s  or  s  central  part 
of  Texas,  intersected  by  the  Guadalupe. 
Soil  generally  very  rich,  producing  cotton, 
sugar,  grapes,  corn,  &c.  in  abundance. 

Gonzales,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  on  the  r. 
Guadalupe,  70  m.  s  of  Austin,  was  for- 
merly a  place  of  some  importance,  but  it 
was  burnt  during  the  revolution.  It  now 
contains  only  a  few  dwellings. 

Goochland  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Goochland  co. 
Va.  30  wnw  of  Richmond. 

Good  Ground,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Goose  cr.  Va.  a  branch  of  Roanoke  r. 

GoRDoNiviLLE,  pv.  Orange  co.  Va.  74  nw  R. 

Gorham,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  60  sw  of  A. 

Gorham,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  at  the  base  of  the 
White  Mountains. 

Gorham,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  Flint  cr. 

Gorham,  pt.  Lucas  co.  O.  on  Tiffin's  r. 

Goshen,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  40  w  of  Cd. 

Goshen,  tp.  Addison  co.  Vt.  31  sw  of  Mtr. 

Goshen,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  12  nw  of 
Northampton. 

Goshen,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  6  n  Litchfield. 

Goshen,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  60  nnw  of  N.Y. 

Goshenj  pv.  Cape  May  co.N.  J.  on  Goshen  cr. 

Goshen,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  58  ese  of  H. 

Goshen,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Ga.  58  ne  of  M. 

Goshen,  pv.  Benton  co.  Ala. 

Goshen,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 

Goshen,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 

Goshen,  pt.  Clermont  co.  O.  100  sw  of  Cs. 

Goshen,  tp.  Mahoning  co.  0.  [was  cr. 

Goshen,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Tuscara- 

Goshen,  pv.  cap.  of  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  on  Elk- 
hart river. 

Goshen,  pv.  Putnam  co.  111. 

Goshen  Gore,  tp.  Caledonia  co.Vt. 

Gosport,  tp.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H. 

Gosport,  v.  Norfolk  co.  Va.  on  Elizabeth  r. 

Gosport,  pv.  Owen  co.  Ind.  on  White  r. 

Gouverneur,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 
Oswegatchie  r. 

Govenstown,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  34  n  An. 

Governor's  Island,  N.Y.  in  N.Y.  harbour. 

Gowanus,  v.  King's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  Island. 

Gowensville,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.S.  C.  130 
nw  of  Columbia. 

Graceham,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  87  nw  An. 

Grace  Harbour,  a  t.  on  the  e  side  of  New- 
foundland, with  an  excellent  harbour.  Pop. 
estimated  at  6,000. 

Grafton,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  33  nw  of  Cd. 

Grafton,  pt.  Windham  co.Vt.  109  s  of  Mtr. 

Grafton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  36  sw  c  -B. 

Grafton,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  20  ne  o.  Al. 

Grafton,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  118  nne  of  Cs. 

Grafton,  pv.  Jersey  co.  111.  85  s  of  Sd. 

Graham's  Station,  pv.  Meigs  co.  O.  103  m 
of  Columbus.  [of  Ca. 

Graiiamsville,  pv.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  144  s 

Granby,  tp.  Essex  co.Vt.         [Northampton. 

Granby,  pt.   Hampshire    co.    Mass.   9  se  of 

Granby,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  16  nnw  of  Hd. 

Granby,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Oswego  r. 

Grand,  pt.  Marion  co.  O.  58  N  of  Cs. 

Grand  Blanc,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich.  53  nwD. 

Grand  Detour,  pv.  Ogle  co.  111.  on  Rock  r. 

Grand  Gulf,  pv.  Clairborne  co.  Miss,  on  tho 
Mississippi  river. 


GRE 


614 


GHE 


Grand  Haven,  pv.  cap.  of  Ottawa  co.  Mich. 
on  Grand  river. 

Grand  Isle,  pt.  Grand  Isle  co.Vt.66  N\vMtr. 

Grand  Island.    See  Niagara,  Gazetteer. 

Grand  Prairie,  tp.  Marion  co.  O. 

Grand  r.  Mich,  and  Mo.    See  Gazetteer. 

Grand  r.  California,  one  of  the  head  branches 
of  the  Colorado. 

Grand  r.  or  Ouse,  a  r.  of  Canada  West,  which 
flows  into  L.  Erie  about  40  m.  w  of  Buffalo. 
Near  its  mouth  it  communicates  with  the 
Welland  canal. 

Grand  View,  pt.Washington  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Grand  View,  pv.  Edgar  co.  111.  114  e  of  Sd. 

Grand  View,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Iowa. 

Grandville,  pv.  Kent  co.  Mich.  175  w  of  D. 

Granger,  grain'ger,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y. 
10  n  of  Angelica. 

Granger,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  131  ne  of  Cs. 

Grantham,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  54  wnw  Cd. 

Granville,  pt.  Addison  co.Vt.  35  ssw  of  Mtr. 

Granville,  tp.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  120  s  of  B. 

Granville,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  on  Paw- 

Granville,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  [let  r. 

Granville,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

Granville,  pv.  Monongalia  co.Va.  300  n\v  R. 

Granville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.  on  Cumber- 
land river. 

Granville,  pt.  Licking  co.  O.  34  ne  of  Cs. 

Granville,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Ind.  68  ne  of  Is. 

Granville,  pv.  Platte  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 

Granville,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 

Grape  (Jrove,  pt.  Ray  co.  Mo. 

Grass  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Grass  Lake,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  67  sw  D. 

Grassy  Point,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  109  s 
of  Albany.  [of  Cs. 

Gratiot,  grash'e-ot,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  42  e 

Gratis,  pt.  Preble  co.  O.  92  w  of  Cs. 

Gratz,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  48  n  of  H. 

Graves,  Mt.  Lincoln  co.  Ga.  a  conical  peak, 
about  800  feet  high. 

Gr  avesend,  tp.  King's  co.  Long  I.  9  s  of  N .  Y. 

Gray,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  47  sw  of  A. 

Grayson  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Grayson  co.  Va. 
on  New  river. 

Grayson,  pv.  cap.  of  Carter  co.  Ky.  128  E  of  F. 

Grayspoet,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  68  e  of  Cs. 

Graysville,  pv.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  100  w  H. 

Graysville,  pv.  Todd  co.  Ky.  155  sw  of  F. 

Graysville,  pv.  White  co.  111.  140  se  of  Sd. 

Great  Barrington,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 

Great  Basin.     See  California,  Upper. 

Great  Bear  cr.  Canada  West,  runs  into  r. 
St.  Clair.  [Black  r. 

Great   Bknd,   pv.   Jefferson   co.   N.  Y.   on 

Great  Bridge,  pv.  Norfolk  co.Va.  115  se  R. 

Great  Crossings,  pv.  Scott  co.  Ky.  15  ne  F. 

Great  Falls,  pv.  Strafford  co.  N.H.  34  e  Cd. 

Great  Salt  Lake  of  Utah,  is  situated  on 
the  e  margin  of  the  Great  Basin,  more  than 
500  m.  from  the  Pacific  :  being  intersected 
by  the  41st  parallel  of  n  Lot.  and  between 
the  112th  and  113th  meridians  of  w  Lon. 
Length  about  90  m. ;  breadth,  30  or  40  m. 
The  surface  of  this  lake  is  4200  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  waters  are  a  satu- 
rated solution  of  common  salt.  At  its  se 
extremity  is  the  Utah  Lake.  This  appears 
like  an  arm  or  bay  of  the  former;  but  its 
waters  are  said  to  be  fresh,  and  to  flow 
into  the  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Great  Valley,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 

Great  Works,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  80  e  A. 


Greece,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  6  n  Rochester. 
Green  Bay,  pv.  Brown  co.  Wis.  on  Fox  r. 
Greenbrier,  r.  Va.  See  Gazetteer.  [Al 
Greenburg,  tp.  Westchester  co.  N  Y.  130  s  of 
Greenbush,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me 
Greenbush,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  1  E  of  Al 
Greenbush,  pv.  Warren  co.  111.  92  nw  of  Sd. 
Green  Camp,  tp.  Marion  co.  O.  [sw  of  H. 
Green  Castle,  borough,  Franklin  co.  Pa.  56 
Green  Castle,  pv.  cap.  of  Putnam  co.  Ind.  47 

w  of  Indianapolis. 
Greene,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  25  sw  of  A. 
Greene,  pv. Chenango  co.  N.Y.  on  Chenango  r. 
Greene,  tp.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  7  sw  of  Newton. 
Greene,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  12swof  Beaver. 
Greene,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  5  ne  of  Cham- 

bersburg.  [burg. 

Greene,  tp.  Greene  co.  co.  Pa.  11  se  Waynes- 
Greene,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 
Greene,  tp.  Pike  co.  Pa. 
Greene,  tp.  Adams  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Greene,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O.  [Lisbon. 

Greene,  tp.   Mahoning  co.  0.  9  N  of   New 
Greene,  tp.  Fayette  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O 
Greene,  ip.  Harrison  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Hocking  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Ashland  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Ross  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Summit  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Wayne  co.  O. 
Greene,  tp.  Iowa  co.  Wis. 
Greenfield,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me. 
Greenfield,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  35  sw  of  Cd 
Greenfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on 

the  Connecticut  river.  [ston  Spa 

Greenfield,  tp.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  10  n  of  Ball- 
Greenfield,  tp.  Blair  co.  Pa.  22  N  of  Bedford 
Greenfield,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  [barre 

Greenfield,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  30  ne  Wilkes- 
Greenfield,  borough,  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Greenfield,  pv.  Nelson  co.Va.  107  w  of  R. 
Greenfield,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Tenn.  200  e  of  Ne. 
Greenfield,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Greenfield,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  72  sw  of  Cs 
Greenfield,  tp.  Huron  co.  0. 106  N  of  Cs. 
Greenfield,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  6  nw  of  D. 
Greenfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  Ind.  20  s 

of  Indianapolis. 
Greenfield,  pv.  Greene  co.  111.  60  sw  of  Sd. 
Greenfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Dade  co.  Mo.  150  sw 

of  Jefferson  City.  [City. 

Greenfield,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Mo.  136  n  of  Jef. 
Greenfield,  pv.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis.  92  e  of 

Madison.  [of  Cd. 

Greenland,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  45  ess 
Green  Mountains.  See  Gazetteer,  p.  244 
Green  Oak,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  40  w  D 
Greenock,  pv.  Crittenden  co.  Ark.  on  Miss,  r 
Greenport,  tp.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  2  s  of 

Hudson.    __  [Long  I. 

Greenport,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.   ne  end  of 
Green  r.  Ky.  flows  into  the  Ohio  r. 
Green  r.  California,  one  of  the  head  branches 

of  the  Colorado. 
Greensboro',  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  30  nne  Mtr. 
Greensboro',  pv.  Greene  co.  Pa.   196  w  of  H 
Greensboro'j  pv.  Caroline  co.  Md.  59  E  of  An 
Greensboro',  pv.  cap.  of  Guilford  co.  N.C.  82 

wnw  of  Raleigh.  [of  M 

Greensboro',  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Ga.  44  N 
Greensboro',  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  40  s  of  T. 
Greensboro',  pv.  cap.  of  Choctaw  co.  Miss. 

110  ne  of  Jackson. 


GRT 


615 


HAD 


Greensboro',  tp.  Greene  co.  Ky.  90  ssw  of  F. 
Greensboro',  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  40  e  of  Is. 
Greensburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Westmoreland 

co.  Pa.  168  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Greensburg,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Helena  par.  La.  on 

Tickfaw  river. 
Greensburg,  pv.  Trumbull  co.  O.  185  ne  Cs. 
Greensburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Decatur  co.  Ind.  47 

s-s  of  Indianapolis. 
Green's  Fork,  tp.  Randolph  co.  Ind. 
Greenstown,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  130  ne  of  Cs. 
Greenupsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Greenup  co.  Ky. 

on  the  Ohio  river.  [of  A. 

Gieen  Village,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Me.  90  xw 
Greenville,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  90  neA. 
Greenville,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  9  w  of 

Providence. 
Greenville,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  29  s  of  Al. 
Greenville,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  70  N  of  Tn. 
Greenville,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 
Greenville,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Pa. 
Greenville,  pv.  Augusta  co.Va.  120  wnw  R. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pitt  co.  N.  C.  on  Tar  r. 
Greenville  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Greenville  dist. 

S.  C.  [lOOwofM. 

Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Meriwether  co.  Ga. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Butler  co.  Ala.  140  sse 

of  Tuscaloosa.  [of  Little  Rock. 

Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Clark  co.  Ark.  78  sw 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Tenn.  258 

e  of  Nashville. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Muhlenburg  co.  Ky. 

on  an  affluent  of  Green  river. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Darke  co.  O.  90  w  Cs. 
Greenville,  pv.  Floyd  co.  Ind.  110  s  of  Is. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Bond  co.  111.  74  s  £d. 
Greenville,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Mo.  on  St. 

Francis  river. 
Greenwich,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  75  w  B. 
Greenwich,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  82  sw  Hd. 
Greenwich,  pt.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  35  nne  of  Al. 
Greenwich,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  73  ssw 

of  Trenton.  [Woodbury. 

Greenwich,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  7  sw  of 
Greenwich,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  10  s  of  Bel- 

videre. 
Greenwich,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  18  ne  Reading. 
Greenwich,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  93  n  of  Cs. 
Greenwich   Village,    pv.    Hampshire    co. 

Mass.  73  w  of  Boston. 
Greenwood,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  54  w  of  A. 
Greenwood,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 
Greenwood,  pt.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  92  nne  H. 
Greenwood,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
Greenwood,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Greenwood,    tp.  Perry    co.    Pa.   10    ne    of 

Bloomfield. 
Greenwood,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  SONwCa. 
Greenwood,  pv.  Caddo  par.  La.  150  nw  N.O. 
Greenwood,  pv.  Johnson  co.  Ind.  10  s  of  Is. 
Greersburg,  Pa.    See  Darlington. 
Gregg,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa.  on  Sinking  cr. 
Greig,  greg,  tp.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  on  Moose  r. 
Grenada,  pv.  Yalabusha  co.  Miss,  on  Yala- 

busha  river. 
Griffin,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ga.  80  w  of  M.  [of  R. 
Griffinsburg,  pv.  Culpepper  co.Va.  106  nw 
Griffin's  Mills,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  in  Au- 
rora township.  [of  Tn. 
Griggstown,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  20  nne 
Griggsville.  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  60  w  of  Sd. 
Griswold,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  50  ese 

of  Hartford.  [Missouri  r. 

GkiswoLE  Ctty,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mo.  on  the 


Groton,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  42  nnw  of  Cd. 

Groton,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  30  E  of  Mtr. 

Groton,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  33  nw  of  B 

Groton,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  45  se  Hd. 

Groton,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  Fall  cr. 

Groton,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  95  N  of  Cs. 

Grove,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  260  wsw  Al. 

Grove,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa.  [nesus  Lake. 

Groveland,  tp.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  on  Co- 

Groveland,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  44  NW  of  D. 

Groveland,  pv.  Tazewell  co.  111.  62  n  of  Sd. 

Guadalupe  r.  Texas,  flows  into  the  San  An- 
tonio.    Length  250  m. 

Guanaxuato  or  Guanajuato,  gwan'va-Hwah' 
to  (see  Introduction  XXVII.  9,  10  and  17), 
a  small  but  populous  state  in  the  central 
part  of  Mexico,  nw  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 
Area  8,600  sq.  Hi.  Pop.  450,000.  For  Gua- 
naxuato, the  capital  of  the  above,  see 
Gazetteer. 

Guayama,  gwl-ah'ma,  a  sea-port  on  the  s 
coast  of  Porto  Rico,  almost  due  s  from  San 
Juan. 

Guaymas,  gwl'mas,  a  sea- port  of  Sonora, 
on  the  Gulf  of  California,  with  one  of  the 
best  harbours  on  the  western  coast  of 
Mexico.  Lat.  about  28°  n,  Lon.  110°  10'  w. 
Pop.  between  3,000  and  4,000. 

GUAZACUALCO   OT   HUASACUALCO,   gWaS-S.- 

kwal'ko,  a  small  r.  of  Mexico,  forming  a 
part  of  the  boundary  between  the  states  of 
Vera  Cruz  and  Tabasco.  At  its  mouth,  in 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  there  is  a  tolerable 
harbour. 

Guilderland,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  9w  of  Al. 

Guildhall,  pv.  cap.  of  Essex  co.  Vt.  on 
Connecticut  river.  [taquis  r. 

Guilford,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  on  Pisca- 

Guilford,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  124  s  of  Mtr. 

Guilford,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  50  s  Hd. 

Guilford,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  100  w  of  Al. 

Guilford,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  6  se  of  Cham- 
bersburg. 

Guilford,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 

Guilford,  tp.  Medina  co.  O. 

Guines,  ghe-nes',  an  inland  town  of  Cuba, 
45  m.  se  from  Havana.  The  climate  is  fine, 
and  invalids  from  the  United  States  fre- 
quently winter  here.  It  is  the  southern 
termination  of  the  principal  railroad  in  the 
island.     Pop.  between  3,000  and  4,000. 

Gullitsville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ga.  60  w  M. 

Guitivis.     See  Mayo. 

Gustavus,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O. 

Guyan,  ghl'an,  tp.  Gallia  co.  O. 

Guyandotte  r.  Va.     See  Gazetteer. 

Guyandotte,  Little,  r.  Va.  flows  into  the 
Ohio  river. 

Guyandotte,  pv.  Cabell  co.Va.  on  the  Ohio  r. 

Gwyn'nedd,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

Hackensack  r.  N.J.  flows  into  Newark  Bay. 
Hackensack,  pv.  cap.  of  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  on 

Hackensack  river,  76  ne  of  Tn.         [  York. 
Hackensack,  tp.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  13  n  of  New 
Hackettstown,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  60  n  Tn. 
Haddam,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  22  s  of  Hd. 
Haddonfield,  pv.   Camden    co.  N.J.35sw 

of  Trenton. 
Haddonsville,  pv  Todd  co.  Ky.  190  sw  F. 
Hadley,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  on  Conn,  r 
Hadley,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  58  n  of  Al. 
Hadley,  pt.  Lapeer  co.  Mich.  58  N  of  D. 
Hadley,  pv.  Will  co.  111.  174  ne  of  Sd. 


HAM 


616 


HAR 


Hablyme,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  40  s  Hd. 

Haerlem.  See  Harlem.         [36  wnw  of  Al. 

Hagerman's  Mills,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  NY. 

Hagerstown,  Md.    See  Gazetteer. 

Hagerstown,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  about  100  w  Cs. 

Hagerstown,  pv.  Wayne  co.  lnd.  60  e  of  Is. 

Hague,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  90  M  of  Al. 

Hague,  pv. Westmoreland  co.  Va.  76  ne  of  R. 

Hague,  pv.  Logan  co.  Ky.  174  sw  of  F. 

Hains,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa.  19  e  of  Bellefonte. 

Hale,  tp.  Harden  co.  O. 

Half  Acre,  v.  Putnam  co.  Ga. 

Half  Moon,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  13  N  of  Al. 

Half  Moon,  pt.  Centre  co.  Pa.  100  xw  of  H. 

Halifax,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  Green  r. 

Halifax,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  36  sse  of  B. 

Halifax,  pt.  Dauphin  cd.  Pa.  23  H  of  H. 

Halifax  (or  Banister),  pv.  cap.  of  Halifax  co. 
Va.  on  Banister  river.  [Roanoke  r. 

Halifax,  pv.  cap.  of  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  on  the 
/  Halifax,  pv.  Kemper  co.  Miss.  100  ene  of  J. 

Halifax',  pv. Wilson  co.  Tenn.  24  e  of  Ne. 

Hallett's  Cove,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y. 

Hallowell,  Me.     See  Gazetteer. 

Hall's  Stream,  N.  H.  a  small  r.  which  flows 
into  the  Connecticut  river.  [Al. 

Hall's  Mills,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  30  wsw  of 

Hallstown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.Va.  172  n  of  R. 

Hallsville,  pv.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  97  se  of  Rh. 

Hallsville,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  52  N  of  Ca. 

Hamburg,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  34  sse 
of  Hartford. 

Hamburg,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  300  w  of  Al. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  86  n  of  Tn. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  68  ene  of  H. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  on  Savan- 
nah river. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Macon  co.  Ga.  88  sw  of  M. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Perry  co.  Ala.  65  s  of  T. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Hardin  co.  Tenn.  140  sw  of  Ne. 

Hamburg,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  50  wnwD. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Calhoun  co.  111.  on  Mississippi  r. 

Hamburg,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  120  s  of  Is. 

Hamburg  on  the  Lake,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  on 
Lake  Erie. 

Hamden,  pt.  NewHaven  co.  Conn.  33  ssw  Hd. 

Hamden,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  a  branch 
of  the  Delaware  river. 

Hamilton,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  22  nne  of  B. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  96  w  of  Al. 

Hamilton,  tp.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J.  30  se  of 
Woodbury.  [burg. 

Hamilton,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  12  NE  of  Gettys- 

HamiltonJ  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa. 

Hamilton,  tp.  M'Kean  co.  Pa. 

Hamilton,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Loudon  co.Va.  160  n  of  R. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Martin  co.  N.  C.  127  e  of  Rh. 

Hamilton,  pv.  cap.  of  Harris  co.  Ga.  126  wsw 
of  Milleclgeville. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  92  se  of  T. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Miss.  156  ne  of  J. 

Hamilton,  pv.  cap.  of  Butler  co.  O.  on  Great 
Miami  river. 

Hamilton,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 

Hamilton,  tp.  Warren  co.  O. 

Hamilton,  pt.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 

Hamilton,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  111.        [Sabine  r. 

Hamilton,  a  v.  of  Texas,  in  Shelby  co.  on  the 

Hamilton,  a  flourishing  and  important  t.  of 
Canada  West,  situated  a  lew  miles  s  of  Bur- 
lington Bay,  at  the  w  extremity  of  Lake  On- 
tario.   Pop.  estimated  at  8,000. 

Hamilton  Ban,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa 


Hamilton  Village,  v.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  1 

w  of  the  Schuylkill  river. 
Hamiltonville,  or  Newtown  Hamilton, 

pv.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  on  Juniata  r. 
Hamlin's  Grant,  tp.  Oxford  co.  Me. 
Hammond,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

St.  Lawrence. 
Hammondsport,   pt.   Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  on 

Crooked  Lake.  [ri  er. 

Hampden,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 
Hampden,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  [of  Cd. 

Hampstead,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  28  ssH 
Hampstead,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  5Q  NW  of  An. 
Hampstead,  pv.  King  George  co.  Va.  90  nne  R. 
Hampton,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on  the 

Atlantic. 
Hampton,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  40  e  of  Hd. 
Hampton,  v.  Oneida  co.  N.Y. 
Hampton,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  26  N  Salem. 
Hampton,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  30  sw  of  H. 
Hampton,  pv.  cap.  of  Elizabeth  City  co.Va.  on 

Hampton  river. 
Hampton,  pv.  Rock  Island  co.  111.  150  nnw  Sd. 
Hampton  Roads,  Va.  an  arm  of  Chesapeake 

Bay,  near  the  mouth  of  James  r.     It  is  suf- 
ficiently deep  for  the  largest  ships  of  war, 

and  is  an  important  naval  station. 
Hamptonburg,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  4  ne  of 

Goshen.  [sw  of  Portsmouth. 

Hampton  Falls,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  PI.  16 
Hamptonville,  pv.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  145  wnw 
PIamtramck,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich.       [of  Rh 
Hancock,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  95  E  of  A. 
Hancock,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  34  sw  Cd. 
Hancock,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  39  ssw  of  Mtr 
Hancock,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  142  w  B. 
Hancock,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  Del.  r. 
Hancock,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Md.  on  Potomac  r. 
Hancock  Bridge,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.J.  85 sw  Tn. 
Hancock  Factory,  pv.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H. 

30  sw  of  Concord. 
Hancockville,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  85  nw  Ca. 
Handy,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich. 
Hanging  Rock,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va. 
Hannahsburg,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa.  207  wnwH. 
Hannibal,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  175  wnw  Al. 
Hannibal,  pv.  Marion  co.  Mo.  on  Miss.  r. 
Hannibalville,  v.  Oswego  co.  N.Y. 
Hanover,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  PI.  on  Conn.  r. 
Hanover,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  24  ssw  of  B. 
Hanover,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Erie. 
Hanover,   tp.  Burlington  co.N.J.  12  ne  of 

Mount  Holly.  [town. 

Hanover,  pt.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  5  n  of  Morris- 
HanoverJ  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 
Planover,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  15  se  of  H. 
Hanover,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  on  Lehigh  r. 
Hanover,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Hanover,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Hanover,  pt.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Hanover,  borough,  York  co.  Pa.  35  s  of  H. 
Hanover  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Hanover  co.  Va 

20  N  of  Richmond. 
Planover,  tp.  Butler  co.  O.  [Lisbon 

Hanover,  tp.  Columbiana  co.  O.  10  e  of  New 
Hanover,  v.  Harrison  co.  O.  8  nw  of  Cadiz. 
Hanover,  pt.  Licking  co.  O.  48  ne  of  Cs. 
Hanover,  tp.  Ashland  co.  0. 
Hanover,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  90  w  of  D. 
Planover',  tp.  Shelby  co.  Ind.  [nw  of  Cd. 

Hanover  Centre,  pv.  Grafton  co.  N.  II.  60 
Hanoverton,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Hanson,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  28  sse  of  B 
Harbor  cr.  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  6  ne  of  Erie. 


HAR 


617 


HAS 


Hardin,  pv.  Shelby  co.  O.  85  wnw  of  Cs. 

Hardinsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Breekenridge  co. 
Ky.  115  wsw  of  Frankfort. 

Hardinsburg,  v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  on  Great 
Miami  river. 

Hardinsburg,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Ind.  106  s  of  Is. 

Hardinsville,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  9  w  of  F. 

Hardwick,  pt.  Caledonia  co.Vt.27  ne  of  Mtr. 

Hardwick,  pv  Worcester  co.  Mass.  68  w  of  B. 

Hardwick,  '.p.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  15  ne  of  Bel- 
videre. 

Hardwick,  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 

Hardy,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 

Hardyston,  tp.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  on  Wallkill  r. 

Harford,  pt.  Susquehaima  co.  Pa. 

Harios,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 

Harlem,  pv.  N.York  co.  N.Y.  on  Harlem  r. 

Harlem,  pt.  Delaware  co.  O.  27  n  of  Cs. 

Harlansburg,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Pa. 

Harlesville,  pv.  Marion  dist.  S.  C.  on  Lit- 
tle Pedee  river. 

Harlingen,  pv  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  18  n  of  Tn. 

Harmar,  pv.  Washington  co.  O.  on  Muskin- 
gum river. 

Harmony,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  57  n  of  A. 

Harmony,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 

Harmony,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.J.  58  n  of  Tn. 

Harmony,  v.  Butler  co.  Pa.  12  ne  of  Beaver. 

Harmony,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  on  Sus- 
quehanna river. 

Harmwny,  pv.  Halifax  co.  Va.  150  sw  of  R. 

Harmony,  pv.  York  dist.  S.  C.  100  n  of  Ca. 

Harmony,  pv.  Weakly  co.  Tenn.  132  w  of  Ne. 

Harmony,  tp.  Clark  co.  O. 

Harmony,  tp.  Morrow  co.  0. 

Harmony,  tp.  Perry  co.  Ind.   [Jefferson  City. 

Harmony,  pv.  Washington  co.  Mo.  100  se  of 

Harmony  Vale,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  82  n  Tn. 

Harnageville,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  Ga.  140  nw 
of  Milledgeville. 

Harper's  Ferry,  pv.  Jefferson  co.Va.  at  the 
junction  of  the  Shenandoah  with  the  Po- 
tomac, on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad. 
The  scenery  here  is  singularly  picturesque 
and  romantic,  and  the  place  is  in  conse 
quence  much  visited  by  travellers.        [Al. 

Harpersfield,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  64  w  of 

Harpersfield,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  on  Grand  r. 

Harpersville,  pv.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  near  the 
Susquehanna  river. 

Harpersville.  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ala.  90  e  of  T. 

Harpeth  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  Cumberland  r. 

IIarpswell,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 

Harrtettstown,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  35  s 
Of  Malone.  [Narraguagus  r. 

Harrington,   pt.   Washington  co.   Me.   on 

Harrington,  tp.  Bergen  co.  N.J.  on  the  Hudson. 

Harrington,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C.  60  s  Rh. 

Harris,  pt.  Centre  co.  Pa. 

Harris,  a  co.  in  the  se  part  of  Texas,  bor- 
dering on  Galveston  Bay.  Soil,  especially 
towards  the  n  and  w,  extremely  fertile. 
Houston  is  the  capital. 

Harrisburg,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  on  Deer  cr. 

Harrisburg,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 

Harrisburg,  pv.  Franklin  co.  O.  23  sw  of  Cs. 

Harrisburg,  tp.  Medina  co.  O. 

Harrisburg,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  56  E  of  Is. 

Harrisburg,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa. 

Harrisburg,  v.  of  Harris  co.  Texas,  5  e  of 
Houston. 

Harrison,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  62  wsw  A. 

Harrison,  tp.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  3  E  of 
White 'PlaJu 
52* 


Harrison,  tp.  Hudson  co.  N.  J, 

Harrison,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa.  [Rock. 

Harrison,  pv.  Union  co.  Ark.  98  s  of  Little 

Harrison,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  Tenn. 

Harrison,  tp.  Carroll  co.  O. 

Harrison,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O.  on  Stony  cr. 

Harrison,  tp.  Darke  co.  O. 

Harrison,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  0. 126  wsw  of  Cs. 

Harrison,  tp  Perry  co.  O. 

Harrison,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 

Harrison,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 

Harrison,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 

Harrison,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Ind. 

Harrison,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 

Harrison,  a  co.  in  the  ne  part  of  Texas,  on 
the  Sabine  river.  It  is  well  timbered,  and 
the  soil  in  many  parts  is  very  fertile.  Capi- 
tal, Marshall.  LVa.  130  nw  of  R. 

Harrisonburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Rockingham  co. 

Harrisonburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Catahoola  par.  La. 
on  Washita  river. 

Harrisonville.  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  40  w  of  F. 

Harrisonville,  pv.  Meigs  co.  O. 

Harrisonville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  111.  on  the  Mis* 
sissippi  river,  127  ssw  of  Springfield. 

Harrisonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Van  Buren  co.  Mo 
on  Grand  river. 

Harrisville,  pv.  Buller  co.  Pa.  224  wnw  H. 

Harrisville,  pv.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  52  s  of  R. 

Harrisville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  0. 120  ene  of  Cs. 

Harrodsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Mercer  co.  Ky.  30 
s  of  Frankfort. 

Hartfield,  v.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 

Hartford,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  34  w  of  A. 

Hartford,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Hartford,  pt.  Washington  co.N.Y.  14  N  Salem 

Hartford,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 

Hartford,  v.  Pulaski  co.  Ga.  on  Ocmulgee  r. 

Hartford,  pv.  cap.  of  Ohio  co.  Ky .  154  wsw  F. 

Hartford,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 

Hartford,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  187  ne  of  Cs. 

Hartford,  pv.  cap.  of  Blackford  co.  Ind.  80 
ne  of  Indianapolis. 

Hartford,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Ind.  92  ne  of  Is. 

Hartford,  pv.  Knox  co.  111.  93  nnw  of  Sd. 

Hartford,  pv.  Des  Moines  co.  Iowa. 

Hartland,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  47  n  of  A. 

Hartland,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Hartland.  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  24  nne  Hd. 

Hartland,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  270  w  of  Al. 

Hartland,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  9  se  of  Norwalk. 

Hartland,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  52  wof  D. 

Hartland,  pv.  M'Henry  co.  111.  226  nne  of  Sd. 

Hartley,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

Hartleyton,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  80  n  of  H. 

Hart's  Grove,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  180neCs. 

Hartsville,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  134  w  B. 

Hartsville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  130  w  of  Al. 

Hartsville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  108  e  of  H. 

Hartsville,  pv.  Sumner  co.  Tenn.  on  Cumber- 
land river. 

Hartsville,  pv.  Bartholomew  co.  Ind.  54  s  Is 

Hartsville,  v.  cap.  of  Wright  co.  Mo.  on  a 
branch  of  the  Gasconade. 

Hartwick,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  74  w  of  Al. 

Hartwick  Seminary,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  on 
the  Susquehanna  river. 

Harvard,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  32  nw  B. 

Harveysburg,  pv.  Warren  co.  O.  80  ne  Cs. 

Harveysville,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  108  ne  H. 

Harwich,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  on  the  At 
lantic. 

Harwinton,  pt.  Litchfield  co,Conn.  24  w  Hd, 

Haskinsville,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ky.  97  3»w  F 


HEL 


618 


HIG 


Hastings,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  150  vvxw  Al. 
Hastings,  v.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  20  n  N.Y. 
Hastings,  pv.  cap.  of  Barry  co.  Mich.  144  w  D. 

Hatborough,  pv.  Montg.  co.Pa.  17  n  of  Phi- 
ladelphia. [Mississippi. 

Hatchy  or  Hatchek  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  the 

Hatfield,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  on  Con- 
necticut river. 

Hatfield,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  24  Nwof  Phila. 

Hatt'eras,  Cape,  a  dangerous  promontory 
on  the  e  coast  of  N.  C. 

Havana,  pv.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  194  wsw  Al. 

Havana,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  25  s  of  T. 

Havana,  v.  Licking  co.  O. 

Havana,  pv.  cap.  of  Mason  co.  111.  on  III.  r. 

Haverford,  pt.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  8  w  Phila. 

Haverhill,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 

Haverhill,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Merrimack  r. 

Haverstraw,  pt.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Hudson  river. 

Havre  de  Grace,  Md.    See  Ga«etteer. 

Haw  Cr.  tp.  Bartholomew  co.  Ind.    [Ohio  r. 

Hawesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  Ky.  on 

Hawfield,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  48  nw  Rh. 

Hawkinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pulaski  co.  Ga. 
on  Ocmulgee  river. 

Hawley  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  110  w  of  B. 

Haw  r.  N.  C.  unites  witn  Deep  r.  to  form 
Cape  Fear  river.  [NNWofR. 

Hawsburg,  pv.  Rappahannock   co.  Va.  130 

Haycock,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 

Hayfield,  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  [n  of  R. 

Hay  Market,  pv.  Prince  William  co.  Va.  114 

Haynesville,  pv.  York  dist.  S.  C.  86  n  of  Ca. 

Haynesville,  pv.  Houston  co.  Ga.  70swof  M. 

Haynesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lowndes  co.  Ala.  116 
se  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Haynesville,  pv.  Ohio  co.  Ky.  140  sw  of  F. 

Haysville,  pv.  Ashland  co.  O.  78  Kin  of  Cs. 

Haywood,  pv.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.  30  w  of  Rh. 

Hazle,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  [of  T. 

Hazle  Green,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  170  nne 

Hazleton,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  106  ne  of  H.  i 

Head  of  Harbour,  v.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  50  e  i 
of  New  York. 

Heath,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  109  wnw  of  B.  { 

Heath,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind.     [Va.  98  e  of  R.  j 

Heaths  ville,  pv.  cap.  of  Northumberland  co. 

Heathsville,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  82  ne  Rh.    | 

Hebardsville,  pv.  Athens  co.  O.  6  s  Athens.  | 

Hebberdsville,  pv.  Henderson  co.  Ky.  183 
w  of  Frankfort. 

Hebron,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  45  wsw  of  A. 

Hebron,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  nw  of  Cd. 

Hebron,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  25  se  of  Hd. 

Hebron,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  54  n  of  Al.  ! 

Hebron,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Hebron,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ga.  16  se  of  M. 

Hebron,  pt.  Licking  co.  O.  27  ne  of  Cs. 

Hebron,  pv.  M'Henry  co.  111.  [of  H. 

Hecktown,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  100  ene 

Hector,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  14  w  Ithaca. 

Hector,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Heidelberg,  hT'dl-burg,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Heiflelburg,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa. 

Heidelberg,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  on  Lehigh  r. 

Heidelberg,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  15  sw  of  York. 

Heildersburg,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  25  sEof  H. 

Helderbergs.  hills  or  mountains,  N.Y.  in  the 
w  part  of  Albany  and  Schoharie  counties. 

Helena,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.     [river. 

Helena,  St.  pv.  St.  Helena  par.  La.  on  Ticfah 

Helena,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  87  ne  of  F. 

Helena,  pv.  cap.  of  Philips  co.  Ark.  on  Miss.  r.   | 


Helena,  pv.  Iowa  co.  Wis.  60  nw  of  Madison. 
Hellam,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  29  s  of  H. 
Hellen,  pv.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  176  nw  of  H. 
Hellerstown,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  97 

ene  of  H.        [ous  pass  in  East  r.  7  ne  N.Y 
Hell  Gate,  or  Helle  Gatt,  N.Y.  a  danger 
Helt,  tp.  Vermilion  co.  Ind. 
Hemlock,  tp.  Montour  co.  Pa.  [1  wide. 

Hemlock  Lake,  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  6  m.  long 
Hempfield,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  40  se  of  H. 
Hempfiekl,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Hempstead,  pt.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  20  e  of  N.Y. 
Hempstead  Harbor,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y. 
Henderson,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  Hender- 
son Harbor,  v.  in  the  above  tp.  on  Lake 

Ontario,  180  nw  of  Albany.  [river. 

Henderson,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  on  Juniata 
Henderson,  pv.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  44  N  of  Rh. 
Henderson,  pv.  Houston  co.  Ga.  68  sw  of  M. 
Henderson,  pv.  cap.  of  Henderson  co.  Ky.  on 

Ohio  river. 
Henderson,  pv.  Knox  co.  111.  on  Henderson  r. 
Henderson,  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Rusk  co.  about 

15  m.  s  of  the  Sabine  r.    Pop.  near  100. 
Hendersonville,  Va.    See  Nottaway  C.  H. 
Hendersonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Henderson  co.  N. 

C.  on  French  Broad  river.  [of  Ne. 

Hendersonville,  pv.  Sumner  co.  Tenn.  16  nb 
Hendersonville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ky.  33  nw  F. 
Hendrysburg,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  15  w  of 

St.  Clairsville. 
Henlo'pen,  Cape,  Del.  on  the  west  side  of 

the  entrance  of  Delaware  Bay.  [nois  r. 
Hennepin,  pv.  cap.  of  Putnam  co.  111.  on  Illi- 
Henniker,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  15  w  Cd. 
Henrietta,  pt.  Monroeco.  N.Y.  on  Genesee  r. 
Henrietta,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  35  w  Cleveland 
Henrietta,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich. 
Henry,  Cape,  at  the  s  side  of  the  entrance 

of  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Henry  Clay,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
Henry,  tp.  Wood  co.  O. 
Henry,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind.  [liamsport. 

Hepburn,  pt.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  9  n  of  Wil- 
Herculaneum,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Mo.  on  the 

Mississippi  river. 
Hereford,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  80  e  of  H. 
Hereford,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  52  nw  of  An. 
Herkimer,  pv.  cap.  of  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Mohawk  r.  [Missouri  r. 

Hermann,  pv-  cap.  of  Gasconade  co.  Mo.  on 
Hermon,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  7  w  Bangor. 
Ilermon,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  NY.  [n  of  J. 
Hernando,  pv.  cap.  of  De  Soto  co.  Miss.  200 
Derrick,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  20  se  of 

Montrose. 
Herrick,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 
Hertford,  pv.  cap.  of  Perquimans  co.  N.  C 

on  Perquimans  river.  [Oswegatchie  i 

Heuvelton,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  I  in 
Hiaqui.    See  Yaqui.  [see  r 

Hiwassee  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  the  Terne*- 
Hibernia,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  1  N  of  Jef 
Hickory,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  [City 

Hickory,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa.  220  w  of  H 
Hickory,  pv.  Carroll  co.  O.  121  ene  of  Cs. 
Hicksburg,  pv.  Dorchester  co.  Md. 
Hicksford,  pv.  cap.  of  Greenville  co.Va.  on 

Meherrin  river. 
Hicksville,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Hicksville,  pv.  Williams  co.  O.  177  nw  of  Cs. 
Higganum,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  21  s  Hd 
Higginsport,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
High  Falls,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  70  s  of  AL 


HOL 


619 


HOP 


High  Gate,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 
plain. 
Highland,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  50  sw  of  Cs. 
Highland,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  45  nw  of  D. 
Highland  Mills,  pv.  Orange  co.N.Y. 
Highlands,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Hightower.     See  Etowah,  Gazetteer. 
Hishtstown,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  19  e  Tn. 
Hill,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  24  nnw  of  Cd. 
Hill  Gore,  t p.  Washington  co.  Me. 
Hilliar,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 

Hilliardston,  pv.  Nash  CO.  N.  C.  60  NNE  Rh. 
Hillsborough,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.N.H.on 

Contoocook  river,  24  sw  of  Concord. 
Hillsborough,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.J.  on  an  af- 
fluent of  Raritan  river. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa.  200  w  H. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Caroline  co.  Md.  60  e  An. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Loudon  co.Va.  166  n  of  R. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Orange  co.  N.  C.  40 

nw  of  Raleigh. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Jasper  co.  Ga.  28  nw  of  M. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  127  N  T. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Miss.  48  e  J. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  Coffee  co.  Term.  76  se  Ne. 
Hillsborough,'  pv.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  90  e  of  F. 
Hillsborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Highland  co.  O.  75 

sw  of  Columbus.  [of  Is. 

Hillsborough,  pv.  Fountain  co.  Ind.  60  wnw 
Hillsborough,   pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co. 

111.  64  s  of  Springfield.  [river. 

Hillsborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Jef.  co.  Mo.  on  Big 
Hillsborough  Bridge,  pv.  Hillsborough  co. 

N.H.  21  sw  of  Concord. 
Hillsborough  Centre,  pv.  Hillsborough  co. 

N.  H.  24  sw  of  Concord. 
Hillsdale,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  45  s  of  Al. 
Hillsdale,  pv.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  98  wsw  D. 
Hillsville,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  245  wnw  H. 
Hilltown,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
Hinckley,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  130  nne  of  Cs. 
Hinesburg,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  42  w  Mtr. 
Hinesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Liberty  co.  Ga.  196 

se  of  Milledgeville.  [15  se  of  B. 

Hingham,  hing'gum,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 
Hinkletown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  42  ese  H. 
Hinsdale,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  on  Ashue- 

lot  river. 
Hinsdale,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  120  w  of  B. 
Hinsdale,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y. 
Hiram,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 
Hiram,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  154  ne  of  Cs. 
Hitchcockville,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn,  on 

Fannington  river. 
Hitesville,  pv.  Coles  co.  111.  108  ese  of  Sd. 
Hiwassee  r.  Tenn.  enters  Tennessee  r. 
Hobart,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  65  wsw  Al. 
Hoboken,  N.  J.    See  Gazetteer. 
Hockhocking  r.  O.  flows  into  the  Ohio  r. 
Hocking,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Hocking  City,  pv.  Athens  co.  0. 100  se  of  Cs. 
Hockingport,  pv.  Athens  co.  0. 104  se  of  Cs. 
Hodgdon,  pt.  Aroostook  co.  Me. 
Hodgensville,  pv.  Hardin  co.  Ky.  89  sw  F. 
Hoffsville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Va.  250  nw  R. 
Hogansport,  pv.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  on  St. 

Reikis  river. 
Hogestown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  9  sw  H. 
Hokesville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  160  wsw 

of  Raleigh. 
Holden,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  48  w  of  B. 
Holderness,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  38  H  of  Cd. 
Holderness  Centre,  pv.  Grafton  CO.  N.H. 

40  n  of  Concord. 


Holland,  Tp.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  56  nne  ol  Mtr 
Holland,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  67  sw  of  B. 
Holland,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  284  W  of  Al. 
Holland  Patent,  pv.  Oneida  co.N.Y.  12 N  of 

Utica.  [canal. 

Holley,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Erie 
Hollidaysburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Blair  co.  Pa. 

on  Beaver  dam  cr. 
Hollis,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 
Hollis,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.H.44  s  of  Cd. 
Holliston,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  2   sw  B 
Holly,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich. 
Holly  Springs,  pv.  cap.  of  Marshall  co. 

Miss.  193  N  of  Jackson. 
Holmdel,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.J.  45  e  of  Tn. 
Holmesburg,  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  9  w  of 

Bristol. 
Holmes  Hole,  pv.  Dukes  co.  Mass.  89  sse  B. 
Holmesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Appling  co.  Ga.  177 

sse  of  Milledgeville.   [Bogue  Chitto  river. 
Holmesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike   co.  Miss,  on 
Holmesville,  pv.  Avoyelles  par.  La. 
Holmesville,  pv.  Holmes  co.  O.  93  ne  of  Cs. 
Hols  i on  r.  Tenn.    See  Gazetteer. 
Home,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  98  se  of  Is.   [cr 
Homer,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  on  Toughnioga 
Homer,  tp.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Federal  cr. 
Homer,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  46  ne  of  Cs. 
Homer,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  [Lake. 

Honeoye,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  Honeoye 
Honeoye  Falls,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.   on 

Honeoye  creek.  [long  and  1  wide. 

Honeoye  Lake,  N.Y.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  5  m. 
Honesdale,  borough,  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Pa. 

172  ne  of  Harrisburg. 
Honeybrook,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  38  nw  Phila. 
Honey ville,  pv.Pageco.  Va.  on  Shenandoah 

river.  [mack  r. 

Hookset,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  on  Merri- 
Hookstown,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  13  sw  Beaver. 
Hoosick  r.  N.Y.  rises  in  Mass.  and  Vt.  and 

flows  into  the  Hudson  in  Rensselaer  co. 
Hoosick,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  32  ne  of  Al. 
Hoosick  Falls,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  on 

Hoosick  r. 
Hootensville,  pv.  Upson  co.  Ga.  on  Flint  r 
Hope,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  36  ese  of  A. 
Hope,  pt.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  58  nw  of  Al. 
Hope,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  66  n  of  Tn. 
Hopewell,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  187  w  of  Al. 
Hopewell,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Co- 

hansey  creek,  \ 

Hopewell,  pt.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  17  N  of  Tn. 
Hopewell,  pt.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  [ford. 

Hopewell,  pt.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  15  ne  of  Bed- 
Hopewell,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  21  w  of 

Carlisle.  [Huntingdon. 

Hopewell,  pt.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  13  sw  of 
Hopewell,  pt.  Washington  co.  Pa.  12  WW  of 

Washington  borough. 
Hopewell,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  14  se  of  Yotk. 
Hopewell,   pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.   170 

wsw  of  Raleigh. 
Hopewell,  pv.  York  dist.  S.  C.  92  n  of  Ca. 
Plopewell,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 
Hopewell,  pt.  Muskingum  co.  O.  46  E  of  Cs. 
Hopewell,  tp.  Perry  co.  O.  on  Jonathan's  cr 
Hopewell,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O.  on  Sandusky  r. 
Hopkinsville,  pv.  Chattooga  co.  Ga.  on  Lit- 
tle river.  [200  sw  of  F 
Hopkinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Christian  co.  Ky 
Hopkinsville,  pt.  Warren  co.  O.  96  wsw  Cs 
Hopkinsville,  v.  cap.  of  Adair  co.  Mo. 
Hopkinton,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  7  w  Cd 


HUL 


G20 


IND 


Hopkinton,  pt  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  29  wsw 
of  Boston. 

Hopkinton,  pt.Wn.  co.  R.I.  on  Wood  r. 

Ilopkinton,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  St. 
Reg'vz  river. 

Horace,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 

Horicox,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson  r. 

Hornby,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  [nisteo  r. 

•Iornellsville,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Ca- 

Hprntown,  pv.  Accomack  co.  Va. 

Horn  Island,  an  island  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, off  the  mouth  of  Pascagoula  river. 

Hors'iiam,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  16  n  of 
Philadelphia. 

Horse  Race,  N.Y.  a  name  given  to  the  Hud- 
son r.  just  before  it  leaves  the  Highlands. 

Hoskinsville,  pv.  Morgan  co.  O.  90  e  of  Cs. 

Hot  Springs,  pv.  Bath  co.  Va.  170  wnw  of 
R.  Here  are  remarkable  springs,  charged 
with  various  mineral  ingredients. 

Hot  Springs,  pv.  cap.  of  Hot  Springs  co.  Ark. 
53  w  of  Little  Rock.  [ne  of  A. 

Houlton,  pv.  cap.  of  Aroostook  co.  Me.  196 

Houma,  pv.  cap.  of  Terre  Bonne  par.  La.  132 
sw  of  New  Orleans.  [Watertown. 

Hotjnsfield,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  6  w  of 

Houston,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 

Houston,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Tenn.  110  sw  of  Ne. 

Houston,  pv.  cap.  of  Chickasaw  co.  Miss.  145 
ne  of  Jackson. 

Houston,  Texas.     See  Gazetteer. 

Houston,  hews'ton,  a  co.  in  the  e  part  of 
Texas,  between  Trinity  river  and  the  Ne- 
ches.  It  is  mostly  covered  with  woods;  soil 
along  the  Trinity,  and  on  some  of  the  up- 
lands, very  fertile.  Near  the  Neches,  it  is 
somewhat  sandy.  Capitals,  Crockett  and 
Fort  Houston. 

Houstonville,  pv.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  154  w 
of  Raleigh. 

Howard,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 

Howard,  pt.  Centre  co.  Pa.  97  Nwof  H. 

Howard,  tp.  Knox  co.  O.  on  Vernon  r. 

Howard,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Howard's  Gore,  Oxford  co.  Me. 

Howell,  tp.  Monmouth  co.  N.  .1. 

Howell,  pv.  Cobb  co.  Ga.  112  nw  of  M. 

Howell,  pv.  cap.  of  Livingston  co.  Mich.  50 
w  of  Detroit. 

Howellsville,  pv.  Delaware  oo.  Pa. 

Howellsville,  pv.  Warren  co.  Va.  on  Shenan- 
doah river.  [quis  river. 

Howland,  pt.  Penobscot  co.'Me.  on  Piscata- 

Howland,  tp.  Trumbull  co.  O. 

Hoysville,  pv.  Loudon  co.Va.  166  n  of  R. 

Hubbard,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  0. 180  se  Warren. 

Ht-bbardston,  pt.Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  54  w  B. 

Hc3bardton,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  on  Hub- 
bardton  river. 

Hublersburg,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  88  nw  of  II. 

Hudson,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  68  s  of  Cd. 

Hudson,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Hudson,  pv.  Summit  co.  O.  137  ne  of  Cs. 

Hudson,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  84  sw  of  D. 

Hudson,  pv.  La  Porte  co.  Ind.  158  N  of  Is. 

Hudson,  pv.  M'Lean  co.  111.  94  ne  of  Sd. 

Hudsoxvillk,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Miss.  200  n  J. 

Hudsonvi'le,  pv.  Breckenridge  co.  Ky.  120 
wsw  of  Frankfort. 

Hughesville,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  90  n  H. 

Hughsonville,  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y. 

Hulburton,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Erie  canal. 

Hull,  tp.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  9  ese  of  B. 


Hulmeville,  hume'vill,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  18 

ne  of  Philadelphia.' 
Hume,  pt.  Alleghany  co.N.Y.  on  Genesee  r. 
Hummelstown,  borough,  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  9 

E  of  Harrisburg. 
Humphrey,  tp.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 
Humphreysville,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn. 

50  sw  of  Hartford. 
Hunter,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  18  w  Catskill. 
Hunterstown,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  35  sw  H 
Huntersville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pocahontas  co.Va 

190  wnw  of  Richmond. 
Huntersville,  pv.  Hardin  co.  O.  80  nw  of  Cs. 
Huntingdon,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  12  ne  of  Get- 

tysburg.  [Pa.  92  wnw  of  H. 

Huntingdon,  borough,  cap.  of  Huntingdon  co. 
Huntingdon,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  [w  of  Ne. 
Huntingdon,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Tenn.  93 
Huntington,  tp.  Chittenden  co.Vt.  20  w  Mtr. 
Huutington,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  17  w  of 

New  Haven. 
Huntington,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Huntington,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  82  nw  Ca. 
Huntington,  tp.  Brown  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Huntington,  tp.  Gallia  co.  O.  on  Racoon  cr. 
Huntington,  pt.  Lorain  co.  0. 20  sw  of  Elyria. 
Huntington,  tp.  Ross  co.  O.       [on  Wabash  r. 
Huntington,  pv.  cap.  of  Huntington  co.  Ind. 
Huntingtown,  pv.  Calvert  co.  Md.  42  sw  of 

Annapolis. 
Huntsburg,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  175  ne  of  Cs. 
Hunt's  Hollow,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N  Y. 
Huntsville,  pv.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  on  Yadkin  r. 
Huntsville,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  56  nw  Ca. 
Huntsville,  pv.  Paulding  co.  Ga.  136  wnw  M. 
Huntsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Ala.  150. 

nne  of  Tuscaloosa. 
Huntsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Ark. 
Huntsville,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  95  wsw  of  Cs. 
Huntsville,  pv.  Schuyler  co.  111.  80  wnw  Sd. 
Huntsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Randolph  co.  Mo.  on 

Chariton  river. 
Huntsville,  v.  of  Texas,  60  n  of  Houston. 
Hurley,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  60  ssw  of  Al. 
Hurl  Gate.    See  Hell  Gate. 
Huron  r.  O.  flows  into  Lake  Erie  at  Huron. 
Huron  r.  Mich,  flows  into  Lake  Erie. 
Huron,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake  Ontario. 
Huron,  pv.  Erie  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie. 
Huron,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  29  sw  of  D. 
Hurricane,  tp'.  Lincoln  co.  Mo. 
Huston,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 
Hustonville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  53  sse  F 
Hutsonville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  III. 
Hyannis,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  77  se  B. 
Hyattstown,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Md.  72  w  An. 
Hyattsville,  pv.  Miami  co.  O.  82  w  of  Cs, 
Hyde  Park,  pv.  cap.  of  Lamoille  co.Vt.  31  g 

of  Montpelier.  [river. 

Hyde  Park,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson 
Hydesburg,  pv.  Ralls  co.  Mo.  108  nne  of 

Jefferson  City. 

Iberia,  pv.  Marion  co.  O.  54  n  of  Cs. 
Iberia,  pv.  Miller  co.  Mo.  50  sw  of  Jef.  City 
Iberville,  pv.  Iberville  par.  La.  92  wnw  N.O 
Ickesburg,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  40  nw  of  H. 
Ijamsville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  70  nw  An. 
Imlaytown,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N  J.  10  e  Tn. 
Illinois  r.  Indian  Territory,  flows  into  Ark.  r 
Illinois  City,  pv.  Rock  Island  co.  111. 
Independence  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  Black  r. 
Independence,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  20  8K 
of  Angelica. 


IOW 


621 


JAC 


Independence,  tp.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  14  ne  of 

Belvidere. 
Independence,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Independence,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  94  se  T. 
Independence,  pv.  Henderson  co.  Tenn. 
Independence,  pv.  cap.  of  Kenton  co.  Ky.  82 

nxk  of  Frankfort.  [Cleveland. 

Independence,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  10  s  of 
Independence,  tp.  Washington  co.  O. 
Independence,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich. 
Independence,  pv.  Warren  co.  Ind.  85  nw  Is. 
Independence,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Mo.  146 

wnw  of  Jef.  City.    It  is  the  general  place 

of  departure  of  the  Santa  Fe  traders. 
Indi  vna,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  10  ne  Pittsburg. 
Indiana,  borough,  cap.  of  Indiana  co.  Pa.  155 

wnw  of  Harrisburg. 
Indian  Key,  pt.  Dade  co.  Florida. 
Indian  Lake,  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  4  m.  long 

and  1  wide. 
Indian  r.  N.  H.  an  upper  br.  of  the  Conn.  r. 
Indian  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Oswegatchie  r. 
Indian  r.  Flor.  a  vast  lagoon,  100  m.  long. 
Indian  R.  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 
Indian  Springs,  pv.  Butts  co.  Ga.  52  w  M. 
Indian  Stream,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H. 

INDIAN  or  WESTERN  TERRITORY, 

a  tract  which  has  been  set  apart  by  the  U.  S. 
government  for  the  permanent  residence  of 
the  Indian  tribes  who  have  been  removed 
from  the  different  states.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
N  by  Platte  r.,  e  by  the  Missouri  r.  and  state, 
s  by  the  Red  r.,  and  w  by  the  desert  country 
sometimes  called  the  '•  Great  American  De- 
sert." It  is  about  600  m.  in  extent  from  n  to 
8,  and  400  or  500  from  e  to  w.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  territory  is  prairie,  but  the  margins 
of  the  streams  are  generally  lined  with  wood. 
All  the  productions  of  the  U.  S.  of  the  same 
latitude  can  be  raised  here,  and  the  country 
seems  to  be  also  exceedingly  well  adapted 
for  grazing. 

Indian  Town,  pv.  Currituck  co.  N.  C.  2Q0 
ENEof  Raleigh. 

Indian  Town,  pv.  Williamsburg  dist.  S.  C. 

Industry,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  34  nw  of  A. 

Industry,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  230  w  of  H. 

Ingham,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich.  77  w  of  D. 

Ingles  Ferry,  pv.  Montg.  co.Va.  215  w  R. 

Intercourse,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  48  e  of  H. 

Inigoes,  St.  pv.St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  105  s  An. 

Iola,  pv. Calhoun  co.  Flor.on  Appalachicolar. 

Ionia   pv.  cap.  of  Ionia  co.  Mich,  on  Grand  r. 

Ionia,  v.  Morgan  co.  Mo.  on  Moreau  cr. 

Iosco,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich. 

Iowa  City,  capital  of  the  state  of  Iowa,  and 
sea.  of  justice  of  Johnson  co.,  on  the  left  or 
e  bank  of  Iowa  r.,  70  or  SO  m.  from  its 
mouth.     Pop  2,000. 

Iowa  r.  rises  in  Chapeau  Lake,  and  after  a 
course  of  above  300  m.  in  a  general  south- 
easterly direction,  falls  into  the  Mississippi. 
It  rs  navigable  for  boats  at  all  seasons  as  far 
as  Iowa  City. 

Iowa  Indians,  a  tribe  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Iowa. 

IOWA  TERRITORY,  an  extensive  ter- 
ritory of  the  U.S.,  bounded  on  the  n  by  British 
North  America,  e  by  Wisconsin  and  Illinois, 
from  which  it  is  for  the  most  part  separated 
by  the  Mississippi  r.,  s  by  Missouri,  and  w  by 


the  Indian  and  Missouri  Territories.  The 
Missouri  r.  marks  nearly  the  whole  of  its 
western  boundary.  In  the  se  part  both  cli- 
mate and  soil  appear  to  be  well  adapted  for 
agricultural  settlements.  In  the  e  part  of  the 
territory,  along  the  Mississippi  r.,  both  n  and  8 
of  the  Macoqueta  r.,  is  a  valuable  mineral  re- 
gion, abounding  in  lead,  zinc,  and  ;ron.  The 
people  of  Iowa  have  recently  accepted  the 
proposition  made  by  Congress  (1845-6)  to 
erect  the  s  portion  of  the  territory  into  a 
sovereign  state.    See  Iowa,  Gazetteer. 

Ipswich,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 

Ira,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  70  ssw  of  Mtr. 

Ira,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  170  w  of  Al. 

Ira,  tp.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 

Irasburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Orleans  co.Vt.  45  N  Mtr. 

Iroquois,  pv.  Iroquois  co.  111.  on  Iroquois  r. 

Irondequoit,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  5  N  of  Ro- 
chester. 

Irondequoit  cr.  and  bay,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y. 
communicating  with  Lake  Ontario. 

Irville,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  56  e  of  Cs. 

Irvine,  pv.  cap.  of  Estill  co.  Ky.  on  Ky.  r. 

Irving,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Erie. 

Irving,  v.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  26  n  of  N.Y. 

Irvingsville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  76  wnw 
of  Boston. 

Irwin,  tp.Venango  co.  Pa.  12  sw  of  Franklin 

Irwinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Wilkinson  co.  Ga.  20  a 
of  Milledgeville. 

Irwinton,  pv.  Barbour  co.  Ala.  200  ne  of  T. 

Irwinville,  pv.  cap.  of  Irwin  co.  Ga.  105  s  M. 

Island  Cr.  pt.  Jefferson  co.  O. 

Isleborough,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  54  e  of  A. 

Isle  of  Shoals,  eight  islets  on  the  coast  of 
N.  H.  and  Me. 

Islip,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  Island. 

Israel,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 

Israel's  r.  N.  H  flows  into  Connecticut  r. 

Italy,  tp.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  15  w  of  Penu  Yan. 

Ithaca,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Ithaca,  pv.  Darke  co.  O.  104  w  of  Cs. 

Ivy  Mills,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  88  e  of  H. 

Izard  C.  H.  Ark.    See  Athens. 

Jacinto,  pv.  cap.  of  Tishamingo  co.  Miss. 

230  nne  of  Jackson. 
Jackson,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  47  ne  of  A. 
Jackson,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  80  n  of  Cd. 
Jackson,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  40  ne  Al. 
Jackson,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 
Jackson,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 
Jackson,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa. 
Jackson,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 
Jackson,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  7  E  of  Lebanon. 
Jackson,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  P. 
Jackson,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa, 
Jackson,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 
Jackson,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 
Jackson  C.  II.  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.Va. 
Jackson,  pv.  Northampton  co.  N.C.  108  ne  Rh, 
Jackson,  pv.  cap.  of  Butts  co.  Ga.  67  w  of  INI 
Jackson,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ala.  160  s  of  T. 
Jackson  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Miss.  235 

se  of  Jackson. 
Jackson,  pv.  East  Feliciana  par.  La.  124  nw 

of  New  Orleans. 
Jackson,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ark. 
Jackson,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Tenn.  134 

wsw  of  Nashville. 
Jackson,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 
Jackson,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 


JAM 


622 


JEF 


Tacksou,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Highland  co.  O.         [Chilicothe. 

Jackson,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  O.  28  se  of 

Jackson,  tp.  Monroe  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Pike  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Sandusky  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Mahoning  co.  O. 

Jackson,  tp.  Ashland  co.  0. 

Jackson,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Mich,  on 
Grand  river,  79  w  of  Detroit. 

Jackson, tp.  Dearborn  co.  Ind. 

Jackson,  tp. Hancock  co.  Ind. 
Tackson,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  Jnd. 

Jackson,  tp.  Shelby  co.  Ind. 

Jackson,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 

Jackson,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 

Jackson,  pv.  cap.  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.  Mo. 
196  se  of  Jefferson  City.  [Little  Rock. 

Jackson,   pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ark.  140  ne  of 

Jackson,  a  co.  in  the  southern  part  of  Texas, 
6n  Matagorda  Bay.  Soil  consisting  of  a 
deep  layer  of  black  mould  ;  very  fertile. 
Indigo  is  produced  in  abundance.  Capital, 
Texana.  [of  Al. 

Jacksonborough,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  62  w 

Jacksonborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Scriven  co.  Ga. 
116  ese  of  Milledgeville.    * 

Jacksonborough,  pv.  Butler  co.  0. 90  wsw  Cs. 

Jacksonburg,  v.  Butler  co.  O. 

Jacksonburg,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  57  e  of  Is. 

Jacksonham,  pv.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.  80  ne 
of  Columbia.  [James  r. 

Jackson  r.  Va.  one  of  the  head  branches  of 

Jacksontown,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  31  ne  Cs. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Windham co.Vt.  142  sMtr. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  170  wAl. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  90ene  of  H. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Sumter  dist.  S.  C.  90  e  Ca. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Telfair  co.  Ga.  on 
Ocmulgee  river.  [river. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Duval  co.  Flor.  on  St.  John's 

Jacksonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Benton  co.  Ala.  140 
ene  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Jacksonville,  pv.  Darke  co.  O.  94  w  of  Cs. 

Jacksonville,  pv. Switzerland  co.  Ind. 110  se  Is. 

Jacksonville,  111.     See  Gazetteer. 

Jacksonville,  v.  Washington  co.  Texas,  10 
sw  of  Washington. 

Jacobsburg,  pv.' Northampton  co.  Pa. 

Jacobsburg,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  126  e  of  Cs. 

Jacquemel  or  Jacmel,  zhakMnel',  a  sea-port 
on  the  s  coast  of  Hayti,  30  m.  sw  of  Port- 
au-Prince. 

Jaffrey,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  48  sw  of  Cd. 

Jalapa.     See  Xalapa,  Gazetteer. 

Jalisco  or  Xalisco,  Hah-lis'ko,  a  large  and 
populous  Mexican  state,  nw  of  the  city  of 
Mexico,  and  bordering  on  the  Pacific.  Area 
74,500  sq.m.  Pop.  800,000.  Capital,  Gua- 
dalaxara. 

Jamaica,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  West  r. 

Jamaica,  pt.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  12  e  of  N.Y. 

Jamaica  Plains,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  6  sw  B. 

James  r.  Mo.  flows  into  White  r. 

Jamestown,  tp.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  3  w  of 
Newport  [outlet  of  Chantauque  L. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  the 


Jamestown,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  250  wnw  H. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  on 
Appomattox  river. 

Jamestown,  on  James  r.Va.   See  Gazetteer. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  on  Deepr. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ala.  on  Tombig- 
bee  river.  [124  e  of  Ne 

Jamestown,  pv.  cap.  of  Fentress  co.  Tenn. 

Jamestown,  pv.  cap.  of  Russell  co.  Ky.  100  a 
of  Frankfort. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Greene  co.  O.  64  wsw  of  Cs 

Jamestown,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ind.  28  nw  of  Is. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Sangamon  co.  111.  15  fromSd. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Andrew  co.  Mo.  4  n  of  Mo.  r. 

Jamestown,  pv.  Grant  co.Wis.  108  w  Madi  son. 

Jamesville.  pv.  Onondaga  co.N.Y.  127  w  Al. 

Jamesville,  pv.  Southampton  co.  Va.     [river. 

Jamesville,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  N.  C.  on  Valley 

Janesville,  pv.  Rock  co.  Wis.  on  Rock  r. 

Jarvis  Gore,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me. 

Jasper,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  18  sw  of  Bath. 

Jasper,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Tenn.  on  Se- 
quatchy  river.  [of  Tallahassee. 

Jasper,  pv.  cap.  of  Hamilton  co.  Flor.  90  e 

Jasper,  pv.  cap.  of  Walker  co.  Ala.  48  ne  of  T. 

Jasper,  pv.  Pike  co.  O.  66  s  of  Cs.  [cr. 

Jasper,  pv.  cap.  of  Dubois  co.  Ind.  on  Patoka 

Jasper,  pv.  cap.  of  Jasper  co.  Mo.  160  sw  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Jasper,  a  co.  in  the  e  part  of  Texas,  between 
the  Neches  and  Sabine  rivers.  Soil  on  the 
margins  of  the  streams  very  fertile  ;  in  the 
central  and  western  parts  sandy. 

Jasper,  the  capital  of  the  above,  on  Sandy  cr., 
an  affluent  of  the  Neches,  150  m.  nne  of 
Galveston.    Pop.  150. 

Java,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  cr. 

Jay,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  on  Androscoggin  r. 

Jay,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  58  N  of  Mtr. 

Jay,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  148  n  of  Al.      [nie  r. 

Jay  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Jay  co.  Ind.  on  Salama- 

Jefferson,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  21  se  of  A. 

Jefferson,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Israel's  r. 

Jefferson,  v.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  L. 

Jefferson,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  56  w  of  Al. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  15  nw  of  Mor- 

Jefferson,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.         [ristown. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  [river. 

Jefferson,  pt.  Greene  co.  Pa.  on  Monongahela 

Jefferson,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Jefferson,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  83  nw  of  An. 

Jefferson,  pv.  cap.  of  Asheco.N.  Con  New  r. 

Jefferson,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Ga.  on  Oco- 
nee river.  [Coosa  r. 

Jefferson,  pv.  cap.  of  Cherokee  co.  Ala    on 

Jefferson,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn.  22  se  Ne. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Adams  co.  O  [of  Cs. 

Jefferson,  pv.  cap.  of  Ashtabula  co.  O.  204  nk 

Jefferson,  tp.  Fayette  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O.  12  E  of  Cs. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Logan  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  v.  Madison  co.  O.  14  w  af  Cs. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Ross  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Scioto  co.  O.  on  Scioto  r. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Jefferson,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Ind.  46  n  of  Is. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 

Jefferson!  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 

Jefferson,  tp.  Cole  co.  Mo. 


JOH 


G23 


KAT 


Jefferson,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mo.  [of  Madison. 
Jefferson,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Wis.  3G  e 
Jefferson,  a  co.  occupying  the  ese  extremity  of 
Texas,  bordering  on  L.  Sabine.  A  narrow 
strip  in  the  n  part  is  covered  with  wood. 
Along  the  streams  the  soil  is  very  rich  ;  in 
some  parts  there  are  extensive  swamps  well 
adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  rice.  Capital, 
Beaumont.  [142  e  of  Jef.  City. 

Jefferson  Barracks,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo. 

Teffersonton,  pv.  Culpepper  co.Va.  on  Rap- 
pahannock river.  [Santilla  r. 

feffersonton,  pv.  cap.  of  Camden  co.  Ga.  on 

Ieffersontown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  66  w  j 
of  Frankfort.  [Mtr. 

Ieffersonville,  pv.  Lamoille  co.Vt.45  n  of 

Feffersonville,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  100  K  of  H. 

reffersonville,  Va.    See  Tazewell  C.H. 

Feffersonville,  pv.  Fayette  co.  O.  60  sw  of  Cs. 

ieffersonville,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 

Jena,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich.         [of  Phila. 

Jenkintown,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  10  n 

Jenks,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  [erset. 

Tenner,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  12  nw  of  Som- 

Tennersville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

Jeremie,  zherxrayvmee',  a  sea-port  on  the  n 
coast  of  Hayti,  125  m.  w  of  Port-au-Prince. 

Tericho,  pt.  Chittenden  co.Vt.  52  nw  of  Mtr. 

Jericho,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Tericho,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.C.  70  sw  of  Rh. 

lericho,  pv.  Perry  co.  Ala.  53  s  of  T. 

Tericho  Centre,  pv.  Chittenden  co.Vt.  32 
nw  of  Montpelier. 

Ieromesville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  O.  82  ne  of  Cs. 

Jersey,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Mead  cr. 

Jersey,  pt.  Licking  co.  0. 35  ne  of  Cs.  [river. 

Jersey  City,  pv.  Hudson  co.  N.J.  on  Hudson 

Jersey  Shore,  borough,  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  on 
the  w  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  river,  100 
nnw  of  Harrisburg. 

Terseytown,  pv.  Montour  co.  Pa.  84  NofH. 

Terseyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Jersey  co.  111.  70  sw 
of  Springfield.  [Yan. 

Terusalem,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  5  w  of  Penn 

Terusalem.  pv.  cap.  of  Southampton  co.  Va. 
70  ese  of  Richmond.  [Long  I. 

Jerusalem  South,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on 

Jessup's  Landing,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  on 
Hudson  river.  [sofHd. 

Jewett  City,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  47 

Jobstown,  pv.  Burlington  co.N.  J.  26  sof  Tn. 

Joe's  Brook,  or  Merritt  r.  Vt.  one  of  the 
affluents  of  Pasumsic  river. 

John's  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  Conn.  r. 

John's  r.  N.  C.  falls  into  the  Catawba. 

Johns,  St.  a  r.  of  Flor.  which  rises  in  a  vast 
marsh,  and  flowing  northerly  nearly  par- 
allel to  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic,  falls  into 
the  ocean  in  Lai.  30°  20'  n. 

John's,  St.  a  small  town  of  Canada  East,  on 
the  Chambly,  near  the  N  end  of  L.  Cham- 
plain, 23m  se  of  Montreal.  A  railroad,  15 
m.  in  length,  connects  it  with  La  Prairie,  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  whence  a  steam  ferry 
keepsup  the  communication  with  Montreal, 
9  m.  distant.  The  principal  commerce  be- 
tween New  York  and  Montreal  is  carried 
on  through  this  route,  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  St.  J'hn's  is  the  t.  of  Dorchester. 

Johnsburg,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  83  N  of  Al. 

Joiinsbury,  St.  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  37  ne  of 
Montpelier. 

Johnson,  pt.  Lamoille  co.Vt.  on  Lamoille  r. 

Johnson,  borough    Cambria  co.  Pa. 


Johnson,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 

Johnson,  tp.  Trumbull  co.  0. 12  ne  of  Warren. 

Johnson,  tp.  Barry  co.  Mich. 

Johnson,  tp.  Gibson  co.  Ind. 

Johnsonburg,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  70  n  Tn. 

Johnsonville,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C.  65 

s  of  Raleigh. 
Johnston,  tp.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  5  w  of 

Providence.  [tie  Rock. 

Johnston,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ark.  170  n  of  Lit- 
Johnston,  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  40  e  of  Is. 
Johnstown,  pv.  cap.  of  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  46 

nw  of  Albany.  [nemaugh  r. 

Johnstown,  borough,  Cambria  ef.  Pa.  on  Co- 
Johnstown,  St.  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  34  s  of  D. 
Johnstown,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  36  ne  of  Cs. 
Johnstown,  pt.  Barry  co.  Mich.  128  w  of  D. 
Johnsville,  St.  pt.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  60 

NW  of  Albany. 
Johnsville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  74  nw  An. 
Johnsville,  pv.  Dyer  co.  Tenn.  174  w  of  Ne. 
Jonesborough,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  140 

ene  of  Augusta. 
Jonesborough,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ala.  43  ne  T. 
Jonesborough,  pv.  cap.   of  Washington  co. 

Tenn.  280  e  of  Nashville.  [of  Sd. 

Jonesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  co.  111.  175  3 
Jonesborough,  v.  of  Red  River  co.  Texas,  on 

Red  river,  30  m.  nw  of  Clarksville. 
Jonesburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Camden  co.  N.  C.  on 

Pasquotank  river.  [dison  Bay. 

Jonesport,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  Ad- 
Jonestown,  pv.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  30  e  of  H. 
Jonesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lee  co.Va.  on  an  af- 
fluent of  Powell's  river. 
Jonesville,  pv.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  160  wsw  Rh. 
Jonesville,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  80  nw  of  Ca. 
Jonesville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  O.  130  E  of  Cs. 
Jonesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  92 

wsw  of  Detroit.  [canal. 

Jordan,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Erie 
Jordan,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 
Joseph,  St.  pt.  Williams  co.  O.  180  nw  of  Cs. 
Joseph,  St.  pt.  Berrien  co.  Mich.  195  w  of  D. 
Joseph's,  St.  a  bay  on  the  s  coast  of  Flor.  w 

of  the  Appalaehicola  river. 
Joseph's,  St.  r.     See  Gazetteeb. 
Juliet,   pv.   cap.   of  Will    co.   111.   on  Des 

Plaines  river. 
Juliustown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  24  s  Tn. 
Juniata  r.  Pa.     See  Gazetteer. 
Juniata,  pt.  Perry  co.  Pa.  40  wnw  of  TI. 
Junius,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  8  N  of  Waterloo 

Kalamazoo  r.  Mich.    See  Gazetteer. 
Kalamazoo,  pv.  cap.  of  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 

on  Kalamazoo  river. 
Kalamo,  tp.  Eaton  co.  Mich. 
Kaltua,  pv.  cap.  of  Putnam  co.  0. 114  sw  C*. 
Kanakanic,  tp.  M  lwaukie  co.  Wis. 
I  Kanawha  r.  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
[  Kanawha  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Kanawha  co.  Va. 
'      on  Great  Kanawha  river. 

Kanawha  Saline,  pv.  Kanawha  co.Va. 
j  Kankakee   r.  111.  joins  the  Des   Plaines,  to 
form  the  Illinois  river. 
Kanzas  or  Konzas  r.    See  Gazetteer. 
i  Kan'zas,  Kansas  or  Konzas  Indians,  a  tribe 
in  the  Indian  Territory,  dwelling  in  the 
vicinity  of  Kanzas  river.  [Susqa.  r 

Karthaus,  pv.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  on  W  Br.  of 
Kaskaskia,  III.    See  Gazetteer. 
Kat-ah'din,  Mt.  Me.  between  the  E  and  W 
branches  of  the  Penobscot.    Height  5.300  ft. 


KIN 


G24 


KNO 


Kaukalin,  pv.  Brown  co.  Wis.  on  Fox  r. 
Kayaderosseras  Mts.  N.Y.  w  of  L.  George. 

Also  a  cr.  which  flows  into  Saratoga  Lake. 
Kearsarge,  Mt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H. 
Keating,  tp.  M'Keau  co.  Pa.  on  Alleghany  r. 
Kearsly,  pt.  Genesee  co.  Mich.        [w  of  D. 
Keelersville,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich.  175 
Keene,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  on  Ashuelot  r. 
Keene,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Au  Sable  r. 
Keene,  pv.  Jessamine  co.  Ky.  33  se  of  F. 
Keene,  pt.  Coshocton  co.  O.  100  ne  of  Cs. 
Keesville,  pv.  Clinton  and  Essex  cos.  N.Y. 

on  Au  Sable  r.  [sw  of  J. 

Kellertown,  pv.  Wilkinson  co.  Miss.  118 
Kelloggsville,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y. 
Kelly,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa.  9  N  of  New  Berlin. 
Kempsville,  pv.  Princess  Anne  co.Va.  116  se 

of  Richmond.  [se  of  Rh. 

Kenansville,  pv.  cap.  of  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  90 
Kendall,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 
Kendall,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich.  167  wofD. 
Kendallville,  pv.  Noble  co.  Ind.  160  nne  Is. 
Kknnebunk,  Me.  See  Gazetteer. 
Kennebunk  Port,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Ken- 

nebunk  river.  [of  Al. 

Kennedysville,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  220  w 
Kennet,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  28  sw  of  Phila. 
Kennet  Square,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  in  Ken- 
net  township.  [Jef.  City. 
Kennonsville,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Mo.  128  n  of 
Kensington,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  II.  41  se 

of  Concord.  [Hd. 

Kensington,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  13  ssw  of 
Kensington,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 
Kensington,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  35  w of  D. 
Kent,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  50  w  of  Hd. 
Kent,  pt.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  100  s  of  Al. 
Kent,  pt.  Kent  co.  Mich.  168  wnw  of  D.     [r. 
Kenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Harding  co.  O.  on  Scioto 
Kentontown,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ky.  53  ne  F. 
Kextuckyville,  pv.  Susquehanna' co.  Pa 
KEOKUCK,city.    See  Iowa,  Gazetteer. 
Kernsville,  pv.  Noilhampton  co.  Pa.  105 ene 

of  Harrisburg.  [Madison. 

Kewaunee,  pv.  Mihvaukie  co.  Wis.  72  e  of 
Keyport,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.46e  of  Tn. 
Keysburg,  pv.  Logan  co.  Ky.  194  sw  of  F. 
Keysburg,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ill   77  w  of  Sd. 
Keysville,  pv.  Charlotte  co.  Va.  93  sw  of  R. 
Keytesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Chariton  co.  Mo.  90 

nw  of  Jefferson  City. 
Key  West.    See  Gazetteer. 
Kiamishi  r.  Indian  Territory,  flows  into  Red 

river,  6  in.  below  Fort  Towson. 
Kidron,  pv.  Coweta  co.  Ga.  96  w  of  M. 
Kidron,  Indian  Territory.     See  Dwight. 
Kick-a-poo'  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the 

E  part  of  the  Indian  Territory,  n  of  Kanzas 

river. 
Kilkenny,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.H.  106  n  of  Cd. 
Killbtjck,  pt.  Holmes  co.  O.  on  Killbuck  cr. 
Killingly,  pt. Windham  co.  Conn.  47  e  of  Hd. 
Killingwortii,  pt.  Middlesex   co.  Conn,  on 

Long  Island  Sound.  [cataquis  r. 

Kilmarnock,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  on  Pis- 
Kilmai'iock,  pv.  Lancaster  co.Va.  on  Chesa- 
peake Bay.  [2,924  ft. 
Killington  Peak,  Green  Mts  Vt.  Height 
Kimbeuton,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  75  E  of  H. 
Kimbolton,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  SS  e  of  Cs. 
KiNDERHooK,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.20  s  of  Al. 
KJnderhook  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Hudson 

in  Columbia  county. 
Kinderhook,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  84  w  of  Sd. 


King  and  Queen  C.  H.  pv.  cap  of  King  ar.d 
Queen  co.  Va.  53  ene  of  Richmond. 

Kingfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  60  nnw  of  A. 

King  George  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  King  George 
co.  Va.  82  nne  of  Richmond. 

Kingsborough,  pv.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  50 nw  Al. 

King's  Bridge,  pv.  New  York  co-  N.Y.  13  N 
of  City  Hall. 

Kingsbury,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me. 

Kingsbury,  pt.  Wn.  co.  N.Y  .on  Hudson  r. 

Kingsessing,  pt.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  7  f.w  of 
Philadelphia. 

King's  Ferry,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  173  w  Al. 

KingspoRt,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Tenn.  270  e  of  Ne. 

Kingston,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  33  sse  Cd. 

Kingston,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  on  a  br.  of 

-    Plymouth  harbour. 

Kingston,  pv.  Wn.  co.  R.  1. 32  6  of  Providence. 

Kingston,  pv.  cap.  of  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  near 
Hudson  river.    Pop.  10,233. 

Kingston,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  14  ne  of  Tn. 

Kingston,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susque- 
hanna r. 

Kingston,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  118  se  of  An. 

Kingston,  pv.  cap.  of  Lenoir  co.  N.  C.  on 
Neuse  river. 

Kingston,  pv.  Adams  co.  Miss.  120  sw  of  J. 

Kingston,  pv.  cap.  of  Autauga  co.  Ala.  on  Au- 
tauga creek. 

Kingston,  pv.  cap.  of  Roane  co.Tenn.  143  ENe. 

Kingston,  pv.  Ross  co.  O.  55  s  of  Cs. 

Kingston,  pv.  He  Kalb  co.  111.  218  nne  of  Sd. 

Kingstree,  pv.  Williamsburg  dist.  S.  C.  on 
Black  r. 

Kingsville,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  212  ne  of  Cs. 

King  William  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  King  William 
co.Va.  38  ne  of  Richmond. 

Kingwood,  pt.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  29  nw  Tn. 

Kingwood,  pv.  cap.  of  Preston  co.  Va.  284  NW 
of  Richmond. 

Kinsman,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  193  ne  of  Cs. 

Kinzua,  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  2'20  nw  of  H. 

Ki'o-way  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  sw 
part  of  the  Indian  Territory. 

Kirby,  tp.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  36  ne  of  Mtr. 

Kirkersville,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  22  e  of  Cs. 

Kirkland,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  84  ne  of  A. 

Kirkland,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  100  wnw  of  Al. 

Kirkville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  130  w  Al. 

Kirksville,  pv.  Butler  co.  Ala.  140  sse  of  T. 

Kirkwood,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 

Kirtland,  pt.  Lake  co.  O.  167  ne  of  Cs. 

Kisiiwaukie,  pv.  Winnebago  co.  HI.  197  n  Sd. 

Kiskimin'etas,  pt.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Conemaugh  or  Kiskiminetas  river. 

Kittaning,  borough,  cap.  of  Armstrong  co. 
Pa.  on  the  Alleghany  river. 

Kittatinny,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
Blue  Mountains,  where  they  cross  the  Dela- 
ware at  the  Water  Gap. 

Kittery,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Piscataqua  r. 

Klamet.     See  Tlamath. 

Knigiitstown,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  33  e  of  Is 

Knottsville,  pv.  Monongalia  co.  Va.  266  nw 
of  Richmond. 

Knottsville,  pv.  Daviess  co.  Ky.  150  w  sw  F 

Knowlesville,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Erie  canal. 

Knowlton,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  66  N  of  Tn 

Knox,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  35  ne  of  A. 

Knox,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  21  w  of  Al. 

Knox,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 

Knox,  ip.  Jefferson  co.  O.  [of  An 

Knoxville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  90  wnw 


LAG 


C25 


LAR 


fcaioxpille,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  eo.  Ga.  55 
sw  of  Milledgeville.  foil  Holston  r. 

Knoxville,  city,  and  cap.  of  Knox  co.  Tenn. 

Knoxville,  pv.' Jefferson  co.  O.  140  e  of  Cs. 

Knoxville,  pv.  Knox  co.  Ind.  138  sw  of  Is. 

Knoxville,  pv.  cap.  of  Knox  co.  111.  100  wnw 
of  Springfield. 

Knoxville,  pv.  Ray  co.  Mo.  156  wnw  Jef.City. 

KootanaI  or  Kootanye  (koo-ta-nl')  Indians, 
a  tribe  in  the  e  part  of  Oregon,  dwelling  on 
the  banks  of  M  'Gillivray's  river. 

Kortwright,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  on  De- 
laware river. 

Kosciusko,  pv.  cap.  of  Attala  co.  Miss,  on 
Yockonockony  r.        [co.  Pa.  100  ene  of  H. 

Kreidersville,  krl'ders-vil,  pv.Northampton 

Kuler,  tp.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 

Kutztown,  borough,  Berks  co.  Pa.  69  e  of  H. 

La  Baca.    See  La  Vacca. 

Lackawanna  r.  Pa.  enters  the  Susquehanna 

at  Pittstown. 
Lackawanna,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.      [cos.  Pa. 
Lackawannoc  Mts.  in  Luzerne  and  Wayne 
Lackawannock,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  6  sw  of 

Mercer.  [in  Pike  co. 

Lackawaxen  r.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Delaware 
Lackawaxen,  pt.  Pike  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 
Lacon,  pv.  cap.  of  Marshall  co.  111.  en  111.  r. 
Laconia,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  147  s  of  Is. 
Ladiesburg,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  80  nw  of 

Annapolis. 
Lafargeville,  pv.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  182  nw  Al. 
La  Fayettk,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  130  w 

of  Albany.  [kill  r. 

La  Fayette,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  on  Paulins- 
La  Fayette,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Va.  188  w  of  R. 
La  Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of  Walker  co.  Ga.  on 

Chattooga  river,  200  nw  of  Milledgeville. 
La  Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of  Chambers  co.  Ala. 

160  e  of  Tuscaloosa. 
La  Fayette,  city  and  cap.  of  Jefferson  par.  La. 

2  w  of  New  Orleans.  [Ark. 

La  Fayette  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  La  Fayette  co. 
La  Fayette,  pv.  Christian  co.  Ky.  220  sw  F. 
La  Fayette,  pv.  Madison  co.  O.  22  w  of  Cs. 
La  Fayette,  tp.  Medina  co.  O. 
La  Fayette,  tp.  Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 
La  Fayette,  pv.  cap.  of  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind. 

on  the  Wabash  river. 
Lafourche  r.  La.    See  Gazetteer. 
La  Grange,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  97  nne  A. 
La  Grange,  tp.  Dutchess  co.  NY. 
La  Grange,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  92  w  Rh. 
La  Grange,  pv.  cap.  of  Troup  co.  Ga.  120  w 

of  Milledgeville. 
La  Grange,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ala.  136  n  of  T. 
La  Grange,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  184  sw  Ne. 
LaGransri,  pv.  cap.  of  Oldham  co.  Ky.  on 

the  Ohio  river. 
I  ia  Grange,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  110  nne  of  Cs. 
La  Grange,  pt.  Cassco.  Mich,  on  Putnam's  cr. 
[ia  Grange,  pv.  Henry  co.  111.  134  N  of  Sd. 
La  Grange,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Mo.  on  the  Miss.  r. 
La  Grange,  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Texas,  on 

the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado,  65  m.  se  of 

Austin.     Pop.  350. 
Lagro,  pt.  Wabash  co.  Ind.  94  n  of  Is. 
Laguxa,  lah-goo'na,  a  sea-port  of  Mexico, 

on  Carmen  l.  350  m.  s  by  E  of  Vera  Cruz. 

Mahogany  and   logwood  are    exported   to 

the  United  States. 
Laguna   del  Madre,  lah-goo'na.  del   man'- 

ray,  an  extensive  lagoon  on  the  coast  of 
53 


Texas,  reaching  from  Corpus  Christi  Bay 
nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande. 
Entire  length  about  120  m.;  greatest  breadth 
perhaps  15  m. 

Lake,  tp.  Logan  co.  O. 

Lake,  pt.  Stark  co.  O.  134  ne  of  Cs. 

Lake,  tp.  Ashland  co.  O.on  Mohiccan  r. 

Lake  C.  H.  Ind.    See  Crown  Point. 

Lake  Landing,  pv.  cap.  of  Hyde  co.  N.  C 
on  Mattimuskeet  Lake. 

Lake  Pleasant,  pv.  cap.  of  Hamilton  co. 
N.Y.  on  Lake  Pleasant. 

Lake  Providence,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  par 
La.  on  the  Mississippi  river.  [n  of  Is 

Laketon,  pv.  Wabash  co.  Ind.  on  Eel  r.  104 

Lakeville,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  20 e  N.York. 

Lakeville,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  43  nw  of  D. 

La- mar',  pt.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Lamar,  a  co.  in  the  n  part  of  Texas,  border- 
ing on  Red  river.  It  is  mostly  woodland  : 
soil,  especially  in  the  n  and  middle  portions, 
very  rich.     Capital,  Paris. 

Lamar,  a  v.  of  Refugio  co.  Texas,  on  Aran- 
sas Bay,  opposite  to  Aransas,  160  m.  s  of 
Austin.  [nw  of  Tn. 

Lambertsville,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.J.  15 

Lambertsville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  70  swD. 

La  Mine  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Missouri. 

Lamoille  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Lake  Champlain. 

La  Mott,  i.  Vt.  in  Lake  Champlain.     [river. 

Lampeter,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  Conestoga 

Lampeter  Square,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  43 
se  of  Harrisburg.      [into  the  Piscataqua  r. 

Lamprey  r.  N.  H.  flows  through  Great  Bay 

Lancaster,  pv.  cap.  of  Coos  co.  N.  H.  near 
Connecticut  river. 

Lancaster,  pt. Worcester  co.  Mass.  36  W  of  B. 

Lancaster,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga  cr. 

Lancaster,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer.  [83  e  of  R. 

Lancaster  C.  H.pv.  cap.  of  Lancaster  co.  Va. 

Lancaster  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Lancaster  dist. 
S.  C.  72  nne  of  Columbia. 

Lancaster,  pv.  Smith  co.  Tenn.  60  se  of  Ne. 

Lancaster,  pv.  cap.  of  Garrard  co.Ky.57  s  F. 

Lancaster,  pv.  cap.  of  Fairfield  co.  O.  30  se 
of  Columbus. 

Lancaster,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  74  sse  of  Is. 

Lancaster,  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  24  sw  of  Sd. 

Lancaster,  pv.  cap.  of  Grant  co.  Wis.  96  wsw 
of  Madison. 

Landaff,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  84  nw  of  Cd. 

Landgrove,  pt.  Bennington co.Vt.  98  s  of  Mtr. 

Landisburg,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  30  w  of  H. 

Landre,  St.  v.  La.    See  Opelousas.     [ofB. 

Laxesborough,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  135  w 

Lanesborough,  pv.  Anson  co.  N.C.  155  sw  Rh. 

Lanesville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  60  w  Rh. 

Lanesville,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  135  s  of  Is. 

Langdon,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  59  w  of  Cd. 

Languille,  pt.  St.  Francis  co.  Ark. 

Lanier,  pv.  cap.  of  Macon  co.  Ga.  on  Flint  r. 

Lansford,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  on  Cataw- 
ba river. 

Lansing,  tp.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  cr. 

Lansingburg,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Hudson  river,  10  nne  of  Albany. 

Lansingville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y. 

Lapeer,  pv.  cap.  of  Lapeer  co.  Mich.  60  n  D. 

Lapland,  pv.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  275  w  Rh. 

La  Porte,  pv.  cap,  of  La  Porte  co.  Ind.  145 
N  of  Indianapolis. 

Laputa.  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  10  w  of  F. 

Laredo,  lah-ra'do,  a  v.  of  San  Patricio  co. 
Texas,  en  the  e  side  of  the  Rio  del  Norte, 


LEB 


G26 


LEN 


at  the  crossing  of  the  San  Antonio  and 

Saltillo  road.  Pop.  500,  nearly  all  Mexicans. 
Larkinsville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ala.  175  ne  T. 
Earner,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 
La  Salle,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  42  ssw  of  D. 
La  Salle,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  111.  133  nne  of  Sd. 
Latimore,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  15  ne  of  Get- 
tysburg. 
Laughery,  tp.  Dearborn  co.  Ind. 
Laughery,  pv.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  70  se  of  Is. 
Laughlintown,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Laurel,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  52  s  of  Dover. 
Laurel,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  57  ese  of  Is. 
Laurel  Mts.  extend  from  Pa.  across  Va.  to 

Ky.  w  of  the  main  Alleghany  range. 
Laurens,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  15  sw  of  Coo- 

perstown.  [nw  of  Ca. 

Laurens  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  70 
Lat;sanne,  pt.   Carbon  county,    Pa.  on  Le- 
high river. 
La  Vacca  or  La  Baca,  lah  vac'ka.  (see  Intro- 
duction XXVII.  4),  Bay,  Texas,  an  arm 

of  Matagorda  Bay. 
La  Vacca  r.  flows  into  the  above. 
Lawrence,  tp.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  25 

ne  of  Canton. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  6  ne  of  Tn. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  on  Tioga  r. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Stark  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  canal. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.         [rietta. 
Lawrence,  pt.  Washington  co.  O.  9  he  of  Ma- 
Lawrence,  tp.Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 
Lawrence,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ind. 
Lawrenceburg,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  on 

Alleghany  river.  [12  s  of  F. 

Lawrenceburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Anderson  co.  Ky. 
Lawrenceburg,   pv.   cap.   of  Lawrence   co. 

Tenn.  75  ssw  of  Nashville. 
Lawrenceburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Dearborn  co.  Ind. 

on  Ohio  river.  [230  nnw  of  Al. 

Lawrenceville,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y. 
Lawrenceville,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  6  N  Tn. 
Lawrenceville,  borough,  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 

on  Alleghany  river. 
Lawrenceville,  pv.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  on  Tioga  r. 
Lawrenceville,  pv.  cap.  of  Brunswick  co.Va. 

73  ssw  of  Richmond. 
Lawrenceville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co. 

N.  C.  on  Yadkin  river.  [84  nw  of  M. 

Lawrenceville,  pv.  cap.  of  Gwinnett  co.  Ga. 
Lawrenceville,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Ark.  75 

E  of  Little  Rock.  [on  Embarrass  r. 

Lawrenceville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  111. 
Lawtonville,  pv.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  120  s 

of  Columbia.  [of  Al. 

Lawyersville,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  44  w 
Lbacock,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  44  ese  of  H. 
Leakesville,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  on 

Dan  river. 
1  ,ca  leesville,  pv.  Newton  co.  Ga.  49  nw  of  M. 
Leakesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Miss,  on 

Chickasawha  river. 
Leasburg,  pv.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  64  nw  Rh. 
Leavenworth,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Ind.  on  the 

Ohio  river. 
Lebanon,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Salmon  Falls  r. 
Lebanon,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  4  s  Hanover. 
Lebanon,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  30  ese 

of  Hartford.  [river. 

Lebanon,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  on  Chenango 
Lebanon,  pt.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  40  n  of  Tn. 
Lebanon,  borough,  cap.  of  Lebanon  co.  Pa. 

24  E  or  Harrisburg 


Lebanon,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  [of  R, 

Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Russell  co.  Va.  325  w 

Lebanon,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C. 

Lebanon,  jiv.  Cobb  co.  Ga.  on  Chattahoochee  r. 

Lebanon," pv.  cap.  of  De  Kalb  co.  Ala.  112  nb 
of  Tuscaloosa.  [Little  Rock. 

Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Searcy  co.  Ark.  95  n  of 

Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Wilson  co.  Tenn.  32  B 
of  Nashville. 
!  Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Ey.  60  sw  F. 
j  Lebanon,  tp.  Meigs  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
i  Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  O.  85  wsw 

of  Columbus. 
I  Lebanon,  pv.  cap.  of  Boone  co.  Ind.  25  nw  la. 
!  Lebanon,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  70  s  of  Sd. 
|  Lebanon,  pv.  Boone  co.  Mo.  46  n  of  Jef.  City 
j  Le  Bceuf,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 
:  Ledyard,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  47  se  Hdi. 
!  Ledyard,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  170  w  of  Al. 
|  Lee,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  125  ne  of  A. 
j  Lee,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  38  e  of  Cd. 
'  Lee,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  on  Housatonie  r 
I  Lee,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  114  wnw  of  Al. 
{  Lee,  pt.  Athens  co.  O.  81  se  of  Cs. 

Lee,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 

Leechville,  pv.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  165  s  Ca. 

Leeds,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  21  w  of  A. 

Leeds,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  38  ssw  of  At. 

Leeds  Point,  pv.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J.  S6  sse  Tn 

Leedsville.  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  48  eTii. 

Leedsville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Va.  213  nw  R. 

Leesburg,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Mau- 
rice river. 

Leesburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Loudon  co.  Va.  150  rt 
of  Richmond,  near  the  Potomac. 
!  Leesburg,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  Ala.  140  ne  of  T. 
!  Leesburg,  pv.  Washington  co.  Tenn. 
j  Leesburg,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ky.  27  ne  of  F. 
|  Leesburg,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  64  sw  of  Cs. 
I  Leesburg,  pv.  Kosciusko  co.  Ind.  130  n  of  Is. 
\  Leesburg,  pv.  Winnebago  co.  111.  220  n  of  Sd. 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y. 
I  Leesville,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Va.  on  Staunton  r 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  100  ssw  Rli. 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Lexington  dist.  S.  C.  30  w  of  Ca. 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Choctaw  co.  Miss.  125  nnw  J. 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Hart  co.  Ky.  100  sw  of  F. 
i  Leesville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  O.  115  ene  of  Cs. 
!  Leesville,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  78  s  of  Is. 
|  Leesville  Cross  Roads,  pv.  Richland  co.  U 

74  N  of  Columbus. 
|  Leetown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Va.  177  N  of  R. 
I  Lee  Valley,  pv.  Hawkins  co.  Term.  256  e  Ne. 
;  Lehigh,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  on  Lehigh  r. 
i  Lehighton,  pv.  Carbon  county,  Pa.  36  wnw 
1       of  Easton. 

Lehman,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  120  nne  of  H. 
!  Lehman,  tp.  Pike  oo.  Pa. 
,  Leicester,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  73  ssw  of  Mtr. 
j  Leicester,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  48  w  of  B. 
i  Leicester,  tp.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  on  Gene* 

see  river. 
I  Leipersville,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 
i  Leipsic,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  [nw  of  Ai. 

'  Leitersburg,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md.  107 
|  Lemington,  pt.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 
i  Lemon,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 
!  Lempster,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  40  w  Cd. 

Lenoir,  pv.  cap.  Caldwell  co.  N.  C.  on  Yad- 
i      kin  river.  [w  of  B 

:  Lenox,  pv.  cap.  of  Berkshire  co.  Moss.  131) 
j  Lenox,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  120  WNV.r  ot  Al 
j  Lenox,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 
i  Lenoxj  pt.  Ashtabula  go.  0. 15  s  of  Ashtabula 


LEX 


02; 


LIM 


LSosane,  i6xo-gan',  a  sea-port  on  the  N  coast 

of  Hayti.  2-5  m.  w  of  Port-au-Prince,  [of  B. 
Leominster,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  44  WHW 
Leon,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 
Leon  (Sp.  pron.  lay-one'),  a  handsome  t.  of 

Mexico,  »3,j  m.  wsw  of  Guanaxuato. 
Leonards,  St.  pv.  Calvert  co.  Md.  56  s  of  An. 
Leonardstown,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Mary's  co. 

Md.  87  a  of  An.  [Unadilla  r. 

Leonardsville,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.   on 
Leoxi,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  70  w  of  D. 
-aoxiDAs,  tp.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.       [town. 
Le  Kay,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  8  ne  of  Water- 
Le  Raysville,  p v.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  160  nw 

of  Albany. 
Le  Raysville,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  150  x  of  II. 
Le  Roy,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  on  Allen's  cr. 
Le  Roy,  v.  Otsego  co.  N.Y. 
lie  Roy,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  140  x  of  IL 
Le  Roy,  tp.  Lake  co.  O.  4  ne  of  Chardon. 
Le  Roy,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 
lie  Roy,  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 
Leslie,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich.  89  w  of  D. 
Letart,  tp.  Meigs  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Letaet's  Falls,  pv.  Meigs  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Letcher,  pv.  cap.  of  Letcher  co.Ky.  147  se  F. 
Letter  A,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me. 
Letter  A,  tp.  Oxford  co.  Me. 
Letter  B,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Umhagog  L. 
Letterkenny,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  7  nvv  of 

Chambersburg. 
Letimberville,  pv.  Marion  co.  0. 56  n  of  Cs. 
Levanna,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  on  Cayuga  L. 
Levant,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  80  nne  of  A. 
Leverett,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  83  w  of  B. 
Lewis,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  130  n  of  Al. 
Lewis,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
Lewis,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  45  s  of  Dover. 
Lewis,  pt.  Brown  co.  0. 120  sw  of  Cs.     [Del. 
Lewis  and  Rehoboth,  hundred,  Sussex  co. 
Lewiseerry,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  17  s  of  H. 
Lewisborough,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on 

Croton  river.  [quehanna  r. 

Lewisburg,  borough,  Union  co.  Pa.  on  Sus- 
Lewishurg,  pv.  cap.  of  Greenbrier  co.  Va.  214 

w  of  Richmond.  [the  Arkansas  r. 

Lewisburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Conway  co.  Ark.  on 
Lewisburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Marshall  co.  Term.  54 

s  of  Nashville.  [Green  r. 

Lewisburg,    pv.   Mecklenburg    co.    Ky.    on 
Lewisburg,  pv.  Preble  eo.  O.  97  w  of  Cs. 
Lewisburg,  pv.  Cass  co.  Ind.  on  Wabash  r. 
Lewisport,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Va.  280  nw  R. 
Lewiston,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Lewistown,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  31  sw  of  A. 
Lewistown,  borough,  cap.  of  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

on  Juniata  river. 
Lewistown,  Va.    See  Lunenburg  C.  II. 
Lewistown,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Lewistown,  pv.  cap.  of  Fulton  co.  111.  55  nw 

of  Springfield. 
Lewisville,  pv.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  170  wnwH. 
Lewisville,  pv.  Brunswick  co.Va.  82  s  of  R. 
Lewisville,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  64  n  of  Ca. 
Lewisville,  pv.  cap.  of  La  Fayette  co.  Ark. 

160  sw  of  Little  Rock. 
Lewisville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  O. 
Lewisville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  42  E  of  Is. 
Lexington,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  62  n  of  A. 
Lexington,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer.        [kill. 
Lexington,  pt.  G'jene  co.  N.Y.  28  w  of  Cats- 
Lexington,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
Lexington,  pv  cap.  of  Davidsonco.N.  Cnear 

Abbott's  creek 


Lexington  C.  H.  Lexington  dist.  S.  C.  12  w 
of  Columbia.  [x  of  M. 

Lexington,  pv.  cap.  of  Oglethorpe  co.  Ga.  70 

Lexington,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  158  n  T. 

Lexington,  pv.  cap.  of  Holmes  co.  Miss.  63 
N  of  Jackson.  [on  Beech  r. 

Lexington,  pv.  cap.  of  Henderson  co.  Tenn 

Lexington,  Ky.    See  Gazetteer. 

Lexington,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  56  nne  c."  Ca 

Lexington,  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 

Lexington,  tp.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 

Lexington,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  Ind.  90  s  Is. 

Lexington',  pv.  M'Lean  co.  111.  90  ne  of  Sd. 

Lexington,  pv.  cap.  of  La  Fayette  co.  Mc 
about  a  mile  s  of  Missouri  river. 

Leyden,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  100  wnw  of  B 

Leyden,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  120  nw  of  Al. 

Liberty,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  20  e  of  A. 

Liberty,  v.  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 

Liberty,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y. 

Liberty,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 

Liberty,  tp.  Montour  co.  Pa, 

Liberty,  tp.  M'Kean  co.  Pa. 

Liberty,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 

Liberty,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  120  n  of  H. 

Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Bedford  co.Va.  140  w  R. 

Liberty,  pv.  Hall  co.  Ga.  130  nnw  of  M. 

Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Amite  co.  Miss,  on  an 
affluent  of  Amite  river. 

Liberty,  pt.  Pope  co.  Ark.  93  nw  Little  Rock. 

Liberty,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  Tenn.  50  e  of  Ne. 

Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Casey  co.  Ky.  on  Green  r. 

Liberty,  tp.  Adams  co.  O. 

Liberty,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 

Liberty,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 

Liberty,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 

Liberty,  pv.  Montg.  co.  O.  7  w  of  Dayton. 

Liberty,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  80  w  of  D. 

Liberty,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind. 

Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  co.  Ind.  72  e  of  Is. 

Liberty,  pv.  Adams  co.  111.  90  w  of  Sd. 

Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Clay  co.  Mo.  160  wnw  of 

Liberty,  tp.  Marion  co.  Mo.  [Jef.  City. 

Liberty,  a  co.  in  the  se  part  of  Texas,  inter- 
sected by  Trinity  r.,  and  bordering  on  Gal- 
veston Bay.  The  soil  in  the  southern  part 
is  generally  light  and  sandy  ;  but  it  im- 
proves as  we  advance  towards  the  north  : 
near  the  Trinity  it  is  very  fertile,  but  liable 
to  inundation. 

Liberty,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  the  above  co., 
on  the  e  or  left  bank  of  the  Trinilv  r.,  60  m. 
n  of  Galveston.    Pop.  200.  "    [of  An. 

Liberty  Town,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  70  nw 

Libertyville,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  73  s  of  Al. 

Libertyville,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  90  n  of  Ta. 

Licking  r.  Ky.  flows  into  the  Ohio  at  New- 
port, opposite  Cincinnati. 

Licking  r.  O.  one  of  the  principal  branches 
of  the  Muskingum  river. 

Licking,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 

Licking  Cr.  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  [of  Ca. 

Lickville,  pv.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  106  nw 

Ligonier,  pt.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

LiLESviLLE,  pv.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  140  sw  Rh 

Lima,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  213  w  of  Al. 

Lima,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  88  ese  of  H. 

Lima,  pv.  cap.  of  Allen  co.  O.  on  Ottawa  r 
100  nw  of  Columbus. 

Lima,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  50  w  of  D. 

Lima,  pv.  Adams  co.  111.  122  w  of  Sd. 

Lima,  pv.  cap.  of  La  Grange  co.  Ind.  on  Pi 
geon  river. 

Limanville.  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  1H  ne  of  C«. 
P 


LIT 


628 


LOG 


Limerick,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  76  sw  of  A. 

Limerick,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Perch  r. 

Limerick,  pt.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 

Lime  Rock,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  10  n  of 
Providence.  [of  H. 

Limestone,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  154  wnw 

Limestone,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa.         [Danville. 

Limestone,  tp.    Montour   co.  Pa.  10  nw  of 

Limestone,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

Limestone,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa. 

Linages,  le-nah'res,  a  small  t.  of  Mexico,  on 
the  r.  Tigre,  50  or  60  m.  helow  Monterey. 

Limington,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 

Lincoln,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
scot river. 

Lincoln,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  62  N  of  Cd. 

Lincoln,  pt.  Addison  co.Vt.  55  sw  of  Mtr. 

Lincoln,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  16  w  of  B. 

Lincoln,  pv.  Yazoo  co.  Miss,  on  Yazoo  r. 

Lincoln,  pt.    Morrow   co.   0.  44  N  of  Cs. 

Lincoln,  pv.  Macoupin  co.  111.  60  s  of  Sd. 

Lincoln  ton,  pv.  cap.  of  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  on 
Little  Catawba  r.  [of  M. 

Lincolnton,  pv.  cap.  of  Lincoln  co.  Ga.  98  ne 

Lincolnville,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  10  s  Belfast. 

Linden,  pv.  cap.  of  Marengo  co.  Ala.  80  s  T. 

Lindley,  tp.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  25  se  of  Bath. 

Lindsayville,  pv.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  174 
wnw  of  Albany. 

Line  Lexington,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  93  e  of  H. 

Linglestown,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  8  nne  H. 

Linklaen,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  122  w  Al. 

Linneus,  pt.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  8  sw  Houlton. 

Linneus,  pv.  cap.  of  Linn  co.  Mo.  136  nw  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Linnville,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  35  e  of  Cs. 

Linnville.  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Mo.  112  e  Jef.  City. 

Linton,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 

Lionville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  70  e  of  H. 

Lisbon,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  33  ssw  of  A. 

Lisbon,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  90  nnw  of  Cd. 

Lisbon,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  7  n  of 
Norwich.  [Canton. 

Lisbon,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  10  w  of 

Lisbon,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  Md.56  nw  An. 

Lisbon,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Va.  150  w  of  R. 

Lisbon,  v.  cap.  of  Calcasieu  par.  La.  on  Cal- 
casieu river. 

Lisbon,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  111.  154  nne  of  Sd. 

Lisbon,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 

Lisburn,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  9  sw  of  H. 

Lisburn,  pv.  Sampson  co.  N.  C. 

Lisle,  pt.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  on  Toughnioga  r. 

Lisle,  pv.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.  10  se  of  Jeffer- 
son City. 

Litchfield,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  11  ssw  A. 

Litchfield,  tp.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  30  s  of  Cd. 

Litchfield,  Conn.     See  Gazetteer. 

Litchfield,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  83  wnw  Al. 

Litchfield,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  [of  F. 

Litchfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Grayson  co.  Ky.  109  sw 

Litchfield,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  113  ne  of  Cs. 

Litchfield,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich. 

Lithopolis,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  17  se  of  Cs. 

Litiz,  lit'its,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  45  ese  H. 

Little  Beaver,  tp,  Beaver  co.  Pa. 

Little  Britain,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  20  se 
of  Lancaster.  [of  Providence. 

Little  Compton,  pt.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  38  ssa 

Little  Cr.  hundred,  Kent  co.  Del. 

Litlle  Cr.  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 

Little  Falls,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Erie  canal. 

Little  Falls,  pv.  Passaic  co.  N.  J.  on  Passaic  r. 


Littlb  Fort,  pv.  cap.  of  Lake  co.  111.  on  L. 
Michigan. 

Little  Mahanoy,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa 

Little  Plymouth,  pv.  King  and  Queen  co 
Va.  60  e  of  Richmond. 

Little  r.  Ga.  flows  into  the  Savannah. 

Little  r.  Ky.  flows  into  the  Cumberland. 

Little  r.  Ind.  flows  into  the  Wabash. 

Little  Rock,  city,  and  cap.  of  Pulaski  co. 
Ark.  on  the  Arkansas.  [of  Cs. 

Little  Sandusky,  pv.  "Wyandot  co.  O.  56  n 

Littlestown,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  42  sw  of  H. 

Littleton,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  on  Conn.  r. 

Littleton,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  26  wnw  B. 

Littleton,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  78  ne  of  Rh 

Little  Valley,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on 
Alleghany  river. 

Littleville,  v.  Livingston  co.  N.Y. 

Livermore,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  30  w  of  A. 

Liverpool,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Onon- 
daga Lake. 

Liverpool,  boro'  and  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.  30  n  H. 

Liverpool,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  on  Rocky  r. 

Liverpool,  pv.  Lake  co.  Ind.  160  nnw  of  Is. 

Liverpool,  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  35  w  of 
Galveston. 

Liverpool,  a  sea-port  t.  of  Nova  Scotia,  75  m. 
sw  of  Halifax,  on  a  little  bay  which  forms 
an  excellent  harbour. 

Livingston,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  37  s  of  Al. 

Livingston,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  9  nw  Newark. 

Livingston,  pv.  cap.  of  Sumter  co.  Ala.  68 
sw  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Livingston,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss.  22  N  of  J. 

Livingston,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ark. 

Livingston,  pv.  Overton  co.  Tenn.  96  e  of  Ne. 

Livingston,  pv.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  46  wnw 
of  Detroit. 

Livingston,  pv.  Clarke   co.  111.  127  ese  of  Sd. 

Livingstonville,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  42 
w  of  Albany.  [neseo. 

Livonia,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  8  e  of  Ge- 

Livonia,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  16  sw  of  D. 

Livonia,  pv.  AVashington  co.  Ind.  104  s  of  Is. 

Lockbourne,  pv.  Franklin  co.  0. 11  s  of  Cs. 

Locke,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  20  s  of  Auburn. 

Lock  Haven,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Pa.  on 
the  Susquehanna  river. 

Lockport,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Lockport,  pv.  Erie  co.  Pa  260  nw  of  H. 

Lockport,  pv.  Wilson  co.  Tenn.  on  Cumber- 
land river. 

Lockport,  pv.  Williams  co.  O.  170  nw  of  Cs. 

Lockport,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ind.  on  the  Wa- 
bash river. 

Lockport,  pv.  Will  co.  111.  170  ne  of  Sd. 

Lock's  Village,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  80 
w  of  Boston. 

Lockwood,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  62  n  of  Tn. 

Lodi,  v.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 

Lodi,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  Lake. 

Lodi,  tp.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  5  sw  Hackensack 

Lodi,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  74  w  of  Ca. 

Lodi,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.  100  ene  of  Ne. 

Lodi,  pv.  Medina  co.  O.  114  ne  of  Cs. 
j  Lodi,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  43  w  of  D. 

Logan,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Logan  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Logan  co.  Va.  OE 
Guyandotte  r.  350  w  of  Richmond,     [burg 

Logan,  pv.  Carter  co.  Ky.  15  s  of  Catletts 

Logan,  pv.  cap.  of  Hocking  co.  0. 47  se  of  C» 

Logan,  pt.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  87  se  of  Is. 

Logansport,  pv.  cap.  of  Cass  co.  Ind.  on  th« 
Wabash  river. 


LOW 


629 


LUT 


Loganville,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  31  s  of  H. 
Loganville,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
London,  pv.  cnp.  of  Laurel  co.  Ky.  94  seF. 
London,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  O.  27  w  Cs. 
London,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  45  sw  of  D. 
London,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  the  Thames, 

80  m.  w  of  Hamilton. 

London  Bridge,  pv.  Princess  Anne  co.Va. 

124  se  of  Richmond.  [of  Phila. 

London  Britain,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  35  sw 

Londonderry,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  34 

sse  of  Concord. 
Londonderry,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  96  s  Mtr 
Londonderry,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
Londonderry,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  35  sw  Phila. 
Londonderry,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  14  se  of  H. 
Londonderry,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  8  sw  of 

Lebanon. 
Londonderry,  pt.  Guernsey  co.  O.  95  E  of  Cs. 
London  Grove,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  34  sw  of 

Philadelphia. 

Long-a-coming,  pv.  cap.  Camden  co.  N.  J.  44 

ssw  of  Trenton.  [of  Tn. 

Long  Branch,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  50  e 

Long  Creek  Shoals,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C. 

185  w  of  Raleigh. 
Long  Island,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me. 
Long  Lake,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.    [Conn.  r. 
Long  Meadow,  pt.   Hampden  co.  Mass.  on 
Long  Swamp,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Little  Le- 
high river.  [town. 
Loraine,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  15  s  of  Water- 
Loreto,  lo-ra'to,  a  small  t.  of  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, on  the  e  coast,  in  Lat.  about  26°  10'  n. 
Loretto,  pv.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  on  the  Alle- 
ghany Mountains,  145  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Lost  Creek,  pt.  Miami  co.  O.  63  w  of  Cs. 
Lottsville,'  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  230  n w  of  H. 
Loudon,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  8  nne  Cd. 
London,  borough,  Franklin  co.  Pa.  60  wsw  of 

Harrisburg. 
Loudon,  pt.  Seneca  co.  O.  88  N  of  Cs. 
Loudon,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  [Cs. 

Loudonville,  pv.  Ashland  co.  O.  73  nne  of 
Loudsville.  pv.  Habersham  oo.  Ga.  160  n  M. 
Louisa  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Louisa  co.Va.  60  nw 
of  Richmond.  [Sandy  r. 

Louisa,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  Ky.  on  Big 
Louisburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  CO.  N.  C.  on 

Tar  river. 
Louisiana,  pv.  Pike  co.  Mo.  on  Mississippi  r. 
Louis,  St.  a  r.  of  Wis.  flowing  into  the  w 
end  of  Lake  Superior.  [St.  Lawrence  r. 
Louisville,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Louisville,  pv. Westmoreland  co.Va.  64  neR. 
Louisville,  pv.  cap.  of  Jef.  co.  Ga.  53  e  of  M. 
Louisville,  pv.  Barbour  co.  Ala.  137  s  of  T. 
Louisville,  pv.  cap.  of  Winston  co.  Miss.  92 

ne  of  Jackson. 
Louisville,  pv.  Blount  co.  Tenn.  on  Tenn.  r. 
Louisville,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  130  ne  of  Cs. 
Louisville,  pv.  cap.  of  Clay  co.  111.  112  se  Sd. 
Louisville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Mo.  74  ne  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 
Lovell,  pt. 'Oxford  co.  Me.  63  wsw  of  A. 
Lovettsville,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  166  :i  of  R. 
Loveville,  pv.  Newcastle  co.  Del.  54  ne  of 
Dover.  [w  of  R. 

Lovingston,  pv.  cap.  of.  Nelson  co.  Va.  105 
Lowell,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  190  ne  of  A. 
Lowell,  pt.  Orleans  co.Vt.  45  N  of  Mtr. 
Lowe}],  Mass.  See  Gazetteer. 
Lowellville,  pv.  Trumbull  co.  O.  184  ne  Cs. 
Lower,  ip.  Cape  May  eo.N.L  on  the  Atlantic. 
53* 


Lower  Alloways  Cr.  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  9 

g  of  Salem.  [Susquehanna. 

Lower  Chanceford,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Lower  Chichester,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  20 

sw  of  Philadelphia.  [Pennypack  cr. 

Lower  Dublin,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  on 
Lower  Macungy,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  [Pa. 
Lower  Mahanoy,  tp.  Northumberland  co. 
Lower  Mah\ntango,  pt.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Makefield,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  24  ne 

of  Philadelphia.  [41  sw  of  An 

Lower  Marlborough,  pv.  Calvert  co.  Md. 
Lower  Merion,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  on 

the  Schuylkill.  [Pa.  on  the  Susquehanna. 
Lower  Middletown,  borough,  Dauphin  co. 
Lower  Mt.  Bethel,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Nazareth,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Oxford,  tp.  Chester  co.Pa.  41  sw  of 

Philadelphia. 
Lower  Paxton,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  6  ne  H. 
Lower  Penns  Neck,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  5  nw 

of  Salem. 
Lower  Providence,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Salford,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  25  nw  of 

Philadelphia.  [O.  on  Sandusky  r. 

Lower  Sandusky,  pv.  cap.  of  Sandusky  co. 
Lower  Saucon,  pt.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  on 

Lehigh  r. 
Lower  St.  Clair,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Swatara,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  5  se  H. 
Lower  Smithfield,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 
Lower  Windsor,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 
Low  Hill,  pt.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  88  ene  of  H. 
Loweville,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  on  Flint  r. 
Lowndesborough,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Ala.  118 

se  of  Tuscaloosa.  [of  Ca. 

Lowndesville,  pv.  Abbeville dist.  S.  C.  113  w 
Lowville,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r. 
Loyalhannah,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Loyalsock,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
Loyalsock  r.  Pa.  flows  into  the  West  Branch 

of  the  Susquehanna. 
Loydsville,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  109  e  of  Cs. 
Lubec,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  Passarna- 

quoddy  Bay. 
Lucasville,  pt.  Scioto  co.  O.  78  s  of  Cs. 
Ludlow,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  80  s  of  Mtr.  [r. 
Ludlow,  pt.  Hampden  co.Mass.  on  Chickapee 
Ludlow,  tp.  Washington  co.  O.  [Salmon  cr. 
Ludlowville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Lumber  r.  N.  C.  and  S.  C.  a  branch  of  the 
Lumber,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa.  [Little  Pedee. 
Lumber  City,  pv.  Telfair  co.  Ga.  133  s  of  M. 
Lumberland,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  130  sw  Al. 
Lumberport,  pv.  Harrison  co.Va.  260  NWof 

Richmond. 
Lumberton,  pv.  and  port  of  entry,  Burling- 
ton co.  N.  J.  on  Rancocus  cr.  [s  of  Rh 
Lumberton,  pv.  cap.  of  Robinson  co.  N.  C.  90 
Lumberton,  pv.  Clinton  co.  0. 74  sw  of  Cs.  [r. 
Lumberville,  pv.  Backs  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware 
Lumpkin,  pv.  cap.  of  Stewart  co.  Ga.  137  swM. 
Lunenburg,  pt.  Essex  co.Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 
Lunenburg,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  46  nw  B. 
Lunenburg  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Lunenburg  co 

Va.  7S  sw  of  Richmond. 
Lunenburg,  a  sea-port  t.  of  Nova  Scotia,  40 

wsw  of  Halifax.  Pop.  2,000,  chiefly  Germans. 
!  Luray,  pv.  cap.  of  Page  co.  Va.  130  nw  of  R. 

Luray,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  25  e  of  Cs 
|  Luray,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  57  e  of  Is.     [burg. 
|  Lurgan,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  13  n  Chambers- 
Luthkrsbukg.  pv.  Clearfield  co.'I'a.  145  nw 
i      of  Harrisburg, 


MAC 


630 


MAH 


Luiherville,  pv.Merri  wether  co.  Ga.  108  w 
Luzerne,  tp.  Fayetle  co.  Pa.  [of  M. 

Luzerne,  pt.  Warren  eo.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudson. 
Lycoming,  tp.  Lycoming  eo.  Pa. 
Lykens,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  26  n  of  H. 
Lyman,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  72  s\v  of  A. 
Lyman,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  107  nnw  of  Cd. 
Lymansville,  pv.  Potter  co.  Pa.  167  nnw  H. 
Lstme.  pt.  Grafton  cc  N.  H.  53  nw  of  Cd. 
Lyme,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  45  s  of  Hd. 
Lyme,  tp.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  12  w  of  Watertown. 
Lyme,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  100  n  of  Cs. 
Lynchburg,  pv.  Campbell  eo.Va.  on  James  r. 
Lynchburg,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Tenn.  78  s  of  Ne. 
Lynchburg,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  88  sw  of  Cs. 
Lynch's  cr.  S.  C.  flows  into  Great  Pedee  r. 
Lynchwood,  pv.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  50  ne  of 
Columbia.  [ssw  of  Cd. 

Lyndeborough,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  33 
Lyndon,  pt.  Caledonia  co.Vt.  44  ne'  of  Mtr. 
Lyndon,  tp.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  18  e  of 
Lyndon,  v.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.       [Ellicottville. 
Lyndon,  pv.  Whitesides  co.  111.  180  n  of  Sd. 
Lynesville,  pv.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  54  n  Rh. 
Lynn,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  9  ne  of  B. 
Lynn,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa. 
Lynn,  tp.  Posey  co.  Ind. 
Lynnfield,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  20  n  of  B. 
Lynnville,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa. 
Lynnville,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  60  s  of  Ne. 
Lynnville,  pv.  Warwick  co.  Ind.  160  sw  of  Is. 
Lynnville,  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  40  w  of  Sd. 
Lyon,  tp.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  [canal. 

Lyons,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  on  Erie 
Lyons,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich,  on  Grand  r, 
Lysander,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  r. 

McAllistersville,  pv.  Juniata  co.   Pa.  55 

nw  of  Harrisburg. 
McArthur,  tp.  Logan  co.  O.  [of  Cs. 

McArtiiurstown,  cap.  of  Vinton  co.  0.  70  se 
McClellandstown,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
McConnelsbcrg,  cap.  Fulton  co.  Pa. 
McConnelsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  O. 

73  e  of  Columbus.  [of  Cs. 

McCutchinsville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  O.  76  n 
McDanielsville,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C. 
McDonald,  pv.  cap.   of  Randolph  co.   Ala. 

160  e  of  Tuscaloosa.  [of  Jef.  City. 

McDonald,  pv.  cap.  of  Barry  co.  Mo.  200  sw 
McDonough,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  120  w  Al. 
McDonough,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Ga    65 

wnw  of  Milledgeville. 
McGillivray's  [g  hard]  or  Kootanai  (koo- 

ta-nl')  r.  in  the  e  part  of  Oregon,  falls  into 

the  Columbia.  [w  of  Al. 

McGrawville,  pv.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.  142 
McHenry,  pv.  cap.  M'Henry  co.  111.  on  Fox  r. 
McIndoe's  Falls,  pv.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  46  e 
McKean,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  9  s  of  Erie,  [of  Mtr. 
McKean,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 
McKeansburg,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
McKee's Port,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  200  wH. 
McLean,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  Fall  cr. 
McLeansborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Hamilton  co. 

111.  156  sse  of  Springfield.  [Nashville. 

McLeans ville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.  80  e  of 
McLemoresville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Tenn.  107 

w  of  Nashville.  [75  se  of  Ne. 

McMinnville,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Tenn. 
McVeytown,  pv.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  68  nw  of  H. 
McWilltamstown,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
Macedon,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  20  w  of  Lyons. 
Macedonia,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Tenn.  108  w  Ne. 


Machias,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Machias,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 
Machias  Port,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  oa 

Machias  river.  [300  nnw  of  D. 

Mackinaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Mackinaw  co.  Mich. 
Mackinaw  r.  111.  flows  into  the  Illinois  r. 
Mackinaw,  pv.  Tazewell  co.  III.  64  n  of  Sd. 
Mackville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ga.  120  n  of  M. 
Mackville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ky.45  ssw  F 
Mackville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ind.  75  ene  Is. 
Macomb,  pv.  cap.  of  M'Donough  co.  111.  86  NW 

of  Springfield. 
Macomb,  pt.  Macomb  co.  Mich.  35  ne  of  D. 
Macon,  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 
Macon,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  56  s  of  T. 
Macon,   pv.  cap.  of  Noxubee  co.  Miss,  on 

Noxubee  river. 
Macon,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  196  wsw  Ne. 
Macon,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  66  sw  of  D. 
Macoupin  (mak-koo'pin)  cr.  111.  flows  into 

Illinois  river. 
Macungy,  pt.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  83  ene  of  H. 
Madawaska,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  on  St. 

John's  river. 
Madbury,  tp.  Strafford  co.  N.  H. 
Madison,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  40  n  of  A. 
Madison,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  56  s  Hd. 
Madison,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  95  w  of  Al. 
Madison,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  58  n  of  Tn. 
Madison,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 
Madison,  tp.  Montour  co.  Pa.  10  N  Danville. 
Madison,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.  [nw  of  R. 

Madison  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Va.  97 
Madison,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  116  nw 

of  Raleigh.  [ofM. 

Madison,  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  Ga.  40  nnw 
Madison  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Flor. 
Madison,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Clarke  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 
Madison,  pt.  Lake  co.  O.  on  Grand  r. 
Madison,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Madison,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 
Madison,  Ind.    See  Gazetteer. 
Madison,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Ind. 
Madison,  pv.  Madison  co.  111.  s  of  Sd. 
Madison,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mo.  83  N  of  Jef.  City. 
Madison,  pv.  cap.  of  Dane  co.  and  of  the  state 

of  Wis.,  on  a  peninsula  between  the  3d  and 

4th  lake  of  the  chain  called  the  Four  Lakes, 

90  m.  w  of  Milwaukie. 
Madison  Springs,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ga.  100 

N  of  Milledgeville.  [of  J. 

Madisonville,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss.  20  nnk 
Madisonville,  pv.  St.  Tammany  par.  La.  on 

Chefonle  river.  [172  ese  of  Ne 

Madisonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Tenn. 
Madisonville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hopkins  co.  Ky.  127 

wsw  of  Frankfort.  [Cincinnati. 

Madisonville,  pv.  Hamilton   co.  O.  8  ne  of 
Madisonville,  pv.  Ralls  co.  Mo.  96   nne   of 

Jefferson  City. 
Madrid,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Me.  105  nw  of  A. 
Madrid,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  Grass  r 
Mad  r.  O.  an  affluent  of  the  Miami  r. 
Mad  R.  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 
Mahanoy  r.  Pa.  enters  the  Susqa.  35  N  of  H 
Mahantango   r.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Susque- 
hanna 28  N  of  Harrisburg. 
Mahoning  r.  rising  in  O.  joins  Beaver  r.  in  Pa 


MAN 


631 


MAR 


Mahoning,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Mahoning,  pt/Indiana  co.  Pa.  170  w  of  H. 
Mahoning,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  Pa.  16  sw  of  Mer- 
cer (borough). 
Maiden  Cr.  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  60  e  of  H. 
Maiden  cr.  Pa.  an  upper  br.of  the  Schuylkill. 
Maidstone,  tp.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  the  Conn.  r. 
Maine,  pv.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  147  wsw  of  Al. 
Maitland   r.  Canada  West,  runs  into  Lake 

Huron  at  Goderich. 
Malaga,  pv.  Gloucester  co  N.J.  55  sw  of  Tn. 
Malaga,  pt.  Monroe  co.  O.  110  e  of  Cs. 
Malden,  pt  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  5  N  of  B. 
Maiden,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson  r. 
Maiden,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  at  the  entrance 

of  Detroit  r.  into  Lake  Erie. 
Malden  Bridge,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  16  s 

of  Albany. 
Mallorysville,  pv.  Wilkes  co.  Ga.  90  ne  M. 
Malone,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  on 

Salmon  river.  [Spa. 

Malta,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  6sEofBallston 
Malta,  pv.  Morgan  co.  O.  on  Muskingum  r. 
Maltaville,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  30  n  Al. 
Mamakating,  tp.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  12  e  of 

Monticello.  [of  New  York. 

Mamar'oneck,  pt.  Westchester  co.N.Y.  23  ne 
Manahocking,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  60  e 

of  Trenton.  [Manasquan  inlet. 

Manasquan  r.  N.  J.  enters  the  Atlantic  by 
Manasquan,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  50  ese 

of  Trenton.  [of  Phila. 

Man-a-yunk',  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  7  nw 
MANCHEsTER,city,Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  21 

sse  of  Concord.  Pop.  13,900.  [tenkill  r. 
Manchester,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  on  Bat- 
Manchester,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  23  ne  of  B. 
Manchester,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conu.  10  e  of  Hd. 
Manchester,  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  Wap- 

pinger's  creek.  [creek. 

Manchester,  v.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on  Oriskany 
Manchester,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 
Manchester,  tp.  Passajc  co.  N.  J.  on  Passaic  r. 
Manchester,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa. 
Manchester,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  18  s  of  H. 
Manchester,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  60  nw  of  An. 
Manchester,  pv.  Chesterfield  co.  Va.  2  s  of  R. 
Manchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Coffee  co.  Tenn.  68 

se  of  Nashville.  [river. 

Manchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Clay  co.  Ky.  on  Goose 
Manchester,  pv.  Adams  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Manchester,  v.  Summit  co..  O.  120  ne  of  Cs. 
Manchester,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  55  w  D. 
Manchester,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  76  se  of  Is. 
Manchester,  pv.  Scott  co.  111.  50  w  of  Sd. 
Manchester,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  108  e  of 

Jefferson  City. 
Manchineel,  a  sea-port  on  the  e  end  of  Ja- 
maica, 38  m.  e  from  Kingston. 
Mandeville,  v.  St.  Tammany  par.  La.  on  L. 

Pontchartrain. 
Man'dans,  the  name  of  a  tribe  of  Indians, 

formerly  dwelling  on  the  Missouri,  e  of  the 

Yellowstone  r.,  now  nearly  or  quite  extinct. 
Manhassett,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Manhattan,  pv.  Lucas  co.  O.  at  the  mouth 

of  the  Maumee  river. 
Manhattan,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  on  Eel  r. 
ManIiattanville,  v.  New  York  co.  N.Y.  on 

the  Hudson.  [Albany. 

Manheim,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  64  WNWof 
Manheim,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  33  ese  of  H. 
Manheim,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Manheim,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  16  »w  of  York. 


Manitoowoc,  pv.  cap.  of  Manitoowoc  co 

Wisconsin.  [Syracuse. 

Manlius,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  10  e  of 
Manlius,  tp.  Allegan  co.  Mich. 
Manlius  Centre,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y. 
Manningham,  pv.  Butler  co.  Ala.  132  sse  of 

Tuscaloosa.  [lem. 

Mannington,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  6  ne  of  Sa- 
Mannsborough,  pv.  Amelia  co.  Va.  46  sw  R. 
Mannsville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  166  nw  of 

Albany.  [caster. 

Manor,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  6  sw  of  Lan- 
Mansfield,  tp.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  20  nw  Mtr. 
Mansfield,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  30  ssw  of  B. 
Mansfield,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  24  e  of  Hd. 
Mansfield,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  5  w  of 

Ellicottville.  [Mount  Holly 

Mansfield,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  7  N  of 
Mansfield,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  48  nnw  of  Tn. 
Mansfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Richland  co.  O.  63  nne 

of  Columbus. 
Mantua,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  on  Cuyahoga  r. 
Mantua,  pv.  M'Minn  co.  Tenn.  164  ese  of  Ne. 
Manzanillo,  man-san-neel'yo,  a  sea-port  on 

the  s   side  of  Cuba,  125  m.  se  of  Puerto 

Principe.    Pop.  about  3,000. 
Maple,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich.  130  wnw  of  D. 
Maplesville,  pv.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  62  se  of  T. 
Mapleton,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  110  w  Ca. 
Mapleton,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  132  ne  of  Cs. 
Maramec  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Mississippi. 
Marathon,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  on  Tough- 
Marathon,  tp.  Lapeer  co.  Mich.         [nioga  r. 
Marblehead,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 
Marbletown,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  7  sw  of 

Kingston.  [nnw  of  N.  O. 

Marburyville,  pv.  St.  Tammany  par.  La.  7C 
Marcellus,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  140  w  Al 
Marcellus  Falls,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y. 

140  w  of  Albany.  [Phila. 

Marcus  Hook,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  20  s  of 
Marcy,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  6  n  of  Utica. 
Mardisville,  pv.  Talladega  co.  Ala.  on  Tal- 
ladega creek. 
Marengo,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  100  w  of  D. 
Marengo,  pv.  M'Henry  co.  111.  on  Kishawau- 

kee  river.  [droscoggin 

Margallaway  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  the  An- 
Margaretta,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  100  n  of  Cs. 
Margaretsville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  N.  C. 
Marianna,  pv.  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Flor.  on 

Chipola  river. 
Mariaville,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Union  r. 
Marie,  St.  pv.  Jasper  co.  111.  140  se  of  Sd. 
MARiEL,mah-re-el',  a  sea-port  on  the  n  side 

of  Cuba,  about  30  m.  w  of  Havana. 
Marietta,  borough,  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  the 

Susquehanna. 
Marietta,  pv.  cap.  of  Cobb  co.  Ga.  113  NW  M. 
Marietta,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  O.  on 

Muskingum  river. 
Marion,  pt. Washington  co.  Me.  170ENEof  A. 
Marion,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 
Marion,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 
Marion,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Smythe  co.  Va.  275  W  of  R 
Marion,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C. 
Marion  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  dist.  S.  C. 

146  e  of  Columbia. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Twiggs  co.  Ga.  41  bw  M. 
Marion,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Flor. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Ala.  58  s  of  T. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Lauderdale  co.  Miss.  110 

£  of  Jackson.  « 


MAR 


632 


MAT 


Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Critten3en  co.  Ark.  140 

ene  of  Little  Rock. 
Marion,  pv.  Scott  co.  Ky.  22  ne  of  F. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  O.  44  n  of  Cs. 
Marion,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  56  wnw  D. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Grant  co.  Ind.  on  Missi- 

sinewa  river.  [of  Sd. 

Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Williamson  co.  111.  172  sse 
Marion,  pv.  Cole  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Marion,  pv.  cap.  of  Linn  co.  Iowa,  4  e  of  Ce- 
dar river.  [Mississippi  r. 
Marion  City,  pv.  Marion  co.  Mo.  on  the 
Marion  College,  pv.  Marion  co.  Mo.  12  w 

of  Palmyra.  [Trenton. 

Marksborough,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  73  n  of 
Marksville,  pv.  Page  co.  Va.l20NN\vof  R. 
Marksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Avoyelles  par.  La.  255 

nw  of  New  Orleans.  [of  Cd. 

Marlborough,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  53  sw 
Marlborough,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt. 
Marlborough,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  27  wB. 
Marlborough,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  16  se  of 

Hartford.  [Kingston. 

Marlborough,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  20  s  of 
Marlborough,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Marlborough,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ga.  54  nw  M. 
Marlboroughj  tp.  Delaware  co.  O. 
Marlborough,  pt.  Stark  co.  O.  135  ne  of  Cs. 
Marlow,  ip.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  on  Ashuelot  r. 
Marple,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.         [Neenah  r. 
Marquette,  v.  cap.  of  Marquette  co.  Wis.  on 
Marriottsville,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  Md. 

53  nw  of  Annapolis. 
Marseilles,  pv.  Noble  co.  Ind.  164  nne  of  Is. 
Marseilles,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  111.  on  Illinois  r. 
Marshall,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  12  sw  Utica. 
Marshall,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ala.  130  ne  of  T. 
Marshall,  pv.  cap.  of  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  105 

w  of  Detroit.  y"  [of  Sd. 

Marshall,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  111.  123  ese 
Marshall,  pv.  cap.  of  Saline  co.  Mo.  87  nw  of  | 

Jefferson  City. 
Marshall,  v.   cap.  of  Harrison  co.  Texas,  150 

N  of  Galveston.    A  university  has  been  in- 
corporated here.     Pop.  350. 
Mabshallsville,  pv.  Macon  co.  Ga.  70  sw  M. 
Marshallsville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  O. 
Marshallton,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.         [Mtr. 
Marshfield,  pt.  Washington  co.  Vt.  15  ne  of 
Marshfield,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  31  se  of  B. 
Marshpee,  tp.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
Marthasville,  pv.  Warren  co.  Mo.  73  e  of 

Jefferson  City. 
Martha's  Vineyard,  i.  Mass.  lies  off  the  s 

shore  of  Mass.  It  is  21  m.  long  and  from  2 

to  5  broad. 
Martic,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  10  s  Lancaster. 
Marticville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  48  ese  H. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Lewis  co.  N.  Y. 

134  NW  of  Albany. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  Blair  connty  Pa.  112  w  of  H. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Berkley  co.  Va.  21  nw 

of  Harper's  Ferry. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ky.  150  ssw  F. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  Knox  co.  O.  57  nne  of  Cs. 
Martinsburg,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Ind.  13  se  of  Salem. 
Martin's  cr.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  flows  into 

the  Delaware.  [flowing  into  th  a  Atlant  ie. 
Martin's,  St.  a  r.  at  the  e  extremity  of  Md.. 
Martin's,  St.  pv. Worcester  co.  Md.  130  se  An'. 
Martinstown,  pv  Hancock  co.  0. 90  nnw  Cs. 
Martinsville,  p v.  Somerset  co.N.  J. 35  n  Tn. 
Martinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Va.   on 

Smith's  river. 


Martinsville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  N.  C.  150 
ne  of  Raleigh. 

Martinsville,  pv.  Warren  co.  Ky.  152  sw  of  F 

Martinsville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  82  ssw  of  Cs. 

Martinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  Ind.  28 
sw  of  Indianapolis. 

Martinsville,  pv.  Clarke  co.  111.  127  ese  of  Sd. 

Martinsville,  St.  pv.  and  cap  of  St.  Mary's 
par.  La.  on  Teche  river. 

Martville,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  175  w  of  Al. 

Maryland,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  12  n  of  Coo- 
perstown.  [ing  into  the  Atlantic. 

Mary's,  St.  a  r.  between  Ga.  and  Flor.  flow- 
Mary's,  St.  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 

Mary's,  St.  pv.  Auglaize  co.  0. 105  wnw  of  Cs. 

Mary's.  St.  a  r.  of  O.  and  Ind. ;  it  unites  with 
the  St.  Joseph's  to  form  the  Maumee. 

Mary's,  St.  a  strait  between  L.  Huron  and  L. 
Superior,  length  about  60  miles. 

Mary's  Landing,  St.  pv.  St.  Genevieve  co. 
Mo.  on  the  Mississippi.  [ton  r. 

Marysville,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Va.  on  Staun 

Marysviile,  pv.  cap.  of  Blount  co.  Tenn.  183 
ese  of  Nashville. 

Marysville,  pv.  Union  co.  O.  40  nw  of  Cs. 

Marysville,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  63  ssw  Is. 

Mascoutah,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  110  s  of  Sd. 

Mashulaville,  pv.  Noxubee  co.  Miss.  113  ne 
of  Jackson.  [Mich,  in  Ottawa  co. 

Maske'gon  or  Maske'go   r.  Mich,  enters  L. 

Maskegon,  pt.  Ottawa  co.  Mich,  on  the  above. 

Mason,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  44  ssw  of  Cd. 

Mason,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Mason,  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

Mason,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Mo. 

Mason  Centre,  pv.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

Mason  Village,  pv.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  44 
ssw  of  Concord.  [of  Al. 

Masonville,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  110  sw 

M"sonville,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala  145  N  T 

Massena,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  247 
nnw  of  Albany. 

Masserne,  Mts.     See  Ozark  Mts. 

Massillon,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  on  Ohio  canal. 

Matagorda,  a  co.  of  Texas,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Colorado,  on  Matagorda  Bay.  Soil  ex- 
ceedingly fertile,  consisting  generally  of  a 
deep,  rich,  black  mould. 

Matagorda,  a  sea-port,  city  and  cap.  of  the 
above  co.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Colorado, 
at  its  mouth,  190  m.  se  of  Austin.  It  con- 
tains an  academy,  and  a  university  has 
been  incorporated  here.    Pop.  500  or  6C0. 

Matagorda  Bay,  an  extensive  lagoon  of 
Texas,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  riper. 
Length  about  60  m.,  greatest  breadth  above 
15  m. 

Mat-a-mo'ros,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  on  the  ight 
bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about  40  m.  from 
ils  mouth.  A  few  of  the  houses  are  of 
brick  ;  those  of  the  lower  classes  are  built 
of  canes,  brushwood,  &c,  plastered  with 
mud.  Pop.  estimated  at  5.000.  Opposite  this 
town,  on  the  ne  side  of  the  river,  General 
Taylor  established  his  camp  a  short  time 
previous  to  the  commencement  of  hostili- 
ties between  the  United  States  and  Mexico. 
This  place  has  been  since  called  Fort 
Brown,  in  honour  of  Major  Brown,  com- 
mander of  the  garrison,  who  was  mortally 
wounded  by  a  shell  from  the  Mexican  batte- 
ries (May  6th,  1846),  while  Gen.  Taylor, 
with  the  main  body  of  his  forces,  was  en- 
gaged in  opening  a  communication  with 


MEA 


633 


MER 


Point  Isabel.  After  the  victories  of  Palo 
Alto  [pah'lo  al'to)  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma 
(ra  sah'ka  del  lah  pal'ma),  the  American 
army  entered  and  took  possession  of  Mata- 
mon  s  without  opposition. 
Matchapungo  Inlet,  an  inlet  from  the  sea 

in  Northampton  co.  Va. 
Mattap'  ;ny   r.  Va.  joins  the  Pamunky,  to 

form  York  river. 
Mattamiscoxtis,  tp.  Penobscot  co.  Me. 
Mattapoisett,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  60  s  B. 
Matteawan,  v.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  Fish- 
kill  creek.  (.102  e  of  R. 
Matthews  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Matthews  co.  Va. 
Matthewsville,  pv.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.  194 

wxw  of  Richmond. 
Mattituck,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Matteson,  tp.  Branch  eo.  Mich. 
Match  Chunk.    See  Gazetteer. 
Mauchport,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Iijd.  140  s  of  Is. 
Maumee  r.  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Maumee  City,  pv.  Lucas  co.  O.  on  Maumee  r. 
Maurice  r.  N.  J.  enters  Delaware  Bay  in 
Cumberland  co.  [above. 

Maurice  R.  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Mauricetown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on 

Maurice  river. 
Maxatawny,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  74  ne  of  H. 
Maxfield,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  110  nnw  A. 
Maxville,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J. 
MaYagukz,  ml-a-ghes',  a  sea-port  on  the  w 

coast  of  Porto  Rico. 
Mayeinton,  pv.  Newberry  dist.  S.  C.  45  w  Ca. 
Mayfield,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  Kenne- 
bec river. 
Mayfield,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  58  sw  of  Al. 
Mayfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Graves  co.  Ky.  275  wsw 

of  Frankfort. 
Mayfield,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Chagrin  r. 
Mayo,  ml'o,  a  r.  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora,  fall- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  California,  near  27°  10' 
N  Lat.,  and  109°  40'  w  Lon.  Near  its  mouth 
is  the  town  called  Santa  Cruz  de  Mayo  or 
Guitivis  (ghe-te-veece'),  with  a  pop.  esti- 
mated at  7,000. 
Mayoning,  pv.  Patrick  co.  Va.  217  wsw  of  R. 
May's  Landing,  pv.  cap.  of  Atlantic  co.  N.  J. 
on  Great  Egg  Harbour  r.  73  s  of  Trenton. 
Maysville,  pv.  cap.  of  Buckingham  co.  Va. 

on  Slate  river. 
Maysville,  pv.  Greenbrier  co.  Va.  230  w  of  R. 
Maysville,  pv.  Dickson  co.  Tenn.  50  w  of  Ne. 
Maysville,  city,  Mason  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 
Maysville,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 
Maysville,  pv.  Fountain  co.  Ind.  84  wnw  Is. 
Maysville,  pv.  cap.  of  Clay  co.  111.  120  se  Sd. 
Mayville,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  Chau- 

tauque  Lake. 
Maytown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  30  se  of  H. 
Mazvat-lan',  a  sea- port  t.  of  Sonora,  Mexi- 
co, on  the  w  coast,  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  California,  570  m.  nw  of  Mexico. 
It  is  much  frequented  by  American  traders 
and  whalers.  Lat.  23°  15'  n,  Lon.  about  106° 
30'  w. 
Mead,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
Mead,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O.  [of  Ne. 

Meadowville,  pv.  Smith  co.  Tenn.  55  ene 
Meadville,  borough,  cap.  of  Crawford  co. 

Pa.  on  French  creek. 
Meadville.  pv.  Halifax  co.  Va.  136  sw  of  R. 
Meadville,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Miss.  80 

sw  of  Jackson. 
Meansville,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  80  nw  Ca. 


Mecca,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  180  ne  of  Cs. 
Mechanicsburg,  borough,  Cumberland  CO. 

Pa.  9  e  of  Carlisle. 
Mechanicsburg,  pv.  Giles  co.  Va.  248  w  of  R 
Mechanicsburg,  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.  36  W 

of  Columbus. 
Mechanicsburg,  pv.  Sangamon  co.Ul.  15  ESd 
Mechanic's  Falls,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 
Mechanicstown,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  90 
nw  of  Annapolis.  [.Cs. 

Mechanicstown,  pv.  Carroll  co  0. 135  ene  of 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  82  ssw 
of  Montpelier.  [Hudson  r. 

Mechanicsville,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Va.  70  nw  R. 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Sumter  dist.  S.  C.  78  e  of 

Columbia. 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Jasper  co.  Ga.  45  w  M. 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn.  30 

se  of  Nashville. 
Mechanicsville,  pv.  Kemper  co.  Miss. 
Mechisses,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  Ma- 
chias  river.  [w  of  Al. 

Mecklenburg,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  174 
Mecklenburg,  pv.  Knox  co.  Tenn.  onllolston 

river. 
Medfield,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  21  ssw  of  B 
Medford,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  5  NW  of  B. 
Medford,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  31  se  of  Tn. 
Medina,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  260  w  of  Al. 
Medina,  pv.  cap.  of  Medina  co.  O.  117  ne  Cs. 
Medina,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  80  sw  of  D. 
Medway,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  28  sw  of  B. 
Medway,  v.  Liberty  co.  Ga. 
Meesville,  pv.  Roane  co.  Tenn.  142  E  of  Ne.  „ 
Meherrin  r .  Va.  unites  with  the  Nottaway  to 

form  the  Chowan  r.  N.  C 
Meigs,  tp.  Adams  co.  O.  [berland  r. 

Meigsville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.  on  Cum- 
Mellenville,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  37  s  Al. 
Melmore,  pv.  Seneca  co.  O.  82  n  of  Cs. 
Melrose,  pv.  Clarke  co.  111.  150  ese  of  Sd. 
Meltonsville,  pv.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  160  sw 
of  Raleigh.  [Tuscaloosa. 

Meltonsville,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ala.  170  ne  of 
Melvin  Village,  pv.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  50 
e  of  Concord.  |P°P-  15,000. 

Memphis, city,  Shelby  co. Tenn.  on  the  Miss. 
Memphis,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Mo.  184  n  Jef.  City. 
Memphrema'gog,  LAKE,Vt.  is  between  30  and 

40  m.  long,  and  from  2  to  3  wide. 
Menallen,  pt.  Adams  co.  Pa.  48  sw  of  H. 
Menallen,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
Mesas,  Little  and  Great,  2  islands  off  the 

ne  coast  of  Me. 
Mendham,  pt.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  56  n  of  Tn. 
Mendon,  tp.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  8  e  of  Rutland. 
Mendon,'  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  33  sw  of  B. 
Mendon,  pt.  Monroe  co.N.Y.  12  s  Rochester 
Mendon,  pv.  Adams  co.  111.  116'w  of  Sd. 
Men-nom'o-nie    or  Menomonee  Indians,  a 
tribe  dwelling  in  the  ene  part  of  Wis.  near 
Menomonee  river. 
Menomonee  r.  Mich,  flows  into  Green  Bay. 
Menomonee,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Mentor,  pt.  Lake  co.  O.  on  L.  Erie. 
Mentz,  tp.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  8  nnw  Auburn 
Mequanigo,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Mercer,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  34  nnw  ot  A. 
Mercer,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 
Mercer,  borough,  cap.  of  Mercer  co.  Pa.  57 

n  of  Pittsburg. 
Mercersburg,  borough,  Franklin  co.  Pa.  15 
sw  of  Chambersburg. 


MID 


634 


MIF 


Meredith,  tp.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  30  n  of  Cd. 
Meredith,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  6  n  of  Delhi. 
Meredith  Village,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H. 

37  N  of  Concord. 
Meredosia.  pv.  Morgan  co.  111.  on  Illinois  r. 
Mkriden,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  57  swof  Cd. 
Meriden,  pt.  New  Haven  Co.  Conn.  16  s  of 

Hartford. 
Meridian,  pv.  Mercer  co.  111.  130  nw  of  Sd. 
Meridian'Springs,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss.  9  n  J. 
Meridianville,   pv.   Madison    co.   Ala.    on 

Flint  river. 
Mermentau,  mer-men-to',  r.  La.  enters  the 

Gulf  of  Mexico  B  of  Calcasieu  r. 
Mkrom,  pv.  cap.  of  Sullivan  co.  Ind.  on  the 

Wabash  r. 
Merrimack,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  29  s  of  Cd. 
Merrittstown,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  191  w  H. 
Merrittsville,  pv.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  130 

nw  of  Columbia. 
Mesopotamia,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  0. 170  ne  Cs. 
Metal,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa. 
Metea,  pv.  Cass  co.  Ind.  84  N  of  Is. 
Methuen,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Merrimack  r. 
Metropolis  City,  pv.  Johnson  co.  111.  225  sse 

of  Springfield. 
Mktuchin,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  32  ne  Tn. 
Mexico,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Androscoggin  r. 
Mexico,  pv.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  cr. 
Mexico,  pv.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  42  nw  of  H. 
Mexico,  pv.  cap.  of  Audrain  co.  Mo.  on  Salt  r. 
Mexico,  the  most  populous  of  the  Mexican 

states,  is  situated  in  the  s  part  of  the  con- 
federation, and  borders  on  the  Pacific.   Area 

30,000  sq.m.  Pop.  1,200,000.  Tlalpanisthe 

capital. 
Meyerstown,  pv.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  31  e  of  H. 
Miami  r.  O.     See  Gazetteer. 
Miami,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Miami,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Miami,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 
Miami,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 
Miamisburg,  pv.  Montg.  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Michael's,  St.  pv.  Talbot  co.  Md.  57  e  An. 
Michaels ville,  pv. Harford  co.  Md.  02  n  An. 
Michigan  Centre,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  72 

wofD.  [Mich. 

Michigan  City,  pv.  Laporte  co.  Ind.  on  L. 
Michigantown,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Ind.  42  n  Is. 
Michoacan,  me'eho-ah-kan',  a  Mexican  state, 

w  of  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  bordering  on 

the  Pacific.  Area  26,500  sq.m.   Pop.  450,000. 

Capital,  Valladolid.  [Bay. 

Middle,  tp.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  on  Delaware 
Middle  Paxton,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  9  ne  of 

Harrisburg.  [s  of  B. 

Middleborough,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  40 
Middlebourne,  pv.  cap.  of  Tyler  co.  Va.  307 

nw  of  Richmond.  [of  R. 

Middlebrook,  pv.  Augusta  co.  Va.  130  wnw 
Middleburg,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  37  w  Al. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  77  N  of  H. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  78  nw  of  An. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  134  N  of  R. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Hardiman  co.  Tenn.  170  sw 

of  Nashville. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Casey  co.  Ky.  60  s  of  F. 
Middleburg,  tp.  Cuyahoga  co.  O. 
Middleburg,  pv.  Logan  co.  O. 
Middleburg,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 
Middlebury,  Vt.     See  Gazetteer.    [ofHd. 
Middlebury,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  52  wsw 
Middlebury,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  247  wAl. 
Middlebury   tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 


I  Middlebury,  pv.  Summit  co.  O.  125  ne  of  Ci 
Middlebury,  pv.  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  162  n  of  Is 
Middle  Cr.  pt.  Union  co.  Pa. 
Middlefield,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass. 
Middlefield.  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  64  w  of  Al 
Middleford,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  43  s  Dover 
Middle  Fork,  pt.  Macon  co.  Mo.92n  of  Jef 

City. 
Middle  Granville,  pv.Washington  co.  N.  Y 
Middle  Haddam,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  21 

sse  of  Hartford. 
Middle  Island,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Middleport,  pv.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  285  w  Al. 
Middleport,  pv.  Schuykill  co.  Pa.  70  ne  of  H. 
Middleport,  pv.  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  157  N  of  Is. 
Middleport,  pv.  Iroquois  co.  111.  192  ne  of  Sd. 
Middlesex,  pt.  Washington  co.  Vt.  6  ne  Mtr. 
Middlesex,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  194  w  of  Al. 
Middlesex,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa.        [23  ne  of  B. 
Middlesex  Village,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass. 
Middle  SxMIThfieldJ  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  [Cd. 
Middleton,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  38  nne  of 
Middleton,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  22  n  of  B. 
Middleton,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Miss.  100  n  of  J. 
Middleton,  pv.  White  co.  Ark.  62  ne  of  Little 

Rock.  [Montpelier. 

Middletown,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  77  ssw  of 
Middletown,  tp.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  28  s  of 

Providence. 
Middletown,  Conn.  See  Gazetteer,    [of  Al. 
Middletown,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  80  wsw 
Middletown,  pv.  Orange  co.N.Y.  112  ssw  Al. 
Middletown,  pt.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  50  ene 

of  Trenton. 
Middletown,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  nne  of  Phila. 
Middletown,  boro',  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  10  se  H 
Middletown,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  20  w  of 
Middletown,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  [Phila. 
Middletown,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  47  N  of 

Dover.  [Frederick. 

Middletown,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  8  nw  of 
Middletown,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Va.  158  nnw 

of  Richmond. 
Middletown,  pv.  Hyde  co.  N.  C.  220Eof  Rh. 
Middletown,  pv.  Butler  co.  Ala.  162  sse  of  T 
Middletown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.Ky.  42  w  of  F 
Middletown,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Middletown,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Middletown,  tp.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Middletown,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  44  e  of  Is. 
Middletown,  pv.  Logan  co.  111.  20  ne  of  Sd. 
Middletown,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Mo.  57  nh 

of  Jefferson  City.  [on  Middletown  cr. 

Middletown  Point,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.J. 
Middleville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  82  wnw 

of  Albany. 
Middleway,  pv.  Jefferson  co.Va.  162  n  of  R. 
Midway,  pv.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  72  ssw  Ca 
Midway,  pv.  Jones  co.  Ga.  22  w  of  M. 
Midway,  pv.  Barbour  co.  Ala.  200  se  of  T. 
Midway,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Tenn.  164  ese  of  Ne. 
Midway,  pv.  Woodford  co.  Ky.  20  se  of  F. 
Mier,  meer,  (Sp.  pron.  me-aiR'),  a  small  t.  of 

Mexico,  on  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about  100  m 

ne  of  Monterey. 
Mifflin,  tp.  Allesrhany  co.  Pa.S  s  Pittsburg 
Mifflin,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 
Mifflin,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  17  nw  Carlisle 
Mifflin,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  23  ne  of  H. 
Mifflin,  tp.  Lycominff  co.  Pa. 
Mifflin,  pv.  Henderson  co.  Tenn.  133  wswNe. 
Mifflin,  pt.  Richland  co.  O.  5  E  of  Mansfield. 
Mifflinsburg,  borough,  Union  co.  Pa.  76  n 

of  Harrisburg. 


MIL 


635 


MIN 


MrFFUNTOWN,  borough,  cap.  of  Juniata  co.  I 
Pa.  45  nw  of  H.  [Susquehanna.  I 

Mifflinville,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  the  j 

Milam,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  Sabine  co.,  on 
a  creek  which  runs  into  the  Sabine  river.  ) 
Pop.  200  or  300. 

Milam,  a  large  county  or  district  in  the  N  or  i 
N  central  part  of  Texas,  watered  by  the  r. 
Brazos  and  its  branches.  Soil,  at  least  in  ! 
the  s  part,  very  fertile  :  it  appears  to  be  I 
exceedingly  we'll  adapted  to  the  cultivation 
of  grain.     Capital,  Cameron. 

Milan,  pt.  Coos  co.N.  H.  on  Androscoggin  r. 

Milan,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  62  s  of  Al. 

Milan,  pv.  Garrard  co.  Ky.  52  sse  of  F. 

Milan,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  on  Huron  r. 

Milan,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich.  50  sw  of  D. 

Milan,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  III.  94  sw  of  Sd. 

Milbury.  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  6  se  of 
Worcester. 

Milbury,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  87  nw  of  H. 

Miles,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa.  [Phila. 

Milestown,  pv.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  7  n  of 

Milford,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
scot river. 

Milford,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  33  s  of  Cd. 

Milford,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  30  sw  of  B. 

Milford,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  45  ssw  Hd. 

Milford,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  13s  Cooperstown. 

Milford,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  Dela- 
ware river. 

Milford,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  36  nw  of  Phila. 

Milford,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  on  Juniata  r. 

Milford,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  Pa.  on  Dela- 
ware river.  [set. 

Milford,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  7  sw  of  Somer- 

Milford,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  21  s  of  Dover. 

Milford,  pv.  Warren  co.  Va.  [Ca. 

Milford,  pv.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  120  nw  of 

Milford,  pv.  Bracken  co.  Ky.  54  ne  of  F.  [r. 

Milford,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Little  Miami 

Milford,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 

Milford,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 

Milford,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  40  nw  of  D. 

Millarusville,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 

Mill,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

Max  Brook,  pv.  Wayne  co.  O.  98  ne  of  Cs. 

Millbury,  tp.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  43  wsw 

Millburn,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  [of  B. 

Mill  Cr.  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 

Mill  Cr.  hundred,  New  Castle  co.  Del. 

Mill  Cr.  pv.  Person  co.  N.  C. 

Mill  Cr.  pt.  Coshocton  co.  O.  93  ne  of  Cs. 

Mill  Cr.  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O. 

Milldale,  pv.  Warren  co.  Miss.  150  w  of  J. 

Millkdgeville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C. 
133  wsw  of  Raleigh. 

Milledgeville,  pv.  White  co.  Tenn.  86  E  Ne. 

Millersburg,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Susquehanna. 

Millersburg,  pv.  Rutherford  co. Tenn. 44  se  Ne. 

Millersburg,  pv.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  44  E  of  F. 

Millersburg,  pv.  cap.  Holmes  co.  O.  87  ne  Cs. 

Millersburg,  pv.  Mercer  co.  111. 

Millersburg,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  34  ne  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Miller's  Place,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 

Millersport,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  30  se  Cs. 

Milllerstown,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  30  nw  H. 

Millerstown,  pv.  Grayson  co.  Ky.  125  sw  of  F. 

Millerstown,  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.  55  w  Cs. 

Millersville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  40  se  H. 

Millersviile,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  7  from  Is. 

Millfield,  pv.  Athens  co.  O.  73  se  of  Cs 


MrLLFORD,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Mo.  164  n  Jef.  City. 
Mill  Haven,  pv.  Scriven  co.  Ga.  106  e  of  M 
Millheim,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  88  nw  of  H. 
Millington,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  36  8 

of  Hartford. 
Millington,  pv.  Kent  co.  Md.  60  ene  of  An. 
Mill  Plain,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  72  sw  Hd 
Mill  Point,  pv.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.  210  wnw 

of  Richmond.  [of  Al 

Mill  Port,  pv.  Chemung; co.  N.Y.  200  wsw 
Mill  Port,  pv.  Potter  co.  Pa.  185  nnw  of  H. 
Mill  Port,  pv.  Laurel  co.  Ky.  106  se  of  F. 
Mill  Port,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ind.  80  s  of  Is. 
Millsboro',  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  50  s  Dover. 
Millsfield,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H. 
Mills'  Point,  or  Hickman,  pv.  Hickman  co. 

Ky.  on  the  Mississippi  river. 
Millstone  cr.  N.  J.  flows  into  Raritan  r. 
Mill  Stone,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.J.  27  n  Tn. 
Milltown,  pv.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  100  s  of  Al 
Milltown,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Ind.  113  s  of  Is. 
Millview,  pv.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  103  N  of  R. 
Millville,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  43  w  B. 
Millville,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  [rice  r. 

Millville,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Mau- 
Millville,  pv.  King  George  co.  Va.  90  nnh 

of  Richmond.  [of  Ca 

Millville,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  100  nw 
Millville,  pv.  Butler  co.  Ala.  154  sse  of  T. 
Millville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Tenn.  97  s  of  Ne. 
Millville,  pv.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.230  wsw  of  F. 
Millville,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.on  Indian  cr. 
Millwood,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Va.  135  nnw  of  R. 
Millwood,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 
Milo,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  on  Piscataquis  r. 
Milo,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  193  w  of  Al. 
Milo  Centre,  pv.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  196  w  Al. 
Milroy.  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  48  ese  of  Is. 
Milton,  tp.  Piscataquis  co.  Me. 
Milton,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  47  ne  of  Cd. 
Milton,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  on  Lamoille  r. 
Milton,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  7  s  of  B. 
Milton,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  36  w  of  Hd. 
Milton,  tp.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  30  n  of  Al. 
Milton,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  80  s  of  Al. 
Milton,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  75  n  of  Tn. 
Milton,  borough,  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  on 

the  West  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Milton,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  33  s  of  Dover. 
Milton,  pv.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  74  nw  of  Rh. 
Milton,  pv.  Laurens  dist.S.  C.  60  wnw  of  Ca. 
Milton,  pv.  cap.  of  Santa  Rosa  co.  Flor.  on 

Blackwater  river. 
Milton,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  98  se  of  T. 
Milton,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn.  37  se  of  Ne. 
Milton,  pv.  Trimble  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 
Milton,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Milton,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  O.  on  Mahoning  r. 
Milton,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 
Milton,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  [City. 

Milton,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  80  nnw  of  Je'f 
Milton  Hill,  pv.  Charles  co.  Md.  83  sw  An. 
Miltonville,  pv.  Wayr.e  cc  M.ss.  158  se  J. 
Miltonville,  v.  Butler  co.  O. 
Miltonville,  pv.  Wood  co  O.  123  nnw  cf  Cs. 
Milwaukie,  or  Milwaukee,  the  largest  t.  of 

Wis  ,  cap.  of  Milwaukie  co.,  on  Milwaukie 

r.  near  its  entrance  into   Lake   Michigan. 

Pop.  estimated  at  20,000. 
Mixv,  pt.  Cliautauque  co.  N.Y.  260  w  of  Al 
MrXDEN,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  on  Mo 

hawk  river. 
Mineral  Point,  pv.  cap.  of  Iowa  co.  Wis. 

52  W8W  of  Madison. 


MOQ  € 

Mineral  Springs,  pv.  Talladega  co.  Ala.  78 
e  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Minersville,  v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  2  E  of  Pitts- 
burg. 

Minersville,  borough,  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 

Minersville,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C. 

Minesville,  v.  Forsyth  co.  Ga.  100  w  of  M. 

Minerva,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudson. 

Minerva,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  75  ene  of  F. 

Minerva,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  140  ne  of  Cs. 

Minnetaree  (mhi-ne-tar're)  IndianSj  a  tribe 
dwelling  in  the  ne  part  of  Missouri  Terri- 
tory. 

Minisink,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  120  ssw  of  Al. 

Mino,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

Minot,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  46  sw  of  A. 

Mintonsville,  pv.  Gates  co.  N.  C.  106  ene 
of  Raleigh. 

Miragoane,  mee-rah-go-an',  a  sea-port  on 
the  n  coast  of  Hayti,  75  m.  wsw  of  Port- 
au-Prince. 

Miranda,  pv.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  130  w  of  Rh. 

Mishawaka,    pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind. 

Mishwaukee,  pv.  Brown  co.  Wis. 

Mispilion,  hundred,  Kentco.  Del. 

Missisque  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Missisque  Bay,  an 
arm  of  L.  Champlain. 

Mtssisinewa  r.  Ind.  falls  into  the  Wabash. 

Mississippi  City,  pv.  cap.  of  Harrison  co. 
Miss.  265  sse  of  Jackson. 

Missouri,  tp.  Boone  co.  Mo. 

Missouri,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ala.  165  se  of  T. 

Missouriton,  pv.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo.  on  Mis- 
souri river.  [n  of  Ne. 

Mitchellsville,  pv.  Robertson  co.  Tenn.34 

Mit'la,  a  Mexican  t.  in  the  state  of  Oaxaca, 
35  m.  e  of  the  city  of  this  name,  remarka- 
ble for  its  interesting  ruins. 

Mixenburg,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  [creek. 

Mixville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  W.  Koy 

Mocksville,  pv.  cap.  of  Davie  co.  N.  C.  140 
w  of  Raleigh.  [of  R. 

Modest  Town,  pv.  Accomac  co.Va.  228  e 

Moffettsville,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  117 
wnw  of  Columbia. 

Mo-hah've  Indians,  California,  a  tribe  dwell- 
ing between  the  r.  Colorado  and  the  s  ex- 
tremity of  the  Great  Basin. 

Mohahve  r.  near  the  s  margin  of  the  Great 
Basin  :  termination  unknown. 

Mohawk  r.  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer,      [river. 

Mohawk,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  on  Mohawk 

Mohawk,  tp.Montg.  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Mohawk. 

Mohiccan,  pt  Ashland  co.  O.  88  ne  of  Cs. 

Moira,  pt.  Franklin  co.N.  Y.  on  L.  Salmon  r. 

Molltown,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  64  e  of  H. 

Monad'nock,  Mt.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  Height 
3,254  ft.  [N  of  Is. 

Mongoquinong,  pv.  La  Grange  co.  Ind.  176 

Monguagon,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich. 

Monhegan  Island,  Lincoln  co.  Me. 

Moniteau,  mon-e-to',  pt.  Cole  co.  Mo.  20  nw 
of  Jefferson  City. 

Monkton,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  50  w  of  Mtr. 

Monmouth,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  16  gw  of  A. 

Monmouth,  pv.  Adams  co.  Ind.  on  St.  Mary's  r. 

Monmouth,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  111.  120 
nw  of  Springfield. 

Monaghan.  tp.  Vork  co.  Pa. 

Monongahela  r  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 

Monongahela,  tp  Greene  co.  Pa.  14  se  of 
Waynesburg.  [190  w  of  H. 

Monongahela  City,  pv.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

Moyuis,  mo-keez',  or  Monquis,  mon-keez' 


36  MON 

(singular  Moqtji),  a  tribe  of  Indians dwei  - 
ing  in  the  e  part  of  California,  on  the  upper 
tributaries  of  the  Colorado. 

Monroe,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on  Marsh  r. 

Monroe,  tp.  Washington  co.  Vt.  15  nne  Mtr 

Monroe,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  120  w  of  B. 

Monroe,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  54  sw  of  Hd 

Monroe,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  14  se  of  Goshen. 

Monroe,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J. 

Monroe,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  80  n  of  Tn. 

Monroe,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 

Monroe,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 

Monroe,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 

Monroe,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 

Monroe,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.    [Milledgeville. 

Monroe,  pv.  cap.  of  Walton  co.  Ga.  60  nw  of 

Monroe,   pv.   cap.   of  Washita  par.  La.  on 
Washita  river.  [of  Ne. 

Monroe,  pv.  cap.  of  Overton  co.  Tenn.  100  k 

Monroe,  pv.  Hart  co.  Ky.  100  sw  of  F. 

Monroe,  tp.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 

Monroe,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  95  wsw  of  Cs. 

Monroe,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 

Monroe,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 

Monroe,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Monroe,  city,  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Mich,  on 
I      Raisin  r.  37  ssw  of  Detroit. 

Monroe,  tp.  Grant  co.  Ind. 

Monroe,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 

Monroe,  pv.  Cook  co.  111.  218  ne  of  Sd. 

Monroe,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Wis.  80  s  of 
Madison. 

Monroeton,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  130  n  of  H. 

Monroeton,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  100  nw 
!      of  Raleigh.  [s  of  T. 

[  Monroeville,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Ala.  150 
,  Monroeville,  pv.  Huron  co.  O.  on  Huron  r. 
I  Monroe  Works,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  105  s 
of  Albany.  [Annapolis. 

Monrovia,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  68  nw  of 
;  Monrovia,  pv.  Pope  co.  Ark.  92  nw  of  Little 
|      Rock. 

|  Monrovia,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ind.  23  sw  of  Is 
;  Monson,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  77  n  of  A 
j  Monson,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on  Chicka- 
i      pee  river.. 
j  Montague,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 

Montague,  pt.  Sussex  CO.  N.J.  90  n  of  Tn. 
'  Montague,  pv.  Essex  co.  Va.  68  ne  of  R. 
!  Montague  Canal,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on 
j      the  Connecticut. 
!  Montauk  Powt,  the  e  extremity  of  Long  I. 

Monterey,  Mexico.  See  Gazetteer, 
i  Monterey,  mou-te-ra',  the  cap.  of  Upper  Cali- 
j  fornia,  on  a  bay  of  its  own  name.  It  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  and  the  only 
port  in  the  territory  where  duties  are  col- 
|  lected.  Lat.  36->  36'  N,  Lon.  WP  50'  w. 
I      Pop.  about  1,000. 

J  Montevallo,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ala.  58  e  of  T. 
!  Montevideo,  pv.  Elbert  co.  Ga.  125  nne  M. 
|  Montezuma,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  162  w  Al. 
j  Montezuma,  pv.  cap.  of  Covington  co.  Ala. 
j      on  Conecuh  river.  [of  Ne. 

'  Montezuma,  pv.  M'Nairy  co.  Tenn.  155  sw 

Montezuma,  pv.  Parke  co.  Ind.  on  the  Wa- 
bash river. 
■  Montezuma,  pv.  Pike  co.  III.  on  Illinois  r. 

Montgomery,  pt.  Franklin  co.Vt.  on  Trout  r. 

Montgomery,   pt.    Hampden    co.    Mass.    on 
Westfield  river.  [kill  r. 

Montgomery,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on  Wall* 

Montgomery,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.J.  12  sw  of 
Somerville. 


MOO 


637 


MOU 


Montgomery,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  16  sw  of 
Chambersburg. 

Montgomery,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 
Montgomery,  tp.  Mougomeryco.  Pa.  20  n  of 

Philadelphia. 
Montgomery,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O. 
Montgomery,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  107  sw  Cs. 
Montgomery,  tp.  Ashland  co.  O. 
Montgomery,  tp.  Owen  co.  Ind.  sw  of  Is. 
Montgomery,  a  co.  in  the  E  central  part  of 

Texas,  e  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Brazos. 

The  soil  on  the  bottom  lands  is  very  pro- 
ductive. 
Montgomery,  a  small  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  the 

above,  on  Lake  cr.  an  affluent  of  the  San 

Jacinto  r.  130  m.  E  of  Austin.  [on  Ala.  r. 
Montgomery  City,  pv.  cap.  of  Montg.  co.  Ala. 
Montgomeryville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Monticello,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  [sw  Al. 
Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  110 
Monticello,  pv.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  30  n  of  Ca. 
Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Jasper  co.  Ga.  35  wnw 

of  Milledgeville.  [ene  of  Tallahassee. 

Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  Flor.  30 
Monticello,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ala.  170  se  of  T. 
Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  Miss,  on 

Pearl  river.  [of  F. 

Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Ky.  110  s 
Monticello,  pv.  cap.   of  White   co.   Ind.   on 

Tippecanoe  river.  [gamon  r. 

Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Piatt  co.  111.  on  San- 
Monticello,  pv.  cap.  of  Lewis  co.  Mo.  145  N 

of  Jefferson  City.  [Brazos. 

Monticello,  a  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  on  the 
Montour,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 
Montpelier,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  90  sw 

of  Raleigh. 
Montpelier,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ga.  17  w  Macon. 
Montpelier,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala. 
Montpelier.  pv.  Blackford  co.  Ind.  80  ne  of  Is. 
Montrose,  borough,  cap.  of  Susqa.  co.  Pa. 
Montrose,  pv.  Lee  co.  Iowa,  on  the  Miss.  r. 
Monturesville,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  95  n 

of  Harrisburg. 
Montville,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  26  ene  of  A. 
Montville,  tp.  N.  London  co.  Conn.  36  se  Hd. 
Montville,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.J.  67  n  of  Tn. 
Montville,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  180  ne  of  Cs. 
Monument,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  60  s  B. 
Mooers,  pt.  Clinton  co.N.Y.  18  N  Plattsburg. 
Moon,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  the  Ohio. 
Moon,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 
Moore,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  [of  R. 

Moorefikld,  pv.  cap.  of  Hardy  co.Va.  178  nw 
Moorefield,  pv.  Nicholas  co.  Ky.  58  e  of  F. 
Moorefield,  pt.  Harrison  co.  O.  100  e  of  Cs. 
Moorefield,  pv.  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  95  se  Is. 
Mookksboko',  pv.  Cleveland  co.  N.  C. 
MooRESBURG,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  77  N  of  II. 
Moorestown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.J.  23  s 

of  Trenton. 
Moohesville,  pv- Delaware  co.  N.Y.  58  wsw 

of  Albany. 
Mooresviile,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.C.  75  nw  of  Rh. 
Mooresvillc,  pv.  Limestone  co.  Ala.  146  n  T. 
Mooresviile,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Tenn.  60  s  of  Ne. 
Mooresviile.  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ind.  16  sw  of  Is. 
Mooketown,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  11  n  of  Phila. 
Moose  r.  X.  II.  rises  in  the  White  Mts.  and 

flows  into  the  Androscoggin. 
Moose  r.  N.  Y.  flows  into  Black  r. 
Mooseiiead  Lake.    See'GAZETTEER. 
Moosehillock,  mt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  14  E  of 

Haverhiil.    Height  4,636  feet. 
51 


l  Moravia,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  on  Owasco  I* 
;  Mordansville,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 

Moke vu,  mo-ro',  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  on 
Hudson  river. 
[  Moreau,  pt.  Cole  co.  Mo.  1$  sw  of  Jef.  City. 

Morefield,  tp.  Harrison  co.  O. 

Morehouse,  tp.  Hamilton  co.N.Y.  82  nwAI. 
;  Morehouseville,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  82 
j      nw  of  Albany. 
1  Moreland,  pt.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  94  n  of  H. 

Moreland,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  14  n  of  Phila. 

Moreland,  tp.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  11  ne  of  Phila. 
I  Moretown,  pt.  Wn.  co.  Vt.  13  sw  of  Mtr. 
!  Morgan,  tp.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  50  ne  of  Mtr. 

Morgan,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa.  [e  of  Ne. 

Morgan  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  Morgan  co.  Tenn.  15(1 

Morgan,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  0.  on  Grand  r. 

Morgan,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 

Morgan,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Morganfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  co.  Ky.  220 
wsw  of  Frankfort. 

Morgansburg,  pv.  Fauquier  co.Va.  103  N  R 

Morgantown,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  56  e  of  H. 

Morgautown,  pv.  cap.  of  Monongalia  co.  Va. 
on  Monongalia  r.  295  nw  of  Richmond. 

Morgantown,  pv.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  on  Cataw- 
ba river. 

Morgantown,  pv.  Blount  co.  Tenn. 

Morgantown,  pv.  cap.  of  Butler  co.  Ky.  on 
Green  river. 
'•  Morgantown,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ind.  40  s  of  Is. 
!  Moriah,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  115  n  of  AI. 

Moriches,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Moringville,  pv.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.  20  n  Rh 

Morning  Sun,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  110  w  of  Cs. 

Morris,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Passaic  r. 

Morris,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 

Morris,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 

Morris,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

Morris,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  133  N  of  H. 
i  Morris,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.       [Harlem  r. 
i  Morrisania,    v.  Westchester   co.   N.  Y.  on 
\  Morristown,  pt.  Lamoille   co.  Vt.  on   La- 
I      moille  river.  [St.  Lawrence  r. 

i  Morristown,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 
;  Morristown,  pv.  cap.  Morris  co.  N .  J.  53  n  Tn. 
!  Morristown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Tenn.  226  e  Ne. 
i  Morristownj  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  9  w  of  St. 
j      Clairsville. 

Morristown,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ind.  on  Blue  r. 
i  Morristown,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  111.  140 

nnw  of  Springfield. 
I  Morrisville,  pv.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  26  n  Mtr. 
i  Morrisville,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.N.Y.  102 
w  of  Albany.  [ware  r. 

!  Morrisville,  borough,  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Dela- 
!  Morrisville,  pv.  Fauquier  co.Va.  88  N  of  R. 
|  Mortoxsville,  pv.  Woodford  co.  Ky.  1.9  se  F. 
|  Morven,  pv.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  140  sw  of  Rh. 
^  Moscow,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Me.  58  n  of  A. 
i  Moscow,  pv.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  236  w  of  Al 

Moscow,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  on  Wolf  cr. 
i  Moscow,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  309  sw  of  F. 
!  Moscow,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Moscow,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  84  wsw  t    D. 
!  Moscow,  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  54  se  of  Is. 
'  Moscow,  pv.  Muscatine  co.  Iowa,  on  Red  Ce- 
!      dar  river.  [w  of  Al. 

Motts  Corners,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  168 

Mottsville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y. 

Mottsville.  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich,  on  St.  Jo- 
seph's river. 

Moulton.  pv  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  103 
N  of  Tuscaloosa. 


MOU 


638 


MUN 


Moultonborough,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  II.  46  n 

of  Concord. 
Mount  Bethel,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Blanchard,  pv.  Hancock  co.  O.  70 

NW  of  Columbus.  [ssEof  J. 

Mount  Carmel,  pv.  Covington  co.  Miss.  94 
Mount  Carmel,  pv.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  96  e  of  F. 
Mount  Carmel,  pv.  cap.  of  Wabash  co.  111.  on 

111.  r.  166  se  of  Sd.  [Mich.  18  ne  of  D. 

Mount  Clemens,  pv.  cap.  of  Macomb  co. 
Mount  Crawford,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va. 

on  North  river?  130  nvv  of  R.  [and  12  wide. 
Mount  Desert,  i  .  Hancock  co.  Me.  15  m.  long 
Mount  Desert,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  the 

above. 
Mount  Eaton,  pv.Wayne  co.  0. 104  NEof  Cs. 
Mount  Gallagher,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C. 

90  vvnw  of  Columbia. 
Mount  Gilead,  pt.  Loudon  co.Va.  144  n  of  R. 
Mount  Gilead,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  90  ene  of  F. 
Mount  Gilead,  cap.  Morrow  co.  O.  40  n  of  Cs. 
Mount  Healthy,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  0. 118  sw 

of  Columbus. 
Mount  Holly,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  80  s  of  Mtr. 
Mount  Holly,  pv.  cap.  of  Burlington  co.  N.J. 

18  s  of  Trenton. 
Mount  Hope,  hill,  R.  I.  on  Mount  Hope  Bay, 

an  arm  of  Narraganset  Bay,  which  receives 

Taunton  river.  [Goshen. 

Mount  Hope.  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  11  w  of 
Mount  Hope,  pv.  Oldham  co.  Ky. 
Mount  Independence,  Vt.  2  m.  se  of  old  Fort 

Ticonderoga.  [II. 

Mount  Jackson,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Pa.  250  w 
Mount  Jackson,  pv.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  146 

nw  of  Richmond.  [burg. 

Mount  Joy,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  6  s  of  Gettys- 
Mount  Joy,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  25  se  of  H. 
Mount  Liberty,  pv.  Knox  co.  O.  41  ne  Cs. 
Mount  Marcy,  Essex  co.  N.Y.  is  the  highest 

peak  of  the  Adirondack  Mis.,  being  5,467 

feet  above  the  sea. 
Mount  Meigs,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Ala.  125  se  T. 
Mount  Meridian,  pv.  Augusta   co.Va.  125 

wnw  of  Richmond. 
Mount  Meridian,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  36  w  Is. 
Mount  Moriah,  pv.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  122  s  T. 
Mount  Morris,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  on 

Genesee  river. 
Mount  Morris,  pv.  Greene  co.  Pa.  230  w  of  H. 
Mount  Pleasant,  tp.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y. 

6  N  of  White  Plains.  [of  Tn. 

Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.J.  38  H 
Mount  Pleasant,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  17  e  of 

Gettysburg. 
Mount  Pleasant,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Pleasant,  borough,  Tioga  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Pleasant,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Pleasant,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Pleasant,  pt.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  80  nw 

of  Annapolis.  [n  of  R. 

Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Spottsylvania  co.Va.  64 
Mount  Pleasant,  v.  Cabarrus  co.  N.  C. 
Mount.  Pleasant,  pv.  Maury  co.  Tenn.  53  ssw 

of  Nashville. 
Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  cap.  of  Harlan  co.  Ky. 

on  a  branch  of  the  Cumberland. 
Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  O.  20  sw 

of  Steubenville.  [of  D. 

Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  40  nw 
Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  cap.  of  Martin  co.  Ind. 

on  the  East  Fork  of  White  r.  [Jef.  City. 
Mount  Pleasant,  pt.  Barry  co.  Mo.  212  sw  of 


|  Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Iowa, 

on  Big  creek.  [of  II 

1  Mount  Republic,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  170  nb 

Mount  Sidney,  pv.  Augusta  co.Va.  127  wnw 

of  Richmond. 
Mount  Seward,  a  group  of  the  Adirondack 

Mts.  N.Y.  in  the  se  part  of  Franklin  co. 
Mount  Sterling,  pv.  Wn.-co.  Ala.  110  ssw 

of  Tuscaloosa.  [Ky.  60  e  of  F 

Mount  Sterling,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co-. 

Mount  Sterling,  pv.  Madison  co.  O.  32  w  Cs. 

Mount  Sterling,  v.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

I  Mount  Sterling,  pv.  cap.  of  Brown  co.  Ill   77 

w  of  Springfield.  [Bennington 

Mount  Tabor,  tp.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  36  ne  of 
Mount  Tabor,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  76  nw  Ca. 
Mount  Tabor,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ind.  45  ssw  Is. 
Mount  Union,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  138  ne  of  Cs. 
Mount  Upton,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  100  w 

of  Albany.  [of  A. 

Mount  Vernon,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  15  nw 
Mount  Vernon,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  32 

ssw  of  Concord. 
Mount  Vernon,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  72  ese  H. 
Mount  Vernon,  Va.  the  former  residence  of 

Gen.  Washington,  on  the  Potomac  r.  6  m 

below  Alexandria.  [Ga.  112  se  of  M. 

Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co 

;  Mount  Vernon,  pv.  Mobile  co.  Ala.  184  s  of  T 

I  Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Francis  co.  Ark. 

j  Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Rock  Castle  co. 

!      Ky.  75  sse  of  Frankfort.  [Veinon  r. 

Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Knox  co.  O.  on 

Mount  Vernon,  pv.  Macomb  co.  Mich.  32  nD. 

Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Posey  co.  Ind.  on 

Ohio  river.  [130  sse  of  Sd. 

Mount  Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  111. 
Mount  Vernon,  pv.  Dade  co.  Mo. 
!  Mount  Vernon  Village,  pv.  Kennebec  co. 

Me.  17  nw  of  Augusta. 
Mountville,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  140  n  of  R. 
Mountville,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  74  nw  Ca. 
Mountville,  pv.  Troup  co.  Ga.  112  w  of  M. 
Mount  Vision,  pv.  Otsego  co.N.Y.  80  w  Al. 
Mount  Washington,  N.  H.  the  highest  peak 

of  the  White  Mts.    Height,  6,428  feet. 
Mount  Washington,  tp.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
Mount  Washington,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ga 

38  ese  of  Milledgeville.  [wsw  of  F 

Mount  Washington,  pv.  Bullitt  co.  Ky.  60 
Mount   Willing,   pv.  Edgefield  dist.  S.   C. 

40  w  of  Columbia.  [of  T. 

Mount  Willing,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Ala.  120  ssa 
Mount  Zion,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Ga.  30  ne  of  M. 
Mourystown,  pv.  Highland  co.  0.87s\v  Cs. 
Moyamensing,  tp.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  s  of 

the  city,  of  which  it  forms  one  of  the  sub- 
urbs. 
Muddy  Cr.  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 
Muddy  r.  Ky.  flows  into  Green  r. 
Muhlenbukg,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O.  12  nw  of 

Circleville. 
Mulberry  r.  Ala.  abr.  of  the  Black  W'urrior  r 
Mullica,  tp.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J. 
Mullica  Hill,  pv.  Glo'ster  co.  N.  J.  45  s  Tn 
Mul'licas  r.  N.  J.  See  Egg  Harbor,  Little 
Multona  Springs,  Attala  co.  Miss.  13  N  of 

Kosciusko. 
Muncy,  borough,  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  85  n  H. 
Muncy,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  13  ne  of  Wil 

liamsport.  [Williamsport 

Muncy  Cr.  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  13  se  of 
Muncytown,  pv.  cap.  of  Delaware  co.  lad 

on  White  river. 


NAR 


639 


NEW 


Mundy,  tp.  Genesee  co.  Mioh.  [Green  r. 

Munfordsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hart  eo.  Ky.  on 
Munson,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  166  ne  of  Cs. 
Munster,  pv.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  133  w  of  H. 
Murder  Kill,  hundred,  Kent  co.  Del. 
Murdocksville,  pv.Wn.  co.  Pa.  230  w  of  II. 
Murfreesborough,  pv.  Hertford  co.  N.  C. 

on  Chowan  river. 
Murfreesborough,  Tenn.    See  Gazetteer. 
Murphy,  pv.  cap.  of  Cherokee  co.  N.  C.  367 

w  of  Raleigh. 
Murray,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  Sandy  cr. 
Murray,  pv.  Wells  co.  Ind.  110  ne  of  Is. 
Murray's  Mills,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  100 

se  of  Indianapolis.  [wof  H. 

Murr^ysville,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  180 
Murraysville,  pv.Hall  co.  Ga.  130  NNW  of  M. 
Muscatine,  See  Iowa,  Gazetteer. 
Muscle  Ridge  Island,  tp.  Lincoln  co.  Me. 
Muscle  Shoals,  in  Ala.  on  Tenn.  r.,  which 

is  here  2  or  3  m.  wide ;  named  from  the 

fresh  water  clams  found  here. 
Muskego,  tp.Mihvaukie  co.  Wis. 
Muskingum  r.  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Muskingum,  pt.  Muskingum  co.  O.  60  e  of  Cs. 
Mystic,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  52  se  of 

Hartford.  [56  se  of  Hd. 

Mystic  Bridge,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn. 

Nacogdoches,  a  co.  in  the  e  part  of  Texas, 
on  the  r.  Neches.  It  is  mostly  woodland. 
Soil  rich,  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of 
cotton. 

Nacogdoches,  a  t.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  the  above 
co.,  about  250  m.  ene  of  Austin.  A  uni- 
versity was  incorporated  here,  February 
1815.     Pop.  from  1,000  to  1,200. 

Na-hant',  tp.  and  celebrated  watering-place 
of  Essex  co.  Mass.  14  NE  of  Boston. 

Nanjemoy,  pv.  Charles  co.  Md.  88  sw  of  An. 

Nankin,  pv.  Ashland  co.  O.  83  n  of  Cs. 

Nankin,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  20  w  of  D. 

Nansemond  r.  Va.  enters  by  a  wide  estuary 
into  Hampton  Roads.  [Binghamton. 

Nanticoke,  tp.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  14   nw  of 

Nanticoke  r.  rises  in  Sussex  co.  Del.  and 
enters  Fishing  Bay,  an  arm  of  the  Chesa- 
peake, in  Md. 

Nanticoke,  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 

Nanticoke  Falls,  Pa.  in  the  Susquehanna, 
8  m.  below  Wilkesbarre.     [142  wsw  of  Al. 

Nanticoke  Springs,   pv.  Broome  co.  N.Y. 

Nantucket,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 

Napier,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 

Napierville,  pv.  cap.  of  Du  Page  co.  111. 
176  nne  of  Springfield. 

Naples,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  66  sw  of  A. 

Naples,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  18  s  of  Canan- 
daigua. 

Naples,  pv.  Gwinnett  co.  Ga.  90  nw  of  M. 

Naples,  pv.  Scott  co.  111.  on  Illinois  r. 

Napoleon,  pv. Chicot  co.  Ark.  on  Mississippi  r. 

Napoleon,  pv.  Gallatin  co.  Ky.50  N  of  F. 

Napoleon,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry' co.  O.  on  Mau- 
mee  river. 

Napoleon,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  66  w  of  D. 

Napoleon,  pv.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  60  se  of  Is. 

Napoli,pL  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 308  wof  Al. 

Naponoch,  v.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  onRondout  cr. 

Narraganset  Bay,  R.  I.  extends  n  from  the 
Atlantic,  between  Point  Judith  on  the  W, 
and  Seaconnet  Rocks  on  the  e.  Length  28 
m.,  breadth  from  3  lo  12  m. 

NARRAGUA'GUsr.andbay,Washiugtonco.Me. 


Nashawn,  i.  Mass.  one  of  the  Elizabeth  is.  t 
miles  long,  and  2  broad. 

Nashport,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  54  e  of  Cs. 

Nash's  Stream,  N.  H.  a  br.  of  Upper  Am- 
monoosuc  river.  [Dunstable. 

Nashua  r.  N.H.  flows  into  the  Merrimack  at 

Nashua,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  on  Mer- 
rimack river. 

Nashville,  pv.  cap.  of  Nash  co.  N.  C.  44  e  Rh. 

Nashville,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Miss,  on  Tombig- 
bee  river. 

Nashville,  pv.  Holmes  co.  O.  82  ne  of  Cs. 

Nashville,  pv.  cap.  of  Brown  co.  Ind.  54  s  of  Is. 

Nashville,  pv.  cap.  of  Wn.  co.  111.  118  s  of  Sd. 

Nashville^  pv.  Boone  co.  Mo.  24  nw  Jef.  City 

Nashville,  cap.  of  Milam  co.  Texas,  on  the 
Brazos  r.  75  m.  ne  of  Austin.   Pop.  near  100. 

Nassau  r.  Flor.  enters  by  Nassau  inlet  into 
the  Atlantic. 

Nassau,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  12  se  of  AL 

Natchaug  r.  Conn,  joins  Shetucket  r. 

Natchez,  Miss.    See  Gazetteer. 

Natchitoches,  pv.  cap.  of  Natchitoches  par. 
La.  on  Red  river. 

Nathansville,  pv.  Conecuh  co.  Ala.  190  s  T. 

Natick,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  17  wsw  of  B. 

Natick,  pv.  Kent  co.  R.  I.  9  sse  of  Providence. 

Natural  Bridge,  pv.  Jef.  co.  N.Y.  150  nw 
of  Albany.  [zetteer. 

Natural  Bridge,  Va.    See  Rockbridge,  Ga- 

Naugatuck  r.  Conn,  flows  into  the  Housa- 
tonie.  [of  Hd. 

Naugatuck,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  53  sw 

Nauvoo  City,  a  famous  Mormon  settlement, 
Hancock  co.  111.  on  the  Mississippi.  [Vacca. 

Nav-id-ad',  a  r.  of  Texas,  flowing  into  the  La 

Neatsville,  pv.  Adair  co.  Ky.  84  s  of  F. 

N  Edits,  netch'es,  a  r.  in  the  e  part  of  Texas, 
flowing  into  Sabine  Lake.  [coast. 

Neddock,  cape,  York  co.  Me.  on  the  Atlantic 

Needham,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  12  sw  of  B. 

Neffsville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  40  se  of  H. 

Nelson,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  44  sw  of  Cd. 

Nelson,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  110  w  of  Al. 

Nelson,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  164  ne  of  Cs. 

Nelson  Factory,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  38 
sw  of  Concord.  [hocking  r. 

Nelsonville,  pv.  Athens  co.  O.  on   Hock- 

Neosiio  r.  Indian  Territory,  enters  the  Ar- 
kansas 3  or  4  m.  s  of  Fort  Gibson. 

Neosho,  pv.  cap.  of  Newton  co.  Mo.  175  nw 
of  Jefferson  City.  [hour. 

Neponset  r.  Mass.  flows  into   Boston  Har- 

Neponset  Village,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  5 
s  of  Boston.  [Susquehanna. 

Nescopeck  cr.  Luzerne   co.  Pa.  enters   the 

Nescopeck,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Nesco- 
peck creek. 

Neshaminy  cr.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  enters  the  Del- 
aware 3  m.  below  Bristol. 

Neshanock,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  Pa.  [w  of  Phi'a. 

Nether  Providence,  pt.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  12 

Nesaquake  r.  Sufio).1:  co.  N.Y.  enters  Long 
Island  Sound.  [river. 

Nesaquake,  v.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Nesaquake 

Neversink,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  on  Never- 
sink  river.  [co.  N.J. 

Neversink  Hills,  in  the  n  part  of  Monmouth 

Neville,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

New  Albany,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  136  n  H 

New  Albany,  pv.  Pontotoc  co.  Miss. 

New  Albany,  v.  Mahoning  co.  0. 

New  Albany,  city,  and  cap.  of  Floyd  CO.  Ind. 
on  Ohio  r.    Pop.  5,000. 


NEW 


640 


NEW 


New  Albion,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  307  w 

of  Albany. 
New  Alexander,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  146 

ne  of  Columbus. 
New  Alexandria,  pv.  Wejtmoreland  co.  Pa. 

on  r.  Loyalhannah,  170  w  of  Harrisburg. 
New  Alstead,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  54  sw 

of  Concord.  [Ohio  r. 

New  Amsterdam,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  on 
Newark,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  57  ne  of  Mtr. 
Newark,  tp.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  8  K  of  Owego. 
Newark,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  166  w  of  Al. 
Newark,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  60  n  Dover. 
Newark,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Md.  123  se  of  An. 
Newark,  pv.  cap.  of  Licking  co.  O.  40  ene  of 

Columbus.  [river. 

Newark,  tp.  Allegan  co.  Mich,  on  Kalamazoo 
Newark,  pv.  Warwick  co.  Ind. 
Newark,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  111.  150  nne  of  Sd. 
Newark,  pv.  Knox  co.  Mo.  44  s  Jef.  City. 
Newark  Valley,  pv.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  East 

Owego  cr.  [of  Lenox. 

New  Ashford,  tp.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  18  n 
New  Athens,  pv.  Harrison  co.  0. 115  e  of  Cs. 
New  Baltimore,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  15  s 

of  Albany. 
New  Baltimore,  pv.  Fauquier  co.Va.  108  R  R. 
New  Baltimore,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  138  ne  Cs. 
New  Barbadoes,  tp.  Bergen  co.  N.  J. 
New  Bedford,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  244  wnw 

of  Harrisburg.  [of  Cs. 

New  Bedford,   pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  100  ne 
Newberg,  pt.  Cass  co.  Mich.  157  w  of  D. 
New  Berlin,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  8  ne  of 

Norwich.  [70  n  of  H. 

New  Berlin,  borough,  cap.  of  Union  co.  Pa. 
New  Berlin,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  130  ne  of  Cs. 
New  Berlin,  pv.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis.  90  e  of 
Newbern,  N.  C.  See  Gazetteer.  [Madison. 
Newbern,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala. 
Newbern,  pv.  Bartholomew  co.  Ind.  50  s  Is. 
Newberry,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  95  n  of  H. 
Newberry,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 
Newberry  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Newberry  dist. 

S.  C.  40  wnw  of  Columbia. 
Newberry,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ky.  120  s  of  F. 
Newberry,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  160  nw  of  Cs. 
Newberrytown,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  19  s  of  H. 
New  Bethel,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  8  se  of  Is. 
New  Bloomfield,  borough,  Pa.  See  Bloom- 
field,  [of  Jef.  City. 
New  Bloomfield,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  11  n 
Newborn,  pv.  Newton  co.  Ga.  55  nw  of  M. 
New  Boston,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  22  s  Cd. 
New  Boston,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  122  w  B. 
New  Boston,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  48  ne 

of  Hartford.  [Ware  r. 

New  Braintree,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  on 
New  Bremen,  pv.  Mercer  co.  O.  97  wnw  Cs. 
New  Bridge,  pv.  Lumpkin  co.  Ga.  136  raw 

of  Milledgeville.  [of  New  York. 

New  Brighton,  v.  Richmond  co.  N.Y.  6  w 
New  Britain,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  sw 

of  Hartford. 
New  Britain,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  25  n  Phila. 
New  Buffalo,  pv  Berrien  co.  Mich,  on  Lake 

Michigan. 
Newburg,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  50  ne  of  A. 
Newburg,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  41  w  of  H. 
Newburg,  pv.  Pittsylvania  co.Va.  138  wsw  R. 
Newburg,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ala.  120  n  of  T. 
Newburg,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  63  w  of  F. 
Newburg,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  150  ne  of  Cs. 
Newburg,  tp.  Geauga  co.  O. 


Newburg,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 
Newburg,  pv.  Warwick  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  T. 
Newbnrg,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  65  w  of  Sd. 
New  Buelwgton,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  70  sw 

of  Columbus.  (of  Is 

New  Burlington,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Ind.  6fl  ne 
Newbury,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  30  wnw 

of  Concord. 
Newbury,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 
Newbury,  tp.  Essex  co.  Mass.  31  N  of  B. 
Newbury,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  12  N  of  York 
Newburyport,  Mass.  See  Gazetteer. 
New  Canaan,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  sW 

of  Hartford.  [of  R. 

New  CaNTON,  pv.  Buckingham  co.Va.  64  w 
New  Canton,  pv.  Hawkins  co.  Term.  264  E  of 

Nashville. 
New  Carlisle,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind.  166  n 

of  Indianapolis.  [nw  of  New  Orleans. 

New  Carthage,  pv.  Madison  par.  La.  284 
New  Castine,  pv.  Darke  co.  O.  100  w  of  Cs. 
New  Castle,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  35  se  of  A. 
New  Castle,  i.  and  tp.  Rockingham  co.  N.H. 
New  Castle,  pt. Westchester  co.NY.  on  Cro- 

ton  river.  [234. 

New   Castle,  borough,  cap.  Lawrence  co.  Pa. 

wnw  of  Harrisburg. 
New  Castle,  pv.  cap.  of  New  Custie  co.  Del. 

5  ssw  of  Wilmington. 
New  Castle,  pv.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  192 w  of  R. 
New  Castle,  pv.  Wilkes  cu.  N.  C.  157  w  of  Rh. 
New  Castle,  pv.  Favetle  co.  Tenn.  174  wsw 

of  Nashville.  [of  F 

NewCastle,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Ky.  2a  nw 
New  Castle,  pt.  Coshocton  co.  O.  70  ene  of  Cs. 
New  Castle,  pv.  cap.  Henry  co.  Ind.  on  Blue  r. 
New  Chester,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  31  sw  of  H. 
New  Columbia,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  72  n  of  H. 
New  Comerstown,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

on  Tuscarawas  river,  93  ene  of  Cs. 
Newcomb,  tp.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  92n  of  Al. 
New  Concord,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  68  e  Cs. 
New  Cumberland,  boro5,  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 

4  sw  of  Harrisburg.  [ene  of  Cs. 

New  Cumberland,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  0. 123 
New  Dlrry,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Va. 
New  Durham,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.H.  33  ne  Cd. 
New  Durham,  v.  Bergen  co.  N.  J. 
New  Echota,  pv.  Cass  co.  Ga.  166  nw  of  M. 
New  Egypt,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  18  se 

of  Trenton.  [Mass.  38  w  of  B. 

New  England  Village,  pv.  Worcester  co. 
New  Fairfield,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  sw 

of  Hartford.  [n  of  Mtr. 

New  Fane,  v.  cap.  of  Windham  co.  Vt.  100 
New  Fane,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N  Y.  on  L. Ontario. 
Newfield,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  SO  sw  of  A. 
Newfield,  pt.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  280  w  of  Al. 
Newfound  Lake,  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  6  m.  long 

and  2  broad. 
New  Frankfort,  pv.  Scott  co.  Ind.  80s  of  Is. 
New  Franklin,  pv.  Stark  co.  0. 140  ne  of  Cs. 
New  Franklin,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Iik1.75nnwIs. 
New  Garden,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  32  sw  Phila. 
New  Garden,  pv.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  98  wnw 

of  Raleigh. 
New  Garden,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  0. 150  ne  Cs. 
New  Garden,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  78  E  of  Is. 
New  Geneva,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  on  Monon- 

gahela  r. 
New  Georgetown,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
New  Germantown,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J 

44  n  of  Trenton. 
New  Germantown,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  46  vr  H 


NEW 


641 


new- 


new  6tlead,  pv.  Moose  co.  N.  C.  100  sw  Rh.  | 
New  Glasgow,  pv.  Amherst  co.  Va.  120  w  R. 
New  Gloucester,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  41 
sw  of  Augusta.  [of  Cs. 

New  Guilford,  pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  67  ne 
STew  Hagerstown,  pv.  Carroll  co.  0. 114  ene 

of  Columbus.  [Hudson  r. 

New  Hamburg,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  on 
New  Hampton,  pt.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  30  nw 

of  Concord.    '  [of  Tn. 

New  Hampton,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  47  N 
New  Hanover,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J. 
New  Hanover,  pt.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  74  e  of  H.    | 
New  Harmony,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ky.  143  ssw  j 

of  Frankfort. 
New  Harmony,  pv.  Posey  co.  Ind.  172  sw  Is.  ; 
New  Harrisburg,  pv.  Carroll  co.  O.  130  ene 

of  Columbus. 
New  Hartford,  pt  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  20 

w  of  Hartford.  [Utica.  j 

New  Hartford,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  4  w  of 
New  Hartford,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  76  w  of  Sd. 
New  Hartford  Centre,  pv.  Litchfield  co. 

Conn.  18  w  of  Hartford. 
New  Havex,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vl.  60  w  Mtr. 
New  Haven,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y. 
New  Haven,  pv.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  63  sw  of  F. 
New  Haven,  pv.  Huron  co.  O.  82  N  of  Cs. 
New  Haven,   pv.  Gallatin  co.  111.  on  Little 

Wabash  river.  [wsw  of  Mtr. 

New  Haven  Mills,  pv.  Addison  co.Vt.  54 
New  Helvetia.    See  Nuk.va  Helvetia. 
New  Holland,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  50  e  H.  i 
New  Holland,  pv.  Pickaway  co.  O.  43  s  Cs.     i 
New  Hope,  borough,  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Del.r.  j 
New  Hope,  pv.  Augusta  co.Va.  130  wsw  R.    i 
New  Hope,  pv.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  163  w  of  Rh. 
New  Hope,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  110  . 

NW  of  Columbia. 
New  Hope,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  146NNEof  T. 
New  Hope,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  100  sw  of  Cs.  i 
New  Hope,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Mo.  [Angelica.  j 
New  Hudson,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  14  w  of  I 
New  Hurly,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  83  sw  of  Al.  ! 
New   Iberia,  pv.  St.   Martin's   par.  La.  on  • 

Teche  river.  [of  Cd. 

Newington,  pt.  Rockingham  co.N.H.40ese 
Newingt  >n,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  6  s  of  Hd. 
New  Ipswich,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  47 

ssw  of  Concord.  [Va.  30  E  of  R 

New  Kent  C.  II.  pv.  cap.  of  New  Kent  co. 
New  Lancaster,  pv.  Warren  co.  111.  100  nw 

of  Springfield.  [of  Al. 

New  Lebanon,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  23  se 
New  Lebanon,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
New  Lebanon,  pv.  Pasquotank  co.  N.  C.  237 

ene  of  Raleigh. 
New  Lebanon,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Ind.  103  sw  Is, 
New  Lebanon   Springs,  pv.  Columbia   co. 

N.Y* 25  se  of  Albany,  with  warm  mineral 

spri igs.  [n  of  T.  ; 

New  Lexington,  pv.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.  24 
New  Lexington,  pv.  Perry  co.  O.  52  e  of  Cs. 
New  Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Owen  co.  Ky.  36 

n  of  Frankfort. 
Na"y  Limerick,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me. 
Nbwlin,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  28  sw  of  Phila.    \ 
New  Lisbon,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  90  w  of  Al. 
New  Lisbon,  pv.  cap.  of  Columbiana  co.  O.  | 

150  ene  of  Columbus. 
New  Lisbon,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  55  e  of  Is. 
New  London,  pt.  Merrimack  co.N.H.30  nw 

of  Concord 
New  London,  Conn.    See  Gazetteee. 
54* 


New  London,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Evi« 

canal.  [Philadelphia. 

New  London,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  36  sw  of 
New  London,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  70  nw  An. 
New  London,  pv.  Campbell  co.Va.  127  w  of  R. 
New  London,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  96  n  of  Cs. 
New  London,  pv.  cap.  Ralls  co.  Mo.  on  Salt  r. 
New  London,  pv.  Henry  co.  Iowa.  [Pa. 

New  London  Cross  Roads,  pv.  Chester  co. 
New  Lyme,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  0. 195  ne  of  Cs. 
New  Madison,  pv.  Darke  co.  0. 100  w  of  Cs 
New  Madrid,  pv.  cap.  of  New  Madrid  co 

Mo.  on  Missouri  river. 
New  Marion,  pv.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  73  se  of  Is. 
New  Market,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  38 

se  of  Concord.  [of  Tn. 

New  Market,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  36  nb 
New  Market,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  67  nw  An. 
New  Market,  pv.  Shenandoah  co.Va.  140  nw 

of  Richmond. 
New  Market,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  85  w  Rh. 
New  Market,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.C.  90  w  Ca. 
New  Market,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  170  N  T. 
New  Market,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Tenn.  208  e  No 
New  Market,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ky.  65  ssw  of  F. 
New  Market,  pt.  Highland  co.  0. 80  sw  of  Cs. 
New  Market,  pv.  Vigo  co.  Ind.  82  w  of  Is. 
New  Market,  pv.  Platte  co.  Mo. 
New  Marlboro',  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  [Is. 
New  Maysville,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  32  w  of 
New  Mexico.    See  Nuevo  Mexico. 
New  Milford,  pt.  Litchfield   co.  Conn,  on 

Housatonic  river,  50  wsw  of  Hartford. 
New  Milford,  pt.  Susqa.  co.  Pa.  185  n  of  H. 
New  Mount  Pleasant,  pv.  Jay  co.  Ind.  97 

ne  of  Indianapolis.  [of  M 

Newnan,  pv.  cap.  of  Coweta  co.  Ga.  106  w 
Newnansville,  pv.  cap.  of  Alachua  co.  Flor 
New  Oxford,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  33  s  of  H. 
New  Paltz,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  74  s  of  Al. 
New  Paltz  Landing,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  oa 

the  Hudson. 
New  Paris,  pv.  Preble  co.  O.  on  Whitewa- 
ter river.  [sw  of  Cs.. 
New  Petersburg,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  80 
New  Philadelphia,  pv.  cap.  of  Tuscarawas 

co.  O.  on  Tuscarawas  river.  [96  s  of  Is. 
New  Philadelphia,  pv. Washington  co.  Ind. 
New  Pittsburg,  pv.  Wayne  co.  0. 92  ne  Cs. 
New  Plain,  pv.  Murray  co.  Ga. 
Newport,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  54  ne  of  A. 
Newport,  pv.  cap.  of  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  40  w 

of  Concord. 
Newport,  pt.  Orleans  co.Vt.  64  n  of  Mtr. 
Newport,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  86NWof  Al. 
Newport,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.      [barre. 
Newport,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  8  sw  of  Wilkes- 
Newport,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  28  nw  of  H. 
Newport,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  50  n  Dover. 
Newport,  pv.  Charles  co.  Md.  83  sw  of  An. 
Newport,   pv.   cap.  of  Cocke  co.   Tenn.  on 

French  Broad  river.  [Ohio  r. 

Newport,  pv.  cap.  of  Campbell  co.  Ky.  on 
Newport,  pv.  Washington  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Newport,  pv.  cap.  of  Vermilion  co.  Ind.  on 

Vermilion  river.  [son  City. 

Newport,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mo.  70  e  of  Jeffer- 
New  Portage,  pv.  Medina  co.  O.  120  ne  of 

Columbus.  [nnw  of  A. 

New  Portland,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  56 
Newportville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Nesha- 

miny  creek. 
New  Prjsston,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn  43  W 
i     of  Hartford. 


NEW 


642 


NIS 


New  Prospect,  pt.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  87  ne  of 
Trenton.  [nw  of  Ca. 

New  Prospect,  pv.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  117 

New  Prospect,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  57  sw  T. 

Nkw  Providence,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  13  sw 
of  Newark.  [47NWofNe. 

New  Providence,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Tenn. 

New  Providence,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  107  s  of 
Indianapolis. 

New  Reading,  v.  Perry  co.  O. 

New  Richmond,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  on 
Ohio  r. 

New  River,  Va.  rises  in  N.  C.  In  the  lower 
part  of  its  course  it  is  called  the  Great  Ka- 
nawha. 

New  r.  Onslow  co.  N.  C.  enters  the  Atlantic 
through  New  r.  inlet.  [Sound. 

New  r.   Beaufort   dist.   S.   C.   enters  Tybee 

New  r.  La.  flows  into  Lake  Maurepas. 

New  Rochelle,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  18 
ne  of  New  York.  [Cs. 

New  Rochester,  pv.  Wood  co.  0. 108  nw  of 

New  Ross,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Ind.  35  wnw 
of  Indianapolis. 

New  Rumlfy,  pv.  Harrison  co..O.  116  E  Cs. 

Newry,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  64  w  of  A. 

Newry,  pv.  Blair  co.  Pa.  122  w  of  H. 

New  Salem,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  73  wnw 
of  Boston. 

New  Salem,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  12  w  of  Al. 

New  Salem,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  187  w  of  H. 

New  Salem,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  80  w  Rh. 

New  Salem,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  40  se  of  Cs. 

New  Salem,  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  47  ese  of  Is. 

New  Salisbury,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  124  s 
of  Indianapolis. 

New  Scotland,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  9  w  Al. 

Nj  w  Sewickly,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  5  e  Beaver. 

New  Sharon,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  28  nw  A. 

New  Shoreham,  pt.  or  Block  Island,  New- 
port co.  R.  I.  15  ssw  of  Point  Judith. 

New  Springfield,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 

New  Stanton,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

Newstead,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  20  ne  of  Buffalo. 

New  Sweden,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Au 
Sable  river. 

Newton,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  7  w  of  B. 

Newton,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  6  ne  of 
Woodbury.  [Trenton. 

Newton,  pv.  cap.  of  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  70  n  of 

Newton,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  16  w  Carlisle. 

Newton,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  14  Nwof  Phila. 

Newton,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 

Newton,  pt.  xMuskingum  co.  O.  60  e  of  Cs. 

Newton,  pt.  Calhoun  co.  Mich.  114  w  of  D. 

Newton,  pv.  cap.  of  Jasper  co.  111.  on  Em- 
barrass river.  [w  of  B. 

Newton  Centre,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  7 

Newton  Falls,  pv.  Trumbull  co.  O.  162  ne 
of  Columbus. 

Newton  Lower  Falls,  pv.  Middlesex  co. 
Mass.  11  w  of  Boston. 

Newton  Upper  Falls,  pv.  Middlesex  co. 
Mass.  9  w  of  Boston.  [of  Cd. 

Newtown,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  30  se 

Newtown,' pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  62  sw  Hd. 

Newtown,  pt.  Queen's  co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  I. 
Sound. 

Newtown,  boro',  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  ne  of  Phila. 

Newtown,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  14  w  Phila. 

Newtown,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Md.  126  se  An. 

Newtown,  pv.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  38 
fne  of  Richmond. 

Newtcwn,  pv.  Scott  co.  Ky.  25  e  of  F. 


Newtown,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  120  sw  of  Ct 

Newtown,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss.  10  s  of  J. 

Newtown,  pv.  Fountain  co.  Ind.  63  wnw  Is 

Newtown  cr.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  flows  into  tlm 
East  r.  opposite  New  York. 

Newtown  Square,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 

Newtown  Stephensburg,  pv.  Frederick  co. 
Va.  154  nnw  of  Richmond.  [of  Is. 

New  Trenton,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  80  esb 

New  Tripoli,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  86  ene  H. 

New  Utrecht,  pt.  King's  co.  N.Y.  7  s  of 
New  York. 

New  Vernon,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  50  n  Tn. 

New  Village,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

New  Village,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  54  nnw 
of  Trenton.  [ofAI. 

Newville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  66  wnw 

Newville,  boro',  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  30  sw  H. 

Newviile,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  74  nne  of  Cs. 

Newville,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  Ind.  156  nne  of  Is. 

New  Vineyard,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  48  nw 
of  Augusta.  [164  ssw  of  T. 

New  Wakefield,  pv.  Washington  co.  Ala. 

New  Washington,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  97  s 
of  Indianapolis. 

New  Wilmington,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa. 

New  Winchester,  pv.  Marion  co.  O.  62  n  of 
Columbus.  [w  of  Is. 

New  Winchester,  pv.  Hendricks  co.  Ind.  27 

New  Windsor,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on  Hud- 
son river. 

New  Windsor,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  65  nw  An. 

New  Woodstock,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  115 
w  of  Albany.  [Ohio. 

New  York,  pv.  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  on  the 

New  York  Mills,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on 
Sadaquada  creek,  96  wnw  of  Albany. 

Nez  Perce  (usually  pronounced  nay  per'cy) 
or  Saptin  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the 
E  part  of  Oregon,  between  Clark's  river 
and  the  N  branch  of  Saptin  or  Lewis  r. 
The  name  nez  perc6  signifies  in  French 
"  pierced  nose."  There  does  not,  how- 
ever, appear  to  be  any  peculiarity  in  their 
customs  to  justify  this  appellation. 

Niagara,  tp.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  16  w  of  Lock 
port.  [Niagara  r.  at  the  falls. 

Niagara  Falls,  pv.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  ou 

Niagara  (formerly  Newark),  a  v.  of  Canada 
West,  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  river. 

Nicholas  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Nicholas  co.Va 
310  w  of  Richmond.  [36  se  of  F 

Nicholasville.  pv.  cap.  of  Jessamine  co.Ky. 

Nichols,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  8  sw  of  Owego. 

Nicholson,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  160  ne  of  H. 

Nicholsville,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 
St.  Regis  river. 

Nicolet,  nikvola',  a  r.  of  Canada  East,  flow 
ing  Into  Lake  St.  Peters  from  the  se,  75  m 
below  Montreal. 

Niles,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  10  se  of  Auburn 

Niles,  pv.  Berrien  co.  Mich,  on  St.  Joseph's  r 

Nimisiiillen,  tp.  Stark  co.  O.  on  Nlmishil 
len  creek. 

Nimisilla,  pv.  Summit  co.  O.  120  ne  of  Cs. 

Nine  Mile  Prairie,  tp.  Callaway  co.  Mo. 

Nineveh,  pv.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  on  E.  Branch 
of  the  Susquehanna. 

Nineveh,  pv.  Johnson  co.  Ind.  28  s  of  Is 

Niobrarah,  a  r.  of  Missouri  Territory,  which 
falls  into  the  Missouri  near  42 3  40'  N  Lat. 

Nippenose,  pt.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  96  n  of  H. 

Nishnebatona  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Missou 
ri  river. 


NOR 


643 


NOR 


Niskayuna,  tp.  Schenectady  co.  N.Y.  4  e  of 
Schenectady. 

Nixburg,  pv.  Coosa  co.  Ala.  130  ese  of  T. 

Noble,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Noble,  tp.  Shelby  co.  O.  [of  Is. 

Noble  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Noble  co.  Ind.  160  nne 

Noblesborough,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  32  se  A. 

Noblestown,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  10  s\v 
of  Pittsburg.  [20  ne  of  Is. 

Nodlesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hamilton  co.  lad. 

Nockamixon,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  14  N  of 
Doylestown. 

Noddavvay  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Missouri. 

Nolachucky  r.  rises  in  N.  C.  and  flows  into 
French  Broad  river  in  Tenn.  [of  Ne. 

Nolensville,  pv.  Williamson  co.  Teun.  17  s 

Norfield,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  sw  Hd. 

Norfolk,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  36  wxw  of 
Hartford.  [river. 

Norfolk,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  Racket 

.Norfolk,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 

Norridgewock,  pv.  cap.  of  Somerset  co.  Me. 
on  Kennebec  river,  32  N  of  Augusta. 

Norristown,  borough,  cap.  of  Montgomery 
co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuylkill  river. 

Norristown,  pv.  cap.  of  Pope  co.  Ark.  70  nw 
of  Little  Rock. 

Norristown,  pv.  Carroll  co.  O.  130  ene  of  Cs. 

Norristonville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

Norrisville,  pv.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  103  s  of  T. 

Norriton,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 

North  Adams,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  126 
WXW  of  Boston.  [88  w  of  B. 

North  Amherst,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Mass. 

North  and  South  Akron,  tp.  Summit  co.  O. 

Northampton,  tp.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  9 
s  of  Portsmouth.  [Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 

Northampton,    pv.    cap.   of   Hampshire    co. 

Northampton,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  47  nw  Al. 

Northampton,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  on 
Rancocus  creek. 

Northampton,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  nne  Phila. 

Northampton,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa. 

North  Andover,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  23  If  B. 

North  Ashford,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  35 
in  of  Hartford.  [38  s  of  B. 

North  Attleborough,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass. 

North  Bangor,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  70 
ene  of  Augusta. 

North  Beaver,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.        [of  B. 

North  Becket,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  128  w 

North  Berwick,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  90  sw  A. 

North  Bloomfield,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y. 

North  Boothbay,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  35  se 
of  Augusta.  -  [ofB. 

Northborough,  pt.Worcester  co.  Mass.  33  w 

North  Branford,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn. 

North  Bridge,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  on 
Blackstone  river.  [22  s  of  B. 

North  Bridgewater,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 

North  Brookfield,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass. 
60  w  of  Boston.  [on  Raritan  r. 

North  Brunswick,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  N.J. 

North  Bucksport,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Me.  62 
ne  of  Augusta. 

North  Canadian  r.  rises  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, N  of  Santa  Fe,  and  flowing  in  a 
general  easterly  course,  receives  the  South 
Canadian  Fork  in  the  E  part  of  the  Indian 
Territory.  The  united  stream  after  a  course 
of  40  or  50  rn.  enters  the  Arkansas  near  35° 
20'  n  Lat.  and  OS3  w  Lon.  Entire  length 
estimated  at  100ft  m.  [nw  of  Hartford. 

North  Canton,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  19 

2 


North  Castle,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  6  if 

of  White  Plains.  [w  of  Cd. 

North  Charleston,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Nil  54 

■  North  Chatham,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 

98  se  of  Boston.  [of  Al. 

North  Chatham,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  15  s 
:  North  Chenango,  tp.  Crawford  co  Pa 
North  Chichester,  pv. Merrim~.tk  co.  N.H. 
11 e  of  Concord. 
!  North  Codorus,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.        [vf  B. 
I  North  Dan  vers,  pv.  Essex  co.  Mass.  2(  nxb 
I  North  Dartmouth,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Ma*#    60 
s  of  Boston.  [7  s  of  Cd. 

North  Dunbarton,  pv.  Merrimack  co.  N .  H. 
North  East,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  NY.  53sse  Al. 
North  East,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  10  ne  of  Erin. 
|  North  East,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  74  ne  of  An. 

■  North  East  Pass,  or  BalizE,  v.  Plaquemine 

par.  La.  [142  w  of  B. 

North  Egremont,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
North  Fairhaven,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  55 

s  of  Boston.  [67  sse  of  B. 

North  Falmouth,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
Northfield.  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  160  ene 

of  Augusta. 
Northfield,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  15  NofCd. 
Northfield,  pt.  Washington  co.  Vt.  10  ssw  of 

Montpelier. 
Northfield,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 
Northfield,  pv.  Litchfield  co.Conn.  28  w  of  Hd 
Northfield,  tp.  Richmond  co.  N.Y. 
Northfield,  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  143  ne  of  Cs. 
Northfield,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  43  w  D. 
Northfield  Farms,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass. 

96  w  of  Boston.  [of  Hd. 

Northford,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  28  s 
North  Franklin,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  80 

wsw  of  Albany.  [J46  ne  of  Cs. 

North  Georgetown,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
North  Goshen,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  34 

w  of  Hartford.  [nw  of  Hd. 

North  Granby,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  20 
North  Granville,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y. 

66  nne  of  Albany.  [28  s  of  Hd. 

North  Guilford,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn 
North  Hadley,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  94 

w  of  Boston.  [50  se  of  Cd. 

North  Hampton,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H. 
North  Haven,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  30 

ssw  of  Hartford.  [nw  of  Cd. 

North  Haverhill,  pv.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  74 
North  Hempstead,  pv.  cap.  of  Queen's  co. 

N.Y.  20  e  of  New  York.  [70  nw  of  Mtr. 
North  Hero,  pv.  cap.  of  Grand  Isle  co.  Vt. 
North  Huntingdon, tp.Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
North  Indu^ry,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  128  ne  Cs. 
Northington,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C.  50 

s  of  Raleigh.  [50  e  of  Hd. 

North  Killingly,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn. 
North  Kings  ion,  tp.  Washington  co.  R.I. 

21  s  of  Providence.  [wnw  of  B. 

North  Leverett,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  82 
North  Lima,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  0. 172  ene 

of  Columbus.  [sse  of  Hd. 

North  Lyme,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  37 
North  Madison,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn. 

on  Hammonasset  river.  [109  N  of  Is. 

North  Manchester,  pv.  Wabash   co.   Ind. 
North  Marshfield,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 

on  North  river.  [of  Al. 

North  Mendon,  py.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  21.8  W 
North  Middlebo rough,  pv.  Plymouth  co 

Mass.  35  s  of  Boston. 
North  Middleton,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 


NOR 


644 


OBA 


North  Middletown,  pv.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  50 

e  of  Frankfort.  [ne  of  H. 

North  Morel  and,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  146 
North  Oxford,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  50 

w  of  Boston.  [river. 

Northport,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 
Northport,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  195  sse  of  Al. 
Northport,  pv.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.  1  Nwof  T. 
North  Providence,  tp.  Providence  co.  R.  I. 

on  Seekonk  river.  [n  of  B. 

North  Reading,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  15 
North  r.  Mass.  flows  into  Massachusetts  Bay. 
North  Rochester,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 

48  sse  of  Boston.  [n  of  White  Plains. 

North  Salem,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  24 
North  Salem,  pv.  Hendricks  co.  Ind.  30  w  Is. 
North  Sandwich,  pv.  Carroll  co.  N.  H.  56  n 

of  Concord.  [s  of  B. 

North  Sandwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  60 
North  Scituate,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  25 

se  of  Boston.  [of  Providence. 

North  Scituate,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.I.  10  w 
North  Searsmont,  pv.  Waldo  co.  Me.  40  e  A. 
North  Sewickly,  pt.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  230  w  H. 
North  Smithfifld,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 
North  Spencer,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  53 

w  of  Boston.  [Mill  r. 

North  Stamford,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn,  on 
North   Stonington,  pt.  New  London  co. 

Conn.  53  ne  of  Hartford. 
North  Strabane,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
North  Sudbury,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  20 

w  of  Boston.  [w  of  B. 

North  Sunderland,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  87 
North  Swansea,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass  50  s  B. 
North  Truro,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  116 

se  of  Boston.  [river. 

Northumberland,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.H.  onConn. 
Northumberland,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  15  E 

of  Ballston  Spa.  [Pa.  60  n  of  H. 

Northumberland,  boro',  Northumberland  co. 
Northville,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 
Northville,  pv.  Litchfield  co. Conn.  47  wof  Hd. 
Northville,  pv.  Erie  co.  Pa.  285  ww  of  H. 
Northville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  23  wnw  D. 
Northville,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  III.  152  nne  Sd. 
North  Washington,  pv.  Westmoreland  co. 

Pa.  190  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Northwest  Fork,  hundred,  Sussex  co.  Del. 
North  Weymouth,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  12 

sse  of  Boston.  [36  ne  of  Al. 

North  White  Cr.  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y. 
North  Whitehall,  pt.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  9.5 

ene  of  Harrisburg.  [e  of  Hd. 

North  Windham,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  36 
North  Woodstock,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn. 

42  ene  of  Hartford.  [of  Cd. 

Northwood,  tp.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  20  e 
North  Woodbury,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
North  Yarmouth,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 

10  N  of  Portland. 
Nobton,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  33  s  of  B. 
N  rton,  pv.  Delaware  co.  O.  34  N  of  Cs. 
Norton,  tp.  Summit  co.  O.  on  Tuscarawas  r. 
Norwalk  r.  Conn,  flows  into  Long   Island 

Sound,  at  Norwalk. 
Norwalk,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  68  sw  Hd. 
Norwalk,  pv.  cap.  of  Huron  co.  O.  100  n  Cs. 
Norway,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  44  w  of  A. 
Norway,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  86  wnw  Al. 
Norwegian,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Norwich,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  46  sse  of  Mtr. 
Norwich,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  104  W  B. 
Norwich.  Conn.    See  Gazetteer. 


Norwich,  pv.  cap.  of  Chenango  co  N.Y.  oa 
Chenango  river. 

Norwich,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y. 

Norwich,  pt.  M'Kean  co.  Pa.  190  mv  of  H. 

Norwich,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  65  e  of  Cs. 

Norwichtown,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn. 
37  se  of  Hartford.  [wsw  of  Rh. 

Norwood,   pv.   Montgomery  co.  N.  C.   158 

Nottaway  r.  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 

Nottaway,  pv.  cap.  of  Nottaway  co.  Va.  on 
|      Nottaway  r.  [of  D. 

j  Nottaway,  pt.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  137  wtw 

Nottingham,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  93 
I      ese  of  Concord. 

|  Nottingham,  tp.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  17  ne  of 
I      Mount  Holly.  [Washington  (boiough). 

I  Nottingham,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  13  e  of 

Nottingham,  pv.  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  32 
sw  of  Annapolis. 

Novi,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  25  nw  of  D. 

Nueva  Helvetia,  nwa'va  hel-va'te-a,  o* 
New  Helvetia,  an  American  settlement 
or  colony  in  California,  near  the  junction 
of  the  Rio  Sacramento  with  the  Rio  de  los 
Americanos,  founded  in  1838-9  by  Captain 
Sutter,  of  Missouri.  Under  his  wise  and 
energetic  management,  it  appears  to  have 
become  very  prosperous.  A  large  quantity 
of  excellent  wheat  is  raised  here,  a  consi- 
derable portion  of  which  is  shipped  to  the 
North-west  settlements,  in  vessels  belong- 
ing to  the  proprietor. 

Nuevitas,  nwa-vee'tas,  a  sea-port  on  the  N 
side  of  Cuba,  45  m.  ne  of  Puerto  Principe. 

Nuevo  Leon  (Sp.  pron.  nwa'vo  la-one')  or 
New  Le'on,  a  state  in  the  ne  par!  of  IVlexi- 
co,  w  of  Tamaulipas.  Area  20,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  85,000.     Capital,  Monterey. 

Nuevo  or  New  Mexico,  a  Mexican  territory 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Rio  del  Norte, 
near  its  source.     Capital,  Santa  Fe. 

Nulhegan  r.  Vt.  flows  into  the  Connecticut. 

Nunda,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  20  n  of  An- 
gelica. [Cashaqua  cr. 

Nunda  Valley,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on 

Nyack,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson  r. 

Oak  Dale,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Mo.  94  n  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 

Oakham,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  61  w  of  B. 

Oak  Hill,  pv.  Jackson  co.  O.  80  sse  of  Cs. 

Oakland,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  9  w  of  Hd. 

Oakland,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Casha- 
qua creek. 

Oakland,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  195  sw  of  Ne. 

Oakland,  tp.  Oal.land  co.  Mich.  58  nw  of  D. 

Oakland  College,  pv.  Claiborne  co.  Miss.  87 
sw  of  Jackson.  [ofAl. 

Oak  Orchard,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  260  w 

Oaksville,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  73  w  of  Al. 

Oakville,  pv.  Buckingham  co.  Va.  102  w  R. 

Oakville,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  180  wsw 
of  Raleigh. 

Oakville,  pv.  Lexington  dist.S.  C.  ISswofCa. 

Oakville,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  112  N  of  T. 

Oakville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mich. 

Oakville,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo. 

Oaxaca,  or  Oajaca,  wah-iiah'ka,  a  stato  in 
the  se  part  of  Mexico,  w  of  Chiapa,  and 
bordering  on  the  Pacific.  Area 31,500  sq.  m 
Pop.  600,000.  Oaxaca,  the  cap.  of  the  above, 
is  a  handsome  city,  with  a  pop.  of  near 
40,000. 

Obanionville,  pv.  Clermont  co.  0. 102  sw  Cr 


ONS 


645 


OSS 


Oberlin.  pv.  Lorain  co.  O.  110  *N«  of  Cs. 

Obies  r.  Tenn.  flows  into  Cumberland  r. 

Oc-cid-en'te,  or  the  "  West,"  a  large  Mex- 
ican state,  consisting  of  the  provinces  of 
Sonora  and  Cinaloa,  bordering  on  the  Gulf 
of  California.  Area  148,000  sq.  m.  Pop. 
180,000.     Capital,  Villa  del  Fuerte. 

Occoquan,  pv.  Pi  ince  William  co.  Va.  96  nR. 

Oceola,  pv.  cap.  of  Mississippi  co.  Ark.  on 
Mississippi  river. 

Oceola,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich.      [wnw  D. 

Oceola  Centre,  pv.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  57 

Ocmulgeeville,  pv.  Telfair  co.  Ga.  148  s  M. 

Ocracoke,  pv.  Carteret  co.  N.  C.         [the  se 

Octorara  cr.  Pa.  bounds  Lancaster   co.  on 

Ogden,  tp.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  10  w Rochester. 

Ogden,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 

Ogden,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ind.  36  e  of  Is. 

Ogdexsburg,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Ohio,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  108  nw  of  Al. 

Ohio,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  11  nw  Pittsburg. 

Ohio,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  10  sw  of  Beaver. 

Ohio,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 

Ohio  City,  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie. 

Ohioville,  pv.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  240  w  of  H. 

Oil  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Alleghany  r. 

Oil  Cr.  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  227  NW  of  H. 

Olcott,  pv.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 

Old  Bridge,  pv.  Middlesex  co.N.  J.  34  neTu. 

Old  Codorus,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  lOswof  York. 

Old  Jefferson,  pv.  Saline  co.  Mo. 

Old  Man's,  v.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Old  Mines,  pv.  Washington  co.  Mo. 

Old  Point  Comfort,  a  strong  fortress,  Eli- 
zabeth co.  Va.,  at  the  mouth  of  James  river 

Old  Town,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
scot river.  [tomac. 

Old  Town,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Md.  on  the  Po- 

Old  Town.  pv.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  115  wnw  Rh. 

Old  Town,  pv.  Philips  co.  Ark.  on  Miss.  r. 

Old  Town,  pv.  Claiborne  co.  Tenn.224  e  Ne. 

O-le-an',  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  on  Alle- 
ghany river. 

Olemon,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Olemon  r. 

Oley,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  62  e  of  H. 

Olive,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  72  ssw  of  Al. 

Olive,  pt.  Morgan  co.  O.  96  e  of  Cs. 

Oliver,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

Oliver,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.  [stone  river. 

Oliversburg,  pv-  Richland  co.  O.  on  Whet- 

Olxey,  pv.  cap.  of  Richland  co.  111.  on  Little 
Wabash  river. 

Omaha  (om'a-haw)  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling 
w  of  the  Missouri,  between  the  Niobrarah 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Platte. 

Omer,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  187  nw  of  Al. 

Omer,  St.  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ind.  37  se  of  Is. 

Ompompanoosuc  r.  Vt.  flows  into  the  Conn. 

Onancock,  pv.  Accomac  co.  Va.  on  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Oneida  r.  and  lake.    See  Gazetteer. 

Oneida  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Oneida  Lake. 

Oneida,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich.  130  w  of  D. 

Oneida  Castle,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Oneida  creek. 

Oneonta,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  20  s  of  Coop- 
erstown.  [Burlington. 

Onion  r.  Vt.  flows  into  L.  Champlain  5  n  of 

Onondaga,  lake,  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  8  m. 
long,  and  from  2  to  4  broad.  [cuse. 

Onondaga,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  5  s  of  Syra- 

Onondaga  Hollow,  pv.  in  the  above. 

Onslow  C.  H.  pv  cap.  of  Onslow  co.  N.  C. 
on  New  river 


Ontario,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  22 wof  Lyons. 

Ontua,   tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Oostenaula  r.  Ga.  unites  with  the  Etowah 

to  form  the  Coosa  r.  [217  wnw  N.  Orleans. 
Opelousas,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Landry  par.  La. 
Oppenheim,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  64  nw  of  Al. 
Oquawka,  pv.  cap.  of  Henderson  co.  111.  on 

the  Mississippi  river. 
Oran,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  120  w  of  Al. 
Orange,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  14  se  of  Mtr. 
Orange,  tp.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  nw  of  Cd. 
Orange,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Miller's  r. 
Orange,  tp.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  4  sw  of 

New  Haven. 
Orange,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 
Orange,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  5  nw  of  Newark. 
Orange,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  [nw  of  R. 

Orange  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Orange  co.  Va.  84 
Orange,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  Ga.  130  nw  of  M. 
Orange,  tp.  Cuyahoga  co.  O. 
Orange,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Orange,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 
Orange,  pt.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  50  E  of  Is. 
Orangeburg,  pv.  Marion  co.  Miss. 
Orangeburg  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Orangeburg 

dist.  S.  C.  43  s  of  Columbia.  [of  R. 

Orange  Springs,  pv.  Orange  co.  Va.  76  nw 
Orangetown,   tp.  Rockland  co.  N.  Y.  on 

Hudson  river. 
Orangeville,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  257  w  Al. 
Orangeville,   pv.   Columbia   co.   Pa.  5  N  of 

Bloomsburg. 
OREGON.    See  Gazetteer. 
Oregon,  pv.  cap.  of  Holt  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Oregon  City,  pv.  Ogle  co.  111.  on  Rock  r. 
Orford,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 
Orfordville,  pv.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  62  nnw 

of  Concord. 
Orient,  pt.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  222  ne  of  A. 
Orient,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 
Orion,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  35  N  of  D. 
Oriskany  cr.  N.  Y.  enters  the   Mohawk  in 

Oneida  co. 
Oriskany,  v.  N.Y.  at  the  mouth  of  the  above. 
Oriskany  Falls,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on 

Oriskany  cr.  [river. 

Orland,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 
Orleans,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  95  se  of  B. 
Orleans,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  12  n  of  Wa- 

tertovvn. 
Orleans,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  Flint  cr. 
Obono,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot r 
Oronoko,  tp.  Berrien  co.  Mich. 
Orozimbo,  a  little  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas. 

on  Brazos  river.  [scot  r. 

Orrington,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Penob- 
Orrsville,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  192  wnw 

of  Harrisburg.  [plain. 

Orwell,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  on  Lake  Cham- 
Orwell,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  r. 
Orwell,  pt.  Bradford  oo.  Pa.  146  n  of  H 
Orwell,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  185  ne  of  Cs. 
Orwigsburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Schuylkill  co. 

Pa.  62  ne  of  Harrisburg. 
Osage,  pv.  cap.  of  Benton  co.  Ark.  on  Ark.  r. 
Osage  r.     See  Gazetteer. 
Osage  (o-sazh')  Indians,  a  tribe  in  the  e  part 

of  the  Indian  Territory,  s  of  Osage  river. 
Osceola,  pv.  cap.  St.  Clair  co.  Mo.  on  Osage  r, 
OSHTOMO,  tp.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mien. 
Osnaburg,  pt.  Stark  co.  O.  130  ne  of  Cs. 
Os*IAN,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  244  w  of  Al 
Os'sipee,  lake.  Strafford  co.  N.H.  empties  iia 

waters  through  Ossipee  river  into  ihe  Saco. 


OXF 


646 


PAL 


Oasipee,  pv.  cap.  Carroll  co.  N.  H.  52  nne  Cd. 

Osterville,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  72  sse 
of  Boston.  [rence. 

Oswega tchie  t.\.Y.  flows  into  the  St.  Law- 

Oswegatchie,  tp.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y. 

Oswego  r.  N.Y.  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Seneca  and  Oneida  rivers,  enters  Lake  On- 
tario at  Oswego. 

Oswego,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Oswego,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Oswego,  pv.  Kosciusko  co.  Ind.  133  n  of  Is. 

Oswego,  cap.  Kendall  co.  111.  170  nne  of  Sd. 

Otego  cr.  N.Y.  enters  E.  Br.  of  Susqa.  r. 

Otego,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  on  Susquehanna  r. 

Otis,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me. 

Otis,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  15  se  of  Lenox. 

Otisco,  lake,  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  5  m.  long, 
and  2  broad. 

Otisco,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  15  s  Syracuse. 

Otisco,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich. 

Otisfield,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  70  ssw  A. 

O'to  Indians  (sometimes  written  Ottoe),  a 
tribe  dwelling  in  the  ne  part  of  the  Indian 
Territory,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Platte. 

Otsdawa,"pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  86  w  of  Al. 

Otsego,  lake,  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  9  m.  long,  1  to 
2  broad. 

Otsego,  tp.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  C>6  w  of  Al. 

Otsego,  pt.  Allegan  co.  Mich,  on  Kalamazoo  r. 

Otselic  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Toughnioga  r. 

Otselic,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  15  nw  of  Nor- 
wich. 

Otsquaga  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Mohawk. 

Otter  cr.  Vt.  flows  into  Lake  Champlain. 

Otter  Village,  pv.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  67  se  Is. 

Otto,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 

Ottawa,  pt.  Ottowa  co.  O.  130  n  of  Cs. 

Ottawa,  tp.  Oceana  co.  Mich.  [linois  r. 

Ottawa,  pv.  cap.  of  La  Salle  co.  111.  on  II- 

OTTAWA(ot'ta-wah)  Indians,  a  tribe  formerly 
dwelling  in  Michigan  and  the  n  part  of 
Ohio  and  Indiana.  A  considerable  number 
have  recently  been  removed  to  the  west  of 
the  Mississippi. 

Ottsville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 

Ouse  r.  Canada.    See  Grand  r. 

Overton,  pv.  cap.  of  Claiborne  par.  La.  on 
Doreheat  Bayou. 

Ovid,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  Lake. 

Ovid,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich. 

Ovid,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ind.  36  ne  of  Is. 

O-was'co,  lake,  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  12  m.  long 
ana  about  1  m.  wide. 

Owasco,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  3  se  of  Auburn. 

Owasso,  pt.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich.  82  nw  of  D. 

Owego  cr.  N  Y.  enters  the  Susqa.  at  Owego. 

Owego,  pv.  cap.  of  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Susquehanna. 

Owensborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Daviess  co.  Ky. 
on  Ohio  r.  [Croton  r. 

Owensville,  pv.  Westchester   co.   N.Y.  on 

Owensville,  pv.  Saline  co.  Ark.  33  sw  of  Lit- 
tle Rock.' 

Owensville,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Ind.  150  sw  of  Is. 

Owenton,  pv.  Owen  co.  Ky.  28  n  of  F. 

Owingsville,  pv.  cap.  Bath  co.  Ky.  73 e  of  F. 

Oxbow,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Oswegat- 
chie  river. 

Oxford,  -pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  50  sw  of  A. 

Oxford,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  52  w  of  B. 

Oxfo-dJ  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  55  sw  Hd. 

Oxford,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  on  Chenango  r. 

Oxford,  tp.  Warren  co.  N.J.  on  the  Delaware. 

Oxford,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  40  sw  of  Phila. 


Oxford,  tp.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 

Oxford,  pv.  cap.  of  Granville  co.  N.  C.  45  * 
of  Raleigh.  [nne  of  J 

Oxford,  pv.  cap.  of  La  Fayette  co.  Miss.  16* 

Oxford,  pt.  Butler  co.  O.  105  wsw  of  Cs. 

Oxford,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 

Oxford,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

Oxford,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  42  nw  of  D. 

Oxford,  pv.  Henry  co.  111.  122  nnw  of  Sd. 

Oxford  Furnace,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.J.  52  » 

Oyster  Bay,  pt.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.      [of  Ta 

Oyster  Bay,  South,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y. 

Oyster  Pond,  v.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y. 

Ozan,  tp.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.    [Little  Rock. 

Ozark,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Ark.  120  nw 

Ozark,  pv.  Greene  co.  Mo.  172  ssw  of  Jef- 
ferson City.  [White  r. 

Ozark   C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Ozark  co.  Mo.  on 

Ozark  Mts.  run  from  Mo.  south-westerly 
through  the  nw  part  of  Ark.,  and  the  sk 
part  of  the  Indian  Territory. 

Packitta,  pv.  Early  co.  Ga.  166  sw  of  M. 
Pacolet  r.  N.  and  S.  C.  flows  into  Broad  r. 
Paddytown,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  on  Po- 
tomac river.  [Ohio  r. 
Paducah,  pv.  cap.  of  M'Cracken  co.  Ky.  on 
Pagesville,  pv.  Newberry  dist.  S.  C.50  wnw 

of  Columbia.  [Belvidere. 

Pahaquarry,  tp.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  15  n  of 
Pah  Utah  Indians.    See  Utah. 
Pain  Courtville,  pv.  Assumption  par.  La.  80 

w  of  New  Orleans. 
Painsville,  pv.  Amelia  co.  Va.  50  sw  of  R. 
Painsville,  pv.  cap.  Lakeco.  O.30e  Cleveland. 
Paint  cr.  O.  an  affluent  of  the  Scioto  r. 
Paint,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  ' 
Paint,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 
Paint,  tp.  Fayette  co.  O 
Paint,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 
Paint,  tp.  Wayne  co.  O.  95  ne  of  Cs.    [Bath. 
Painted  Post,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  22  se  of 
Painted  Post,  pv.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Tioga  r. 
Palatine,  pt.  Montg.  co.  N.Y.  on  Mohawk  r. 
Palatine  Bridge,  pv.  Montg.  co.  N.Y. 
Palermo,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  19  ene  of  A. 
Palermo,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  15  se  Oswego. 
Palestine,  pv.  Greenbrier  co.  Va. 
Palestine,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Tenn.  68  sw  of  Ne. 
Palestine,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Palestine,  pv.  Pickaway  co.  O.  30  s  of  Cs. 
Palestine,  pv.  Kosciusko  co.  Ind.  120  n  of  Is. 
Palestine,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co.  111.  155  se 

of  Springfield.  [City- 

Palestine,  pv.  Cooper  co.  Mo.  42  wnw  of  Jef. 
Palisades,  are  a  lofty  range  of  rocks  on  the 

Hudson,  from  10  to  30  m.  above  New  York. 
Palmer,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  80  w  of  B. 
Palmer  Depot,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  76  w 

of  Boston. 
Palmyra,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  50  nne  of  A. 
Palmyra,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  195  w  of  Al. 
Palmyra,  pv.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  14  e  of  H. 
Palmyra,  tp.  Pike  co.  Pa. 
Palmyra,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  [of  R. 

Palmyra,  pv.  cap.  of  Fluvanna  co.  Va.  62  wnw 
Palmyra,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  on  Roanoke  r. 
Palmyra,  pv.  Lee  co.  Ga.  128  sw  of  M. 
Palmyra,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Tenn.  37  nw  of  Ne. 
Palmyra,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  152  ne  of  Cs. 
Palmyra,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  on  Raisin  r. 
Palmyra,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  116  s  of  Is. 
Palmyra,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Mo.  1L0  nnHT 

of  Jefferson  City. 


PAS 


647 


PEK 


Pamslia,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  4  N  Water- 

Pamlico  r.    See  Gazetteer.  [town. 

Pamunky  r.  Va.  unites  with  Mattapony  to 
form  York.river.    [of  J.  on  Tallahatchee  r. 

Panola,  pv.  cap.  of  Panola  co.  Miss.  160  n 

Panton.  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  on  L.  Champlain. 

Panvco,'  pah-noo'ko,  a  r.  of  Mexico,  which 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  Tampico. 

Paoli,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  16  w  of  Phila. 

Paoli,  pv.  cap.  oi  Orange  co.  Ind.  94  sw  of  Is. 

Pairr  Mill  Village,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H. 
57  sw  of  Concord. 

Papertown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 

Paperville,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Tenn.  300  eNc 

Paraclifta,  pv.  cap.  of  Sevier  co.  Ark.  142 
sw  of  Little  Rock. 

Paradise,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  52  w  of  Phila. 

Paradise,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 

Paradise,  pv.  Cole  co.  111.  80  E  of  Sd. 

Parabox,  lake,  N.Y.  Essex  co.  4  m.  long, 
from  |m.tol  m.  broad. 

Par-ral',  or  San  Jose  del  Parral,  a  t.  of 

_  Mexico,  near  the  boundary  between  the 
states  of  Durango  and  Chihuahua,  about  100 
m.  s  of  the  town  of  Chihuahua.  lis  mines 
were  formerly  very  productive,  at  which 
time  its  population  is  said  to  have  amounted 
to  50,000 ;  at  present  it  is  only  7,000. 

Paris,  pv.  cap.  of  Oxford  co.  Me.  40  w  of  A. 

Paris,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  8  s  of  Utica. 

Paris,  pv.  Fauquier  co.Va.  130  n  of  R. 

Paris,  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Tenn.  9S  w  Ne. 

Paris,  pv.  cap.  of  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  36  e  of  F. 

Paris,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  135  ne  of  Cs. 

Paris,  pv.  Jennings  co.  Ind.  77  sse  of  Is. 

Paris,  pv.  cap.  of  Edgar  co.  111.  114  e  of  Sd. 

Paris,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Mo.  70  n  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Paris,  cap.  of  Lamar  co.  Texas,  about  20  m. 
s  of  Red  river. 

Paris,  St.  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.S7  w  of  Cs. 

Parisburg,  pv.  cap.  Giles  co.Va.  on  New  r. 

Parish,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  22  e  of  Oswego. 

Parishville,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  15  E 
of  Canton. 

Park,  tp.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich. 

Parkersburg,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

Parkersburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Wood  co.  Va.  on 
Ohio  river.  [wnw  of  Is. 

Parkersburg,    pv.    Montgomery    co.    Ind.   44 

Parkersburg,  pv.  Richland  co.  111.  140  sESd. 

Park  Hill,  pv.  Cherokee  Nation,  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. 

Parkman,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  70  n  of  A. 

Parkman,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  162  ne  of  Cs. 

Parksville,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  116  swAl. 

Parksville,  pv.  Platte  co.  Mo.  [chester. 

Parma,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  10  sw  of  Ro- 

Parma,  tp.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  6  s  of  Cleveland. 

Parma,  tp.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  [Nashville. 

Parrots ville,  pv.  Cocke  co.  Tenn.  237  e  of 

Pa^rysville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  99 
ene  of  Harrisburg. 

Parsippaxy,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.J.  60  n  of  Tu. 

Parsonsfield,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  86  wsw  A. 

Pascagoula  r.  Miss.    See  Gazetteer. 

Pascagoula,  v.  Jackson  co.  Miss,  on  Pasca- 
goula river.  [sack  r. 

Paskack,   pv.  Passaic  co.  N.  J.  on  Hacken- 

Paso  del  Norte,  pah' so  del  noR'tay  (or  pah' 
so  del  norl),  a  t.  of  New  Mexico,  near  the 
right  bank  of-  the  Rio  del  Norte,  in  the 
midst  of  a  very  fertile  district.  Lat.  about 
31°  30'  n.  Lon.  105^  30'  w.  Pop.  about  5,000. 


j  Pasquotank  r.  N.  C.  flows  into  Albemarl© 
!      Sound.  [nobscot  r. 

Passadumkeag,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  on  Pe- 
Passaic  r.    See  Gazetteer.  [teer. 

'  Passamaquoddy  r.     See  Croix,  St.,  Gazet- 
i  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  at  the  ne  extremity  of 

Me.,  receives  the  St.  Croix  river. 
Pass  Christian,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Miss. 
Pasumsic  r.  Vt.  enters  the  Connecticut  r. 
Pasumsic,  pv.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  40  e  of  Mtr. 
Passyunk,  tp.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  s  of  the  city. 
Patapsco  r.  Md.  enters  Chesapeake  Bay  by 

a  broad  estuary,  about  15  nne  of  An. 
Patchogue,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  60  e  of  N.Y. 
Paterson,  N.  J.    See  Gazetteer. 
Patoka  r.  Ind.  flows  into  the  Wabash. 
Patoka,  pt.  Gibson  co.  Ind.  13S  sw  of  Is. 
Patrick  OH.  pv.  cap.  of  Patrick  co.Va.  228 

wsw  of  Richmond. 
Patricktown,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  15  e  of  A. 
Patriot,  pv.  Gallia  co.  O.  97  sse  of  Cs. 
Patriot,  pv.  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 
Pattawatomies.    See  Pottawatomies. 
Patten,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 
Patterson,  pt.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  on  Croton  r 
Patterson,  pv.  St.  Genevieve  co.  Mo.  176  esh 

of  Jefferson  City.  [James  r. 

Pattoxsburg,  pv.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  on 
Pattoxsville.  pv.  Granville  co.  N.C.  40  n  Rh. 
Patuxent  r.  Md.  enters  Chesapeake  Bay  by 

a  large  estuary,  about  50  m.  s  of  Annapolis. 
Paulding,  pv.  cap.  of  Jasper  co.  Miss.  109 

ese  of  Jackson.  [river. 

Paulinskill  r.  N.  J.  flows  into  the  Delaware 
Paulina,  v.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  2  n  of  Del.  r. 
Pavilion,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  240  w  of  Al. 
Pavilion,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 
Pawcatuck  r.  R.  I.  flows  into  the  Atlantic  on 

the  border  of  Conn. 
Pawlet,  pt.  Rutland  co.Vt.  87  ssw  of  Mtr. 
Pawlings,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  20  e  of 

Pouglikeepsie. 
Pa  w'nei:  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  in  the  sb 

part  of  Missouri  Territory,  on  the  n  side 

of  the  Platte  r.  [160  w  of  D. 

Paw-Paw,  pv.  cap.  of  Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 
Pawtucket  r.  R  I.  rises  in  Mass.  under  the 

name  of  Blackstone  river,  and  flows  into 

Providence  river  just  below  Providence. 
Pawtucket,  pv.  R.  I.  4  n  of  Providence,  on 

Pawtucket  river. 
Pawtucket,  tp.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  46  s  of  B. 
Pawtuxet  r.  R.I.  flows  into  Providence  r. 

5  m.  below  Providence. 
Pawtuxet,  pv.  Kent  co.  R.  I.  5  s  Providence. 
Paxton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  50  w  of  B. 
Payneville,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ala.  78  sw  of  T. 
Paynesville,  pv.  Pike  co.  Mo.  92  ne  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 
Payson,  pv  Adams  co.  111.  92  w  of  Sd. 
Pea  r.  Ala.  flows  into  the  Choctawhatchee  r. 
Peace  Dale,  pv.  Washington  co.  R.  I. 
Peacham,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  36  e  of  Mtr. 
Peach  Bottom,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  26  se  York. 
Pearl  r.    See  Gazetteer. 
Peaklington.    See  Gazetteer. 
Pease,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 
Pedknsvill;:,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C. 
Pedricktown,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.J.  55  s  Salem. 
Peebles,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 
Peekskill,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on  '.he 

Hudson  river,  46  n  of  New  York. 
Pekatonica,  pv.  Winnebago   co.  111.  at  fho 

junction  of  Pekatonica  r  with  Rock  r 


PER 


PET 


Pekin,  pv.  Tazewell  co.  111.  62  n  of  Sd. 

Pelha'm,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  80  w  of  B. 

Pelliam,  tp.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  32  sw  of 
Portsmouth.  [White  Plains. 

Pelham,  tp.  Westchester  co.   N.Y.  10  s  of 

Pelham,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Tenn.  85  sse  of  Ne. 

Pemadumcook,  lake,  Penobscot  co.  Me. 

Pemberton,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.J.  22  s  Tn. 

Pembroke,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  180  ene 
of  Augusta. 

Pembroke,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  5  se  of  Cd. 

Pembroke,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  26  sb  of  B. 

Pembroke,  pt.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  on  Tona- 
wanda  creek. 

Pembroke,  pv.  Christian  co.  Ky.  197  sw  of  F. 

Pem'igewas'set  r.  N.  H.  a  branch  of  the  Mer- 
rimack. [Lockport. 

Pendleton,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  7  sw  of 

Pendleton,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  136  WWW 
of  Columbia. 

Pendleton,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ind.  31  ne  of  Is. 

Penfield,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  8  e  Rochester. 

Penfield,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ga.  50  n  of  M. 

Penfield,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  106  nne  of  Cs. 

Penfield,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 

Penn,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  36  sw  of  Phila. 

Penn,  tp.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 

Penn,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

Penn,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa. 

Penn.  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

Penn,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Pesnington,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  8  N  of  Tn. 

Pennsbury,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  23  sw  of  Phila. 

Penns  Neck,  Lower,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  6  nw 
of  Salem. 

Penns  Neck,  Upper,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J. 

Pennsville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  25  n  of  Phila. 

Pennsville,  pv.  Morgan  co.  O.  77  e  of  Cs. 

Penn  Township,  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  Nwof 
the  city.  [of  Al. 

Penn  Yan.  pv.  cap.  of  Yates  co.  N.Y.  192  w 

Penobscot,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot 
river. 

Peoria,  city,  cap.  of  Peoria  co.  HI.  on  111.  r. 

Pepin,  a  lake  of  Wis.  at  the  mouth  of  Chippe- 
wa river. 

Pepperell,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  38  nw  B. 

Pequannock  r.  Conn,  enters  Bridgeport  har- 
bour, [ristnwn. 

Pequannock,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  10  n  of  Mor- 

Pecjuannock  cr.  N.  J.  enters  Passaic  r. 

Pequawket  r.  N.  H.  flows  into  Saco  r. 

Pequest  cr.  N.  J.  flows  into  Delaware  r. 

Pequot,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  48  se  Hd. 

Perch  r.  Jefferson  co.  N  Y.  flows  into  Black 
river  Bay.  [Perdido  Bay. 

Perdido  r.  between  Ala.  and  Flor.  flows  into 

Perkins,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  15  nw  of  Nfywalk. 

Perkinsville,  pv. Windsor  co.Vt.  70  s  of  Mtr. 

Perkmsville,  pv.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  270  w  of  Rh. 

Perrinsville,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  24  E 
of  Trenton. 

Perrinton,  tp.  Monroe  co.  N.Y. 

Perry,  pt.  ffn.  co.  Me.  5  nw  of  Eastport. 

Perry,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  240  w  of  Al. 

Perry,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 

Perry,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 

Perry,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 

Perry,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

Perry,  pv.  cap.  of  Houston  co.  Ga.  60  sw  of  M. 

Perry  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Ky.  on  Ky.  r. 

Perry,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 

Perrv,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 

Perry,  pt.  Lake  co.  O.  182  ne  of  Cs. 


Perry,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 

Perry,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Perry,  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 

Perry,  tp.  Wayne  co.  O. 

Perry,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 

Perry,  pv.  Pike  co.  Hi.  66  w  of  Sd.  [w  of  Al 

Perry  Centre,  pv.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  24S 

Perrymansville,  pv.  Harford  co.  Md. 

Perryopolis.  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  onYougb 

iogheny  river. 
Perryopolis,  pv.  Monroe  co.  O.  106  e  of  Cs. 
Perry's  Bridge,  pv.  La  Fayette  par.  La.  on 

Vermilion  river.  [of  Al. 

Perrysburg,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  306  w 
Perrysburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Wood  co.  O.  on  Mau- 

mee  river. 
Perrysburg,  pv.  Miami  co.  Ind.  100  n  of  Is. 
Perry's  Mills,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  192  n  Al. 
Perrysville,  pv.  Washington  co.  R.  I.  40  s 

of  Providence.  [burg. 

Perrysville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  8  N  of  Pitts- 
Perrysville,  pt.  Vermilion  co.  Ind.  80  w  of  Is. 
Perryville,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  115  w  Al. 
Perryville,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  10  n  of 

Flemington. 
Perryville,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  65  ne  of  An. 
Perryville,  pv.  Perry  co.  Ala.  [of  Little  Rock. 
Perryville,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Ark.  55  wnw 
Perryville,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Tenn.  on 

Tennessee  river. 
Perryville,  pv.  Boyle  co.  Ky.  40  s  of  F. 
Perryville,  pv.  Richland  co.  0. 7S  nne  of  Cs. 
Perryville,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Mo.  214  esb 

of  Jefferson  City. 
Perryton,  pv.  Licking  co.  O.  60  ne  of  Cs. 
Persia,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y. 
Persia,  tp.  Boone  co.  Mo. 
Perth,  pt.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  46  nw  of  Al. 
Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.    See  Ameoy,  Gazet- 
teer. 
Peru,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  40  w  of  A. 
Peru,  pt.  Bennington  co.Vt.  100  ssw  of  Mtr. 
Peru,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  118  w  of  B. 
Peru,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  10  s  of  Plattsburg. 
Peru,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  93  N  of  Cs. 
Peru,  pv.  cap.  of  Miami  co.  Ind.  on  Wabash  r. 
Peru,  pv.  Dubuque  co.  Iowa,  5  n  of  Dubuque. 
Peruville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  165  w  Al. 
Peters,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  12  sw  of  Cham- 

bersburg.  [Washington  (borough). 

Peters,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  11  ne  of 
Peter's,  St.  a  r.  of  Iowa  Territory,  flowing 

into  the  Mississippi  near  44Q  50'  n  Lat.  and 

93°  w  Lon. 
Peter's,  St.  lake,  an  expansion  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, 70  m.  below  Montreal.  [40  sw  of  Cd. 
Petersborough,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H. 
Petersborough,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  108  W 

of  Albany. 
Petersborough,  pv.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  150  n  of  H. 
Petersburg,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  26  E  Al. 
Petersburg,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
Petersburg,  Va.     See  Gazktteer. 
Petersburg,  pv.  Elbert  co.  Ga.  96  ne  of  M. 
Petersburg,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Tenn.  72  s  of  Ne. 
Petersburg,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  90  n  of  F. 
Petersburg,  pv.  Mahoning  co.  O.180eneCs. 
Petersburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  Ind.  138  sw  Is. 
Petersburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Menard  co.  111.  21  NW 

of  Springfield. 
Petersburg,  pv.  Boone  co.  Mo.  54  N  Jef.  City. 
Petersham,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  04  w  B. 
Peterstown,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Va.  on  Rich  cr 
Petersville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 


PIK 


649 


PIT 


Petersville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  90  sw  An. 

Pe-tic',  an  inland  town  of  Mexico,  in  Sonora, 

160  m.  nk  of  Guaymas    (which  forms  its 

?ort),  in  the  centre  of  a  rich  mining  district, 
iieut.  Hardy,  R.  N.,  who  visited  this  place 
about  20  years  ago,  says  he  saw  silver  in 
bars,  piled  up  in  the  shops  as  if  it  were 
wood.  This  was  at  a  time  when  the  ex- 
portation of  silver  was  forbidden  by  the 
government.  Lat.  about  2iP  30'  n,  Lon. 
110'w.     Pop.  stated  at  5,000. 

Pewaukie,  tp.  Milwaukee  co.  Wis. 

Peytonsburg,  pt.  Pittsylvania  co.Va.  [of  Ne. 

Peytonsville,  pv.  Williamson  co.  Tenn,  27  s 

Pharisburg,  pv.  Union  co.  O.  50  nw  of  Cs. 

Pharsalia,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  127  w  Al. 

Pharsalia,  pv.  Panola  co.  Miss.  [gua- 

Phelps,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  15  E  Canandai- 

Phelps,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 

Phelpstowx,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich.  71  w  D. 

Philadelphia,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  16  ne 
of  Watertown.  [83  ene  of  J. 

Philadelphia,  pv.  cap.  of  Neshoba  co.  Miss. 

Philadelphia,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Tenn.  160  ese  of 
Nashville. 

Philadelphia,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Ind.  15  e  of  Is. 

Philadelphia,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa,  on  Des 
Moines  river.  [of  Rh. 

Philadelphus,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  106  s 

Philipsburg,  pv.  Centre  co.  Pa.  120  nw  of  H. 

Philipsburg,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Philipsport,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  92  ssw  Al. 

Philipstown,  pv.  White  co.  111.  190  se  of  Sd. 

Philipsville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on 
Genesee  river. 

Phillip,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  55  nw  of  A. 

Phillipsburg,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  109  s  Al. 

Phillipsburg,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  [river. 

Phillipsburg,  borough,  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Ohio 

Phillipsburg,  pv.  Erie  co.  Pa.  268  nw  of  H. 

Phsllipston,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  65  n  B. 

Phillipstown,  tp.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Hudson.  [wego  r. 

Phillipsville,  v.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Os- 

Philomont,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  12  s  of  Lees- 
ville. 

Phippsburg,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  44  s  of  A. 

PIicexix,  pv.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  150  wnw  Al. 

Phcenixville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Schuylkill. 

Pickaway,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O.     [nw  of  Ca. 

Pickens  C.  H.  cap.  of  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  130 

Pickensville,  pv.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C. 

Pickensville,  pv.  Pickens  co.  Ala.  on  Tom- 

Pickerixg,  i.  Hancock  co.  Me.        [bigbee  r. 

Pickkrixgton,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  0. 17  ese  Cs. 

Pictou,  pi  k- too',  a  sea-port  t.  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, on  the  n  coast.  Lat.  45°  40'  n,  Lon. 
near  63°  w.     Pop.  above  3,000. 

Piedmont,  pv.  Harris  co.  Ga.  135  wsw  of  M. 

Piermont,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  65  nnw  Cd. 

Piermnnt,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  24  n  of  New 
York.  [Canton. 

Pierpoxt,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  8  8  of 

Pierponl.  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  213  ne  of  Cs. 

Pig  r.  Va.  flows  into  the  Roanoke. 

Pigeon,  tp.  Vanderburgh  co.  Ind. 

Pike,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  20  n  of  Angelica. 

Pike,  pt.  Berks  co    Pa. 

Pike.  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 

PikeJ  ip.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 

Pike,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 

Pike,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 

Pike,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 
55 


Pike,  tp.  Union  co.  Ind.  [ington  (borough). 
Pike  Run,  pt.Washington  co.  Pa.  18  se  Wash- 
Piketon,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  Ky.  173  ese  F. 
Piketon,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  O.  19  s  of  Chi* 

licothe. 
Piketon,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ind.  9  nw  of  Is. 
Pikeville,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  8  nw  of 

Baltimore.  [of  T. 

Pikeville,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Ala.  68 NNW 
Pikeville,  pv.  cap.  of  Bledsoe  co.  Tenn.   112 

ese  of  Nashville.  [river. 

Pilatka,  pv.  St.  John's  co.  Flor.on  St.  John's 
Piles  Grove,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.J.  10  ne  Salem. 
Pinckney,  tp.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  16  nw  of  Mar- 

tinsburg. 
Pinckney,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.  226  w  Rh. 
Pinckney,  pv.  Williamson  co.  Tenn.  28  s  Ne. 
Pinckney,  pv.  Warren  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
Pinckneyville,   pv.  Union   dist.    S.   C.    an 

Broad  river.  [tahoochee  r. 

Pinckneyville,  pv.  Gwinnett  co.  Ga.  on  Chat- 
Pinckneyville,  pv.  Tallapoosa  co.  Ala. 
Pinckneyville,  pv.  Wilkinson  co.  Miss.    150 

s\v  of  Jackson.  [s  of  Sd. 

Pinckneyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  111.  134 
Pindertown,  pv.  Lee  co.  Ga.  on  Flint  r. 
Pine,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  11  n  of  Pittsburg. 
Pine,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  on  Alleghany  r. 
Pine  Bluff,  pv.  cap.  of  Jef.  co.  Ark.  on  Ark.  r. 
Pine  Brook,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  63  N  of  Tn. 
Pixe  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  the  West  Branch  of  the 

Susquehanna. 
Pine  Cr.  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 
Pine  Cr.  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 
Pine  Grove,  pt.  Schuylkill  co.Pa  43  ne  of  H. 
Pine  Grove,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 
Pine  Grove,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa. 
Pine  Hill,  v.  Genesee  co.  N.Y. 
Pine  Plains,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  25  ne  of 

Poughkeepsie.  [town. 

Pikeville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  7  E  of  Doyles- 
Pineville,  pv. Charleston  dist.  S.  C.  on  Santee  r. 
Pineville,  pv.  Marion  co.  Ga.  [Tombigbee  r. 
Pifieville,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  a  little  e  of 
Pingreeville,  pv.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  on  Con- 
Pixk,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  [neeticut  r. 

Pixkham's  Grant,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  92  N  Cd. 
Pinkney,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 
Pixksville.  pv. Armstrong  co.  Pa.  197  wnw  H. 
Pixtlala  r.  Ala.  flows  into  Alabama  r. 
Piqua,  pv.  Miami  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Piquea,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  54  se  of  H. 
Piscataqua  r.  N.  H.     See  Gazetteer. 
Piscataquis  r.  Me.  flows  into  the  Penobscot, 

40  in.  above  Bangor.  [rimack. 

Piscataquog  r.  N.  H.  an  affluent  of  the  Mev- 
Piscataway,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  5  n  of 

New  Brunswick.  [sw  of  An. 

Piscataway,  pv.  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  56 
Piseco,  lake,  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  6  m.  long. 
Piseco,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  on  Piseco  Luke. 
Pitcairn,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  30  s  of 

Canton.  [wich. 

Pitcher,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  16  w  of  Nor 
Pitcher  Sprixgs,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  126 

w  of  Albany  [Piney  cr. 

Pitch  Landing,  pv.  Hertford  co.  N.  C.  on 
Pitt,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  Alleghany  i. 
Pittsbokough,  pv.  cap.  of  Chatham  co.  N.C. 

34  w  of  Raleigh. 
Pittsburg,  tp.  Coos  co.  N.  H. 
Pittsburg,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ga.  75  wnw  of  M. 
Pittsburg,  pv.  Johnson  co.  Ark.  on  Arkansas  r 
Pittsburg,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Ind.  68  nnw  of  Is. 


PLE 


650 


POM 


Pittsfield,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  43  N  of  A. 
Pittsfield,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  15  ne  of  Cd. 
Pittsfield,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  70  saw  of  Mtr. 
Pittsfield,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  w  of  B. 
Pittsfield,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  18  w  of  Coo- 

perstown. 
Pittsfield,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  106  nne  of  Cs. 
Pittsfield  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  35  w  of  D. 
Pittsfield  pv.cap.ofPikeco.Ul.70w&wofSd. 
Pittsford,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  70  sw  of  Mtr. 
Pittsford,  pv.  Monroe  co.N.Y.  6e  Rochester. 
Pittsford,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  90  wsw  of  D. 
Pittsgkove,  pt.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  16e  of  Salem. 
Pittston,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  on  Kenne- 
bec river.  [Troy. 
Pittstown,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  12  ne  of 
Pittstown,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  33  nnw 
Pittstown,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  [of  Tn. 
Pittsylvania  C.  H.  cap.  of  Pittsylvania  co. 

Va.  162  wsw  of  Richmond. 
Plain,  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 
Plain,  pt.  Wayne  co.  O.  90  ne  of  Cs. 
Plainfield,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.H.  62  nw  of  Cd. 
Plainfield,  pt.  Washington  co.  Vt.  9  e  of  Mtr. 
Plainfield,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  115  w  of  B. 
Plainfield^  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  45  e  of  Hd. 
Plainfield,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  15  nw  of  Coo- 

perstown. 
Plainfield,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  39  ne  of  Tn. 
Plainfield,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Plainfield,  pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  80  ne  of  Cs. 
Plainfield,  tp.  Allegan  co.  Mich. 
Plainfield,  pt.  Hendricks  co.  Ind.  15  wsw  of  Is. 
Plainfield,  pv.  Will  co.  111.  173  ne  of  Sd. 
Plainville,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  155  w  Al. 
Plaistow,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  37  se  Cd. 
Plantersville,  pv.  Perry  co.  Ala.  77  s  of  T. 
Plaquemine  Bayou,  an  outlet  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, flowing  into  the  Atchafalaya. 
Plaquemine,  pv.  cap.  of  Iberville  par.  La.  on 

Mississippi  river. 
Platte  r.    See  Gazetteer.  [souri. 

Platte,  Little,  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Mis- 
Platte  City,  pv.  cap.  of  Platte  co.  Mo.  on 

Little  Platte  r.  [Kingston. 

Plattekill,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  20  s  of 
Platteville,  pv.  Grant  co.  Wis.  78  wsw  of 

Madison. 
Plattsburg,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Plattsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  Mo.  180 

wnw  o{  Jefferson  City. 
Pleasant,  tp.  Warren  co.  Fa. 
Pleasant,  tp.  Brown  co.  O. 
Pleasant,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Pleasant,  tp.  Knox  co.  O.  on  Vernon  r. 
Pleasant,  pt.  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  82  se  of  Is. 
Pleasant  Grove,  pv.   Morris  co.  N.  J.  on 

Schooley's  Mountain,  40  n  of  Tn.  [1  broad. 
Pleasant  Lake,  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  3  rn.  long, 
Pleasant  Unity,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

161  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Pleasant  Vale,  pv.  Pike  co.  111.  90  wsw  Sd. 
Pleasant  Valley,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  22 

wof  Hartford.  [Poughkeepsie. 

Pleasant  Valley,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  7  ne  of 
Pleasant  Valley,'  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.      [s  of  AI. 
Pleasant ville,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  120 
Pleasantville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Pieasantville,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  112 

nw  of  Raleigh.  [of  Ne. 

Pleasantville,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Tenn.  73  wsw 
P.easantville,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  40  se  of  Cs. 
Pleasureville,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ky.  19  nw  F- 
Plessis,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  190  nw  of  Al. 


Pltjckemin,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N .  J.  37  v,  of  Tn. 

Plum,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 

Plum  Cr.  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 

Plum,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 

Plum  Island,  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  3  m.  long,  and 
1  broad. 

Plumstead,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  30  n  of  Phila. 

Plunket's  Cr.  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  59  ne  of  A. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  n  of  Cd. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  73  s  of  Mtr. 

Plymouth,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  23  w  HcJ. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Plymouth,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  14  nnw  ol  Phila. 

Plymouth,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  N.C 
on  Roanoke  river. 

Plymouth,  pv.  Lowndes  co.  Miss.  147  ne  of  J. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Richland  co.  O.  77  nne  of  Cs. 

Plymouth,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  25  sw  of  D. 

Plymouth,  pv.  cap.  Marshall  co.  Ind.  115  n  Is. 

Plymouth,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  92  wnw  of  Sd. 

Plymouth  Grant,  tp.  Aroostook  co.  Me. 

Plymouth  Hollow,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn. 
25  w  of  Hartford. 

Plympton,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  4 1  se  of  B. 

Pocahontas,  pv.  cap.  of  Randolph  co.  Ark. 
on  Big  Black  river. 

Pocasset,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  63  se  B. 

Pocomoke  r.  Md.  flows  into  Pocomoke  Bay, 
an  arm  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Pocono,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 

Pocotalico  r.  Va.  flows  into  Great  Kanawha  r. 

Pocotalico,  pv.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  on  Com 
bahee  river.  [at  Troy. 

Poestenkill  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Hudson 

Poestenkill,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  13  e  Al. 

Point,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 

Point  Bolivar,  v.  Galveston  co.  Texas,  on 
a  point  of  land  extending  towards  Galves- 
ton I.,  thus  forming  the  strait  called  Galves- 
ton Pass  or  Inlet. 

Point  Coupee,  pv.  cap.  of  Point  Coupee  par. 
La.  on  Mississippi  river. 

Point  Isabel,  Texas,  (formerly  St.  Isabel,)  a 
point  of  land  projecting  into  the  Laguna 
del  Madre,  opposite  to  an  inlet  called  the 
Barra  or  Brazos  de  Santiago,  about  110  m. 
s  of  Corpus  Christi,  and  30  e  from  Mata- 
moras.  On  this  point  stands  Fort  Polk,  an 
important  American  fortress. 

Point  of  Rocks,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  92 
nw  of  Annapolis.  [Delaware. 

Point   Pleasant,   pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  the 

Point  Pleasant,  pv.  cap.  of  Mason  co.  Va.  on 
Ohio  river. 

Point  Pleasant,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Pokagon,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 

Poland,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  50  sw  of  A. 

Poland,  tp.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  22  se  of 
Mavville. 

Poland,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  90  nw  of  Al. 

Poland,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  O.  on  Mahoning  r. 

Pollopsville,  pv.  Jones  co.  N.  C. 

Pomeroy,  pv.  Meigs  co.  O.  100  se  of  Cs. 

Pomfret,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  50  s  of  Mtr. 

Pomfret,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  40  e  of  Hd. 

Pomfret,  tp.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Erie. 

Pomme  de  Terre  r.  Mo.  flows  into  Osage  r 

Pompey,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  14  se  oi  Sy 
racuse. 

Pompey  Hill,  v.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y 

Pompton,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  84  ne  of  Tn 


POR 


651 


POT 


Pompton,  tp.  Passaic  co.  N.  J.  23  nw  of  Hack- 

ensack.  [65  m.  sw  of  San  Juan. 

Pon'ce,  a  sea-port  on  the  s  coast  of  Porto  Rico, 
Poxkas.     See  Pcncahs. 
Pon'ti-ac,  pv.  cap.  of  Oakland  co.  Mich,  on 

Clinton  r.  S3  kw  of  Detroit.  Lof  Sd. 

Pontiac,  pv.  cap.  of  Livingston  co.  111.  1 10  nne 
Pontotoc,  pv.  cap.  of  Pontotoc  co.  Miss.  175 

nne  of  Jackson. 
Poolville,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  95  w  of  Al. 
Pools  ville,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  73 WWW 

of  Annapolis.  [of  Ca. 

Poolsville,  pv.  Spartanbnrg  dist.  S.  C.  107  nw 
Ponisville,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  Ga.  90  nw  of  M. 
Poolsvi'.le,  pv.  Warren  co.  Ind.  83  wnw  of  Is. 
Poplar  Plains,  pv.  Fleming  co.  Ky.96Eof  F. 
Poplix;  pt.  Rockingham  co.N. II.  30  se  of  Cd. 
PoQUSTANock,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  43 

se  of  Hartford. 
Poquonock,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  N  Hd. 
Portage   r.  O.   flows  into   L.  Erie  at  Port 

Clinton.  [Angelica. 

Portage,   tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  18  N  of 
Portage,  tp.  Summit  co.  O. 
Portage,  pt.  Wood  co.  O.  on  Portage  r. 
Portage,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind.  on  St.  Jo- 
Portage,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich,      [seph's  r. 
Portage  bes  Sioux,  pv.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo. 

on  Mississippi  river.  [Genessee  r. 

Portageville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on 
Port  Alleghany,  pv.  M'Kean    co.  Pa.  on 

Alleghany  river. 
Port-au-Platte,  a  sea-port  on  the  N  coast 

of  Hayti,  150  m.  xk  of  Port-au-Prince.     It 

exports  mahogany  to  the  United  States. 
Port  Byron,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  158  w  Al. 
Port  Byron,  pv.  Rock  Island  co.  111.  on  Miss.  r. 
Port  Caddo,  v.  of  Harrison  co.  Texas,  on 

the  s  side  of  Ferry  Lake. 
Port  Carbon,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Port  Cavallo  or  Caballo,  (see  Introduc- 
tion  XXVII.   4,)    a  v.  of   Texas,   on   the 

point  of  a  strip  of  land  extending  for  GO  m. 

between  Matagorda  Bay  and  the  sea. 
Port  Chester,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on 

Byram  river  [Schuylkill. 

Port  Clinton,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  on  the 
Port  Clinton,  pv.  cap.  of  Ottawa  co.  O.  on 

Portage  river.  [ofTn. 

Port  Golden,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  50  nnw 
Port  Conway,  pv.  King  George's  co.  Va.  84 

nne  of  Richmond. 
Port  Deposit,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Port  Elizabeth,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J. 

73  ssw  of  Trenton. 
Porter,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  86  sw  of  A. 
Porter,  Ip.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  16NWLockport. 
Porter,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
Porter,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 
Porter,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich.  [se  of  Hd. 

Portersville,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  55 
Portersville,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa.  218  wnw  of  H. 
Portersville,  pv.Tiptonco.Tenn.214  wswNe. 
Portersville,  pv.  Dubois  co.  Ind.  124  ssw  of  Is. 
Port  Gibson,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Erie  Canal.  [45  N  of  Natchez. 

Port  Gibson,  pv.  cap.  of  Claiborne  co.  Miss. 
Port.  Henry,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 
Port  Homer,  pv.  Jef.  co.  O.  [Champlain. 
Port  Hudson,  pv.  East  Feliciana  par.  La.  146 

nw  of  New  Orleans. 
Port  Huron,  pt.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich.  60  ne  D. 
Port  Jackson,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  on 

Mohawk  river. 


Port  Jki-ferson,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N-.Y. 

Port  Jervis,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on  Dei  r. 

Port  Kent,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Cham- 
plain. 

Port  La  Vacca,  or  La  Baca.  v.  of  Victoria 
co.  Texas,  on  the  w  side  of  La  Vacca  Bay. 

Portland,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  15  s  Hd. 

Portland,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  7  s  of  May  i 
ville. 

Portland,  pv.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  on  Alabama  r. 

Portland,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 

Portland,  tp.  Erie  co.  O. 

Portland,  pt.  Ionia  co.  Mich.  183  wnw  of  D 

Portland,  pv'  Fountain  co.Ind.  on  Wabash  r. 

Portland,  pv.  Whitesides  co.  HI.  177  n  of  Sd. 

Portland,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  31  ene  of  Jet 
ferson  City. 

Portland,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa. 

Port  Leon,  Flor.    See  Gazetteer. 

Port  Mahon,  pv.  Huntington  co.  Ind. 

Port  Morant,  a  sea-port  on  the  s  coast  of 
Jamaica,  30  m.  e  from  Kingston. 

Por'to  Ca-bel'lo  (Sp. Puerto  Cabello,pweR'- 
to  kah-vel'yo,)  an  important  sea-port  of  Ve- 
nezuela, 80  m.  w  of  Caraccas.  Lat.  103 
28'  N,  Lon.  6QO  17'  w.    pop.  stated  at  7,000. 

Port  Ontario,  pv.  Oswego  co.N.Y.  on  Sal- 
mon river.  [ware  r. 

Port  Penn,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  on  Dela- 

Port  Republic,  pv.  Atlantic  co.  N.J.  80  s 
of  Trenton. 

Port  Republic,  pv.  Calvert  co.  Md.  50  s  of  An. 

Port  Republic,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  120 
nw  of  Richmond. 

Port  Royal,  pv.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  46  w  of  H. 

Port  Royal,  pv.  Caroline  co.  Va.  84  n  R. 

Port  Royal,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Tenn.  43  nw 
of  Nashville. 

Port  Royal,  pv.  Henry  co.  Ky.      [Michigan. 

Port  Sheldon,  pv.  Ottawa  co.  Mich,  on  L. 

Portsmouth,  pt.  Newport  co.  R.I.  7  nw  of 
Newport.  [beth  r. 

Portsmouth,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Va.  on  Eliza- 
Portsmouth,  pv.  Carteret  co.  N.  C. 

Portsmouth,  pv.  cap.  of  Scioto  co.  O.  on  Sci- 
oto river,  at  its  entrance  inloOhior.  90s  Cs. 

Port  Tobacco,  pv.  cap.  of  Charles  co.  Md. 

Portville,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on  Al- 
leghany river.  [on  Tuscarawas  r. 

Port  Washington,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

Posey,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 

Posey,  tp.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 

Posey,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind.        [s  of  Mtr. 

Post  Mills  Village,  pv.  Orange  co.  Vt.  38 

Postville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.C3  nwAI. 

Postville,  pv.  cap.  of  Logan  co.  111.  40  ne  Sd. 

Poteau  r.  Ark.  flows  into  the  Arkansas  r.  at 
Fort  Smith.  [ese  of  Jef.  City. 

Potosi,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  Mo.  110 

Potosi,  pv.  Grant  co.  Wis.  [ket  r 

Potsdam,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on  Rac- 

Pottaw atomies,  a  tribe  of  Indians  formerly 
dwelling  about  L.  Huron,  and  in  Indiana. 
Many  of  them  have  been  removed  to  the 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Potter,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 

Potter,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa.  70  nw  of  H. 

Potter's  Hollow,  v.  Albany  co.  N.Y. 

Potter's  Mills,  pv.  Centre  co.Pa.  73  nwH. 

Pottersville,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.J.  48 
nnw  of  Trenton. 

Pottiesville,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Va.  47  nnw  R. 

Potts  Grove,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  on 
the  Schuvlkill. 


PR1 


»652 


PYR 


Pottstown,  borough,  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  37 

N  of  Philadelphia.  [NVv  of  Phila. 

Pottsville,  borough,  Schuvlkill  co.  Pa.  99 
Poughkeepsie,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Poughkeepsie,  pv.  Allen  co.  Ind.  126  nnb  Is. 
Poultney  r.  Vt.  flows  into  L.  Champlain. 
Poultney,  tp.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  60  sw  of  Mtr. 
Poultney,  tp  Steuben  co.  N.Y. 
Poundridge,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y. 15  ne 

of  White  Plains. 
Powell's   r.  Va.  passing  into   Tenn.   unites 

with  Clinch  r.  38  ne  of  Knoxville. 
Powellton,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  118  sw 
Powellton,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Ga.  [of  Rh. 

Powerville,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  64  n  of  Tn. 
Powerville,  pv.  Bracken  co.  Ky.  60  ne  F. 
Pownal,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  18  ne  of 

Portland. 
Pownal,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt. 
Powow  r.  N.H.  flows  into  the  Merrimack. 
Prairie,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ark. 
Prairie,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 
Prairie,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind. 
Prairie,  tp.  Howard  co.  Mo. 
Prairie  du  Chien,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co 

Wis.  125  w  of  Madison,  on  the  Miss.  r. 
Prairie  du  Rocher,  pv.  Randolph  co.  111.  on 

Mississippi  river.  [Wisconsin  r. 

PRAfRiE  du  Sac,  pv.  cap.  of  Sauk  co.  Wis.  on 
Prairie  la  Porte,  pv.  cap.  of  Clayton  co. 

Iowa,  on  Mississippi  river. 
Prairie  Ronde,  tp.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 
Prairieton,  pv.  Vigo  co.  Ind.  80  wsw  of  Is. 
Prairieton,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  111.  147  se  of  Sd. 
Prairie  Village,  pv.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Prairieville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Ind.  52  nnw 

of  Indianapolis. 
Prairieville,  pv.  Randolph  co.  111.  126  s  of  Sd. 
Prairieville,  tp.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Prallsville,    pv.   Hunterdon   co.  N.  J.  20 

nnav  of  Trenton.  [ton  r. 

Prattsburg,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  on  Conhoc- 
Prattsburg,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  34  nw  Rh. 
Prattsburg,  pv.  Talbot  co.  Ga.  80  wsw  of  M. 
Prattsville,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  38  w  of 

Catskill.  [gar. 

Preble,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  on  Toughnio- 
Prescott,  tp.  Washington  co.  Me. 
Prescott,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  77  w  of  B. 
Preston,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  45  se  Hd. 
Preston,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  118  w  of  Al. 
Preston,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  184  ne  of  H. 
Preston,  v.  of  Matagorda  co.  Texas,  near  the 

left  bank  of  the  Colorado.  [ese  of  F. 

Prestonburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Floyd  co.  Ky.  120 
Preston  Hollow,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  38  w 

of  Albany.  [nessee  r. 

Prestonville,  pv.  Rhea  co.  Tenn.  on  Ten- 
Price,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 
Pricetown,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  62  e  of  H. 
Price ville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  200  ne  of  H. 
Prince  Edward  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Prince  FOd- 

ward  co.  Va.  77  wsw  of  Richmond. 
Prince  Fredericktown,  pv.  cap.  of  Calvert 

co.  Md.  46  s  of  Annapolis. 
Prince   George   C.  H.   pv.   cap.   of  Prince 

George  co.  Va.  28  sse  of  Richmond 
Princess  Anne,  pv.  cap.  of  Somerset  CO.  Md. 

on  Monokin  river.  [co.Va.  132  se  of  R. 
Princess  Anne  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Princess  Anne 
Princeton,  pv.  Washington  co.  Me.  220  ne  A. 
Princeton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  16  n  of 

Worcester.  [Schenectady. 

Princeton,  pt.  Schenectady  co.  N.Y.  8  w  of 


Princeton,  borough,  N.  J.    See  Gazetteer, 
Princeton,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Va. 
Princeton,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  Miss 
on  Mississippi  river.  [wsw  of  F. 

Princeton,  pv.  cap.  of  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  225 
Princeton,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  100  wsw  of  Cs. 
Princeton,  pv.  cap.  of  Gibson  co.  Ind.  142  sw 
of  Indianapolis.  [of  Sd. 

Princeton,  pv.  cap.  of  Bureau  co.  111.  135  N 
Princeton,  pv.  Scott  co.  Iowa,  on  Mississippi  r. 
Princetown,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
Princeville,  pv.  Peoria  co.  111.  92  N  of  Sd. 
Proctorsville,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  73  e  Mtr. 
Proctorsville,  pv.  Crawford  co.  Ind.  on  Great 

Blue  river. 
Prospect,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on  Penobscot  r. 
Prospect,  pt.  N.  Haven  co.  Conn.  54  s  of  Hd. 
Prospect,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa. 
Providence,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  40  nnw  Al. 
Providence,  pt.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  146  ne  of  F. 
Providence,  pv.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  120  n  of  R. 
Providence,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  173 

wsw  of  Raleigh. 
Providence,  pv.  Pickens  co.  Ala.  70  w  of  T. 
Providence,  pv.  Hopkins  co.  Ky.  214  wsw  F. 
!  Providence,  pv.  Wood.co.  O.  140  nnw  of  Cs. 

Providence,  pv.  Bureau  co.  111.  114  N  of  Sd. 
■  Provincetown,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
i  Pruntytown,  pv.  Harrison  co.Va. 
Puebla.     See  La  Puebla,  Gazetteer.      , 
Pueblo  de  los  Angeles,   pweb'lo  del  loce 
ang'nel-es,  i.e.  the  "  city  or  habitation  of 
the  angels,"  a  t.  on  the  sw  coast  of  Cali- 
fornia, noted   for   the  vineyards   in  its  vi- 
cinity.   The  grapes  are  of  the  finest  quality, 
and  the  chief  part  of  the  wine  manufac- 
tured  in   California   is   made  here.      Lat. 
about  34°  N,  Lon.  118°  w. 
Puerco,  or  Pecos,  r.  Texas,  the  largest  af- 
fluent of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  rises  near  San- 
ta Fe,  and  flowing  southerly  falls  into  the 
|      Rio  del  Norte,  near  29°  10'  n  Lat.  and  103° 
w  Lon.     Length  above  500  m. 
Pughtown,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  French  cr. 
i  Pulaski,  v.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  r. 
'  Pulaski,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  248  wnw  of  H. 
Pulaski,  pv.  cap.  of  Giles  co.  Tenn.  74  s  Ne. 
;  Pulaski,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  90  w  of  D. 
Pulaski,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  85  wnw  of  Sd. 
Pulaskiville,  pv.  Knox  co.  O.  52  ne  of  Cs. 
:  Pultney,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  15  ne  of  Bath. 
!  Pultney,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O.  [Ontario. 

;  Pultneyville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 
Pumpkintown,  pv.  Pickens  disl.  S.  C. 
Punashli  Indians.     See  Bannacks. 
Pun'cahs  or  Pon'kas,  a  tribe  of  Indians  ir 
|      the  se  part  of  Missouri  Territory. 
|  Pungoteague,  pung-go-teeg',  pv.  Accomac 
|      co.  Va.  180  e  of  Richmond.  [of  H 

!  Punxatawney,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  183  nw 
!  Purdy,  pv.  cap.  of  M'Nairy  co.  Tenn.  148 
|      sw  of  Nashville. 

\  Purdyvillk,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  160  ne  of  H 
!  Putnam,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  90  n  of  Al 
:  Putnam,  pt.  Muskingum  co.  O.  55  e  of  Cs. 
!  Putnam,  tp.  Livingston  co.  Mich.      [  Carmel 
|  Putnam  Valley,  pt.  Putnam  co.  N  V.  9  w  of 
|  Putnamville,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  12  w  of  Is. 
I  Putney,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.ou  Conn.  V. 
j  Pymatuning,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa. 
Pyramid  Lake,  a  lake  of  California,  situated 
immediately  e  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and 
intersected  by  the  40th  parallel   of  n  Lat. 
It  derives  its  name  from  an  insular  pyramid 


RAM 


653 


RED 


of  rock  of  remarkable  regularity,  which 
rises  from   its  surface,  to   the   height  of 
about  600  ft.     Length  40  m. ;  breadth  10  or 
15  m. 
Pyramus,  pv.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  83  ne  of  Tn. 

Quadra.    See  Vancouver's  Island. 

Quaker  Springs,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Ga.  103 
ene  of  Milledgeville.  [of  Tn. 

Quakertown,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  31  nw 

Quakertown,  pv.  Bucks  co.Pa.37  NNwPhila. 

Qoallatown,  pv.  Haywood  co.  N.  C. 

Quantico,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  93  se  of  An. 

Queechee  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Connecticut  r. 

Queechee  Village,  pv.  Windsor  co.Vt.  57  s 
of  Montpelier.  [Somerset. 

Quemahoning,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  11  ne  of 

Queen  Anne,  pv.  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  on 
Patuxent  river. 

Queen  Charlotte's  I.  on  the  w  coast  of  N. 
America,  is  intersected  by  the  53d  parallel 
of  n  Lat.  and  the  132d  meridian  of  w  Loo. 
Length  ISO  m. ;  average  breadth  30  m.  See 
Vancouver's  Island.  [wnw  of  Ca. 

Queensborougii,  pv.  Anderson  dist.S.  C.  113 

Queensburg,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  57  N  of  Al. 

Queensdale,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  110  ssw 
of  Raleigh.  [Chester  Bay. 

Queenstown,  pv.  Queen  Anne  co.  Md.  on 

Queenstown,  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  the 
Niagara  river,  7m.  from  its  mouth. 

Queretaro,  ker-ra'ta-ro.  a  Mexican  state,  w 
of  the  river  Panueo,  and  N  of  the  city  of 
Mexico.     Area  15,500  sq.m.    Pop.  230,000. 

Queretaro,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  a  hand- 
some city,  with  a  pop.  of  above  30,000. 

QuiLLiNsviLr-E,  pv.  Scott  co.  Va. 

Quincy,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  9  s  of  B. 

Quincy,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  57  sw  of  H. 

Quincy,  pv.  cap.  of  Gadsden  co.  Flor.  23  nw 

Quincy,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Miss,  [of  Tallahassee. 

Quincy,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Tenn.  144  w  of  Ne. 

Quincy,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  68  nw  of  Cs. 

Quincy,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich.  104  wsw  of  D. 

Quincy,  pv.  cap.  of  Adams  co.  111.  on  Miss.  r. 

Quinnebal-g  r.  Conn,  unites  with  the  She- 
tucket,  3  m.  above  Norwich  city. 

Quinnipiac  r.  Conn,  flows  into  New  Haven 
harbour.  [mouth  of  the  Brazos. 

Quintana,  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  at  the 

Quitman,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  Miss.  140  e  J. 

Quogue,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  s  side  of 
Long  Island. 

Racine,  capital  of  Racine  co.  Wis.  on  Lake 
Michigan. 

Racket  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Racoon,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa. 

Racoon,  tp.  Gallia  co.  O.  94  se  of  Cs. 

Radnor,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  13  nw  Phila, 

Radnor,  pt.  Delaware  co.  O.  32  N  of  Cs. 

Ragged  Island,  tp.  Lincoln  co.  Me. 

Rahway,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  9  sw  of  Newark. 

Rainsburg,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  113  w  of  H. 

Rainsboeo',  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  77  sw  Cs. 

RAixsvr.LE,  pv  Warren  co.  Ind.  90  N\vof  Is. 

Raisin  r.  Mich,  flows  into  Lake  Erie. 

Raisin,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  on  Raisin  r. 

Raisinville,  tp.  Monroe  eo.  Mich,  on  Raisin 
river.  [wsw  of  Ne. 

Raleigh,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  Tenn.  220 

Raleigh,  pv.  cap.  of  Smith  co.  Miss.  87  ese  J. 

Ramapo  r.  rises  in  N.Y.  and  flows  into  Pas- 
saic r   in  N.J. 
55* 


Ramapo,  tp.  Rockland  co.  N.Y. 

Ramapo  Works,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  on 

Ramapo  river.  [aware  r. 

Ramsaysburg,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  Del- 
Ramsborough,  pv.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  95  wnw 

of  Raleigh.  [wsw  of  Rh. 

Ranaleburg,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  174 
Ra.\':ocus  cr.  N.  J.  flows  into  Delaware  r. 
Randallstown,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md. 
Randallsville,  pv.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  85 

ssw  of  Raleigh. 
Randolph,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  100  n  of  Cd. 
Randolph,  pt.  Orange  co.Vt.  23  s  of  Mtr 
Randolph,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  16  s  of  B. 
Randolph,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Alleghany. 
Randolph,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  7  nw  of  Mor- 

ristown.  [ville. 

Randolph,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  12  e  of  Mead- 
Randolph,  pv.  Madison  co.  Tenn.  200  wsw  Ne. 
Randolph,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O. 
Randolph,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  140  ne  of  Cs. 
Randolph,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ind.  88  ene  of  Is. 
Raphoe,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  12  nw  of  Lan- 
caster. [10  above  Fredericksburg. 
Rapid  Ann  r.  Va.  enters  the  Rappahannock  r. 
Raritan,  tp.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  20  n  of  Tn. 
Ravenna,  pv.  cap.  of  Portage  co.  O.  on  Pa. 

and  Ohio  canal,  140  ne  of  Columbus. 
Ravenswood,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

East  river.  [103  nw  of  Rh. 

Rawlingsburg,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C. 
Rawlingsville,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  Ala.  153  ne 

of  Tuscaloosa. 
Rawsonville,  v.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.        [of  D. 
Rawsonville,  pv.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  36  w 
Rawley's  Springs,  Rockingham  co.  Va. 
Ray,  pt.  Macomb  co.  Mich.  37  ne  of  D. 
Raymond,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  58  sw  of  A. 
Raymond,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  II.  24  ese 

of  Concord.  [of  J. 

Raymond,  pv.  cap.  of  Hinds  co.  Miss.  18  w 
Raymond,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ark.  66  sw  of  Little 

Rock.  [river. 

Raynham,  tp.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  on.  Taunton 
Raynortown,  v.   Queen's  eo.  N.  Y.  near 

Hempstead  Bay. 
Raytown,  pv.  Taliaferro  co.  Ga.60  ne  of  M. 
Readfield,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  12  w  of  A. 
Readfield,  tp.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  15  E  Pulaski. 
Reading,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  60  s  of  Mtr. 
Reading,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  12  n  of  B. 
Reading,  pt.  Fairfield   co.  Conn.  15   nw  of 
i      Bridgeport. 
Reading,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  21  e  of  Bath. 
Reading,  borough,  Pa.    See  Gazetteer. 
Reading,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa. 
Reading,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  9  n  Cincinnati. 
Reading,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  108  wsw  D. 
Reading  Ridge,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  66 

sw  of  Hartford.  [Conn.  68  sw  of  Hd. 

Reading  Town  House,  pv.  Fairfield  co. 
Readington,  pt.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  8  ne 

of  Flemington.  [of  Ne. 

Readyville,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn.  47  se 
Reamsville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  42  ese  H. 
Rebersburg,  pv.  Centre  eo.  Pa.  93  nw  of  H. 
Recklesstown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  10  s 
Recovery,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  [of  Tn. 

Rectortown,  pv.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  122  N  R. 
Red  Bank,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  46  e  Tn. 
Red  Bank,  pt.  Clarion  co.  Pa.  190  wnw  of  II. 
Red  Cedar  r.  Iowa,  flows  into  the  Iowa  r.  in 

Louisa  co. 


HIC 


654 


RID 


Reddington,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ind.  55  s  of  Is. 

^Iedfield,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  140  wnw  Al. 

Redforl,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Saranac  r. 

Ttedford,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  13  nvv  of  D. 

Red  Hook,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  22  n  of 
Poughkeepsie.  [Dover. 

Red  Lion,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  35  n  of 

Red  River,  Ark.  and  La.    See  Gazetteer. 

Red  River,  a  co.  in  the  ne  part  of  Texas, 
bordering  on  Red  river.  Soil,  especially  in 
the  northern  and  middle  portions,  exceed- 
ingly fertile.     Capital,  Clarksville. 

Red  River,  a  r.  rising  in  Iowa  Territory,  and 
flowing  northerly,  falls  into  L.  Winnipeg, 
in  British  America.  About  50  m.  from  its 
mouth,  it  receives  the  Assiniboin. 

Red  River  Iron  Works,  pv.  Estill  co.  Ky. 
74  se  of  Frankfort. 

Redstone,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.    [250  w  of  R. 

Red  Sulphur  Springs,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Va. 

Redwood,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  188  nw  Al. 

Reedsborough,  tp.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  12  se 
of  Bennington.  [147  sw  of  Mtr. 

Reedsborough  City,  pv.  Bennington  co.  Vt. 

Refugio,  a  co.  in  the  s  part  of  Texas,  n  of, 
and  bordering  on,  the  r.  Nueces  :  soil  gene- 
rally rich,  and  well  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  cotton  and  sugar. 

Refugio,  a  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  the  above  co.; 
now  mostly  in  ruins,  though  it  was  formerly 
a  place  of  considerable  commercial  im- 
portance.    Present  pop.  about  100. 

Reho'both,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  40  s  of  B. 

Rehoboth,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md. 

Rehoboth,  pv.  Lunenburg  co.Va.  85  sw  of  R. 

Rehoboth,  pv.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  80  w  of  Ca. 

Rehoboth,  pv.  Wilkes  co.  Ga  88  ne  of  M. 

Rehoboth,  pv.  Perry  co.  O.  50  e  of  Cs. 

Rehoboth  Village,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  44 
ssw  of  Boston.  [of  M. 

Rehobothville,  pv.  Morgan  co.  Ga.  66  nnw 

Rehrersburg,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  55  e  of  H. 

Reidsburg,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  187  wnw 
of  Harrisburg.  [nw  of  Rh. 

Reidsville,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  108 

Reidsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Tatuall  co.  Ga.  162  se 
of  Milledgeville.  [ESEofH. 

Reinholdsville,  pv.  Lancaster  co.   Pa.  40 

Reinosa,  ray-no'sa.  a  small  t.  of  Mexico,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about 
60  m.  in  a  straight  line  wnw  of  Matamoros. 

Reistertown,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  17  nw 
of  Baltimore. 

Remsen,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  18  N  of  Utica. 

Rensselaer,  v.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  17  se 
of  Troy. 

Rensselaer,  pv.  cap.  of  Jasper  co.  Ind.  [of  Al. 

Rensselaerville,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  26  w 

Reserve,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa. 

Revilla,  ray-veel'ya,  a  small  t.  of  Mexico,  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  about 
80  m.  ne  of  Monterey. 

Rsvnoldsburg,  pv.  Franklin  co.  0. 11  e  of  Cs. 

Reynoldsbnrg,  pv.  cap.  of  Humphreys  co. 
Tenn.  on  Tennessee  river.  [w  of  Al. 

Reynoldsville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  178 

Rheatown,  ray'town,  pv.  Greene  co.  Tenn. 
263  e  of  Nashville. 

Rhinebrck,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Hudson.  [on  the  Hudson. 

Rhinebeck   Landing,  v.  Dutchess  co  N.Y. 

Ric'carees  (called  also  the  Arrickarees,  and 
familiarly  the  Rkes),  a  tribe  of  Indians 
dwelling  in  the  e  part  of  Missouri  Territory. 


Riceborough,  pv.  Liberty  30.  Ga.  on  New- 

port  river.  [dense. 

Rice  City,  pv.  Kent  co.R.  I.  19  w  of  Provi- 
Richardsonville,  pv.  Edgefield  dist  S.  C.  75 

w  of  Columbia.  [of  R. 

Richardsville,  pv.  Culpepper  co.Va.  80  nnw 
Richborough,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.    [eistown. 
Richfield,  pt .  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  13  nw  of  Coop- 
Richfield,  tp.  Huron  co.  O. 
Richfield,  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  134  ne  of  Cs. 
Richfield,  pt.  Lapeer  co.  Mich. 
Richfield  Springs,  v.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  on 

Canaderaga  Lake. 
Richford.  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  on  Missisque  r. 
Richford,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  144  wsw  of  Al. 
Rich  Hill.  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa. 
Richland,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y. 
Richland,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  37  nw  of  Phila. 
Richland,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 
Richland,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa. 
Richland,  pv.  Stewart  co.  Ga.  127  sw  of  M. 
Richland,  pv.  Holmes  co.  Miss.       [tie  Rock 
Richland,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  Ark.  70  se  of  Lit- 
Richland,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  70  s  of  Ne. 
Richland,  pv.  Henderson  co.Ky.  178  w  of  F. 
Richland,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 
Richland,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 
Richland,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
Richland,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 
Richland,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 
Richland,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  S2  N  of  Cs. 
Richland,  pt.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich.  135  w  D, 
Richland,  pv.  Rush  co.  Ind.  51  ese  of  Is. 
Richland,  pv.  Sangamon  co.  111.  10  n  of  Sd. 
Richlandtown,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
Richmond,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  15  s  of  A. 
Richmond,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  60  sw  Cd. 
Richmond,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  13  se   of 

Burlington. 
Richmond,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  142  w  of  B. 
Richmond,  tp.  Washington  co.  R.  I.  30swof 

Providence.  [andaigua. 

Richmond,  tp.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  14  w  of  Can- 
Richmond,  pv.  cap.  of  Richmond   co.  N.Y. 

near  the  centre  of  Staten  Island. 
Richmond,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
Richmond,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  [Del.  r. 

Richmond,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  2  w  of 
Richmond,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 
Richmond,  or  Port  Richmond,  pv.  Phila.  co. 

on  the  Delaware,  4  m.  above  the  city. 
Richmond,  pv.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  104  s  of  T. 
Richmond,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  par.  La.  200 

nw  of  New  Orleans. 
Richmond,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Tenn.  70  s  of  Ne. 
Richmond,  pv.  cap.  of  Madison  co.  Ivy.  48  sk 

of  Frankfort.  [benville. 

Richmond,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  0. 11  w  of  Stcu- 
Richmond,  pt.  Macomb  co.  Mich,  on  Belle  r. 
Richmond,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  68  e  of  Is. 
Richmond,  tp.  Howard  co.  Mo.  [horn  creek. 
Richmond,  pv.  cap.  of  Ray  co.  Mo.  on  Elk- 
Richmond,   cap.  of   P'ort  Bend   co.  Texas, 

on  the  vr  or  right  bank  of  the  Brazos,  140 

m.  se  of  Austin.     Pop.  300. 
Richmond  City,  pv.  Lake  co.  O.  on  Grand  r. 
Riciimondville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  20  s  A. 
Richmondville,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  47  w 

of  Albany.  [nw  of  Al. 

Richville,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  187 
Ridgebury,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  swHd. 
Ridgebury,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  113  s  of  Al. 
Ridgebury,  pt.  Bradford   co.  Pa.  18  nw  of 

Towanda. 


RIV 


655 


ROC 


RrDGEFiELD,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  31  w  of 

New  Haven. 
Ridgefield,  pv.  Butler  co.  Ala.  128  sse  of  T. 
Ridgefield,  pv.  Warren  co.  O.  80  sw  of  Cs. 
Ridgeway,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  10  w  Albion. 
Ridgeway,  tp.  Bradford  oo.  Pa. 
Ridgeway,  cap.  Elk  co.  Pa. 
Ridgeway  pv  Jefferson  co.Va.  160  n  of  R. 
Ridgewaj    pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  60  sw  of  D. 
Ridley,  tc  Delaware  co.  Pa. 
Riexzi,  pv.  Tishamingo  co.  Miss.  230  NEof  J. 
Riga,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  cr. 
Riley,  tp.  Oxford  co.  Me. 
Riley,  tp.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich. 
Rileysville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  190  ne  of  H. 
R  .ndge,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  67  ssw  of  Cd. 
Ringoes,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  19  sw  Tn. 
Rio  Bueno,  a  sea-port  on  the  n  coast  of  Ja- 
maica, 50  m.  nw  of  Spanish  Town. 
Rio  de  los  Americanos.    See  Sacramento. 
Rio  Grande.    See  Rio  del  Norte,  Gazet- 
teer. 
Ri'o  Grande,  (Sp.  pron.  ree'o  gran'day,)  i.  e. 
"  great  river,"  or  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago, 
a  Mexican  river  which  rises  near  the  city 
of   Mexico,   by   its   principal   branch    the 
Lerma,  and  after  flowing  north-westerly 
and   receiving  the   waters  of  Lake   Cha- 
pala,  falls  into  the   Pacific  at  San   Bias, 
Lat.  about  21°  30'  N.    Next  to  the  Rio  del 
Norte,  it  is  the  largest  river  of  Mexico. 
Rio  Hacha,  ree'o  ah'cha,  or  simply  La  Ha- 
cha,  a  sea-port  of  New  Granada,  al  the 
mouth  of  a  small  river  of  the  same  name, 
90  m.  e  of  Santa  Marta.     Skins  are  export- 
ed from  this  place  to  the  United  States. 
Rio  Sacramento.    See  Sacramento. 
Rio  San  Buenaventura.    See  San  Buena- 
ventura. 
Rio  San  Joaquin.    See  San  Joaquin. 
Rio  Tigre,  ree'o  tee'gray,  or  Rio  del  Tigre, 
called  also ElRiode  San  Fernando,  a  small 
river  of  Mexico,  which  flows  by  Monterey 
easterly,  and  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
about  50  m.  s  of  Brazos  de  Santiago. 
Rio  Verde,  ree'o  veR'da,  a   little  river  of 
Mexico,  in  Oaxaca,  flowing   into  the  Pa- 
cific near  16^  n  Lat.  and  98 J  w  Lon. 
Rio  Virgen,  (Sp.  pron.  ree'o  veeR'Hen),  a  r. 
of  California,  rising  on  the  se  margin  of 
the  Great  Basin,  flowing  into  the  Colorado. 
Ripley,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  66  n  A.    [ville. 
Ripley,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  10  w  May- 
Ripley,  pv.  cap.  of  Tippah  co.  Miss. 
Ripley,  pv.  cap.  of  Lauderdale  co.  Tenn.  175  w 
Ripley,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r.      [of  Ne. 
Ripley,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 
Ripley,  pv.  Brown  co.  III. 
Rip  Raps,  a  shoal  at  the  mouth  of  James  r.  Va. 

on  which  Fort  Calhoun  has  been  built. 
Ripton,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  50  sw  of  Mtr. 
Risdon,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  120  s  of  Sd. 
Rising  Sun,  pv.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  3  n  of  the  city. 
Rising  Sun,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 
Ritchieville,  pv.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  40  s  R. 
River  Head,  pv.  cap.  of  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on 

Long  I.  on  Peconic  Bay. 
Rivers,  tp.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  [of  M. 

River  Town,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Ga.  108  wnw 
Rives,  reevz,  pv.  Wilson  co.  Tenn.  33  e  Ne. 
Rives,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  80  nne  of  Cs. 
Rives  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Henry  co.  Mo.  107  w 
of  Jefferson  City.  [of  R. 

Rr'KsviLLE,  pv.  Monongalia  co.Va.  282  nw 


Rivtere  a  Jacques  (Fr.  pron.  reexv«-am  ah 
zhak),  or  James  River,  a  r.  of  Iowa  Ter- 
ritory, falling  into  the  Missouri  near  the 
97th  meridian  w  Lon.  Entire  length  above 
400  miles.  [of  Richmond. 

Rixeyville,  pv.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  107  nnw 

Roadstown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.J.  68  3 

Roadville,  pv.  Charleston  dist.  S.  C.  [of  Tn. 

Roanoke,  v.  Genesee  co.  N.Y.  on  Allen's  cr. 

Roanoke,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ala.  176  e  of  T. 

Roanoke,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  75  nnw  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Roaring  Cr.  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 

Roaring  Spring,  pv.  Smythe  co.Va.  274  w  R. 

Robertsville,  pv.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  on 
Black  creek,  137  s  of  Columbia.  [Ne. 

Robertsville,  pv.  Anderson  co.  Tenn.  166  e  of 

Robeson,  pt.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 

Robertson,  a  large  co.  in  the  N  or  ne  part 
of  Texas,  lying  between  the  upper  portions 
of  the  Brazos  and  Trinity  rivers.  Soil 
generally  very  fertile.     Capital,  Franklin. 

Robinson,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  6  nw  of 
Pittsburg. 

Robinson,  tp.  Washington  co.Pa.      [Croix  r. 

Robinstown,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  St. 

Rob  Roy,  pv.  Fountain  co.  Ind.  70  wnw  Is. 

Rocheport,   pv.  Boone  co.  Mo.  on  Mo.  r. 

Rochester,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  on  Co- 
checo  river. 

Rochester,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  43  sw  of  Mtr. 

Rochester,  pt.  Plvmouth  co.  Mass.  54  sse  B. 

Rochester,  tp.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  16  sw  of 
Kingston. 

Rochester,  v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  on  Beaver  r.  at 
its  junction  with  Ohio  river.  [nan. 

Rochester,  pv.  Warren  co.  O.  9  se  of  Leba- 

Rochester,  pv.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  128  nw  D. 

Rochester,  pv.  cap.  of  Fulton  co.  Ind.  95  n  Is. 

Rochester,  pv.  Sangamon  co.  111.  10  e  of  Sd. 

Rochester,  pv.  Racine  co.  Wis.  87  ese  of  Ma- 

Rock  r.    See  Gazetteer.  [dison. 

Rock  cr.  D.  C.  flows  into  the  Potomac  above 
Washington.  [way  Bay. 

Rockaway,  pv.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Rocka- 

Rockaway,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  8  n  of  Mor- 
ristown. 

Rock  Bridge,  v.  Gwinnett  co.  Ga.  87  nw  M. 

Rock  Castle,  pv.  Patrick  co.Va.  230  wsw 
of  Richmond.  [berland  r. 

Rock  Castle,  pv.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  on  Cumber- 

Rockdale,  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  246  nw  H. 

Rockford,  pv.  cap.  of  Surry  co.  N.  C.  on 
Yadkin  river. 

Rockford,  pv.  Coosa  co.  Ala.  120  ese  of  T. 

Rockford,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ind.  60  s  of  Is. 

Rockford,  pv.  cap.  of  Winnebago  co.  111.  on 
Rock  river. 

Rock  Hall,  pv.  Kent  co.  Md.  68  ne  of  An. 

Rock  Hill,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  110  E  of  H. 

Rockingham,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Rockingham,  pv.  cap.  of  Richmond  co.  N.  C. 
135  sw  of  Raleigh. 

RotnK  Island,  in  the  Mississippi  r.  at  the  foot 
of  Rock  river  rapids. 

Rock  Island  City,  pv.  cap.  of  Rock  Island  co. 
111.  at  the  mouth  of  Rock  river. 

Rockland,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  100  sw  Al. 

Rockland,  pt.  Venango  co.  Pa.  212  wnw  of  H. 

Rockport,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  32  ne  of  B. 

Rockport,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Rocky  r. 

Rockport,  pv.  cap.  of  Spencer  co.  Ind.  on 
Ohio  river.  If*  ' 

Rock  Spring,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  300 


of  F. 
wsw 


ROS 


656 


RUS 


Rock  Spring,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  18  e  of  St. 

Louis. 
Rockville,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  26  s  of  B. 
Rockville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  58  ese  of  H. 
Rockville,  pv.  cap.  of  Montgomery  co.  Md. 

56  w  of  Annapolis. 
Rockville,  pv.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  133  w  of  Rh. 
Rockville,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ga.  32  n  of  M. 
Rockville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ala. 
Rockville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Tenn.  164  ese  Ne 
Rockville,  pv.  Adams  co.  O.  112  s  of  Cs. 
Rockville,  pv.  cap.  of  Parke  co.  Ind.  64  wis. 
Rockville,  pv.  Will  co.  111.  162  nne  of  Sd. 
Rocky  Fork,  tp.  Boone  co.  Mo. 
Rocky  Hill,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  7  s  Hd. 
Rocky  Hill,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  14  n  Tn. 
Rocky  Mount,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Va. 

180  w  of  Richmond. 
Rocky  Mount,  pv.  Nash  co.  N.  C.  56  e  of  Rh. 
Rocky  Mount,  pv.  Meriwether  co.  Ga.  102  w 

of  Milledgeville. 
Rocky  Mount,  pv.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  120  s  of  T. 
Rocky  Mount,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  Tenn. 
Rocky  Spring,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  50  w  H. 
Rocky  Spring,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  123 

nw  of  Raleigh.  [of  T. 

Rodgersville,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  130  n 
Rodman,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Sandy  cr. 
Rodney,  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ga.  215  ssw  of  M. 
Rodney,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Miss,  on  Miss.  r. 
Rogersville,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  130 

wnw  of  Columbia.  [246  e  of  Ne. 

Rogersville,  pv.  cap.  of  Hawkins  co.  Tenn. 
Rohrersville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md. 
Rohrsburg,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  93  ene  H. 
Rolesville,  pv.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  21  nne  Rh. 
Rolersville,  pv.  Sandusky  co.  0. 42  n  of  Cs. 
Rollin,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  80  sw  of  D. 
Rome,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  20  nnw  of  A. 
Rome,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  on  Mohawk  r. 
Rome,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  142  n  of  H. 
Rome,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
Rome,  pv.  cap.  of  Floyd  co.  Ga.  160  nw  M. 
Rome,  pv.  Smith  co.  Tenn.  45  ne  of  Ne. 
Rome,  pv.  Knox  co.  Ky.  127  se  of  F. 
Rome,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  190  ne  of  Cs. 
Rome,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  70  sw  of  D. 
Rome,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 
Rome,  pv.  Peoria  co.  111.  on  Peoria  Lake. 
Rome,  pv.  Henry  co.  Iowa. 
Romeo,  pv.  Greene  co.  Tenn.  250  e  of  Ne. 
Romney,  pv.  cap.  of  Hampshire  co.Va.  188 

nnw  of  Richmond.  [Lake. 

Romulus,   pt.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  on  Seneca 
Romulus,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  36  sw  of  D. 
Rondout    cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Hudson 

near  Rondout. 
Rondout,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  60  s  of  Al. 
Root,  pt.  Montg.  co.  N.Y.  43  w  by  N  of  A'.. 
Root,  pv.  Allen  co.  Ind. 

Rootstown,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  144  ne  of  Cs. 
Roscoe,  pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  on  Muskingum 

river. 
Roscoe,  pv.  Winnebago  co.  111.  216  n  of  Sd. 
Roscoe,  pv.  Henry  co.  Mo.  130  w  Jef.  City. 
Rose,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  7  N  of  Lyons. 
Rose,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 
Rose,  pt.  Carroll  co.  O.  128  ene  of  Cs. 
Rose,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  50  nw  of  D. 
Roseburg,  pv.  Perry  co.  Pa.  38  w  of  II. 
Rosedale,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Rondout  cr. 
Rosedale,  pv.  Madison  co.  O  30  w  of  Cs. 
Rosenea.th,  pv.  Halifax  co.  ft".  C.  112  ne  Rh. 
Roseville,  pv.  Muskingum  co.  O.  65  s  of  Cs. 


Roseville,  pv.  Parke  co.  Ind.  74  w  of  Is. 

Ross,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  4  N  of  Pittsburg 

Ross,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa. 

Rwss,  pt.  Butler  co.  O.  110  wsw  of  Cs. 

Ross,  tp.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 

Rossburg,  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ind.         [Canton 

Rossie,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  25  sw  of 

Rossville,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.Y.  on  Statea 
Island  Sound. 

Rossville,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  24  s  of  H. 

Rossville,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md. 

Rossville,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  N.  Con  Valley  r, 

Rossville,  pv.  Walker  co.  Ga.  220  nw  of  M. 

Rossville,  pt.  Butler  co.  O.  100  wsw  of  Cs. 

Rossville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Ind.  164  n  of  Is. 
j  Rosstraver,  pt.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
i  Rotterdam,  pt.  Schenectady  co.  N.  Y.  22 
wnw  of  Albany. 

Roulette,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa.  180  nnw  of  H. 

Round  Head,  pt.  Hardin  co.  O.  90  nw  of  Cs. 

Round  Hill,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  85  swof 
Hartford.  [flows  into  Lake  Pleasant. 

Round  Lake,  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.     Its  outlet 

Rouse's  Point,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 
Champlain.  [field. 

Rowe,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  22  w  of  Green- 

Rowesville,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Tenn.  68  s  Ne. 

Rowland,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  [An. 

Rowlandsville,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  73  ne  of 

Rowley,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Rowley  r. 

Roxborough,  tp.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  7J-  BW  Phila. 

Roxborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Person  co.  N.  C.  54 
nnw  of  Raleigh. 

Roxbury,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  50  sw  of  Cd. 

Roxbury,  pt.  Washington  co.Vt.  16  s  of  Mtr. 

Roxbury,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  2  s  of  B. 

Roxbury,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  53  wsw  Hd. 

Roxbury,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  20  e  of  Delhi. 

Roxbury,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  14  nw  of  Mor- 
ristowji. 
i  Roxbury,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  47  w  of  H. 
|  Royal  Oak,  pt.  Oakland  co.Mich.  14  n  of  D. 
!  Royalston,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  74  w  B. 

Roy\lton,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  33  s  of  Mtr. 

Royalton,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  8  e  Lockport. 

Royalton,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  40  se  of  Cs. 

Royalton,  pt.  Berrien  co.  Mich.  198  w  of  D. 

Royalton,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ind.  14  nw  of  Is. 
!  Ruckersville,  pv.  Greene  co.Va. 
!  Ruckersville,  pv.  Elbert  co.  Ga.  118  nne  M. 
!  Ruddle,  tp.  Independence  co.  Ark. 

Ruggles,  pt.  Asbland  co.  0. 90  n  of  Cs. 

Rumford,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Androscog- 
gin r. 

Rumney,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  47  n  of  Cd. 

Rumney,  pv.  Muhlenburg  co.  Ky.  82  wsw  F 

Rupert,  pt.  Bennington  co.Vt.  on  Pawlet  r. 
;  Ruscomb  Manor,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
|  Rush,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  12  s  of  Rochester. 
'<  Rush,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 

Rush,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  20  ne  of  H. 

Rush,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 
'  Rush.  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 

Rush,  tp.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 

Rush,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 
!  Rush,  pt.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  108  ene  of  Cf». 

Rush  Cr.  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
I  Rushford,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  272  w  A. 

Rushville,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  West  r. 

Rush  vi  He,  pv.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  160  nne  H. 

Rushville,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O.  40  se  of  Cs. 

Rushville,  pv.  cap.  of  Rush  co.  Ind.  40  ese  Is. 

Rushville,  pv.  cap.  of  Schuyler  co.  111.  60  wnw 
of  Springfield. 


SAC 


657 


SAL 


Rusk,  a  co.  in  the  E  part  of  Texas,  se  of  and 
bordering  on  the  river  Neches.  It  is  most- 
ly woodland.  Soil  very  productive.  Cap- 
ital, Henderson.  [Washington. 

Rusk,   v.   of  Montg.  co.  Texas,   12  ese   of 

Russell,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on  Westfield 
river.  [of  Al. 

Russell,  pi.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  192  kkw 

Russell   pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  154  ne  of  Cs. 

Russell,  tp.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  [wango  cr. 

Russellburg,  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  on  Cone- 

Russellville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  65  ese  H. 

Russellville,  pv.-cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Ala.  110 
N  of  Tuscaloosa. 

Russellville,  pv.  Claiborne  par.  La.       [of  F. 

Russellville,  pv.  cap.  of  Logan  co.  Ky.  172  sw 

Russellville,  pv.  Brown  co.  0. 103  ssvv  of  Cs. 

Russellville,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  50  w  of  Is. 

Russellville,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  111.  on  Wabash 
river.  [iner. 

Russia,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  10  n  of  Herki- 

Russia,  tp.  Lorain  co.  O. 

Rutersville,  v.  of  Fayette  co.  Texas,  5  or 
6  in.  ese  of  La  Grange.  Here  is  a  college 
under  the  direction  of  the  Methodists. 
Pop.  about  200. 

Rutherfordton,  pv.  cap.  of  Rutherford  co. 
N.  C.  216  w  of  Rh. 

Rutland,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  55  w  of  B. 

Rutland,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r. 

Rutland,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  150  n  of  H. 

Rutland,  pt.  Meigs  co.  O.  92  se  of  Cs. 

Rutledge,  v.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.     [of  Ne. 

Rutledge,  pv.  cap.  of  Granger  co.  Tenn.  216  e 

Rye,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  on  the  Atlantic. 

Rye,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  27  ene  of  N.Y. 

Rye,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.  [cut  r. 

Ryegate,  pt.  Caledonia  co.Vt.  on  Connecti- 

Sabtllisville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  95  nw 
of  Annapolis. 

Sabina,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  62  sw  of  Cs. 

Sabine,  a  co.  in  the  e  part  of  Texas,  on  the 
Sabine  r.  Soil  generally  very  productive, 
especially  in  the  part  called  the  "  Red 
Lands."  [co.  on  Sabine  r. 

Sabine,  or  Sabine  Town,  a  v.  of  the  above 

Sabine,  lake,  between  La.  and  Texas.  Length 
above  30  m.,  greatest  breadth  near  20  m. 
The  Sabine  river  flows  through  it. 

Sabine  r.  La.  and  Texas.    See  Gazetteer. 

Sabine  City,  v.  of  Jefferson  co.  Texas,  at 
the  s  end  of  Sabine  lake. 

Sacandaga  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Hudson  in 
Saratoga  co.  I  Portland. 

Sacarappa,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  4  n  of 

Sachem's  Head,  v.  New  Haven  co.  Conn,  on 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Sackett's  Harbour,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Saco  r.  and  t.  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 

Sacramento  r.  called  by  the  Spaniards,  Rio 
Sacramento,  ree'o  sah'kra-men'to,  a  r. 
which  rises  in  the  s  part  of  Oregon,  and  flow- 
ing southerly  falls  into  San  Francisco  Bay. 
Length  above  400  m.  About  50  m.  from  its 
mouth  it  receives  the  Rio  de  los  America- 
nos, ree'o  del  loce  ah-mer'e-kah'noce,  i.  e. 
the  "  river  of  the  Americans,"  a  small  stream 
on  which  the  important  American  settle- 
ment of  New  Helvetia  has  been  made. 
The  valley  of  the  Sacramento  is  among  the 
finest  portions  of  California. 

Sacs  (pronounced  and  sometimes  written 
Sauks)  and  Foxes,  kindred  and  associated 


tribes  of  Indians,  dwelling  in  the  s  part  of 

Iowa  Territory. 
Saddle  r.  N.  J.  rises  in  N.Y.  and  flows  into 

the  Passaic  river  in  N.  J. 
Saedle   R.   tp.  Bergen   co.  N.  J.  8  nw  of 

Hackensack.  [4,000  ft.  above  the  sea. 

Saddleback,  mt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  Height 
Sadsbury,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  37  nw  of  Plnla. 
Sadsbury,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  [caster. 

Sadsbury J  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  16  sw  of  Lan« 
Sagg  Harbour,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 
Sagg  Village,  v.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  6  s  of  Sagg 

Harbour. 
Saginaw  Bay,  Mich,  an  arm  of  L.  Huron. 
Saginaw  r.  Mich,  flows  into  the  above. 
Saginaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Saginaw  co.  Mich,  on 

Saginaw  river. 
Salaman'ca,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  in  the  state  of 

Guanaxuato,  20  m.  s  of  the  city  of  Guana- 

xuato.     Pop.  15,000. 
Salem,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  52  nnw  of  A. 
Salem,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  37  sse  Cd. 
Salem,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  62  nne  of  Mtr. 
Salem,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  30  se  Hd 
Salem,  v.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 
Salem,  pt.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  46  nne  of  Al. 
Salem,  pv.  cap.  of  Salem  co.  N.  J.  on  Salem 

creek,  64  s  of  Trenton. 
Salem,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 
Salem,  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  240  wnw  of  H. 
Salem,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  Waullenpapack 
Salem,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  [creek. 

Salem,  pv.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  115  N  of  R. 
Salem,  pv.  cap.  of  Roanoke  co.  Va.  on  Ro- 
anoke river. 
Salem,  pv.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  109  w  of  Rh. 
Salem,  pv.  Sumter  dist.  S.  C.  90  e  of  Ca. 
Salem,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ga.  58  n  of  M. 
Salem,  pv.  Russell  co.  Ala.  180  ese  of  T. 
Salem,  pv.  Tippah  co.  Miss.  208  nne  of  J. 
Salem,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Tenn.  104  sse  of  Ne. 
Salem,  pv.  cap.  of  Crittenden  co.  Ky.  250  Wsw 

of  Frankfort. 
Salem,  pt.  Columbiana  co.  O.  167  ENE  of  Cs. 
Salem,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Shelby  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Wan  en  co.  O. 
Salem,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 
Salem,  pv.  cap.  of  Wn.  co.  Ind.  93  s  of  Is. 
Salem,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  111.  108  sse  Sd 
Salem,  pv.  Benton  co.  Mo.  104  sw  of  Jef.  City. 
Salem,  pv.  Racine  co.  Wis.  on  L.  Michigan. 
Salem,  pv.  Henry  co.  Iowa. 
Salem,  v.  Jasper  co.  Texas,  on  the  Sabine  r. 
Salem  Centre,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  115 

s  of  Albany.  [w  of  Rh. 

Salem  Church,  pv.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  120 
Salem  Cross  Roads,  pv.  Westmoreland  co. 

Pa.  180  w  of  Harrisburg. 
Salina,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  on  Onondaga 

creek  :  noted  for  its  manufacture  ot  salt. 
Salina,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  65  w  of  F. 
Saline  r.  La.  flows  into  Black  Lake  r. 
Saline  r.  Ark.  flows  into  Washita  r. 
Saline  r.  111.  flows  into  the  Ohio. 
Saline  cr.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Mississippi. 
Saline,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  40  w  of  D. 
Salisbury,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  16  nnw 

of  Concord. 
Salisbury,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  70  sw  of  Mtr. 
Salisbury,  pt.  Essex  co  Mass.  42  nne  of  B 


SAN 


658 


SAN 


Salisbury,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  53  w  of  Hd. 

Salisbury,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  73  wnw  Al. 

Salisbury,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  16  e  of  Lan- 

Salisbury,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  [caster. 

Salisbury,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  95  sse  of  An. 

Salisbury,  pv.  cap.  of  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  118 
w  of  Raleigh. 

Salisbury,  pt.  Meigs  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Salisbury^  pv.  Sangamon  co.  III.  lONWof  Sd 

Salisbury  Centre,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y. 
75  wnw  of  Albany.  [of  Albany. 

Salisbury  Mills,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  93  s 

Salmon  r.  Conn,  flows  into  Connecticut  r. 

Salmon  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  Mexico  Bay,  which 
sets  up  from  Lake  Ontario,  in  Oswego  co. 

Salmon  Falls  r.  the  name  of  the  Piscataqua 
r.  above  the  great  falls  at  South  Berwick, 
York  co.  Me. 

Salonia,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ky. 

Salt  Cr.  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 

Salt  Cr.  tp.  Marion  co.  O. 

Salt  Cr.  pt.  Muskingum  co.  O.  65  e  of  Cs. 

Salt  Cr.  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O. 

Salt  Cr.  tp.  Wayne  co.  O. 

Saltillo,  sal-teel'yo,  a  t.  of  Mexico,  in  Coa- 
huila.  70  wsw  of  Monterey.  Lat.  about 
25=>  20'  n.  Lon.  101->  20'  w.  Pop.  stated 
at  12,000. 

Salt  Lick,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 

Salt  Lick,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 

Salt  r.  Ky.  flows  into  the  Ohio  at  West 
Point,  20  m.  below  Louisville. 

Salt  r.  Mo.  flows  into  the  Mississippi. 

Saltsburg,  pv.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  Cone- 
maugh  river. 

Salvador,  sal-va-dore',  a  state  of  Central 
America,  bordering  on  the  Pacific.  It  is 
the  most  populous  part  of  Central  America. 
Nearly  all  the  indigo  exported  from  Guate- 
mala is  grown  here.    Capital,  San  Salvador. 

Saltville.  pv.  Smythe  co.Va.  288  w  of  R. 

Saluda,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  100  sse  of  Is. 

Salvisa   pv.  Mercer  co.  Ky.  21  s  of  F. 

Sampsondale,  v.  Rockland  co.  N.Y. 

Samptown,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  8  N  of 
New  Brunswick. 

Samuelsburg,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  42  w  Is. 

San  An-to'ni-o,  a  r.  of  Texas,  which  falls 
into  a  lagoon  at  St.  Joseph's  Island. 

San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  san  an-to'ne-o  da 
ba-nar'  (See  Bexar),  a  t.  of  Texas,  on 
the  San  Antonio,  110  m.  sw  of  Austin.  Pop. 
perhaps  1,500. 

San  Augustine,  san  au-gus-teen',  a  co.  in  the 
e  part  of  Texas,  on  the  Sabine  r.  Soil  ex- 
tremely fertile,  much  the  greater  portion 
being  included  in  the  tract  known  as  the 
"  Red  Lands,"  noted  for  its  fine  cotton. 

,5an  Augustine,  city,  cap.  of  the  above  co.  on 
an  affluent  of  the  Neches,  190  m.  ne  of 
Galveston.  Here  is  a  university.  San  Au- 
gustine is  one  of  the  handsomest  towns  in 
Texas.     Pv'p.  about  1,500. 

San  Bartolome,  baR-to-lo-ma',  a  t.  of  Mex- 
ico, in  Chihuahua,  near  27°  n  Lat.  and  104° 
40'  w  Lon.     Pop.  said  to  be.  20,000. 

San  Blas,  a  sea-port  of  Jalisco,  on  the  w 
coast  of  Mexico,  420  m.  nw  of  the  city  of 
Mexico.  It  stands  on  an  island  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande  de  Santiago. 
This  locality  is  very  unhealthy  during  the 
warm  season. 

3an  Buenaventura,  san  bwa'na-ven-too'ra, 
a  r.  of  California,  flows  into  the  Bay  of 


Monterey.  Also  a  little  t.  of  California,  on 
the  Pacific.     Lat.  34°  20'  n,  Lon.  119°  w. 

San  Diego,  de-a'go,  a  sea-port  of  California, 
on  the  Pacific,  noted  for  the  mildness  of  its 
climate.  Lat.  32°  40'  n,  Lon.  117*  w.  Pop. 
from  1,200  to  1,500. 

San  Felipe  de  Austin,  san  fa-lee'pay  da 
aus'tin,  (familiarly  called  San  Philip,)  the 
cap.  of  Austin  co.  Texas,  on  the  wor  right 
bank  of  the  Brazos,  120  m.  ene  of  Austin. 

San  Fernando.    See  Tigre. 

San  Francisco,  a  small  t.  of  California,  at 
the  entrance  of  a  bay  of  its  own  name,  with 
one  of  the  finest  harbours  on  the  w  coast 
of  America.    See  page  140. 

San  Jacinto,  a  r.  of  Texas,  flowing  into 
Galveston  Bav,  25  ene  of  Houston.  Near 
its  mouth  was  fought  (April  21st,  1836,)  the 
battle  which  established  the  independence 
of  Texas. 

San  Joaquin  (Sp.  pron.  san  Ho-ah-keen'),  a  r. 
of  California,  flows  northerly,  and  joins  the 
Sacramento  at  its  entrance  into  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay.  The  valley  of  this  river  is  one 
of  the  best  parts  of  California. 

San  Juan  (Sp.  pron.  san  Hoo-an'  or  Hwan),  a 
t.  on  the  Pacific  coast,  30  m.  s  of  the  Pueblo 
de  los  Angeles,  important  as  being  the  head 
quarters  of  the  Mexican  forces  in  Califor- 
nia. 

San  Ju'an  de  Ulua  (oo-loo'a)  or  Ulo'a  (Sp. 
pron.  san  Hoo-an'  da  oo-loo'a),  the  citadel  of 
Vera  Cruz,  and  the  most  important  for- 
tress of  all  Mexico,  is  situated  on  a  little 
island  immediately  n  of  Vera  Cruz.  Its  con- 
struction is  said  to  have  cost  more  than 
30,000,000  dollars 

San  Jose  del  Parral.    See  Parral. 

San  Luis,  v.  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  on  an 
island  at  the  w  extremity  of  Galveston  Bay. 

San  Luis  de  Potosi  (da  po-to-see'),  a  state 
in  the  e  part  of  Mexico,  w  of  and  border- 
ing on  Tamaulipas.  Area  18,000  sq.  m. 
Pop.  220,000. 

San  Luis  de  Potosi,  the  cap.  of  the  above,  is  on 
the  river  Tampico,  near  its  source.  Lat.  22° 
n,  Lon.  1003  40'  w.  Pop.  variously  esti- 
mated from  12,000  to  40,000. 

San  Patricio,  a  large  co.  occupying  the 
southernmost  portion  of  Texas.  The  soil 
along  the  Nueces,  and  Corpus  Christi  Bay, 
is  generally  very  fertile ;  farther  south 
towards  the  Rio  del  Norte,  there  is  an  ex- 
tensive tract  of  desert.  Capital,  Corpus 
Christi.  [Nueces  r. 

San  Patricio,  v.  of  Refugio  co.  Texas,  on  the 

San  Salvador  (sal-va-dore'),  a  city  of  Cen- 
tral America,  cap.  of  the  state  of  Salva- 
dor, about  35  m.  from  the  Pacific,  and  120 
se  of  Guatemala.  Lat.  V.P  50'  n,  Lon.  88- 
50'  w.     Pop.  stated  at  about  40,000. 

Sanbornton,  pt.  Belknap  co.  N.  II.  21  n  Cd. 

Sanbornton  Bridge,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H. 
17  n  of  Concord.  [tucket  I. 

Sancoty  Head,  Mass.  the  e   point  of  Nan- 

Sandersville,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S  C.  66  n  Ca. 

Sandersville,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  Ga. 
23  re  of  Milledgeville. 

Svndfoud,  tp.  York  co.  Me. 

Sandford,  pt.  Broome  co.  X\T.Y.  120  se  of  Al. 

Sandgate,  pt.  Bennington  co.Vt.  [of  B. 

SANDisFiELD,*pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  126  \f 

Sand  Lake,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  17  e  Al. 

Sandover,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  80  w  Ca 


SAR 


659 


SCI 


Sandown,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  26  se  Cd. 

Sandstone,  tp.  Jackson  co.  Mich. 

Sandsville,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Mo. 

Sandton,  pv.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  55  ne  Ca. 

Sand  Town,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  19  sw  Dover. 

Sand  Town,  pv.  Campbell  co.  Ga.  100  nw  M. 

Sandusky,  r.  and  t.  O.    See  Gazetteer. 

Sandwich,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  II.  50  N  of  Cd. 

Sandwich,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  58  sse  B. 

Sandy  r.  Me.  flows  into  the  Kennebec  r. 

Sandy  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Lake  Ontario  in 
Monroe  co. 

Sandy  r.  Va.  and  Ky.    See  Big  Sandy  r. 

Sandy,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  Ohio. 

Sandy  Bay,  v.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Cape  Ann. 

Sandy  Cr.  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  160  wnw  Al. 

Sandy  Cr.  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  228  wnw  of  H. 

Sandy  Cr.  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa.  [Hudson. 

Sandy  Hill,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  on  the 

Sandy  Hill,  pv.  Wo'ster  co.  Md.  124  se  of  An. 

Sandy  Hook,  N.  J.  a  sandy  beach  extending 
from  Monmouth  co.  6  m.  n  into  the  Atlan- 
tic.   It  encloses  Sandy  Hook  Bay. 

Sandy  Lake,  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  on  Sandy  cr. 

Sandy  Point,  Mass.  the  n  extremity  of  Nan- 
tucket Island. 

Sandyston,  pt.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  87  n  of  Tn. 

Sandyville,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  123  ne 
of  Columbus. 

Sanford,  pt.York  co".  Me.  83  sw  of  A. 

Sang  ami  >n  r.  111.    See  Gazetteer. 

Sangerfield,  pt.  Oneida  co.N.Y.  15  s  Utica. 

Sangerville,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  77  nw 
of  Au<rusta. 

San'ta  Bar'bara,  a  small  t.  of  California,  on 
the  Pacific.  Lat.3l°  15'  N,  Lon.  119°  50'  w. 

The  Santa  Barbara  Islands  consist  of  7  or 
null  islands  off  the  coast  of  California,  s 
of  Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Cruz,  san'ta  crooce,  a  sea-port  on  the 
s  side  of  Cuba,  45  m.  s  of  Puerto  Principe. 

Santa  Cruz  dk  Mayo.    See  Mayo. 

Santa  Fk  (Mexican  pron.  san'ta  fa),  the 
chief -t.  of  New  Mexico.  It  has  a  pop.  of 
between  5,000  and  6.000,  and  is  the  great 
emporium  of  the  overland  trade  that  has 
been  carried  on  from  the  state  of  Missouri 
since  the  year  1822. 

Santa  Rosalia  (ro-sal-ee'a),  a  t.  of  Mexico, 
in  Chihuahua,  40  m  n  of  San  Bartolome. 
Pop.  said  to  be  4,000. 

Santander  (Sp.  pron.  san-tan-dair'),  a  r.  of 
Mexico,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
in  23c  40'  n  Lat. 

Santiago  (de  Cuba),  a  sea-port  and  archie- 
piscopal  t.  on  the  s  coast  of  Cuba,  not  far 
from  the  E  end  of  the  island.  It  has  a  fine 
harbour  and  considerable  trade,  but  its  situ- 
ation is  very  unhealthy.     Pop.  unknown. 

Sappington,  pv.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  140  e  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Saptin  Indians.    See  Nez  Perce  Indians. 

Saraitsville,  pv.  Morgan  co.  O.  lOOESEofCs. 

Sarahsville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ill   ISO  s  of  Sd. 

Saranac  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  Lake  Champlain. 

Saranac,  lake,  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  10  m.  long, 
and  2  or  3  wide. 

Saranac,  pt.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  15  w  Plattsburg. 

Saratoga,  lake,  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  9  m.  long, 
and  2  wide.  [Spa. 

Saratoga,  tp.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  6  N  Baliston 

Saratoga  Springs.     See  Gazetteer. 

Sarcoxie,  pv.  Newton  co.  Mo.  on  Centre  cr. 

Sardinia,  pt.  Erie  co.  N  Y.  2$  se  of  Buffalo. 


Sardinia,  pv.  Brown  co.  O.  92  sw  of  Cs. 

Sargeantsville,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J  23 
nw  of  Trenton. 

Satartia,  pv.  Yazoo  co.  Miss,  on  Yazoo  r. 

Saugatuck  r.  Conn,  flows  into  Long  Island 
Sound.  [Kingston 

Saugerties,  pt.   Ulster   co.  N.  Y.  10  n   of 

Saugus,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  11  N  of  Boston. 

Sault  St.  Mary,  originally  Sault  de  St. 
Marie,  pv.  cap.  of  Chippewa  co.  Mich.,  on 
the  s  side  of  St.  Mary's  Strait,  400  n  of  De- 
troit.   It  is  defended  by  Fort  Brady. 

Saundersville,  pv.  Vanderburg  co.  Ind. 

Sauquoit,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  90  wnw  AI. 

Savannah,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  11  e  Lyons. 

Savannah,  pv.  cap.  of  Hardin  co.  Term,  on 
Tennessee  river.  [sissippi  r. 

Savannah,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  111.  on  Mis- 
Savannah,  pv.  cap.  of  Andrew  co.  Mo.  5  e  of 
Missouri  river.  [Clarksville. 

Savannah,  v.  of  Red  River  co.  Texas,  10  e  of 

Saverton,  pv.  Ralls  co.  Mo.  on  Miss.  r. 

Saville,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa. 

Savoy,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  122  wnw  B. 

Saxknburg,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa.  205  w  of  H. 

Saxonville,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  22  NW 
of  Boston. 

Saybrook,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  42  sse  Hd. 

Saybrook,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  200  ne  of  Cs. 

Saylorsburg,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  112  ne  H. 

Scantic  Village,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  12 
NE  of  Hartford.  [of  Portland. 

Scarborough,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  10  sw 

Scarsdale.  tp.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  4  s  of 
White  Plains.  [of  Al. 

Schaghticoke,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  20  N 

Schlosser,  N.  Y.  the  site  of  an  old  fort,  a 
little  above  Niagara  Falls.     [Mahoning  cr. 

Schmicksburr.  v.     Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  Little 

Schodac,  tp.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  7  s  of  Al. 

Schodac  Landing,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y. 
on  the  Hudson. 

Schoharie  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Mohawk. 

Schoharie,  pv.  cap.  of  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  32 
W  of  Albany. 

Schoodic  (skoo'dick)  Lakes,  a  collection  of 
lakes  in  Wn.  co.  Me.  communicating  with 
St.  Croix  river. 

Schoolcraft,  pv.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 

Schooley's  (skoo'leezi  Mcunt,  pv.  Morris  co 
N.  J.  56  n  of  Trenton,  at  the  celebrated 
mineral  springs  on  Schoclev'?  Mountain. 
The  pure  air  and  romantic  scenery  around 
this  place,  render  it  one  of  great  resort 
during  the  hot  season.  The  top  of  the 
mountain  is  about  1100  feet  above  the  sea. 

Schroeppel,  tp.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  16  se  of 
Oswego. 

Schroon,  skroon,  r.  N.Y.  enters  the  Hudson 
in  Warren  co.  [wid   . 

Schroon,  lake,  N.Y.  10  long,  and  from  1  to  2 

Schroon,  tp.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Schroon  Lake. 

Schuyler,  tp.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  7  w  of  Her- 
kimer, [the  Hudson. 

Schuylersville,  pv.  Saratoga   co.  N.Y.  on 

Schuylkill,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill 
river. 

Schuylkill,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.      [ne  of  H. 

Schuylkill  Haven,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  53 

Scienceville,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  4S  sw  Al 

Scio,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  15  s  of  Angelica 

Scio,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich,  on  Huron  r. 

Scioto  r.  O.     See  Gazetteer. 

Scipio,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  8  s  of  Auburn. 

R 


SEN 


660 


SHE 


fccipio,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O. 
Scipio,  tp.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich. 
Scipio,  pv.  Jennings  co.  Ind.  56  sse  of  Is. 
Scituate,  pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  on  the  At- 
lantic. [Providence. 
Scituate,  tp.  Providence   co.  R.  I.  12  w  of 
Scoxoxdoah,  pv.  Oueida  co.  N.Y.  [Tn. 
Scotch  Plains,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  42  nvv  of 
Scotch  Town,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  107  ssw 

of  Albany. 
Scotia,  pv.  Schenectady  co.  N.Y.  18  nw  Al. 
Scotia,  pv.  Pope  co.  Ark.  on  Arkansas  r. 
Scotland,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  35  e  of  Hd. 
Scott,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  150  w  of  Al. 
Scott,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susqa.  r. 
Scott,  pt.  Adams  co.  O.  95  s  of  Cs. 
Scott,  pt.  La  Grange  co.  Ind.  180  n  of  Is. 
Scottsburg,  pv.  Halifax  co.  Va.  120  sw  R. 
Scottsville',  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  230  w  Al. 
Scottsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Powhatan  co.  Va.  33 

w  of  Richmond. 
Scottsville,  pv.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  30  se  of  T. 
Scottsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Allen  co.  Ky.  148  sw 

of  Frankfort. 
Scottsville,  pv.  Lee  co.  111.  150  n  of  Sd. 
Scriba,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 
Scroggsfield,  pv.  Carroll  co.  O.  132  ene  Cs. 
Scroon.    See  Schroon. 
Scrubgrass,  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa.         [of  Rh. 
Scuffleton,    pv.   Greene   co.  N.  C.  102  ese 
Scuffletown,    pv.  Laurens   dist.  S.  C.  on 

Saluda  river.  [Salem. 

Scxjll  Town,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  12  ne  of 
Seabrook,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  47  se 

of  Concord. 
Seaconnet  Point,  R.  I.  6  ese  of  Newport. 
Seaford,  pv.  Sussex  co.  Del.  on  Nanticoke  r. 
Seal,  tp.  Pike  co.  O.  [of  Little  Rock. 

Searcy,  pv.  cap.  of  White  co.  Ark.  50  nne 
Searsburg,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  11  e  of 

Bennington. 
Searsmont,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  38  e  of  A. 
Searsville,  pv.  Stewart  co.  Ga.  123  sw  M. 
Seavillk,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me. 
Sebago,  lake,  Cumberland  co.  Me.  12m.  long 

and  about  7  wide.   « 
Sebago,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  on  Sebago  L. 
Sebasticook  r.  Me.  flows  into  the  Kennebec. 
Sebec,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  on  Sebec  Lake, 

96  nne  of  Augusta.   The  lake  is  10  m.  long. 
Second  Fork,  pv.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  157  nw 

of  Harrisburg. 
Sedgwick,  tp.  Hancock  co  Me.  85  e  of  A. 
Seekonk,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  46  ssw  of  B. 
Seguin,  v.  Gonzales  co.  Texas,  on  the  Guada- 
lupe r.  70  m.  s  of  Austin.  [of  An. 
Selby's  Port,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Md.  214  nw 
Selin's  Grove,  pv.  Union  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Selma,  pv.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  on  Alabama  r. 
Selma,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Mo.  on  Mississippi  r. 
Sem;in-ole   Indians,  a  once  powerful  tribe 

dwelling  in  Florida.     Most  of  them  have 

been  removed  to  the  w  of  the  Miss. 
Sempronfus,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  16  se  of 

Auburn. 
Seneca  Lake.    See  Gazetteer. 
Seneca  r.  N.Y.   joins  an  outlet  of  Oneida 

Lake  to  form  the  Oswego  river. 
Seneca  r.  S.  C.  flows  into  Tugaioo  r. 
Seneca,  tp.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  15  e  of  Canan- 

daigua. 
Seneca,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O. 
Seneca,  tp.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.      [Waterloo. 
Sbneca  Fwls,  pv.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  4  e  of 


I  Senecaville,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  90  e  of  Ci> 

Sennett,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N\  Y.  158  N  of  Al. 
I  Sergeant,  tp.  M'Kean  co.  Pa. 
i  Setauket,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  the  N  side 
of  Long  Island. 
Sevier  r   California,  runs  for  some  distance 
along  the  se  margin  of  the  Great  Basin. 
The    lower    portion  of  its  course  ha*  not 
been  explored,  but  it  is  supposed  to  flow 
into  the  Colorado.  [e  of  Ne. 

Sevierville,  pv.  cap.  of  Sevier  co.  Term.  213 
Seville,  tp.  Medina  co.  O. 
Seward,  tp.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  47  w  of  Al. 
Sewickly,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa, 
Shade  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  Conemaugh  r. 
Shade,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  [of  H. 

Shaefferstown,  pv.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  32  e 
Shaftsbury,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  110  s  of 
Montpelier.  [14  n  of  Cd. 

1  Shaker  Village,  pv.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H. 
|  Shalersville,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  on  Cuya- 
hoga river,  [r.  2  m.  below Sunbury. 
Shamokin  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Susquehanna 
Sham  >kin,   pt.    Northumberland   co.   Pa.   on 

Shamokin  creek,  76  N  of  Harrisburg. 
Shamong,  v.  Burlington  co.  N.J.  26  se  Phila. 
Shandaken,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y. 83  ssw  of  Al. 
Shanesville,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Su- 
gar creek. 
Shannon,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  68  ene  of  F. 
Shannonsville,  pv.  Mongomery  co.  Pa.  84 

E  of  Harrisburg. 
Shannonsville,  pv.  Perry  co.  Tenn.  109swNe. 
Shapleigh,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  90  sw  of  A. 
Sharon,  tp.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H. 
Sharon,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  40  s  of  Mtr. 
Sharon,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  17  ssw  of  B. 
Sharon,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  48  w  of  Hd. 
Sharon,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  43  w  of  Al. 
Sharon,  pv.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  250  wnw  of  H. 
Sharon,  tp.  Potter  co.  Pa. 
Sharon,  pv.  Wythe  co.  Va.  265  w  of  R. 
Sharon,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  165  wsw 

of  Raleigh. 
Sharon,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss.  30  n  of  J. 
Sharon,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Sharon,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  56  w  of  D 
Sharon,  pv.  Whitesides  co.  111.  174  n  of  Sd. 
Sharon  Centre,  pv.  Potter  co.  Pa.  192  nnw 

of  Harrisburg. 
Sharon  Centre,  pv.  Medina  co.  0. 128  ne  of  Cs. 
Sharonville,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  O.  102  wsw 
of  Columbus. 
!  Sharpesville,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Ala.  128  se  of  T. 
!  Sharpsburg,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  206  w  H. 
|  Sharpsburg,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md.  on  the 
Potomac. 
Sharpsburg,  pv.  Bath  co.  Ky.  62  E  of  F. 
'  Sharpsburg,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Mo.  94  N  of  Jef- 
ferson City. 
i  Siiarptown,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  on  Salem  cr. 
I  Shartlesville,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  65  :?  of  H 
j  Shas'te  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling  ir   \:  a  sw 
extremity  of  Oregon.  [WA/ikiil  r 

j  Shawangunk,  shonggum,  cr. N.Y.  flows  intc 
Shawangunk,  mts.  "Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  a  part 
of  the  Alleghany  chain.  [gunk  cr. 

I  Shawangunk,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Shawan- 
Shaw'nee  Indians,  a  tribe  now  dwelling  w 
of  the  Mississippi,  near  the  Kanzas  river 
I  Shawneetown,  pv.  Gallatin  co.  111.  on  Ohio  r 
Sheboygan  r.  Wis.  flows  into  Lake  Michigan 
|  Sheboygan,  v.  cap.  of  Sheboygan  co.  Wis.  a* 
I      the  mouth  of  Sheboygan  river. 


SHI 


661 


SIL 


Sheepscot  r.  Lincoln  co.  Me.   flows    into 

Sheepscot  Ray. 
Sheepscot  Bridge,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  25  s  A. 
Sheffield,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  45  ne  of  Mtr. 
Sheffield,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  20  s  Lenox. 
Sheffield,  pt.  Warren  co.  Pa.  90  WW  of  H. 
Sheffield,  pv.  Nevvion  co.  Ga.  70  n\v  of  M. 
Sheffield,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  on  Lake  Erie. 
Sheffield,  tp.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.    [coggin  r. 
Shelburne,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Andros- 
Shelfmrne,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  6  s  of  Bur- 
lington. [Greenfield. 
Shelburne,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  5  w  of 
Shflburne  Falls,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on 

Deerfield  r.  100  w  of  Boston. 
Shelby,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  10  s  of  Albion. 
Shelby,  pv.  cap.  of  Cleveland  co.  N.  C.  on 

French  Broad  river. 
Shelby,  pv.  Richland  co.  O.  70  n  of  Cs. 
Shelby,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 
Shelby,  tp.  Jetferson  co.  Ind. 
Shelby,  a  co.  in  the  s  part  of  Texas,  on  the 

Sabine  r   mostly  covered  with  wood.    Soil, 

in  many  parts,  very  fertile.    Capital,  Shel- 

byville.  [canal. 

Shelby  Basin,  pv.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  on  Erie 
Shelbyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Bedford  co.  Tenn. 

GO  s  of  Nashville.  [ofF. 

Shelbyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  Ky.  23  vv 
Shelbyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  Ind.  on  Blue 

river,  26  se  of  Indianapolis.  [Kaskaskia  r. 
Shelbyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  111.  on 
Shelbyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  Mo.  100  n 

of  Jefferson  City. 
Shelbyville,  a  v.  of  Texas,  on  Tanaha  cr.  10 

m.  sw  of  the  Sabine  r.     Pop.  between  200 

and  300. 
Sheldon,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  62  n  of  Mtr. 
Sheldon,  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Seneca  cr. 
Shelter  Island,  tp.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  20  e  of 

River  Head. 
Shelocta,  pv.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  164  w  of  H. 
Shenandoah  r.  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
Shenango  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  Beaver  r. 
Shenango,  pt.  Lawrence  co.  Pa.   [nango  creek. 
Shenango,    v.    Crawford     co.    Pa.    on    She- 
Shenango,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  11  sw  of  Mer- 
cer, [vv  of  H. 
Shepherdstown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  18 
Shepherdstown,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Va.  on  the 

Potomac. 
Shepherdstown,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O. 
Shepherdsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Bullitt  co.  Ky.  on 

Salt  river. 
Sherburne,  pt.  Rutland  co.Vt.  68  s  of  Mtr. 
Sherburne,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  on  Charles 

river,  19  sw  of  Boston.  [nango  r. 

Sherburne,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  on  Che- 
Shkrburne  Mills,  pv.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  on 

Licking  river. 
Sheridan,  pt.Chautauque  co.  N  Y.  on  L.  Erie.  | 
Sheridan,  tp.  Calhoun  co.  Mich. 
Sherman,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  57  swof  Hd.  j 
Sherman,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  on  French 

creek. 
Sherman,  pt.  Huron  co.  0. 15  swof  Norwalk.  ' 
Sherman,  pi.  St.  Josepn  co.  Mich,  on  Prairie 
Sherwood,  pt.  Branch  co.  Mich.  [creek,  j 

Stiesheouin,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  144  n  of  H.  I 
Siikti'cket  r.  Conn,  the  principal  branch  of  | 

Thames  river.  [Shiawassee  r.  i 

Shiawassee,    pt.   Shiawassee   co.  Mich,   on  ' 
Shieldsborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  I 

Miss,  on  Lake  Borgne. 

56  ' 


Shiloh,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J. 

Shiloh,  pv.  Camden  co.  N.  C.  226  ne  of  Rh 

Shinnston,  pv.  Harrison  co.  Va.  205  NW  R. 

Shippen,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 

Shippen,  pt.  M'Kean  co.  Pa.  170  nw  of  H. 

Shippen,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  [34  sw  of  H 

Shippensburg,  borough,  Cumberland  co.  Pa 

Shippensville,  pv.  Clarion  co.  Pa.  138  wsw 
of  Harrisburg. 

Shippingport,  v.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  on  Ohior 

Shiremantown,  pv.  Cumberland  co.Pa.  4  W 
of  Harrisburg. 

Shirley,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  84  N  of  A. 

Shirley,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  40  nw  of  B. 

Shirley,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  [85  sw  of  H. 

Shirleysburg,  borough,  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

Shirley  Village,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass. 
on  Nashua  river. 

Shoal  cr.  HI.  flows  into  Kaskaskia  r.    [plain. 

Shoreham,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  on  L.  Cham- 

Short  Cr.  pt.  Harrison  co.  O.  120  e  of  Cs. 

Sho-sho'nee,  or  Snake  Indians,  a  large  tribe 
dwelling  in  the  se  part  of  Oregon,  and  the 
N  part  of  California.  [Red  r 

Shreveport,  pv.  cap.  of  Caddo  par.  La.  on 

Shrewsbury  r.  N.  J.  is  a  continuation  of  San- 
dy Hook  Bay. 

Shrewsbury,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  72  sse  of  Mtr. 

Shrewsbury,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  37  w  B. 

Shrewsbury,  pt.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  on 
Shrewsbury  river. 

Shrewsbury,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

Shrewsbury,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  38  s  of  H. 

Shushan,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  47  ne  AI. 

Shutesbury,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  80  w  B. 

Siddonsburg,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  11  s  of  H. 

Sidney,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  9  n  of  A. 

Sidney,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  03  sw  of  Al. 

Sidney,  pv.  cap.  of  Shelby  co.  O.  80  w  of  Cs. 

Sidney,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Ind.  105  n  of  Is. 

Sidney,  pv.  Champaign  co.  111.  104  e  of  Sd 

Sidney,  the  cap.  of  the  island  of  Cape  Breton, 
situated  on  the  se  coast,  on  a  small  bay 
called  Sidney  Harbour.    Pop.  500. 

Sidney  Plains,  pv.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  o 
Susquehanna  river. 

Sierra  de  los  Mimbres,  se-er'ra  del  loce 
mim'bres,  i.e.  the  "osier  mountains,"*  a 
mountain  chain  in  the  n  part  of  Mexico.  It 
appears  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  Ana- 
hnac  Mountains. 

Sierra  Madrh,  se-er'ra  mad'ray,  a  moun- 
tain chain  in  the  n  part  of  Mexico,  extend- 
ing from  about  21°  to  323  n  Lat.,  traversing 
the  slates  of  Durango  and  Chihuahua. 
Height  unknown. 

Sierra  Nevada,  se-er'ra  na-vah'da,  i.  e.  the 
"  snow-clad  ridge,"  a  mountain  chain  run- 
ning nearly  n  and  s  through  Upper  Califor- 
nia, at  the  distance  of  from  100  to  200  in. 
from  the  Pacific.  It  is  supposed  to  be  even 
higher  than  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
pass  by  which  Captain  Fremont  crossed 
the  Sierra  was  about  9,300  ft.  in  height, 
and  the  peaks  around  him  rose  several 
thousand  feet  higher. 

Siloam,  pv.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  110  w  of  Al. 
Si  loam,  pv.  Surry  co.  N    C.  140  wnw  of  Rh 

Silvan,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 

Silver  Creek,  tp.  Greene  co.  O.  [3-4  m.  wide 

Silver  Lake,  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  3  m.  long, 

#Si;ira  literally  signifies  a  "saw"  The  term  is  alsa 
applied  to  a  '•  mountain  ri  !ge,''  which  from  its  notched 
appearance  may  be  supposed  to  resemble  a  saw. 


SMI 


662 


SOU 


Silver  Lake,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa.  on  Sil- 
ver Lake.  [of  Carlisle. 

Silver  Spring,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  7  ne 

Silverton,  pv.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  on  Sa- 
vannah r.  [of  New  Orleans. 

Simms  Port,  pv.  Avoyelles  par.  La.  237  nw 

Simonsville,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt. 

Simpsonvjlle,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  31  w  of  F. 

Simsbury,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  13  n  of  Hd. 

Sinaloa.    See  Cinaloa. 

Sinclairsville.  v.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 

Sing  Sing,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  35  N  of  New  York.  One  of  the 
state  prisons  is  located  here.  [of  Cs. 

Sinking  Spring,  pv.  Highland  co.  O.  84  sw 

Sinnemahoning  cr.  Pa.  enters  W.  Br.  of  Sus- 

Sioux.    See  Gazetteer.  [quehanna  r. 

Sippican,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  60  s  of  B. 

Sisal,  se-sal',  a  sea-port  of  Yucatan,  near  21° 
N  Lat.,  and  90°  w  Lon.  Hides  are  exported 
from  this  place  to  the  United  States. 

Sissonville,  pv.  Kanawha  co.  Va.  on  Poca- 
talico  river. 

Sistersville,  pv.  Tyler  co.  Va.  on  Ohio  r. 

Skeneateles,  gken'e-at'less,  lake,  N.Y.  lies 
between  Cayuga  and  Onondaga  cos. ;  15  m. 
long,  and  1-2  to  3-4  m.  wide. 

Skeneateles,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  147  wAl. 

Skippack,  pt.  Montii,   tnery  co.  Pa.  86  e  of  H. 

Skowhegan,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  Kenne- 
bec r.  [low  Burlington. 

Skunk  r.  Iowa,  flows  into  the  Mississippi  be- 

Slab  Town,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C. 

Slatersville,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  19 
nw  of  Providence.  [Mile  cr. 

Slatersville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  Six 

Slippery  Rock,  pt.  Butler  co.  Pa.  15  nw  of 

Slippery  Rock,  tp.  Beaver  co.  Pa.       [Butler. 

Slippery  Rock,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  [Al. 

Sloansville,  pv.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  33  w  of 

Smith,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

Smith,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O.  [Natchez. 

Smithdale,  pv.  Amite   co.  Miss.   30  se  of 

Smithfield,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me. 

Smithfield,  pt.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  16  N  of 
Providence. 

Smithfield,  tp.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  106  w  of  Al. 

Smithfield,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 

Smithfield,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  188  wsw  H. 

Smithfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Isle  of  Wight  co.Va. 
65  se  of  Richmond.  [se  of  Rh. 

Smithfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  N.  C.  27 

Smithfield,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  O.  126  e  of  Cs. 

Smithfield,  pv.  Alexander  co.  111.  227  s  of  Sd. 

Smitiiland,  pv.  cap.  of  Livingston  co.  Ky.  on 
Ohio  river.  [City. 

Smitiiland,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  70  n  of  Jef. 

Smii'hland,  v.  Bowie  co.  Texas,  on  Ferry 
Lake,  a  western  branch  or  arm  of  L.  Caddo. 

Smithsboro',  pv.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna, 170  wsw  of  Albany.  [of  An. 

Smitiisburg,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md.  106  nw 

Smith's  Island,  N.  C.  at  the  mouth  of  Cape 
Fear  river.  [l96xwofH. 

Smith's  Port,  pv.  cap.  of  M'Kean  co.  Pa. 

Smithsville,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  94  w 
of  Columbia. 

Smithton,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  108  s  of  Sd. 

Smithtown,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  48  e  of  N.Y. 

Smithville,  tp.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  15  w  of 
Norwich. 

Smithville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y. 

Smithville,  pv.  Lancaster  **.o.  Pa.  46  ese  of  H. 

Smithville,  pv.  Powhatan  co.  Va.  40  w  of  R. 


Smithville,  pv.  cap.  of  Brunswick  co.  N.C 
on  Cape  Fear  river. 

Smithville,  pv.  cap.  of  De  Kalb  co.  Tenn.  6C 
e  of  Nashville.  [Strawberry  r. 

Smithville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lawrence  co.  Ark.  on 

Smithville,  pv  Wayne  co.  O.  100  ne  of  Cs. 

Smithville  Flats,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 
125  w  of  Al.  [sse  of  Albany. 

Smoky  Hollow,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  37 

Smyrna,  pt.  Chenango  co.  N.Y.  103  w  of  Al. 

Smyrna,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  12  n  of  Dover. 

Smyrna,  pv.  Harrison  co.  O.  100  ene  of  Cs. 

Sneedsboro',  pv.  Anson  co.  N.C.  on  ST  ad- 
kin  river. 

Snickersville,  pv.  Loudon  co.Va.  168  n  R. 

Snidersville,  pv.  Monongalia  co.Va.  287 
nw  of  Richmond.  [of  Dandridge. 

Snoddyville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  Tenn.  12  nk 

Snow  Hill,  Md.    See  Gazetteer. 

Snow  Hill,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  N.  C.  90 
ese  of  Raloigh. 

Snow  Hill,  pv.  Walker  co.  Ga.  241  nw  of  M. 

Snow  Hill,  pv.  Clinton  co.  O.  74  ssw  of  Cs. 

Snow  Shoe,  pt.  Centre  co.  Pa.  100  nw  of  H. 

Snowsville,  pv.  Choctaw  co.  Miss.  110  nnb 
of  Jackson. 

Snyder,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 

Snydersville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  116  ne  H. 

Society  Land,  tp.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H. 

Society  Hill,  pv.  Darlington  dist.  S.  C.  on 
Great  Pedee  river. 

Society  Hill,  pv.  Macon  co.  Ala.  167  se  of  T. 

Sodus,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  12  N  of  Lyons. 

Sodus  Bay,  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  onL.  Ontario. 

Sodus  Point,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  on  Great 
Sodus  Bay,  200  wsw  of  Albany. 

Solesbury,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 

Solon,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  the  Kennebec 
river. 

Solon,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  12  e  of  Cortland. 

Solon,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  on  Chagrin  r. 

Somerford,  tp.  Madison  co.  O. 

Somers,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  23  ne  of  Hd 

Somers,  pt. Westchester  co.  N.Y.  20  n  o. 
White  Plains. 

Somers,  tp.  Preble  co.  O.  [nington. 

Somerset,  tp.  Windham  co.  Vt.  15  ne  of  Ben- 
Somerset,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  44  s  of  B. 

Somerset,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  14  ne  of  Lock- 
port.  [40  w  of  H. 

Somerset,  borough,  cap.  of  Somerset  co.  Pa. 

Somerset,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  [of  F. 

Somerset,  pv.  cap.  of  Pulaski  co.  Ky.  84  sse 

Somerset,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 

Somerset,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  O.  47  ese  Cs. 

Somerset,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  "Mich.  [Til. 

Somer's  Point,  pv.  Atlantic,  co.  N.  J.  90  s  or' 

Somerswortii,  tp.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  45 e  of 
Concord. 

Somerton,  pv.  Nansemond  co.  Va.  95  se  R 

Somerton,  pv.  Belmont  co.  O.  107  e  of  Cs. 

Somerville,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  176 
nnw  of  Albany.  [31  H  of  Tn. 

Somerville,  pv.  cap.  of  Somerset  co.  N.  J. 

Somerville,  pv.  Fauquier  co.Va.  83  N  of  R. 

Somerville.  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  Ala.  133 
nne  of  Tuscaloosa.  [wsw  of  Ne. 

Somerville,  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  135 

Somerville,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  100  wsw  of  Cs. 

So-no'ra,  a  province  in  the  nw  part  of  Mex- 
ico, w  of  Chihuahua.  It  forms  with  Cina- 
loa  the  state  of  Occidente.     [Merrimack  r. 

Souhegan  r.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  flows  into 

South  Albion,  pv.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  25  ne  A 


sou 


663 


SPA 


South  Alton,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  28  ne 

of  Concord. 
SoVth  Amboy,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  on  the 

Raritan  river.  [Povvow  r. 

?outi;ampton,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on 
Southampton,   pt.   Hampshire   co.   Mass.  102 

w  of  Boston.  [part  of  Long  I. 

Southampton,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  the  e 
Southampton,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  [town. 

Southampton,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  12  se  Doyles- 
Southampton,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  18  sw 

of  Carlisle.  [Chambersburg. 

Southampton,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  13  ne  of 
Southampton,  tp.  Somerset  co.  Pa. 
South  Anna.  r.  Va.  unites  with  North  Anna  r. 

to  form  the  Pamunky. 
South  Anna,  pv.  Louisa  co.  Va.  67  nvv  of  R. 
South  Anson,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Me.  44  ne  A. 
South  Attleborough,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass. 

43  ssw  of  Boston.  [on  Susquehanna  r. 

South  Bainbridge,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 
South  Barre,  pv.  Washington  "co.Vt.  8  sse 

of  Montpelier.  [on  St.  Joseph's  r. 

South  Bend,  pv.  cap.  of  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind. 
South  Berwick,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  on  Salmon 

Falls  river.  [of  Cs. 

South  Bloomfield,  pv.  Pickaway  co.  O.  17  s 
Southborough,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  26  w  B. 
Southbridge,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  60  sw  B. 
South  Bristol,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  12  s  of 

Canandaigua.  [sofHd. 

South  Britain,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  57 
South  Brunswick,  tp.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  12 

sw  of  New  Brunswick. 
Southbury.  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  20  nw 

of  New  Haven.  [nw  of  Hd. 

South  Canaan,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  43 
South  Charleston,  pv.  Clarke  co.  0. 53  wsw 

of  Columbus. 
South  Creek,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  160  n  of  H. 
South  Deerfield,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  N.H. 

18  ese  of  Concord.  [of  B. 

Smth  Deerfield,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  90  w 
Southeast,  pt.  Putnam  co.  N.Y.  107  s  of  Al. 
South  Easton,  borough,  Northampton  co. 

Pa.  on  Lehigh  river. 
South  Egremont,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
South  Farms,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  40  w 

of  Hartford.  [Island. 

Southfield,  tp.  Richmond  co.  N.Y.  on  Staten 
Southfield,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  17  N  of  D. 
Southford,  pv.  New  Ha\*m  co.  Conn. 
South  Florence,  v.  Franklin  co.   Ala.  on 

Tennessee  river.  [9  s  of  Hd. 

South  Glastonbury,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn. 
South  Hadley,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  88 

w  of  Boston.  [Mass.  on  Connecticut  r. 

South  Hadley  Canal,  pv.  Hampshire  co. 
South  Hanover,  pv.  Jef.  co.  Ind.  93  se  of  Is. 
South  Hartford,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y. 

55  nne  of  Albany.  [sw  of  Boston. 

South  Harwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  90 
South  Haven,  tp.Van  Buren  co.  Mich. 
South  Hawley,  pv-  Franklin  co.  Mass.  114 

w  of  Boston.  [Montpelier. 

South  Hero,  pt.  Grand  Isle  co.Vt.  58  nw  of 
South  Hill,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  150  n  of  H. 
South  Hingiiam,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  18 

se  of  Boston.  [Pa. 

South  Huntingdon,  tp.  Westmoreland  co. 
Southington,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  18  sw 

of  Hartford. 
Southington,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  0. 170  ne  of  Cs. 
South  Jackson,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  76  w  D. 


South  Jefferson,  pv.  Lincol.i  co.  Me.  22  esb 

of  Augusta.  [of  Hd. 

South  Kent,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  55  w 
South  Killingly,  pv   Windham  co.  Conn. 

51  e  of  Hartford.  [R.  I.  30  s  Providence. 
South  Kingston,  pv.  caj,  of  Washington  co. 
South  Lee,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  w  B. 
South  Lincoln,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  110 

ne  of  Augusta.  [s  of  Hartford. 

South  Lyme,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  50 
South  Middletown,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y. 

112  ssw  of  Albany. 
South  Middletown,  tp.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 
South  Natick,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  15 

wsw  of  Boston.  [106  wsw  of  Al. 

South  New  Berlin,  pv.  Chenango  co.  N.Y. 
South  Newport,  pv.  M'Intosh  co.  Ga.  108 

se  of  MilleHgeville. 
South  Norwalk,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn. 
Southold,  pt.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 

Sound.  [of  Hartford. 

South  Port,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  60  sw 
South  Port,  pt.  Chemung  co.  N.Y.  on  Che- 
mung river.  [Michigan. 
South  Port,  pv.  Racine  co.  Wisconsin,  on  L. 
South  Reading,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.ll  n  B 
South  Salem,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  118 

s  of  Albany.  [64  s  of  B. 

South  Sandwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
South  Scituate,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  24 

se  of  Boston. 
South  Seekonk,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  48  s  B. 
South  Shenango,  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
South  Shrewsbury,  pv. Worcester  co.  Mass. 

37  w  of  Boston. 
South  Sodus,  pv.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  188  w  Al. 
South  Strabane,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
South  Tyringham,  pv.  Berkshire  co  Mass. 
South  Union,  pv.  Logan  co.  Ky.  158  sw  F. 
Southville,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  31  wnw  F. 
South  Warren,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  66 

w  of  Boston. 
Southwest,  tp.  Warren  co.  Pa.        [w  of  Al 
South  Westerloo,  pv.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  27 
Southwest  Harbour,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Me. 

Ill  se  of  Augusta.  ,      [of  Boston. 

South  Westport,  pv.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  72  s 
South  Whitehall,  pt.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  87  ene 

of  Harrisburg.  [of  Springfield. 

Southwick,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  10  wsw 
South   Williamstown,   pv.   Berkshire  co. 

Mass.  135  w  of  Boston.  [37  ne  of  Cd. 

South  Wolfborough,  pv.  Carroll  co.  N.  H. 
South  Woodstock,  pv.  Windsor  co.Vt.  55  s 

of  Montpelier. 
South  Woodbury,  tp.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
South  Worcester,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  62 

w  of  Albany.  [82  se  of  B. 

South  Yarmouth,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
South  ZaNEsville,  v.  Muskingum  co.  O. 
Sowardtown,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  27  s  Dover. 
Soxville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  130  ne  of  H. 
Sp afford,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  18  w  of 

Syracuse.  [seraga  cr. 

Sparta,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  on  Cana- 
Sparta,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  78  n  of  Tn. 
Sparta,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 
Sparta,  pv.  Edgecombe  co.  N.  C.  8i  a  of  Rh. 
Sparta,  pv.  cap.  of  Hancock  co.  Ga.  23  ne  M. 
Sparta,  pv.  cap.  of  Conecuh  co.  Ala.  on  Mur- 
der creek  [Nashville 
Sparta,  pv.  cap.  of  White  co.  Ten::.  83  E  of 
Sparta,  pv.  Monwv  co.  0.  46  ne  of  Cs. 
Sparta,  pv.  of  Buchanan  co.Mo. 


SPR 


664 


STA 


Spartanburg  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Spartanburg 

dist.  S.  C.  98  nw  of  Ca. 
Spartanburg,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ind. 
Spartapolis,   pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  142 

NvV  of  Richmond.  [Owego  cr. 

Speedsville,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  on  W. 
Speedwell,  pv.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  on  Sa- 
vannah river. 
Speedwell,  pv.  Claiborne  co.  Tenn.  212  e  Ne. 
Speight's  Bridge,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.C.80 

fse  of  Raleigh. 
Spencer,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mas?.  53  w  of  B. 
Spencer,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  15  w  of  Owego. 
Spencer,  pv.  Davidson  co.  N.  C.  190  w  of  Rh. 
Spencerj  pv.  cap.  of  Van  Buren  co.  Tenn.  90 
Spencer,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O.  [se  of  Ne. 

Spencer,  pt.  Medina  co.  O.  110  ne  of  Cs. 
Spencer,  pv-  cap.  of  Owen  co.  In  j.  58  sw  Is. 
Spencerport,  pv.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  234  w  Al. 
Spfvcersburg,  pv.  Pike  co.  Mo.  88  ne  of 

Jefferson  City.  [of  Al. 

Spencertown,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  30  sse 
Spencerville,  pv.  De  Katb  co.  Ind.  150  nne 

of  Indianapolis.  [nnw  of  R. 

Sperryville,  pv.  Rappahannock  co.  Va.  123 
Spinnerstown,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  90  e  of  H. 
Spoon  r.  111.  flows  into  Illinois  r. 
Spottedville,  pv.  Stafford  co.  Va.  76  n  of  R. 
Spottswood,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  36  ne 

of  Trenton.  [co.  Va.  70  n  of  R. 

Spottsylvania  C.  H.  cap.  of  Spoltsylvania 
Spraker's  Basin,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y. 

47  wnw  of  Albany. 
Spread  Eagle,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  83  ese 
Sprigg,  tp.  Adams  co.  O.  [of  H. 

Spring,  tp.  Centre  co.  Pa. 
Spring,  pt.  Crawford  co  Pa.257NwH.  [of  D. 
Spring  Arbour,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  80  w 
Springborough,  pv.  Warren  co.  O.  74  sw  Cs. 
Spring  Creek,  pt.  Warren  co.  Pa. 
Spring,  rsville,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  64  e  Is. 
Springfield,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  60  ne  of 

Bangor. 
Springfield,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  35  nw  Cd. 
Springfield,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 
Springfield,   pv.  cap.  of  Hampden  co.  Mass. 

on  Connecticut  river.  [perstown. 

Springfield,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  8  n  of  Coo- 
Springfield,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  5  ne  of 

Mount  Holly. 
Springfield,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  52  ne  of  Tn. 
Springfield,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 
Springfield,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  40  N  of  Phila. 
Springfield,  tp. Delaware  co.  Pa.  12  wsw  Phila. 
Springfield,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa.         [Huntingdon. 
Springfield,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  21   s  of 
Springfield,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa. 
Springfield,  tp.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  10  M  of  Phila. 
Springfield,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.     [of  Richmond. 
Springfield,  pv.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  197  nnw 
Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Effingham  co.  Ga.  28 

NW  of  Savannah. 
Springfield,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  33  ssw  of  T. 
Springfield,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss.  41  nne  of 

Jackson.  [nw  of  New  Orleans. 

Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Livingston  par.  Da.  65 
Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Robertson  co.  Tenn. 

26  n  of  Nashville.  [68  ssw  of  F. 

Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Washington  co.  Ky. 
Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  O.  43  w  Cs. 
Springfield,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.      [Pop.  6,000. 
Springfield,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Springfield,  tp.  Summit  co.  O. 
Springfield,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  37  nw  D. 


Springfield,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  70  ese  of  If 
Springfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Mo.  158  sw 
Springfield,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Iowa.  [Jef.  City 
Spring  Garden,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 
Spring  Garden,  a  suburb  of  Phila.  n  of  the  city. 
Spring  Garden,  pv.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  154 
Spring  Hill,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  [wsw  R. 
Spring  Hill,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  70  s  of  T. 
Spring  Place,  pv.  cap.  of  Murray  co.  Ga. 

184  nw  of  Milledgeville.  [Nashville. 

Spring  Place,  pv.  IVfarshall  co.  Tenn.  66  s  of 
Springport,  tp.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  9  sw  of 

Auburn. 
Springport,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Mich.  100  w  of  D 
Spring  Prairie,  tp.Walworth  co. Wisconsin. 
Springtown,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  106  e  of  H. 
Springvale,  pv.  York  co.  Me.  86  sw  of  A. 
Springville,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  on  Spring  cr. 
Springville,  pt.  Susquehanna  co.  Pa. 
Springville,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  Ala.  83  ene  of  T. 
Springville,  pv.  Greenup  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 
Springville,  pv.  Seneca  co.  O.  90  H  of  Cs. 
Springville,  pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  68  sw  D 
Springville,  pv.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  80  ssw  Is. 
Springwater,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  226  w 

of  Albany. 
Spring  Wells,  tp.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich. 
Spruce  Head,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me. 
Squam,  lake,  N.H.  6  m.  long,  3  broad  ;  the  out- 
let, called  Squam  r.  enters  the  Merrimack. 
Squam,  v.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Cape  Ann. 
Squankum,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.J.  43  se  Tn. 
St.  Alb  an  's.     See  Alban's,  St. 
St.  Augustine.    See  Augustine,  St.,  and  so 

for  all  other  names  with  the  prefix  of  St. 
Stafford,  tp.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  21  NEof  Hd 
Stafford,  pt.  Genesee  oo.  N.Y.  243  w  Al.  Lhold. 
Stafford,  tp.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  38  s  of  Free- 
Stafford  C.H.  pv.  cap.  of  Stafford  co.  Va.  on 

Rappahannock  river.  [ne  of  Hd. 

Stafford  Springs,  pv.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  28 
Staggville,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  31  nw  Rh. 
Stamford,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  9  se  of 

Bennington. 
Stamford,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  77swof  Hd. 
Stamford,  pt.  Delaware  co.  N.Y.  60  wsw  Al. 
Stanardsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  Va.  95 

nw  of  Richmond. 
Standish,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  62  ssw  A. 
Stanford,  tp.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  16  ne  of 

Poughkeepsie.  [ofF. 

Stanford,  pv.  cap.  of  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  52  sse 
Stanford,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ind.  60  ssw  of  Is. 
Stanfordville,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  67  s 

of  Albany. 
Stanfordville,  pv.  Putnam  co.  Ga.  21  nw  M. 
STANilorE,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  60  n  of  Tn. 
Stanhope,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  12S  ne  of  H, 
Stanhope,  pv.  Nash  co.  N.  C.  32  E  of  Rh. 
Stantonsburg,  pv.  Edgecombe  co.  N.  C.  70 

e  of  Raleigh. 
Stantonville,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.      [I. 
Stapleton,  v.  Richmond  co  N.Y.  on  Stateii 
Stark,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  10  ne  of  Lancaster. 
Starkey,  pt.  Yates  co.  N.Y.  10  ne  of  Pern 

Yan. 
Starks,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  Kennebec  r 
Siarks,  tp.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  12  se  Herkimer 
Starksborough,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  42  w  of 

Montpelier.  [Albany. 

Starksville,  pv.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  62  n  w  of 
Starksville,  v.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y. 
Starkville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lee  co.  Ga.  130  sw  M 
Starkville,  pv.  Oktibbeha  co.  Miss.  140  ne  J 


STO 


665 


SUF 


Starr,  pt.  Hocking  co.  O.  60  se  of  Cs. 
Starrsville,  pv.  Newton  co.  Ga.55  nnw  M. 
Starucca,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  190  ne  of  H. 
Staten  Island,  N.Y.   between  New  York 

Bay  and  Raritan  Bay,  14  m.  long,  4  to  8  wide. 
Stat'ksborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Bullock  co.  Ga. 

133  se  of  Milledgeville.     . 
Statesburg,  pv.  Sumter  dist.  S.  C.  53  E  of  Ca. 
SxArEsviLLE.  pv.  cap.  of  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  145 

w  of  Raleigh. 
Statesville,  pv.  Wilson  co.  Tenn.  40  e  of  Ne. 
Staunton,  pv.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  50  n  of 

Dover.  [Lewis  cr. 

Staunton,  pv.  cap.  of  Augusta  co.  Va.  on 
Staunton,  pv.  Granville  co.  N.  C. 
Staunton,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 
Staunton,  rr.  Macoupin  co.  III.  70  ssw  of  Sd. 
Stearnsv;lle,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  134 
Steels ville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  [w  of  B. 
Steeleville,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co.  Mo.  on 

Maramec  r.  75  sse  of  Jefferson  City. 
Stephensport,  pv.  Breckenridge  co.  Ky. 
Stephens,  St.,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Ala.  on  the  Tom- 

bighee,  150  w  of  Tuscaloosa. 
Stephen-town,  pt.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  28 

ese  of  Albany.  [Bridgeport. 

Stkpney,  pv.   Fairfield   co.   Conn.  11    n   of 
Sterling,  tp.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.24  Nwof  Mtr. 
Sterling,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40  w  of  B. 
Sterling,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  50  E  of  Hd. 
Sterling,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 
Sterling,  pt.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  Lehigh  r. 
Sterling,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 
Steklingsville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y. 
Stetson,  pt.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  70  ne  of  A. 
Steuben,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  Narra- 

guagus  Bay. 
Steuben,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  100  wnw  of  Al. 
Steuben,  pv.  Huron  co.  O.  87  n  of  Cs. 
Steubenville,  O.    See  Gazetteer. 
Steubenvillle,  pv.  Steuben  co.  Ind.  170  nnw 

of  Indianapolis.  [of  R. 

Stevensburg,  pv.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  90  nnw 
Stevensburg,  pv.  Hardin  co.  Ky.  90  sw  of  P. 
Stevensville,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  160  n  H. 
Stevensville,  pv.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  48 

ne  of  Richmond.  "     [20  se  of  Ne. 

Stewartsborough,  pv.  Rutherford  co.  Tenn. 
Stewartstown,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Coiir 

necticut  river.  [of  Rh. 

Stewartstown,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  137  sw 
Stewartsville,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  56  nnw 

of  Trenton.  [swofRh. 

Stewartsville,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  107 
Stilesville,  pv.  Hendricks  co.  Ind.  28  w  Is. 
Still  Valley,  pv.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  48  nnw 

of  Trenton. 
Stillwater,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  20  n  of  Al. 
Stillwater,  pt.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  77  N  of  Tn. 
Stockbridge,  pt.  Windsor  co.  Vt.42s  of  Mtr. 
Stock-bridge,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  [cr. 

Stockbridge,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  on  Oneida 
Stockbridge,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 
Stockbridge,  pv.  Calumet  co.  Wis.  on  Win- 
nebago Lake.  [St.  Regis  r. 
Stockholm,  pt.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 
Stockholm,  pv.  Passaic  co.N.J  95NNEof  Tu. 
Stockport,  pt.  Columbia  co-.  N.Y.  24  s-of  Al. 
Stockport,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  on  Delaware  r. 
Stockton,  pt.   Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  7  E  of 

May  ville 
Stock  Township,  pt.  Harrison  co.  O. 
Stockville.  pv.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C. 
SToDrARD,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  NH.  44  sw  of  Cd. 
56* 


|  Stoddartsville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Pa.  138  xot 

of  Harrisburg. 
|  Stone  Arabia,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  57 
■  Stoneham,  tp.  Oxford  co.  Me.    [wnw  of  Al. 
|  Stoneham,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  10  n  B. 
,  StoNELicK,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 

Stone  Ridge,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  97  ssw  Al. 
|  Stonerstown,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  100  w  H. 

Stonesville,  pv.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  97 
nw  of  Columbia. 

Stonington,  Conn.    See  Gazetteer. 

Stony  Brook,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N  Y.  on  the  N 
side  of  Long  Island.  [Somerset 

Stony   Cr.   pt.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  12   ne   of 

Stony  Point,  Orange  co.N.Y.  on  the  Hudson 

Storeville,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C. 

Stoughtstovvn,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  30 
wsw  of  Harrisburg. 

Stoughton,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  20  s  of  B. 

Stow,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  74  w  of  Augusta. 

Stow,  pt.  Lamoille  co.Vt.  22  nnw  of  Mtr. 

Stow,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  25  w  of  B. 

Stow,  pt.  Summit  co.  Ohio,  on  Cuyahoga  r. 

Stow  Cr.  tp.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J. 

Stowsville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  180  w  of 
Raleigh.  [w  of  H. 

Stoystown,  borough,  Somerset  co.  Pa.  130 

Strabane,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  6  ne  of  Gettys- 
burg, [creek. 

Strabane,  tp.Washington  co.  Pa.  on  Chartier's 

Strabane,  pv.  Lenoir  co.  N.  C.  78  se  of  Rh. 

Strafford,  pt.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  25  ene  Cd. 

Strafford,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  34  sse  of  Mtr. 

Strasburg,  pt.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  46  ese  H. 

Strasburg,  pv.  Shenandoah  co.Va. 

Strasburg,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  0. 115  ene  Cs 

Stratford,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 

Stratford,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  50  sw  of  Hd, 

Stratford,  tp.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  60  nw  of  Al. 

Stratham,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H.  40  se  Cd. 

Stratton,  pt.  Windham  co.Vt.  110  s  of  Mtr. 

Strattoxsville,  pv.  Clarion  co.  Pa.  180  wnw 
of  Harrisburg. 

Strawntown,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  108  e  of  H. 

Strawtown,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  Ind.  on  White 
river.  [of  Cs. 

Streetsborough,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  140  nk 

Strickersville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  78  e  H. 

Strong,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  43  nw  of  A. 

Strongstown,  pv.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  140  wnw 
of  Harrisburg.  [of  Cs. 

Strongsville,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  130  nne 

Strongville,  pv.  Breathitt  co.  Ky.  133  se  F. 

Stroud,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Pa.      [Pa.  124  ne  H. 

Stroudsburg,  borough,  cap.  of  Monroe  co. 

Strykersville,  pv.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on 
Buffalo  creek.  [of  B. 

Sturbridge,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  60  wsw 

Sturgeonsville,  pv.  Brunswick  co.Va.  83 
ssw  of  Richmond. 

Stuyvesant,  stl've-sant,  formerly  Kinder- 
hook  Landing,  pv.  Columbia  co.N.Y.  17 
s  of  Albany.  [s  of  Al. 

Stuyvesant  Falls,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y  27 

Suckasunny,  pv.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  60  n  of  Tn. 

Sudbury,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  75  ssw  of  Mtr. 

Sudbury,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  20  w  of  B. 

Sudlersville,  pv.  Queen  Anne  co.  Md.  45  K 
of  Baltimore. 

Suffield,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  17  n  of  Hd 

Suffield,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  134  ne  of  Cs. 

Suffolk  C.  H.  N.Y.    See  River  Head. 

Suffolk,  pv.  cap.  of  Nansemoiti  co.Va.  on 
Nansemond  river,  85  be  of  R  chmond. 


sus 


666 


TAN 


Sugar  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  French  cr.  in  Ve- 
nango co.  [Sangamon  r. 
Sugar  cr.  Sangamon  co.  111.  is  a  s  branch  of 
Sugar  cr.  111.  enters  Illinois  r.  in  Schuyler  co. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Venango  co.  Pa.  8  nw  Franklin. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Greene  co.  O. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Stark  co.  O. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 
Sugar  Cr.  tp.  Wayne  co.  O.  [water  cr. 
Sugar  Grove,  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  on  Still- 
Sugar  Loaf,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  105  ssw 

of  Albany.  [creek. 

Sugar  Loaf,  pt.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  on  Fishing 
Sugar  Loaf,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 
Sugartown,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  80  ese  of  H. 
Suggsville,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ala.  150  s  of  T. 
Sullivan,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  100  e  of  A. 
Sullivan,  tp.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  52  wsw  Cd. 
Sullivan,  pt.  Madison  co.  N.Y.  on  Canasera- 

ga  creek. 
Sullivan,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  146  N  of  H. 
Sullivan,  pt.  Ashland  co.  0.90  nne  of  Cs. 
Summerfield,  pv.  Guilford  co.N.  C.  99  WNW 

of  Raleigh. 
Summerfield,  pv.  Stewart  co.  Ga.  145  sw  of  M. 
Summerfield,  pt.  Monroe  co.  Mich,  on  Raisin 

river.  [Auburn. 

Summer  Hill,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  24  se  of 
Summer  Hill,  pv.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  150  w  of  H. 
Summer  Hill,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
Summkrsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Nicholas  co.  Va. 

268  sw  of  Richmond. 
Summersville,  pv.  Greene  co.Ky.  95  ssw  of  F. 
Summerville,  pv.  Charleston  dist.  S.  C. 
Sumrnerville,  pv.  cap.  of  Chattooga  co.  Ga. 

ISONWofMilledgeville. 
Summerville,  pv.  Cass  co.  Mich. 
Summit,  pt.  Schoharie  co.  N.Y.  52  w  of  Al. 
Summit,  pv.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  130  w  of  H. 
Summit,  pv.  Cook  co.  111.  13  sw  of  Chicago. 
Summit,  pt.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis. 
Summit  Bridge,  pv.  Newcastle  co.  Del.  41 

N  of  Dover.  [of  H. 

Summit  Hill,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  84  ne 
Summitsville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  185  ne  H. 
Sumner,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  40  w  of  A. 
Sumneytown,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  30  nnw  of 

Philadelphia. 
Sumter,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich,  on  Huron  r. 
Sumterville,  pv.  cap.  of  Sumterville   dist. 

S.  C.  63  e  of  Ca.  [bee  r. 

Sumterville,  pv.  Sumter  co.  Ala.  on  Tombig- 
Sumterville,  pv.  Lee  co.  Ga 
Sunapee  Lake,  N.  H.  9  m.  long,  1£  wide. 
Sunbury,  borough,  cap.  of  Northumberland 

co.  Pa.  on  the  Susquehanna. 
Sunbury,  pv.  Gates  co.  N.  C.  224  ene  of  Rh. 
Sur.bury,  Ga.    See  Gazetteer. 
Sunbury,  pv.  Delaware  co.  O.  25  N  of  Cs. 
Sunbury,  pv.  Livingston  co.  111.  120  ne  of  Sd. 
Suncook  r.  N.H.  flows  into  the  Merrimack. 
Sunderland,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  15  ne  of 

Bennington. 
Sunderland,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  on  Conn.  r. 
Sunderland,  pv.  Calvert  co.  Md.  37  ssw  An. 
Superior,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  31  w  D. 
Surry,  pt.  Hancock  co.  Me.  83  e  of  A. 
Surry,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  55  sw  of  Cd. 
Surry  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Surry  co.  Va.  55  se  R. 
Susquehanna,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa.       [creek. 
Susquehanna,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  on  Paxton 
Susquehanna,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.        [of  R. 
Sussex  C.  H.  pv  cap.  of  Sussex  co.  Va.  48  sse 


Sutton,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.H.  26  wnw  Cd 

Sutton,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  53  nne  of  Mtr. 

Sutton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  46  w  of  B. 

Suwanee  r.  Flor.    See  Gazetteer.    [ofM. 

Swainsboro',  pv.  cap.  Emanuel  co.  Ga.  93  SB 

Swan,  pt.  Noble  co.  Ind.  156  nne  of  Is. 

Swan,  pt.  Taney  co.  Mo. 

Swangstown,  pv.  Cleveland  co.  N.  C.  197 
w  of  Raleigh.  [of  Rh. 

Swansborough,  pv.  Onslow  co.  N.  C.  160  ss 

Swan's  Island,  ;p.  Hancock  co.  Me. 

SwantoNj  pt.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

Swanton,  pv.  Lucas  co.  O.  140  nw  of  Ca. 

Swanville,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  50  e  of  A. 

Swanzey,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  48  s  of  B. 

Swanzey,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  53  sw  of  Cd. 

Swart'wout  (-wowf),  one  of  the  seats  of 
justice  of  Liberty  co.  Texas,  on  the  E  or 
left  bank  of  Trinity  r.,  180  m.  e  of  Austin. 
Pop.  100. 

Swatara  r.  Pa.  enters  the  Susqa.  8  s  of  H. 

Swatara,  tp.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  9  n  Lancaster. 

SwedenJ  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  60  wsw  of  A. 

Sweden,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  237  w  of  Al. 

Sweden,  borough,  Potter  co.  Pa.  170  nnw  H. 

Swedesborough,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  47 
ssw  of  Trenton. 

Sweet  Springs,  pv.  and  noted  watering- 
place,  Monroe  co.  Va.  209  w  of  Richmond. 

Sycamore,  pt.  Crawford  co.  O.  75  n  of  Cs. 

Sycamore,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  Mill  cr. 

Sydnorsville,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Va.  183  wR. 

Sykesville,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  60  nnw  An. 

Syracuse,  N.Y.    See  Gazetteer. 

Tab-as'co,  or  Victoria,  a  sea-port  of  Mexi- 
co, at  the  mouth  of  Tabasco  r.,  250  m.  e  by 
s  from  Vera  Cruz.  Logwood  and  fustic  are 
the  chief  exports. 

Tabasco,  a  state  in  the  se  part  of  Mexico, 
bordering  on  Yucatan  and  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico. Area  10,000  sq.  m.  Pop.  55,000.  Capi- 
tal, Villa  Hermosa. 

Taberg,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  118  wnw  of  Al. 

Tafton,  pv.  Pike  co.  Pa.  175  ne  of  H. 

Taftsville,  pv.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  54  s  of  Mtr. 

Taghkanic,  pt.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  12  e  of 
Hudson. 

Taghkanic,  mts.  a  branch  of  the  Green  Mts., 
running  from  Rensselaer  co.  N  .Y.  into  Mass. 

Talbotton,  pv.  cap.  of  Talbot  co.  Ga.  92  wsw 
of  Milledgeville. 

Talcahuana,  tal-ka-wah'na,  a  decayed  sea- 
port of  South  America,  in  Chili,  on  the  bay 
of  Conception.  [EofT. 

Talladega,  pv.  cap.  of  Talladega  co.  Ala.  116 

Tallassee,  pv.  Tallapoosa  co.  Ala.  on  Talla- 
poosa r.ver. 

Tallmadge,  pt.  Summit  co.  O.  148  ne  of  Cs. 

Tallmadge,  tp.  Oceana  co.  Mich. 

Tallmadge,  pt.  Ottawa  co.  Mich.  180  wnw  D. 

Tamaulipas,  tam-ou-le'pas,  a  state  in  the  ens 
part  of  Mexico,  bordering  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  It  formerly  extended  e  of  the  Rio 
del  Norte,  as  far  as  the  Nueces.  Area 
25,000  sq.m.     Pop.  50.000.  [of  H. 

Tamaqua,  borough,  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  80  ne 

Tamarwa,  pv.  St.  Clair  co.  111.  on  Kaskaskia  r. 

Tampa,  pv.  cap.  of  Hillsborough  co.  Flor.  on 
Tampa  Bay. 

Tamworth,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  II.  55  N  of  Cd. 

Taneytown,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.70  nnw  Ail 

Taneyville,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 


TEW 


667 


THO 


Tngipaha  r.  Miss,  and  La.  flows  into  Lake  I 

'ontchartrain.  [ofAl. 

TvNERsvrLLE,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  50  s\v 
Tinersville.  pv.  Monroe  eo.  Pa.  124  xe  of  H. 
TVs,  tah'oce,  a  small  t.  of  New  Mexico,  N 

*  Santa  Fe. 
Tpahaxxock,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
T^-pan   Bay,  an  expansion  of  the  Hudson, 

m.  N  of  New  York. 
Tvpaxtowx,  pv.  Rockland  co.  N.Y.  134  8  Al. 
Thorough,  pv.  cap.  of  Edgecombe  co.  N.C. 

<  Tar  river,  70  e  of  Raleigh. 
Tat.  N.  C.     See  Gazetteer.        [ghany  r. 
Tacstum,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  Alle- 
Taffville,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  12  x  Hd. 
Ta.ton,  pv.  Pickaway  co.  O.  46  s  of  Cs. 
Taiytowx,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.   on 

IhHudaon. 
T^ifeRsviLLE,  pv.  Twiggs  co.  Ga.  50ssw  M. 
Tat  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 
Taiton,  Mass.    See  Gazetteer. 
Tauon  r.  Mass.  enters  Mount  Hope  Bay. 
Tatheida,  pv.  Fond  du  Lac  co.  Wis. 
Ta\0rstowx,  pv.  Wn.  co.  Pa.  216  w  of  H. 
Tayirsville,   pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  the 

Duware. 
Taybville,  pv.  Hanover  co.  Va.  22  X  of  R. 
Taylrjyille,  pv.  cap.  of  Patrick  co.  Va.  on 
Man  river,  226  wsw  of  R.  [332  e  of  Ne. 
Tayloiville,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  Tenn. 
Tayloville,  pv.  cap.  of  Spencer  co.  Ky.  on 

Salt.ver. 
Tayloiville,  pv.  Christian  co.  111.  26  se  of  Sd. 
Tazemll  C.  H.  or  Jeffersoxville,  pv.  cap. 

of  Tsewell  co.  Va.  2S4  w  of  R. 
TazeWl,  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Ga.  110  sw 
of  Mtedgeville.  [EofNe. 

Tazewr,  pv.  cap.  of  Claiborne  co.  Tenn.  220 
Tchocuxa  r.  Ga.  flows  into  Ocrnulgee  r. 
TcHiiLAjpv.  Holmes  co.  Miss,  on  Yazoo  r. 
Tkche  r.La.    See  Gazetteer. 
Tecumse;,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  57  sw  D. 
Tehuaca;'  ta-wah-kan',  a  t.  of  Mexico,  65 

m.  se  otLa  Puebla. 
Teiiuantb'ec,  ta-wanvta-pek',  or  ta-oo-anv- 
ta-pek',  at.  on  the  w  coast  of  Mexico,  in 
the  state  tf  Oaxaca,  on  a  gulf  of  the  same 
name  ;  important  on  account  of  its  salt 
works.  Poy.  13,000. 
Tekoxsha,   pv.   Calhoun  co.  Mich,   on  St. 

Joseph's  river. 
Temple,  pt.  Frankl'u  co.  Me.  40  xxw  of  A. 
Temple,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  44   ssw 
of  Concord.  [of  Boston. 

Templetox,  pt.  Worces\er  co.  Mass.  60  wxw 
Templeton,  pv.  Prince  Ge>rge  co.  Va.  36  se  R. 
Texoxtitlax,  v.  Milam  <?o.  Texas,  on  the 

Brazos,  100  m.  exe  of  Aim  in. 
Texsaw  r.  Ala.    See  Mobile  r.  Gazetteer. 
Tensaw  r.  La.  flows  into  Washita  r. 
Te-pic',  a  t.  of  Mexico,  in  Jalisco,  20  m.  ese 

of  San  Bias. 
Te-poz-co-lu'la,  a  small   t.  of  Mexico,  in 
Oaxaca,  on  an  affluent  of  the  Rio  Verde,  re- 
markable for  the  culture  of  cochineal. 
Terre  Coupee,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind.  163  x 
of  Indianapolis.  [Wabash  r. 

Terre  Haute,  pv.  cap.  of  Vigo  co.  Ind.  on 
Terrysvillk,   pv.    Litchfield   co.   Conn.    21 
Wsw  of  Hartford.  [of  Ca. 

Terrysville,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  104  w 
Terrytowx,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  1.30  n  II. 
Tewksbury,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  21  xw 
of  Boston. 


Tewksbury,  tp.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  14  ne  of 
Flemington. 

Texaxa,  cap.  of  Jackson  co.  Texas,  on  the 
La  Vacca  r.,  near  its  junction  with  the  Na- 
vidad,  150  sse  of  Austin.     Pop.  150. 

TEXAS,  formerly  an  independent  republic, 
vas  annexed  to  the  United  States  in  Decem- 
ber 1S45.  It  now  constitutes  a  single  state, 
fiough  its  superficial  extent  is  about  seven 
t  mesas  great  as  that  of  Pennsylvania.  Its 
constitution  is  in  the  main  similar  to  those 
of  the  other  slaveholding  states.  For  a  gen- 
eral and  brief  notice  of  the  country,  climate, 
&c,  see  Texas,  in  the  Gazktteer.  A  more 
particular  description  of  the  surface  and  soil 
will,  be  found  under  the  heads  of  the  respec- 
tive counties  in  this  Appendix. 

It  may  be  proper  here  to  add,  that  the  sea- 
coast  or  Texas,  though  indented  by  nume- 
rous bays  and  inlets,  does  not  afford  a  single 
harbour  for  vessels  of  a  large  size.  Galveston 
inlet,  the  deepest,  has  12  feet  water,  tbe  en- 
trance of  Matagorda  Bay  11  feet,  and  San 
Luis  10  feet.  It  may  be  further  observed, 
that  the  principal  rivers  of  this  country, 
though  of  great  length,  are  not  navigable  to 
any  extent  except  for  small  vessels,  though 
much  might  and  doubtless  will  be  effected 
ere  long,  towards  improving  their  naviga- 
tion. The  Trinity  is  navigable  farther  than 
any  of  the  others;  it  may  be  ascended  by 
boats  nearly  300  m.  The  Brazos  is  navi- 
gable 150  m,  the  Nueces  about  100  m.,  and 
the  San  Jacinto  50  m.  The  Colorado  is  ob- 
structed by  a  raft  10  m.  from  its  mouth  :  when 
this  is  removed,  it  will  in  all  probability  be 
rendered  navigable  for  small  steamboats  to 
Austin,  above  200  m.  The  Sabine  r.  on  the  e 
border,  is  navigable  150  m.  The  Rio  del 
Norte,  on  thew,  though  a  very  rapid  stream, 
may  (except  at  low  water)  be  ascended  by 
small  steamboats  nearly  200  m.  The  Red  R. 
is  also  navigable  for  a  considerable  extent 
along  the  northern  border. 


Texas,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Pa. 

Texas,  tp.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich. 

Thames  r.  Conn,  formed  by  the  union  of  She- 
tucket  and  Yantic,  enters  Long  I.  Sound. 

Thames,  temz,  a  r.  of  Canada  West.  After 
flowing  for  a  considerable  distance  nearly 
parallel  to  the  x  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  it  enters 
Lake  St.  Clair. 

Theresa,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  183  xw  Al. 

Thetford,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  43  sse  of  Mtr. 

Thibodeauxville,  tuVo-do'vil,  pv.  cap.  of  La 
Fourche  par.  La.  106  sw  of  New  Orleans. 

Thomas,  St.  pt.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  53  swof  H. 

Thomas,  St.  a  t.  of  Canada  West,  on  Kettle 
cr.,  which  flows  into  L.  Erie.  Lat.  about 
42^50'  x,  Lon.  8P  20'  w. 

Thomastox,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  42  se  of  A. 

Thomaston,  pv.  cap.  Upson  co.  Ga.  80  w  M 

Thomastowx,  pv.  Leake  co.  Miss.  52  xe  J. 

Thom.-ysville,  pv.  cap.  of  Thomas  co.  Ga 
230  ssw  of  Milledgeville. 


TOB 


668 


TEE 


Thomnsville,  pv.  Washington  co.  Tenn.  290 
E  of  Nashville.  [Hartford 

Thompson,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  48  kxe  o:' 

Thompson,  tp.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  110  s\v  Al. 

Thompson,  pi.  Susqa.  co.  Pa.  184  nne  of  II. 

Tnompson,  pv.  Warren  co.  Ga.  50  nk  of  M. 

Thompson,  pt.  Geauga  co.  O.  190  ne  of  Cs. 

TnoMPsoxTows,  pv.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  on  Ju- 
niata river.  [of  Hd 

Thompsonville,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  20  3 

Thompsonville,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  10J 
ssw  of  Albany. 

Thorn,  tp.  Perry  co.  O. 

Thornapple,  tp.  Barry  co.  Mich.         [of  E. 

Thornburg,  pv.  Spottsylvania  co.Va.  76  nnw 

Thornbury,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  20  sw  Phils. 

Thornbury,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  20  \v  PhiU. 

Thorndike,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  42  ne  of  A. 

Thornton,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.H.  52  n  of  Cd. 

Thornton,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 

Thornton,  pt.  Cook  co.  111.  on  Thorn  cr. 

Thorntown,  pv.  Boone  co.  Iud.  35  ne  of  Is. 

Thornville,  pv.  Perry  co.  O.  35  e  of  Cs. 

Thoroughfare,  pv.  Prince  William  co.Va. 
118  n  of  Richmond.  [wsw  of  B. 

Three  Rivers,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  76 

Three  Rivers,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  145 
sw  of  Detroit. 

Throg's  Point,  tp.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  16 
ne  of  N .  York.        [N.Y.  3  sw  of  Auburn. 

Throopsville,   troops'vil,    pv.   Cayuga   co. 

Ticonderoga,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Lake 

Tiffin,  tp.  Adams  co.  O.  [Champlain. 

Tiffin,  pv.  Seneca  co.  O.  on  Sanduskv  r. 

Tiffin's  r.  rises  in  Mich,  and  enters  the  Mau- 
mee  near  Defiance,  in  O. 

Timbalier,  bay,  Terre  Bonne  par.  La. 

Timberville,  pv.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  145 
nw  of  Richmond. 

Timpano'gos,  Lake,  California,  on  the  Spa- 
nish maps:  supposed  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Great  Salt  Lake.  [of  Rh. 

TlNDALLSVILLE,   pv.  AllSOll    CO.    N.  C.   136    SW 

Tinmouth,  pt.  Rutland  co.Vt.  76  s  of  Mtr. 

Tin'icum,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  37  n  of  Phils, 

Tinicum,  tp.  Delaware  co.Pa.  9  sw  of  Phila. 

Tioga  r.    See  Gazetteer. 

Tioga,  pt.  Tioga  co.  N.Y.  on  Susquehanna  r. 

Tioga,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  on  Tioga  r. 

Tionesta,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 

Tionesta,  pt.  Venango  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 

TippECANOE  r.  Ind.  Hows  into  the  Wabash. 

Tippecanoe,  pt.  Tippecanoe  co.  Iud.  82  sw  Is. 

Tipton,  pv.  cap.  of  Cedar  co.  Iowa.  [Wabash. 

Tiptonsport,    pv.   Carroll   co.   Ind.  on   the 

Tisbury,  tp.  Dukes  co.  Mass.  85  sse  of  B. 

Titusville,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  8  e  of  Tn. 

Tiverton,   pt.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  13  ne  of 

Tiverton,  pt.  Coshocton  co.  O.        [Newport. 

Tlal  pax',  a  Mexican  t.  important  from  being 
the  capital  of  the  state  of  Mexico,  situated 
15  m.  s  by  w  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  Pop. 
about  6,000. 

Tlam'ath.  also  called  Klam'et  (See  Gazet- 
teer, p.  462,  note),  a  lake  of  Oregon,  in 
about  42'--  25'  n  Lat.  and  121°  20'  w  Lon. 
Also  a  river  which  discharges  the  waters  of 
this  lake  into  the  Pacific. 

Tivoli,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Hudson. 
Tobacco  Port,  pv.  Stewart  co.  Tenn.  85 
wnw  of  Nashville.  [of  F. 

Tobacco  Port,  pv.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  227  wsw 
Tobehanna  r.  Pa.  flows  into  the  Lehigh,  [r. 
Tobehanna,  tp.  Monroe  co  Pa.  on  Tobehanna 


Toboyne,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa. 
Toby,  tp.  Clarion  co.  Pa.  on  Alleghany  r. 
Todd,  pt.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
Toledo,  pv.  cap.  Lucas  co.  O.  on  Maumee 
Tolersville,  pv.  Louisa  co.Va.  54  sw  of] 
Tolland,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  on  Fan 
ington  river,  118  w  of  Boston.         [of  II 
Tolland,  pv.  cap.  of  Tolland  co.  Conn.  18  e! 
Tombigbee  r.  Miss,  and  Ala.  See  Gazette*. 
Tompkins,  tp.  Del.  co.  N.Y.  22  sw  of  Dell 
Tompkins,  pt.  Jackson  co.  Midi.  90  w  of  ] 
Tompkinsville,  pv.  Richmond  co.  N  Y.n 
Staten  Island.  [153  ssw  of. 

Tompkinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  f. 
Tom's  r.  N.  J.  flows  into  Barnegat  Bay. 
Tom's  R.  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  38  se  of  n. 
Tomsville,  pv.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  74  n  of  a. 
Tona wanda  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Niagara- 
Tonawanda,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  on  Niiigarr. 
Topsfield,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  235  nA 
Topsfield,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  25  if  of  B, 
Topsham,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  on  Andro^g- 

gin  river. 
Topsham,  pt.  Orange  co.Vt.  23  se  of  Ml 
Torringford,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  I  w 
of  Hartford.  [ofld. 

TorRington,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn  j  w 
Toughxioga  r.  N.Y.  flows  into  Chensnp  r. 
Toulon,  pv.  Haywood  co.  Tenn.  167  wsi  Ne 
Toulon,  pv.  cap.  of  Stark  co.  111.  [o'  (hila. 
Towamexsing,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  ?f  20  N 
Towameneing,    tp.   Carbon  county,  1.    on 

the  Lehigh. 
Towanda,  borough,  cap.  of  Bradford  o.  Pa. 
on  the  North  Branch  of  Susquehanuriver. 
Tower  Hill,  pv.  Washington  co.  Rl.  37  s 

of  Providence. 
Town  Bluff,  one  of  the  capitals  o.' -liberty 

co.  Texas,  50  m.  e  of  Swartwout. 
Townsend,  pt.  Windham  co.Vt.  1175  Mtr. 
Townsend,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.*)  xw  B. 
Townsend,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  3  e  of  Torwalk. 
Townsend,  pt.  Sandusky  co.  O.  100X  of  Cs. 
Townsend  Harbor,  pv.  MiddIese;co.  Mass. 
40  sw  of  Boston.  Annapolis. 

Towsontown,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  dd.  37  n  of 
Transylvania,  pv.  Greene  co.  0.  on  Little 

Miami  river. 
Trappe,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pi.  81  e  of  H. 
Trappe,  pv.  Talbot  co.  Md  54  fse  of  An. 
Traveller's  Rest,  pv.  Poolyco.  Ga.87  ssw 

of  Milledgeville. 
Trav'is,  a  co.  in  the  central  part  of  Texas, 
intersected  by  the  Colorado.  A  considera- 
ble portion  of  the  surface  is  hilly  and 
broken.  The  soi'l,  especially  along  the 
streams,  is  very  fertile  in  the  southern  por- 
tion, but  towards  the  n  some  parts  are 
quite  sterile.  Capital,  Austin. 
Travis,  v.  of  Austin  co.  Texas,  on  the  w  oi 
right  bank  ot  the  Brazos.  [Phila 

Tredyf'rin,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  17  sw  of 
'PrkmoNT,  tp.  cap.  of  Tazewell  co.  111.  57  » 
Trextox,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me.  [of  Sd 

Trenton,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  12  N  of  Utica. 
Trenton,    pv.    cap.    of  Jones  co.   N.   C.  on 

Trent  river,  130  se  of  Raleigh. 
Trenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Dade  co.  Ga.200  nnwM. 
Trenton,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ala.  177  ne  of  T. 
Trenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Gibson  co. Tenn. 130  w  Ne 
Trenton,  pv.  Todd  co.  Ky.  197  sw  of  F. 
Trenton,  pv.  Butler  co.  O.  94  wsw  of  Cs. 
Trenton,  tp.  Delaware  co.  O. 
Trenton,  pv.  Knox  co.  111.  105.  nnvv  of  Sd 


TUL 


669 


UMQ 


Trenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Grundy  co  Mo.  on  the 
East  Fork  of  Grand  river. 

Trenton,  pv.  Henry  co.  Iowa. 

Trenton  Falls,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  15  nne 
of  Utica.  Here,  on  the  W.  Canada  cr.,  in 
the  space  of  2  m.,  are  several  beautiful  and 
picturesque  water-falls,  which  are  much 
visited  by  travellers.  [cook  Bay. 

Trescott,  tp.  Washington  co.  Me.  on  Cobs- 

Trexlertown,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  80  ene  H. 

Triadeiphia,  pv.  Moiftgomery  co.  Md.  50 
wnw  of  Annapolis. 

Triana,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  on  Tenn.  r. 

Triangle,  pt.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  on  Tough- 
nioga  river. 

Trimble,  pi.  Athens  co.  O.  70  se  of  Cs. 

Trin-id-ad  (de  Cuba),  a  sea-port  on  the  s 
side  of  Cuba,  220  m.  se  of  Havana,  on  a 
little  river,  3  m.  from  the  sea.  Pop.  stated 
at  13,000.  [NWofAl. 

Trip's  Hill.    pv.  Montgomery  co.  N.Y.  37 

Troupsburg,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  246  w  Al. 

Troupsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lowndes  co.  Ga.  on 
Withlacoochee  river. 

Troy,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  40  ne  of  A. 

Troy,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  57  sw  of  Cd. 

Troy,  pt.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  53  If  of  Mtr. 

Troy,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  150  N  of  H. 

Troy,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Troy,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  Ala.  174  se  of  T. 

Troy,  pv.  Yalabusha  co.  Miss.  120  nne  of  J. 

Troy,  pv.  cap.  of  Obion  co.  Tenn.  164  w  Ne. 

Troy,  tp.  Athens  co.  O. 

Troy,  pv.  cap.  Miami  co.  O.  on  Great  Miami  r. 

Troy,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Troy,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  22  nw  of  D. 

Troy,  tp.  Fountain  co.  Ind. 

Troy,  pv.  cap.  of  Perry  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 

Troy,  pv.  cap.  of  Lincoln  co.  Mo.  on  Cuivre  r. 

Troy,  pv.  Milwaukie  co.Wis.  73 e  of  Madison. 

Troy,  tp.  Walworth  co.  Wis. 

Truago,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Mich,  on  Detroit  r. 

Trumansburg,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  173 
w  of  Albany. 

Trumbaursville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 

Trumbull,  pt.  Fairfield  ^o.  Conn.  60  sw  Hd. 

Trumbull,  pt.  Ashtabula  to.  O.  186  ne  of  Cs. 

Trumbull  Long  Hill,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  Conn. 
62  svv  of  Hartford.  [lantic. 

Truro,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  on  the  At- 

Truro,  tp.  Franklin  co.  O  [nioga  r. 

Truxton,  pt.  Cortland  *».  N.Y.  on  Tough- 

Tuckahoe  Bridge,  pv.  cap.  of  Cape  May  co. 
N.  J.  76  s  of  Trenton.  [wsw  of  Rh. 

Tuckasaga,  pv.  Mecklenlurg  co.  N.  C.  170 

Tuckerton,  N.  J.     See  Gazetteer. 

Tuftonborough,  pt.Carr»ll  co.N.  H.44  ECd. 

Tule,  loo'le  or  too'lay,  i.  e.  a  "bulrush." 
The  Tule  or  Bulrush  1  vkes  are  two  lakes 
in  Upper  California,  coinected  during  the 
wet  season,  or  spring,  Wlh  the  head  waters 
of  the  river  San  Joaquil.  The  lower  and 
larger  lake  is  probably  a>  m.  in  length,  and 
15  in  its  greatest  breadh.  The  other  is 
much  smaller.  Tneir  slnres  are  lined  with 
bulrushes.  j 

Tully,  pt.  Onondaga  co.N.Y.  10  s  Syracuse. 

Tully,  pv.  Lewis  co.  Mo.  136  n  of  Jef.  City. 

Tullyton,  pv.  Greenvilledist.  S.  C.  107  wnw 

of  Columbia. 
Tullytown,  pv.  Bucks  co. Pa.  1  ne  of  Bristol. 
Tulpehocken,  tp.  Berks  c<\  Pa. 
Futpttkocken  cr.  Berks  co.  la.  enters Schuyl- 
kul  river  nearly  opposite  leading. 


Tunkiiannock  r.  Pa.  enters  Susquehanna  r. 

in  Wyoming  co.  [on  Susqa.  r  154  nne  II. 
Tunkhannock,  pv.  cap.  of  Wyoming  co.  Pa, 
Tunbridge,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  32  sse  of  Mtr. 
Tupper's  Lake,  Franklin  oo.  N.Y.  6  m.  long, 

2  broad. 
Turbut,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  [Sunbury. 

Turbut,  tp.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  14  N  of 
Turin,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  126  Nwof  Al. 
Turkey  Foot,  pt.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  15  swof 

Bedford.  [Coosa  r 

Turkey   Town,   pv.   Cherokee   co.  Ala.   on 
Turman's  cr.  Ind.  flows  into  the  AVabash. 
Turnbull,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ala.  127  s  of  T. 
Turner,  pt  Oxford  co.  Me.  30  wsw  of  A. 
Turnersville,  pv.  Robertson  co.  Tenn.  36 

nnw  of  Nashville. 
Turtle  Creek,  tp.  Warren  co.  O. 
Tuscahoma,  pv.  Tallahatchee  co.  Miss,  on  the 

Yalabusha,  117  n  of  Jackson. 
Tuscarawas   r.   O.   unites  with    the   Wal- 

honding  to  form  the  Muskingum. 
Tuscarawas,  tp.  Stark  co.  O.  [carawas  r. 
Tuscarawas,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Tus- 
Tuscarora  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Canisteo  r. 
Tuscarora,  v.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  3  B  of  Lewis- 
Tuscarora  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  Juniata  r.  [ton. 
Tuscarora,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  Tuscarora 
Tuscarora,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  [cr. 

Tuscarora,  mts.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Tuscarora,  pv.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  75  NE  of  H. 
Tuscola,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich. 
Tuscola,  tp.  Saginaw  co.  Mich. 
Tuscumbia,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Ala.  66  w  of 

Huntsville.  [Osage  r. 

Tuscumbia,  pv.  cap.  of  Miller  co.  Mo.  on 
Tuskegee,  pv.  cap.  of  Macon  co.  Ala. 152  ese  T. 
Tuthill,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  SO  ssw  of  Al. 
Tuxtla,  tooxt'la,  a  volcanic  mt.  of  Mexico, 

in  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz.     Lat.  183  30'  n, 

Lou.  95°  w.    Near  it  is  a  small  t.  of  the 

same  name. 
Twin,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 
Twin,  tp.  Ross  co.  O. 

Twinsburg,  pt.  Summit  co.  0. 140  ne  of  Cs. 
Tymochtee  cr.  O.  flows  into  Sandusky  r. 
Tymochtee,  pt.  Crawford  co.  O.  73  n  of  Cs. 
Tyngsborough,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  28 

nw  of  Boston. 
Tyre,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  on  Clyde  r. 
Tyringham,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  w  B. 
Tyrone,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  200  w  of  Al. 
Tyrone,  tp.  Adams  co.  Pa.  10  ne  of  Gettysburg. 
Tyrone,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
Tyrone,  tp.  Blair  co.  Pa. 
Tyrone,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa. 
Tyrone,  pv.  Wilkes  co.  Ga.  70  ne  of  M. 
Tyrone,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich.  60  wnw  D. 
Tywapity,  tp.  Scott  co.  Mo. 

Uchee,  pv.  Russell  co.  Ala.  194  ese  of  T. 

Uchee  Anna,  pv.  cap.  of  Walton  co.  FLr, 
on  a  branch  of  Choctawhatchie  river. 

Ufaula,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ga.  on  Chattahoo- 
chee river. 

Ulster,  v.  in  Saugertics  tp.  Ulster  co.  N.Y. 

Ulster,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susqa. 

Ulysses,  tp.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  8  nw  Ithaca. 

Ulysses,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa.  180  nnw  of  H. 

Umbagog  Lake,  N.  II.  and  Me.  18  m.  long, 
and  10  m.  wide.  Its  outlet  joins  the  An 
erroscoggin. 

Umqua  (urn'quaw)  Indians,  a  tribe  dwelling 
in  the  sw  part  of  Oregon,  near  a  small  river 


UNI 


670 


UPP 


to  which  they  give  their  name:  it  flows 
into  the  Pacific. 

(Jnadilla  r.  N.Y.  enters  the  Susquehanna. 

Jnadilla,  pt.  Olsego  co.  N.Y.  on  the  Susqa. 

(Jnadilla,  pt.  Livingston  co.  Mich,  on  Portage 

(Jnadilla  Forks,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.   [river. 

Uncasville,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn.  45 
se  of  Hartford. 

Unlerhill,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.56  NwMtr. 

Uxika,  mts.  a  name  given  to  that  portion  of 
the  Alleghanies  dividing  Tenn.  from  N.  C. 

Union,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  31  se  of  A. 

Union,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  35  ne  of  Hd. 

Union,  pv.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  on  Susqa.  r. 

Union,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  48  ne  of  Tn. 

Union,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J. 

Union,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 

Union,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa.  22  se  of  Erie. 

Union,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  on  Redstone  cr. 

Union,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  15  s  of  Hun- 
Union,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  [tingdon. 

Union,  tp.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

Union,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 

Union,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 

Union,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa.  on  the  Susquehanna. 

Union,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

Union,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  Va.  230  w  R. 

Union,  pv.  Talbot  co.  Ga.  68  wsw  of  M. 

Union,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ala.  33  ssw  of  T. 

Union,  pv.  Newton  co.  Miss.  75  E  of  J. 

Union,  pv.  cap.  of  Union  co.  Ark.  on  Washita 

Union,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  73  n  of  F.     [river. 

Union,  tp.  Belmont  co   O.  on  Stillwater  r. 

Union,  tp.  Brown  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

Union,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Highland  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Knox  co.  O.  on  Mohiccan  r. 

Union,  tp.  La  Fayette  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Madison  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 

Union,  pv.  Montg.  co.  0. 12  nw  of  Dayton. 

Union,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Ross  co.  O. 

Union,  tp  Union  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Warren  co.  O. 

Union,  tp.  Branch  co.  Mich. 

Union,  pv.  Cass  co.  Mich.  160  wsw  of  D. 

Union,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Mo.  73  E  of 
Jefferson  Citv.  [Joseph's  r. 

Union  City,  pv.  Branch   co.  Mich,  on  St. 

Union  Falls,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Sara- 
nac  river,  168  n  of  Albany. 

Union  Mills,  pv.  Fulton  co.  N.Y.  46  nw  Al. 

Union  Mills,  pv.  Erie  co.  Pa.  250  nw  of  H. 

Union  Mills,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  65  nnw  An. 

Union  Mills,  pv.  Fluvanna  co.  Va.  on  Rivanna 
river,  73  wnw  of  Richmond. 

Union  Springs,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  on  Cay- 
uga Lake. 

Union  Springs,  pv.  Macon  co.  Ala.  153sEof  T. 

Union  Square,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

Uniontown,  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  Pa.  180 
wof  Harrisburg.  [Baltimore. 

Uniontown,   pv.   Carroll  co.  Md.  35  nw  of 

Uniontown,  pv.  Perry  co.  Ala.  60  sse  of  T. 

Uniontown,  pv..  Belmont  co.  O.  114  e  of  Cs. 

Uniontown,  v.  Stark  co.  O.  12  N  of  Canton. 

Union  Vale,  tp.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  on  Fish- 
kill  river. 


Union  Village,  pv.  Orange  co.  Vt.  46  se  Mtf. 

Union   Village,  v.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  o* 

Battenkill  river.  [88  ene  of  R 

Union  Village,  pv.  Northumberland   co.Va 
Union  Village,  v.  Warren  co.  O.  4  w  Lebanon 
Unionville,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  25  wK 
Unionville,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  w  of  Hd 
Unionville,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  120ssWof  Al 
Unionville,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  74  ese  of  H. 
Unionville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  67  nw  An 
Unionville,  pv.  Uukm  dist.  S.  C.  70  nw  of  Ca 
Unionville,  pv.  Monroe  co.  Ga.  63  w  of  M. 
Unionville,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Tenn.  46  sse  Ne. 
Unionville,  pv.  Lake  co.  O.  192  ne  of  Cs. 
Unionville,  pv.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  75  sw  D. 
Unison,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  133  ne  of  H. 
Unison,  pv.  Loudon  co.Va.  137  N  of  R. 
Unity,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  34  ne  of  A. 
Unity,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  45  w  of  Cd. 
Unity,    tp.  Westmoreland    co.   Pa.   7  E  of 

Greensburg. 
Unity,  pv.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  58  wnw  An. 
Unity,  pv.  Cabarrus  co.  N.  C.  153  wsw  Rh. 
Unity,  pt.  Columbiana  co.  O.  164  ne  of  Cs. 
Unity,  pv.  cap.  Alexander  co.  111.  220  s  of  Sd 
Unityville,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
Upatoie,  pv.  Muscogee  co.  Ga.  138  wsw  M. 
Upper,  tp.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  13  ne  of  Cape 
Upper,  tp.  Lawrence  co.  O.  [May  C.  H. 

Upper  Alton,  pv.  Madison  co.  111.  80  s  Sd. 
Upper  Aquebogue,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on 

Long  Island.  [se  of  Salem. 

Upper  Alloways  Cr.  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  7 
Uppkr  Bern,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  the  Schuyl- 
Upper  California.    See  California,  [kill. 
Upper  Chichester,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Darby,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  8  w  of 

Philadelphia. 
Upper  Dublin,  pt.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  106  e  of  H 
Upper  Freehold,  tp.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  on 

Millstone  creek. 
Upper  Hanover,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  35 

nw  of  Philadelphia.  [e  of  An. 

Upper  Hunting  Cr.  pv.  Caroline  co.  Md.  57 
UrPER  Loutre,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Mo. 
Upper  Macungy,  tp.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  [ne  H. 
Upper  Mahantango,  pt.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  65 
Upper  Mahony,  tp  Northumberland  co.  Pa 
Upper  Makefield,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  25  nne 

of  Philadelphia. 
Upper  Marlborough,   pv.   cap.  of  Prince 

George's  co.  Md.23  sw  of  Annapolis. 
Upper  MiddletoWn.  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Conn 

12  s  of  Hartford.    '  [w  of  H 

Upper  Middletowl,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  184 
Upper  Mount  Behiel,  tp.  Northampton  co 
Upper  Meriox,  tp  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  [Pa 
Upper  Milford,  r>.  LehTgh  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Nazareth,  tp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Oxford,  tp  Chester  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Paxton,  If.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  22  N  H 
Upper  Penns  Nek,  tp.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  on 

Delaware  river.  [w  of  Phi  la. 

Upper  Provide.ve,  tp.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  13 
Upper  Providence,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Red  Hooi,  pv.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  or. 

the  Hudson. 
Upper  Salford,  to.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
Upper  Sandusky,  pv.  cap.  Wyandot  co.  0.  on 

Sandusky  river.  ("creek. 

Upper  Saucon,  t}.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  on  S.mcon 
Upper  St.  Claii,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on 

Chartier's  cretk.  [on  Penobscot  r. 

Upper  Stillwater,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Me 


VAN 


G71 


VIC 


Upper  Strasburg,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  10 
NW  of  Chambersburg.  .     [Swatara  cr. 

Upper  Swatara,   tp.   Dauphin  co.  Pa.   on 

Upper  Tulpehocken,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

Upperville,  pv-  Fauquier  co.  Va.  130  n  R. 

Upper  Yarmouth,  pv.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 
47  sw  of  Augusta. 

Upsonville,  pv.  Susqa.  co.  Pa.  180  nne  H. 

Upton,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  35  ws\v  of  B. 

Urbanna,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  211  w  of  Al. 

Urbanua,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  76  sw  of  An. 

Urbanna,  pv.  cap.  of  Middlesex  co.Va.  on 
Rappahannock  river. 

Urbanua,  pv.  cap.  of  Champaign  co.  O.  46  w 
of  Columbus.  [ENEofSd. 

Urbanna,  pv.  cap.  of  Champaign  co.  111.  92 

Utah  (pronounced  and  sometimes  written 
Eu'taw)  Indians,  a  numerous  tribe  dwell- 
ing in  tlie  e  part  of  California. 

The  Pah  Utah  Indians  dwell  along  the  s  mar- 
gin of  the  Great  Basin. 

Utah,  lake.    See  Great  Salt  Lake. 

Utica,  pv.  Hinds  co.  Miss.  38  w  of  J. 

Utica,  pv.  Licking  no.  O.  50  e  of  Cs. 

Utica,  pv.  Macomb  co.  Mich,  on  Clinton  r. 

Utica,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio  r. 

Utica,  pv.  Livingston  co.  Mo.  on  Grand  r. 

Uwchlan,  yook'lan,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  30 
w  of  Philadelphia. 

Uxbridge,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  38  sw  B. 

Valatie,  pv.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.  20  s  of  Al. 

Valcour  Island,  N.Y.  in  Lake  Champlain. 

Valleene,  pv.  Orange  co.  Ind.  104  s  of  Is. 

Valley,  tp.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  [Phila. 

Valley  Forge,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  20  nw  of 

Vallonia,  pv.  Jagkton  co.  Ind.  75  s  of  Is. 

Valparaiso,  pv.  cap.  of  Porter  co.  Ind.  on 
Salt  creek,  138  JFSW  of  Indianapolis. 

Van  Buren,  pt.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  12NWof 
Syracuse. 

Van  Buren,  pv.  De  Kalb  co.  Ala.  135  ne  of  T. 

Van  Buren^  pv.  Itawamba  co.  Miss,  on  Tom- 
bigbee  river.  [of  Ne. 

Van  Buren,  pv.  Ilardiman  co.  Tenn.  172  WSW 

Van  Buren,  pv.  cap.  of  Crawford  co.  Ark.  on 
Arkansas  river. 

Van  Buren,  pt.  Huicock  co.  O.  96  SNWof  Cs. 

Van  Buren,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Mich,  on  Huron  r. 

Van  Buren,  tp.  La  Grange  co.  Ind. 

Van  Buren,  pt.  Clay  co.  Ind.  60  wsw  of  Is. 

Van  Buren,  pv.  cap.  of  Ripley  co.  Mo.  on  Cur- 
Van  Buren,  pv.Vin  Huron  co.  Iowa,  [rent  r. 

Van  Bores  Hahjour,  pv.  Chautauque  co. 
N.Y.  on  Lake  Erie. 

Vanceborough,  fv.  Winnebago  co.  111. 

Vanceburg,  pv.  lewis  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 

Vancouver's  (viu-koo'verz)  Island,  for- 
nieriv  called  Qudra  and  Vancouver's  I., 
is  situated  on  <;e  w  coast  of  N.  America, 
beiii.T  intersected  by  the  50th  parallel  of  N 
Lat.j'and  the  25th  meridian  of  w  Lon. 
Length  ~>~;'  m..  vitli  an  average  breadth  of 
abotVt  50  m.  Tits  island,  as  well  as  Queen 
Charlotte's,  is  uncultivated,  being  inhabited 
by  Indian  sa vagi  8 ;  but  the  coasts  of  both  are 
indented  with  nimeroua  buys,  and  fringed 
with  towering  flirests,  and  the  soil  appears 
to  be  productive     It  belongs  to  England. 

Vandalia,  pv.  caf.  of  Fayette  co.  111.  on  Kas- 
kaskia  r.  70  sse  >f  Springfield.      [137  w  B. 

Van  Dkusenvilli,  pv.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 

Van  Rensselaer,  tp.  Ottawa  co.  O.  [wsw  M. 

Vaji  Wert,  pv.  dp.  of  Paulding  co.  Ga.  138 


Van  Wert,  pv.  cap.  of  Van  Wert  co.  O.  13f 
nw  of  Columbus.  [of  Ca. 

Varennes,  pv.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  122  wsw 

Varick,  pt.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  8  s  of  Waterloo 

Varna,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  160  w  of  Al 

Varysburg,  pv.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Ton 
awanda  creek.  [cf  A. 

Vassalborough,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  11  N 

Vaugine,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Ark. 

Velasco,  a  sea-port  of  Brazoria  co.  Texas,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Brazos.    Pop.  500. 

Venango,  tp.  Butler  co.  Pa. 

Venango,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Venango,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 

Venice,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  15  s  Auburn. 

Venice,  pv.  Erie  co.  O.  on  Cold  cr. 

Venice,  tp.  Seneca  co.  O.    [Pop.  about  1,000 

Vergennes,  city,  Addison  co.Vt.  66  w  Mtr. 

Vermilion  r.  La.  flows  into  Vermilion  Bay. 

Vermilion  r.  O.  flows  into  Lake  Erie. 

Vermilion,  pt.  Erie  co.  O.  on  Vermilion  r. 

Vermilion,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Vermilion  r.  111.  flows  into  Illinois  r. 

Vermilion,  tp.  Vermilion  co.  Ind.  [La. 

Vermilionville,  pv.  cap.  of  Lafayette  par. 

Vermilionville,  pv.  La  Salle  co.  III. 

Vermont,  pv.  Fulton  co.  111. 

Vermont,  pv.  Cooper  co.  Mo.  [of  D. 

Vermontville,  pv.  Eaton  co.  Mich.  110  wsw 

Vernon,  pt.  Windham  co.Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Vernon,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  12  ene  of  Hd 

Vernon,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  16  w  of  Utica. 

Vernon,  pt.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  92  N  of  Tn. 

Vernon,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Vernon,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  32  ssw  of  Dover. 

Vernon,  pv.  Troup  co.  Ga.  on  Chattahoochee  r 

Vernon,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  on  Alabama  r. 

Vernon,  pv.  Madison  co.  Miss,  on  Big  Black  r 

Vernon,  pv.  Hickman  co.  Tenn.  62  swof  Ne 

Vernon,  pv.  Allen  co.  Ky.  53  sw  of  F. 

Vernon,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  190  ne  of  Cs. 

Vernon,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 

Vernon,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 

Vernon,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 

Vernon,  pv.  cap.  of  Jennings  co.  Ind.  65  se  Is. 

Vernon,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 

Vernon,  pt.  Milwaukie  co.  Wis.       [wsw  Ai 

Vernon  Centre,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  105 

Verona,  tp.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  20  w  of  Utica. 

Verona,  pv.  Boone  co.  Ky.  53  N  of  F. 

Verona,  pv.  Vanderburg  co.  Ind.  182  sw  Is. 

Verplanck,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Hudson  river.  [Pittsburg. 

Versailles,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  12  se  of 

Versailles,  pv.  Williamson  co.  Tenn.  38  s  Ne 

Versailles,  pv.  cap.  of  Woodford  co.  Ky.  12 
sse  of  Frankfort. 

Versailles,  pv.  cap.  of  Ripley  co.  Ind.  70  se  Is. 

Versailles,  pv.  Brown  co.  III.       [of  Jef.  City. 

Versailles,  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  Mo.  36  W 

Vershirk.  pt.  Orange  co.Vt.  31  se  of  Mtr. 

Vestal,  pt.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  147  wsw  Al. 

Veteran,  pt.  Chemi'--  co.  N.Y.  11  n  Elmira. 

Vevay,  pv.  cap.  S\v.»^erland  co.  Ind.  on  Ohio 

Vevay,  pt.  Ingham  co.  Mich.  80  wsw  D.    [r. 

Vicksburg,  Miss.   See  Gazetteer,   [daigua. 

Victor,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  12  nw  Canan- 

Victoria,  pv.  Bolivar  co.  Miss,  on  Miss.  r. 

Victoria,  a  co.  in  the  s  part  of  'Texas,  between 
the  San  Antonio  r.  and.  La  Yucca  r.  and  Bay, 
It  includes  St.  Joseph's  Island.  The  soil 
consisls  principally  of  a  rich  black  mould, 
very  fertile;  near' the  coast,  however,  it  if 
generally  poor  and  sandy. 


WAK 


672 


WAR 


"V  ictoria,  a  small  v.  of  Texas,  cap.  of  the  above 

co.  on  the  e  or  left  bank  of  Guadalupe  r. 
Victory,  tp.  Essex  co.  Vt.  on  Moose  r. 
Victory,  pt.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y. 20  n  of  Auburn. 
Yjdalia,  v    cap.  of  Concordia  par.  La.  on 

Mississippi  river. 
Vienna,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  23  nvv  of  A. 
\  lenna,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  3  KW  of  Utica. 
V  ienua,  gy.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on  the  outlet  of 

Cauandaigiia  Iiake.  [river. 

Vienna,  pv.  Dorchester  co.  Md.  on  Nanticoke 
Vienna,  pv.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  123  w  of  Rh. 
Vienna,  pv.  Pickens  co.  Ala.  onTombigbee  r. 
Vienna,  pv.  cap.  of  Dooly  co.  Ga.  85sswof  M. 
Vienna,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  178  HI  of  Cs. 
Vienna,  tp.  Genesee  co.  Mich. 
Vienna,  pv.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 
Vienna,  pv.  Scott  co.  Ind.  85  s  of  Is. 
Vienna,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  111.  190  s  Sd. 
Villa  cIel  Fuerte,  veel'ya  del  fweR'tay,  a 

city  of  Mexico,  cap.  of  Sonora  and  Cinaloa, 

on  the  little  r.  Fuerte,  which  falls  into  the 

Gulf  of  California.    Lat.  about  27°  n,  Lon. 

108°  w.     Pop.  8,000.  [of  H. 

Village  Green,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  90  e 
Villanova,  pt.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y.  22  ne 

of  Mayville. 
Vinalhaven,  pt.Waldo  co.  Me.  12  se  Camden. 
Vincennes,  Ind.    See  Gazetteer. 
Vincent,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  30  nw  of  Phila. 
Vincenttown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  26  s  of 

Trenton. 
Vineyard,  pt.   Grand  Isle  co.  Vt.  78  nw  of 
Vinton,  pv.  Gallia  co.  O.  92  s  of  Cs.      [Mtr. 
Vinton,  tp   Vinton  co.  O.  on  Racoon  cr. 
Violet,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O.  [river. 

Virgil,  pt.  Cortland  co.  N.Y.  on  Toughnioga 
Virginia,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 
Virginia,  pv.  cap.  of  Cass  co.  111.  36  w  of  Sd. 
Virginsville,  pv.  Berks  co.  Pa.  68  e  of  H. 
Volinia,  pt.  Cass  co.  Mich.  160  w  of  D. 
Volney,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Big  Blacker. 
Voluntown,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn,  on  Pa- 

chaug  river. 
Volusia,  v.  Mosquito  co.  Flor.  on  St.  John's  r. 
Vrain's  Fort,  St.,  in  the  Indian  Territory, 

on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Platte  r.,  near  its 

source,  4,900  ft.  above  the  sea. 

Wabash,  pv.  cap.  of  Wabash  co.  Ind.  on 
Wabash  river.  [feet  above  the  sea. 

Wachusett,  mt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  3000 

Wacoochee,  pv.  Russell  co.  Ala.  167  ese  of  T. 

WaVousta,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Mich.  100  nw  D. 

Waddam's  Grove,  pt.  Stephenson  co.  111. 

Waddington,  pv.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  on 
St.  Lawrence  river.  [Neuse  r. 

Wadesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Anson  co.  N.C.  on 

Wadesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Callaway  co.  Ky. 
255  sw  of  Frankfort. 

Wadeviele,  pv.  Owen  co.  Ind.  47  sw  of  Is. 

Wading  River,  pv.  Suffolk  co.  N.Y.  on  Long 
Island.  [e  of  Cd. 

Wadley's  Falls,  pv.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  36 

Wadsworth,  pv.  .Medina  co.  O.  127  nne  Cs. 

Wagontown,  pv.  Chester  co.  Pa.  62  ese  of  II. 

WAH-SATCir/mts.  California,  a  chain  run- 
ning along  the  se  margin  of  the  Great  Basin. 

Waitsfield,  pt.  Washington  co.Vt.  on  Mad  r. 

Wakefield,  pt.  Carroll  co.  N.  II.  46  ne  Cd. 

Wakefield,  py.  Washing  ton  co.  R.I.  37  s  of 
Providence.  , 

Wakefield,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.  68  nnw  An. 

Wakefield,  pv.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  20  n  of  Rh. 


Wakeman,  pt.  Huron  co.  O.  12  e  Norwalk. 
Walaiimutte.     See  Willammette. 
Walden,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  30  ne  of  Mtr 
Walden,  pv.  Orange  co.N.Y.  on  Wallkill  r. 
Waldo,  pt.  Waldo  co.  Me.  47  ene  of  A. 
Waldo,  pv.  Moore  co.  N.  C.  62  sw  of  Rh. 
WALDoBoRouGH,.Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Wales,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  23  sw  of  A. 
Wales,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  74  wsw  of  B. 
Wales,  pt.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  18  se  of  Buffalo. 
Walesville,  v.  Oneida  co.  N.Y. 
Walhonding  r.  O.  one  of  the  main  branches 
of  Muskingum  r.,  joins  Tuscarawas  r.  op- 
posite Coshocton. 
Walker,  pt.  Centre  co.  Pa.  94  nw  of  H. 
Walker,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 
"Walker,  tp.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  [of  An. 

Walkersville,  pv.  Frederick  co.  Md.  80  nw 
Walkersville,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  194 
sw  of  Raleigh.  [on  Mattapony  r. 

Walkertown,  pv.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va. 
Wallace,  pv.  Jones  co.  Ga.  13  sw  of  M. 
Wallace,  pv.  Fouiv.ain  co.  Ind.  70  Nwof  Is. 
Walla- Walla,  wolMa- wol'la,   a  small   r. 
of  Oregon,  falling  into  the  Columbia  in  46° 
5'  n  Lat.  and  118°  30'  w  Lon.    Also  a  Bri- 
tish fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  above  river. 
Walla-Walla  Indians,  a  tribe  of  Oregon, 
dwelling  in  the  vicinity  of  Walla- Walfa  r. 
Wallingford,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  70  ssw  of 
Montpelier.  [Hartford. 

Wallingford,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  24  s  of 
Wallkill,   tp.   Orange  co.  N.Y.  22  w  of 
Newburg.  [co.  N.Y. 

Wallkill  r.  unites  with  Rondout  cr.  in  Ulster 
Wallonia,  pv.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  234  sw  of  F. 
Walloomsack  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Hoosick  r. 
Walnut  cr.  O.  flows  into  Scioto  r. 
Walnut,  tp.  Fairfield  co.  O.  on  Ohio  canal. 
Walnut,  tp.  Gallia  co.  O. 
Walnut,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O.  on  Sugar  cr. 
Walnut,  tp.  Pickaway  co.  0.  on  Scioto  r. 
Walpack,  pt.  Sussex  co.  N.J.  on  Flatkill  ct 
Walpole,  pt.  Cheshire  co.N.  H.  on  Conn  T. 
Walpole,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  21  sw  of  B. 
Walterborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Colleton  dist 
Waltham,  tp.  Hancock  co.  Me.  [S.  C.99s  Ca 
Waltham,  tp.  Addison  co.Vt.  24  s  Burlington. 
Waltham,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  10  w  of  B. 
Walthamsville,  pv.  Liberty  co.  Ga.  204  se 
of  Milledgeville.  [ware  r. 

Walton,  pv.  Delaware  eo.  N.Y.  on  Dela- 
Walton,  pt.  Eaton  co.  Mich  100  w  D.  [Louis. 
Waltonham,  pv.  St.  Louir  co.  Mo.  9  nw  St. 
Walworth,  pt.  Wayne  cj.  N.Y.  18  nw  of 
Lyons.  [Madison. 

Walworth,  pt.  Walworth  io.  Wis.  70  se  of 
Wampsville,  pv.  Madisonco.  N.Y.  on  Cow- 

asalon  creek,  117  w  of  Abany. 
"Wantage,  tp.  Sussex  co.  IJ.  J.  on  Wallkill  r 
Wapahkonetta,  cap.  Augaize  co.  0. 
Wappelo,  pv.  cap.  of  Louisa  co.  Towa,  on 

Iowa  river. 
Wappinger's  cr.  N.Y.  flovs  into  Hudson  r. 
Ward,  tp.  Randolph  co.  ltd.  [of  Mtr 

Wardsborough,  pt.Wincham  co.Vt.  120  a 
Ware  r.  Mass.  Mows  into  Hhickapee  r. 
"Ware,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  on  Ware  r. 
Wareiiam,  pt.  Plymouth  eo.  Mass.  53  ssb  B 
Warehouse  Point,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn 
14  N  of  Hartford.  [212  sse  of  M. 

Waresborougii,  pv.  cap.  of  Ware  co.   Ga. 
Warfielpburg,  pv.  Carroll  CO.  Md.  56  UNW 
of  Annapolis. 


WAR 


«73 


WAS 


Warfordsburg,  pv.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  85  sw  H. 
Wakminster,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  17  n  Phila. 
Warminster,  pv.  Nelson  co.  Va.  on  James  r. 
Warm  Springs,  pv.  Buncombe  co.  N.C.34 
nnw  of  Asliville.  [w  °f  M 

Waim  Springs,  pv.  Meriwether  co.  Ga.  110 
Warner,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  17  wnw 

of  ConconJ. 
Warren,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  37  se  of  A. 
Warren,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  on  Baker's  r. 
Warren,  pt.  Wu.  co.  Vt.  31  se  of  Burlington. 
Warren,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  06  wsw  B. 
Warren,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  8  w  of 
Litchfield.  [dence. 

Warren,  pt.  Bristol  co.  R.  I.  14  se  of  Provi- 
Warren,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  61  nw  of  Al. 
Warren,  tp.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  6  ne  of  So- 
merville.  [anda. 

Warren,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  17  ne  of  Tow- 
Warren,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  20  sw  of  Cham- 
bersburg.  [Alleghany  r. 

Warren,  borough,  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Pa.  on 
Warren,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  45  n  of  An. 
Warren,  pv.  Albemarle  co.  Va.  on  James  r.  80 
Warren,  pv.  Bibb  co.  Ga.  43  sw  of  M.  [nwR. 
Warren,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 
Warren,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  O. 
Warren,  pv.  cap.  of  Trumbull  co.  O.  on  the 

Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  canal. 
Warren,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 
Warren,  tp.  Washington  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Warren,  tp.  Macomb  co.  Mich. 
Warren,  pv.  Huntington  co.  Iud.  123  nne  Is. 
Warren,  tp.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  [City. 

Warren,  pv.  Marion  co.  Mo.  105  nne  of  Jef. 
Warren,  tp.  Marion  co.  Mo.  [Hudson. 

Warrensburg,  pt.  Warren  co.  N.Y.  on  the 
Warrensburg,  pv.  Greene  co.Tenn.242E  Ne. 
Warrensburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Johnson  co.  Mo.  on 
Blackwater  river.  [of  Sd. 

Warrensville,  pv.  DuPage  co.  111.  180  nne 
Warrenton,   pv.  cap.  of  Fauquier  co.  Va. 
102  n  of  Richmond.  [nne  of  Rh. 

Warrenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  N.  C.  62 
Warrenton,  pv.  Abbeville  disl.  S.  C.  103  w  of 
Columbia.  [ene  of  M. 

Warrenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Ga.  44 
Warrenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Marshall  co.  Ala.  135 

ne  of  Tuscaloosa. 
Warrenton,  pv.  Warren  co.  Miss,  on  Miss.  r. 
Warrenton,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Warrenton,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Ind./ 
Warrenton,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Mo.  70  ene 
of  Jefferson  City.  [of  Cs. 

Warkexville,  pt.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  154  NNE 
Warrington,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
Warrington,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  [w  of  H. 

Warrior  Mark,  pt.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  108 
Warsaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  250 

w  of  Albany. 
Warsaw,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  168  nw  of  H. 
Warsaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Richmond  co.  Va.  58  NE 

of  Richmond. 
Warsaw,  pv.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  80  sse  of  Rh. 
Warsaw,  pv.  Gwinnett  co.  Ga.  on  Chatta- 
hoochee river. 
Warsaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Gallatin  co.Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 
Warsaw,  pv.  cap.  of  Kosciusko  co.  Ind.  on 

Tippecanoe  river. 
Warsaw,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  on  Miss.  r. 
Warsaw,    pv.  cap.  of  Benton   co.   Mo.  on 

Osage  river. 
Warwick,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  80  wnw  B. 
Warwick,  pt-  Kent  co.  R .  1. 11  sw  Providence. 


Warwick,  pt.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  24  sw  o» 

Newburg. 
Warwick,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  21  N  of  Phila. 
Warwick^  $>.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  9  N  of  Lan- 
caster. 
Warwick,  pv.  Cecil  co.  Md.  15  s  of  Elkton. 
Warwick,  pv.  cap.  of  Warwick  co.  Va.  80 
Warwick,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.    [ese  of  R. 
Washington,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  31  e  of  A. 
Washington,  pt.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  33  w  Cd. 
Washington,  pt.  Orange  co.Vt.  15  se  of  Mtr. 
Washington,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  128  w  B. 
Washington,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  47  wsw 
of  Hartford.  [Poughkeepsie. 

Washington,  pt.  Dutchess  co.  N.Y.  12  e  of 
Washington,  tp.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  on  Hack- 
ensack  river.  [Woodbury. 

Washington,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  22  s  of 
Washington,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.J.  12  w 
of  Woodbury.  [Morristown. 

Washington,  tp.  Morris  co.  N.  J.-  18  w  of 
Washington,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
Washington,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa.  on  a  branch 

of  Kiskiminetas  river. 
Washington,  tp.  Erie  co.  Pa. 

Washington,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
Washington,  tp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  11  sw  of 

Chambersburg. 
Washington,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa.  [cr. 

Washington,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  on  Crooked 

Washington,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa. 

Washington,  tp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

Washington,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

Washington,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

Washington,  borough,  cap.  of  Washington 
co.  Pa.  209  w  of  Harrisburg. 

Washington,  tp.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  16  N 
of  Greensburg. 

Washington,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.        [nnw  of  R. 

Washington,  pv.  Rappahannock  co.  Va.  123 

Washington,  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 

Washington,  pv.  cap.  of  Wilkes  co.  Ga.  78  ne 
of  Mifledgeville. 

Washington,  pv.  Autauga  co.  Ala.  on  Alabama 
river,  102  se  of  Tuscaloosa.  [of  T. 

Washington  C.  H.  pv.  Wn.  co.  Ala.  146  ssw 

Washington,  pv.  Adams  co.  Miss.  6  ne  of 
Natchez.      '  [Bayou  Teche. 

Washington,    pv.    St.    Landry    par.    La.    on 

Washington,  pv.  cap.  of  Hempstead  co.  Ark. 
Ill  sw  of  Little  Rock.      [Tennessee  river. 

Washington,  pv.  cap.  of  Rhea  co.  Tenn.  nil 

Washington,  pv.  cap.  Mason  co.  Ky.  77  ese  F. 

Washington,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r 

Washington,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O.        [50  sw  Cs. 

Washington  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Fayette  co.  O. 

Washington,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  85  E  of-Cs. 

Washington,  tp.  Harrison  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Holmes  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Licking  co.  O. 

Washington^  tp.  Marion  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Miami  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Preble  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Richland  co.  O.      [Scioto  r. 

Washington,  tp.  Scioto  co.'O.  on  Ohio  and 

Washington,  tp.  Shelby  co.  O. 

Washington,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 

Washington,  pt.  Macomb  co.  Mich.  30  ne  D. 

Washington,  pv.  cap.  of  Daviess  co.  Ind.  106 
sw  of  Indianapolis. 

Washington,  tp.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 

Washington,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ind. 

Washington,  tp.  Putnam  co.  Ind- 


WAT 


074 


WAY 


Washington,  tp.  Randolph  co.  Intl. 

Washington,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ind. 

Washington,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 

Washington,  pv.  Tazewell  co.  111.  71  N  of  Sd. 

Washington,  pv.  Franklin  co.  Mo.  76  e  of 
Jefferson  City. 

Washington,  pv.  cap',  of  Washington  co. 
Iowa,  30  s  of  Iowa  City. 

Washington,  a  co.  in  the  se  central  part  of 
Texas,  w  of,  and  bordering  on  the  Brazos 
r.  The  soil  consists  chiefly  of  a  deep  rich 
loam,  very  fertile,  especially  on  the  bottom 
lands. 

Washington,  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  above 
county,  and  the  former  capital  of  Texas,  on 
the  Brazos  r.,  about  100  m.  in  a  straight 
line  e  of  Austin.    Pop.  1,200. 

Washingtonville,  v.  Oswego  co.  N.Y. 

Washingtonville,  v.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  10  w 
of  Newburg.  [of  II . 

Washingtonville.  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  80  nne 

Washingtonville,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O. 

Washita  r.  Ark.  and  La.    See  Gazetteer. 

Watauga  r.  N.  C.  unites  with  the  S.  Fork  of 
the  Holston.  [York. 

Waterboeough,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  25  n  of 

Waterborough,  pv.  Chautauque  co.  N.Y. 

Waterburg,  pv.  Calhoun  co.  Mich,  on  Kala- 
mazoo river.  [Montpelier. 

Waterbury,  pt.  Washington  co.Vt.  12  Nw  of 

Waterbury,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  52  ssW 
of  Hartford.  [15  NW  of  Mtr. 

Waterbury  Centre,  pv.  Washington  co.  VI, 

Waterford,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  53  w  of  A. 

Waterford,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  on  Conn.  r. 

Waterford,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  42  w  B. 

Waterford,  pt.  New  London  co.  Conn.  46-  se 
of  Hartford. 

Waterford,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  10  n  of  Al. 

Waterford,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  12  w  of 
Woodbury. 

Waterford,  pt.  Erie  co.  Pa.  13  se  of  Erie. 

Waterford,  pv.  Loudon  co.  Va.  160  n  of  R. 

Waterford,  pv.  Marshall  co.  Miss.  184  x  of  J. 

Waterford,  pv.  Gibson  co.  Tenn.  120  wof  Ne. 

Waterford,  pt.  Washington  co.  O.  on  Mus- 
kingum r. 

Waterford,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich,  32  xw  I>. 

Waterford,  pv.  Fulton  co.  111.  50  nw  of  Sd. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Seneca  co.  N.Y.  170  wof  Al. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  70  xw  of  H. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Carroll  co.  Md.GOISNW  of  An. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  50  n  of  Rh. 

Waterhoo,  pv.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  SO  w  Ca. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  on  Tenn.  r. 

Waterloo,  pv.  Point  Coupee  par.  La.  on  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

Waterloo,  tp.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Racoon  cr. 

Waterloo,  pt.  Fayette  co.  Ind.  60  e  of  Is. 

Waterloo,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  111.  115  s  of 
Springfield.  [w  of  Mississippi  r. 

Waterloo,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  Mo.  a  little 

Water  Street,  pv-  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  on 
.lun iata  river. 
1  Watertown,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  7  w  B. 

Watertown.  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  42  ssw  of 
Hartford.  [Black  r. 

Watertown,  t,v.  cap.  of  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on 

Watertown,  pt.  Wn.  co.  O.  92  ese  of  Cs. 

Watertown,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Mich.  112  wxw 
01*  Detroit. 

Watertown.  pt.  Jef.  co.  Wis.  on  Rock  r. 

Watervale,  pv.  Onondaga  co.  N.Y.  125  w 
of  Albany. 


WateeVillage,  pv.Carroll  eo.  N.H.  48  ne Cd 
Waterville,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  18  N  A. 
Waterville,  tp.  Grafton  co.  N.  If.  60  n  of  Ccf 
Waterville,  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  43  nw  Mtr. 
AVaterville,  pv.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  90  wxw  A! 
Waterville,  pt.  Lucas  co.  O.  130  nw  of  Cs. 
Watervliet,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  5  n  of  Al. 
Watkinsville,   pv.   Goochland  co.  Va.    30 

wnw  of  Richmond.  [n  of  M 

Watkinsville,  pv.  cap.  of  Clarke  co.  Ga.  68 
Watson,  pt.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  10  ne  of  Mar- 

tinsburg.  [77  N  of  H 

Watsontown,  pv.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 
Wattsborough,  pv.  Lunenburg  co.  Va.  118 

sw  of  Richmond.  [creek. 

Wattsburg,  borough  .Erieco.  Pa.  on-French 
Waupun,  pv.  Fond  dti  Lac  co.  Wis.  80  ne  of 
Waushara,  pv  Dane  co.  Wis.  [Madison. 
Waverley,  pv.Humphreys  co. Tenn. 60  w  Ne. 
Wawarsing,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  22  sw  of 

Kingston. 
Wawatosa,  tp.  Milvvaukie  co.  Wis. 
Wayland,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  17  w  B. 
Waylandsburg,  pv.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  104 

nne  of  Richmond. 
Waymart,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  1GG  ne  of  H. 
Wayne,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  15  w  of  A. 
Wayne,  pt.  Steuben  eo.  N.Y.  on  Crooked  I> 
Wayne,  tp.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 
Wayne,  tp.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 
Wayne,  tp.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  on  Sugar  r. 
Wayne,  pt.Erie  co.  Pa.  on  French  cr.  [burg. 
Wayne,  tp.  Greene  co.  Pa.  15  sw  o{  Waynes- 
Wayne,  tp.  Mifflin  eo.  Pa.  on  Juniata  r. 
Wayne,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
Wayne,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  197  NE  of  Cs> 
Wayne,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Butler  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Champaign  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Clermont  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Clinton  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  O  on  Cross  cr. 
Wayne,  tp.  Knox  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  La  Fayette  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  O.  on  Miami  r. 
Wayner  tp.  Pickaway  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Scioto  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Tuscarawas  co.  O. 
Wayne^  tp.  Warren  co.  O.  on  Little  Miami  r. 
Wayne,  tp.  Wayne  co.  O. 
Wayne,  tp.  Cass  co.  Mich. 
Wayne,  tp.  Allen  co.  Ind. 
Wayne,  tp.  Henry  co.  Ind. 
Wayne,  tp.  Marion  co.  Ind. 
Wayne,  tp.  Wayne  co.  Ind.      [55  wsw  of  H. 
Waynesborough,  borough,  Franklin  co.  Pa. 
Waynesborough,    pv.    Augusta    co.  Va.    on 

South  river.  [on  Neuse  r. 

Waynesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  N.  C. 
Waynesborough j  pv.  cap.  of  Burke  co.  Ga.  82 

e  of  Milledgeville.  [on  Green  r. 

Waynesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Tenn. 
Waynesburg,  boro',  Greene  co.  Pa.  222  w  II. 
Waynesburg,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  67  sse  F. 
Waynesburg,  pv.  Stark  co.  O.  on  Sandy  cr. 
Waynesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Haywood  co.  N  C. 

30  wof  Raleigh. 
Waynesville,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ga.  247  se  of  M. 
Waynesvilie,  pv.  Warren   co.   O.  on  Littie 

Miami  river. 
Waynesville,  pv.  M'Lean  co.  111.  55  ne  of  Sd. 
Waynesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Pulaski  co.  Mo.  on 

Gasconade  river.  [of  Is. 

Waynetowx,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Ind.  55  wnw 


WES 


675 


WES 


We*.,  pv.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.  60  sw  of  Is. 
Weare,  ware,  pt.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.H.  14  sw 

of  Concord. 
Weare's  Bridge,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  34 

ne  of  Concord.  [river. 

Weathersfield,  pt. Windsor  co.Vt.  on  Black 
Weathersfield,  tp.  TrunabKll  co.  O.  on  Ma- 
honing river. 
We  avers  ville,  pv.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
Webster,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  31  s  of  A. 
Webster,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  56  wsw  B. 
Webster,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  214  w  of  Al. 
Webster,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  50  w  1). 
WEEDsroRT,  pv.  Cayuga  co.  N.Y.  7  N  of 

Auburn.  [e  of  T. 

Weewakaville.  pv.  Talladega  co.  Ala.  107 
Weissexburg,  wl'cen-burg,  tp.  Lehigh  co. 

Pa.  72  e  of  Harrisburg. 
Weisesburg,  pv.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  55  N  An. 
Weld,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  47  vvnw  of  A. 
Weldon,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  on  Roanoke  r. 
Wellersburg,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  123  w 

of  Harrisburg.  [Cod. 

Wellfeet,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  on  Cape 
Wellington,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  62  N  A. 
Wellington,  pt.  Lorain  co.  O.  100  nne  of  Cs. 
Wellington,  pv.  La  Fayette  co.  Mo.  on  Mo.  r. 
Wells,  pt.  York  co.  Me.  30  sw  of  Portland. 
Wells,  pt.  Rutland  co.Vt.  83  ssw  of  Mtr. 
Wells  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Connecticut  r. 
Wells,  pt.  Hamilton  co.  N.Y.  70  nnw  of  Al. 
Wells,  tp.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  South  cr. 
Wells,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Wellsborougii,  pv.  cap.  of  Tioga  co.  Pa. 

145  x  of  Harrisburg.  [Ohio  r. 

Wellsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Brooke  co.  Va.  on 
Wellsville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  on  Ge- 
nesee river. 
Wellsville,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 
Wellwood.  pv.  Haywood  co.  Tenn.  154  wsw 

of  Nashville. 
Wendell,  pt. Sullivan  co.N.H.44  Nwof  Cd. 
Wendell,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  78  w  of  B. 
Wexham,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  20  n  of  B. 
Wenlock,  tp.  Essex  co.  Vt.  58  ne  of  Mtr. 
Wextworth,  pt.  Grafton  co. N.H.  56  nnw 

of  Concord.  [116  nw  of  Rh. 

Wentworth,  pv.  cap.  of  Rockingham  co.N.C. 
Wesaw,  tp.  Berrien  co.  Mich. 
Wesley,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  170  E  of  A. 
Wesley,  pv.  Haywood  co.  Tenn.  174  wsw  Ne. 
Wesley,  pt.  Washington  co.  O.  94  ese  of  Cs. 
Wesley,  pv.  Fulton  co.  Ind.  107  n  of  Is. 
Wesleyville,  pv.  Erie  co.  Pa.  [Conn.  r. 

West  r.  Vt.  called  also  Wautastieook,  enters 
West,  tp.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  8x  Huntingdon. 
West,  tp.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
West  Alexandria,  pv.  Wii.  co.  Pa.  225  w  H.  ! 
West  Alexandria,  pv.  Preble  co.  0. 188  w  Cs. 
West  Almond,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  6  E 

of  Angelica. 
West  Alton,  pv.  Belknap  co.  N.  H.  36  ne  Cd. 
West  Arlington,  pv.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  106 

sw  of  Montpelier.  [68  sse  of  B. 

West  Barxstable,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
West  Bedford,  pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  73  ne 

of  Columbus.  [noe  r. 

West  Bedford,  pv.  White  co.  Ind.  onTippeca- 
West  Bethlehem,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  j 

12  se  of  Washington.  [Honeoye  cr. 

West  Bloomfield,  pt.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  on 
West  Bloomfield,  pv.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  56  ne  Tn. 
West  Bloomfield,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich. 32  nw 

of  Detroit. 


Westborough,  pt.  Wo'ster  co.  Mass.  30  w  B 
West  Boyleston,  pt.  Worcester  co.  Mass. 

42  w  of  Boston.  [Phila. 

West  Bradford,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  33  w  of 
West  Brattleborough,  pv.  Windham  co. 

Vt.  123  s  of  Montpelier.  [25  s  of  B. 

West  BRiDGEWATER,pt.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 
West  Brook,  tp.  Comberiand  co.Me.  52  ssw 

of  Augusta. 
West  Brook,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  47  s  Hd. 
West  Brunswick,  tp.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa. 
West  Buffalo,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa.  8  nw  of 

New  Berlin  [nw  of  B. 

West  Cambridge,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  6 
West  Camp,  pv.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  on  Hudson  r. 
West  Calx,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  44  w  Phila. 
West  Canaan,  pv.  Madison  eo.  O.  22  w  Cs. 
West  Canada  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  the  Mo- 
hawk about  15  m.  below  Ulica.     On  it  are 

the  celebrated  Trenton  Falls.  [of  Cs. 

West  Carlisle,  pv.  Coshocton  co.  O.  72  nk 
West  Carrollton,  pv.  Fairfield  co.  O. 
West  Charleston,  pv.  Penobscot  co.  Mc. 

93  nne  of  Augusta.  [Clyde  r. 

West  Charleston,  pv.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  on 
West  Charleston,  pv.  Miami  co.  O.  78  w  Cs. 
West  Charlton,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  33 

nnw  of  Albany.  [Chazy  r. 

West  Chazy,  pv.  Clinton  co.  N.Y.  on  Little 
West  Chester,  pv.  New  London  co.  Conn 

30  sse  of  Hartford.  [Bronx  r. 

Westchester,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on 
West  Chester,  borough,  cap.  of  Chester  co.  Pa. 

27  w  of  Philadelphia. 
West  Chester,  pv.  Butler  co.  G.  106  wsw  Cs. 
West  Cocalico,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
West  Dedham,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  16  sw  B. 
West  Deer,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  16  ne  of 

Pittsburg.  [of  Lancaster. 

West  Donegal,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  17  nw 
West  Dryden,  pv.  Tompkins  co.  N.Y.  170  w 

of  Albany.  [Lancaster. 

West  Earl,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  13  nw  of 
Westerloo,  pt.  Albany  co.  N.Y.  22  sw  Al. 
Westerly,  pt.  Washington  co.  It.  I.  42  ssw 

of  Providence. 
Western,  tp.  Oneida  eo.  N.Y.  IS  nw  Utiea. 
Westernport,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Mr!,  on  the 

Potomac.  [Mohawk. 

Westernville,  pv.  Oneida  co.  NY',  on  the 
West  Fairfield,  pv.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

160  w  of  Harrisburg.  [Montpelier. 

West  Fairlee,  pt.  Orange  co.  Vt.  36  se  of 
West  Fallowfield,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  37 

w  of  Philadelphia. 
Westfall,  tp.  Pike  co.  Pa.      [of  New  York. 
West  Farms,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  11  nk 
Westfield,  pt.  Orleans  co.Vt.  50  n  of  Mtr. 
Westfield,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  100  w  of  B. 
Westfield,  pt.  Chaulauque  co.  N. Y.  on  L.  Erie. 
Westfield,  tp.  Richmond  co.  N.Y.  on  Staten  I. 
Westfield,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  45  ne  of  Tn. 
Westfield,  pt.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  168  N  of  H. 
Westfield,  tp.  Delaware  co.  O.  2S  n  of  Cs. 
West  Findley,  pt.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
West  Florence,  pv.  Preble  co.  0. 100  w  C* 
Westford,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  56  nw  Mtr 
Westford,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  32  nw  of  B 
Westford,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  30  e  Hd. 
Westford,  pt.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  65  w  of  Al. 
West  Fork,  tp.  Washington  co.  Ark. 
West  Franklin,  pv.  Posey  co.  Ind.  182  swls, 
West  Goshen,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  21  w  Phila 
West  Granville,  pv.  Hampden  co.  Mass. 


WES 


676 


WET 


West  Greenville,  pt.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  : 

West  Greenwich,  pt.  Kent  co.  R.  I.  18  sw 

of  Providence.  [North  r.  100  w  of  B.  J 

West  Hampton,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  on  I 
West  Hanover,  pv.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  16  se  H. 
West  Hartford,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  4  vv 

of  Hartford.  [nw  of  Hd. 

West  Hartland,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  31 
West  Haven,  pt.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  90  sw  Mtr. 
West  Hempfield,  tp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  8  w 

of  Lancaster.  [of  Augusta.  I 

West  Jefferson,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  16  sse  I 
West  Jefferson,  pv.  Madison  co.  O.  14  w  Cs. 
West  Kill,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  60  sw  of  Al. 
West  Killingly,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  48 

e  of  Hartford. 
Westland,  pv.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  86  ne  Rh. 
Westland,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O.  70  e  of  Cs. 
West  Lebanon,  pv.  Warrei  co.  Ind.  84  nw  Is. 
West  Liberty,  pv.  Ohio  co.  Va.  357  nw  R. 
West  Liberty,  pv.  cap.  of  Morgan  co.  Ky.  on 

Licking  river. 
West  Liberty,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  on  Mad  r. 
West  Manchester,  tp.  York  co.  Pa. 
West  Marlborough,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  33 

sw  of  Philadelphia.  [nw  of  Al. 

West  Martinsburg,  pv.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  137 
West   Middleborough,   pv.   Plymouth   co. 

Mass.  43  s  of  Boston. 
West  Middleborough,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  56  nw 

of  Columbus.  [Pa.  220  w  of  H. 

West  Middletown,  boro',  Washington  co. 
West  Milford,  pt.  Passaic  co.N.  J.  100  nne 

of  Trenton.  [Albany. 

West  Milton,  pv.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  31  H  of 
Westminster,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  Con- 
necticut river.  [of  B. 
Westminster,  pt. Worcester  co.Mass.  53  wnw 
Westminster,  pv.Windham  co.  Conn.  38  e  of 

Hartford.  [nw  of  An. 

Westminster,  pv.  cap.  of  Carroll  co.  Md.  58 
Westminster  West,  pv.  Windham  co.  Vt. 

106  s  Montpelier.  [creek. 

West  Monroe,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  on  Bog 
Westmore,  tp.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  [sw  Cd. 

Westmoreland,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  65 
Westmoreland,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y. 
Westmoreland  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Westmoreland 

co.  Va.  70  ne  of  Richmond.  [of  Phila. 

West  Nantmeal,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  34  nw 
West  Needham,'  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  14 

wsw  of  Boston.  [rimack  r. 

West  Newbury,  pt.  Essex  co.  Mass.  on  Mer- 
West  Newton,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  9  w 

of  Boston.  [sw  of  Phila. 

West  Nottingham,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  45 
Weston,  pt.  Aroostook  co.  Me.  260  ne  of  A. 
Weston,  pt.  Windsor  co.Vt.  91  s  of  Mtr. 
Weston,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  14  w  of  B. 
Weston,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  63  sw  of  Hd. 
Weston,  pv.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  20  n  of  Tn. 
Weston,  pv.  cap.  of  Lewis  co.Va.  on  Monon- 

gahela  river. 
Weston,  pt.  Wood  co.  O.  on  Maumee  r. 
Weston,  pv.  Platte  co.  Mo.  on  Missouri  r. 
West  Penn,  pt.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  80  ne  of  II. 
West  Pennsboro',  tp.  Cumberla.id  co.  Pa. 

8  w  of  Carlisle. 
West  Pikeland,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
West  Pike  Run,  tp.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
West  Philadelphia,  pv.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  on 

the  Schuylkill,  opposite  Philadelphia. 
West  Point,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  on  Hud- 
son r.    Here  is  the  U.  S.  Military  Academy. 


West  Point,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  30  nw  Rh 
West  Point,  pv.  Troup  co.  Ga.  136  w  of  M. 
West  Point,  pv.  Hardin  co.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r. 
West  Point,  pv.  Columbiana  co.  0. 158  ne  Cs 
West  Point,  pv.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.  77  nw  Is. 
West  Port.  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  38  s  of  A. 
West  Port,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  60  sw  Cd. 
West  Port,  pt.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  60  s  of  B. 
West  Port,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  64  sw  Hd 
West  Port,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  cr. 
West  Port,  pv.  Oldham  co.  Ky.  43  nw  of  F 
"West  Port,  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ind.  70  se  of  Is. 
West  Port,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Mo.  158  wnw  of 

Jefferson  City.  [w  of  Al. 

West  Richmond,  pv.  Ontario  co.  N.Y.  220 
West  R.  tp.  Randolph  co.  Ind.  [of  Phila 
West  Rockhill,  tp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  33  nnw 
West  Roxbury,  pv.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  10  sw 

of  Boston.  [of  Mtr. 

West  Rutland,  pv.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  66  ssw 
West  Sand  Lake,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y. 

14  E  of  Albany.  [ssw  of  B. 

"West  Sandwich,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  56 
West  Salem,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  17  nw  of 

Mercer.  [se  of  B. 

West  Scituate,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  20 
West  Somers,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  116 

s  of  Albany.  [on  Connecticut  r. 

West  Springfield,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass. 
West  Stockbridge,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
West  Stockbridge  Centre,  pv.  Berkshire 

co.  Mass.  140  w  of  B  [wsw  of  B. 

West  Sutton,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  50 
West  Thompson,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.  46 

ene  of  Hartford. 
West  Tisbury,  pv.  Dukes  co.  Mass.  96  sse  B. 
West  Town,  pv.  Orange  co.  N.Y.  116  ssw  Al. 
West  Town,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  20  w  Phila. 
West  Trenton,  pv.  Hancock  co.  Me.  98  e 

of  Augusta. 
WtsT  Turin,  tp.  Lewis  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  r. 
West  Union,  pv.  Marshall  co.Va.  on  Wheel- 
ing river,  [of  Columbus. 
West  Union,  pv.  cap.  of  Adams  co.  O.  106  s 
West  Union,  pv-  Knox  co.  Ind.  108  sw  of  Is. 
Westville,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  40 

wsw  of  Hartford. 
Westville,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  68  w  of  Al. 
Westville,  tp.  Franklin  co.  N.Y.  on  Salmon  r. 
Westville,  pv.  cap.  of  Simpson  co.  Miss.  55 

sse  of  Jackson. 
Westville,  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.  50  w  of  Cs. 
Westville,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
West  Vincent,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  30  Nwof 

Philadelphia:  [sse  of  B. 

West  Wareham,  pv.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  49 
West  Waterville,  pv.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  19 

n  of  Augusta.  [of  Phila. 

West  Whiteland,  pt.  Chester  co.  Pa.  26  W 
West  Winchester,  pv.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H. 

67  sw  of  Concord.  [of  H. 

West  Windham,  pv.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  152  n 
West  Windsor,  tp.  Mercer  co.  N.  J. 
West  Woodville,  pv.  Clermont  co.  O.  90 

sw  of  Columbus. '  [80  se  of  B- 

West  Yarmouth,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
West  Zanesville,  tp.  Muskingum  co.  O. 
Wethersfield,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  4  slid 
Wethersfield.  pt.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  on  Ton- 

awanda  creek.  [ninr  r 

Wethersfield,  pt.  Trumbull  co.  O.  on  Maho 
Wethersfield,  pv.  Henry  co.  111. 
Wethersfield  Springs,  pv.  Wyoming   co 

N.Y.  258  w  of  Albany. 


VVHI 


WIL 


Wetumpka,  city,  Coosa   co.  Ala.  on  Coosa  r. 

Weybridge,  tp.  Addison  co.  Vt.  30  s  of  Bur- 
lington. 

Weymouth,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  12  sse  of  B. 

Weymouth,  tp.  Atlantic  co.  N.  J.  [town. 

Wharton,  tp.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  Use  of  Union- 
Wharton,  pt.  Potter  co.  Pa.  180  wsw  of  H. 

Whately,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  9  N  North- 
ampton. [Lockport. 

Wheatfield,  tp.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  12  w  of 

Wheatfield,  tp.  Perry  co.  Pa.        [Rochester. 

Wheatland,  pt.  Monroe  co.  N.Y.  14  sw  of 

Wheatland,  pt.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  88swof  D. 

Wheeler,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  216  w  of  Al. 

Wheelersburg,  pv.  Scioto  co.  0. 100  s  of  Cs. 

Wheeling  cr.  rises  in  Pa.  and  flows  into  the 
Ohio  in  Va.  just  below  Wheeling. 

Wheeling,  Va.    See  Gazetteer.  [river. 

Wheeling,  pv.  Holmes  co.  Miss,  on  Big  Black 

Wheeling,  pv.  Giles  co.  Tenn.  74  s  of  Ne. 

Wheeling,  tp.  Belmont  co.  O. 

Wheeling,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Ind.  70  nne  of  Is. 

Wheelock,  pt.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  43  ne  Mtr. 

Whetstone  r.  O.  flows  into  the  Scioto  r. 

Whetstone,  tp.  Crawford  co.  0. 18  se  Bucyrus. 

White  r.  Vt.  flows  into  Connecticut  r. 

White  r.  Ark.    See  Gazetteer. 

White  r.  Ind.    See  Gazetteer. 

White,  tp.  Cambria  co.  Pa.         [Little  Rock. 

White  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  While  co.  Ark.  50  nne  of 

White  Creek,  pv.  Wn.  co.  N.Y.  43  ne  of  Al. 

White  Deer,  pv.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  78  N  H. 

White  Deer,  tp.  Union  co.  Pa. 

White  Eyes,  tp.  Coshocton  co.  O. 

Whitefield,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  16  se  of  A. 

VVhitefield,  pt.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  93  N  of  Cd. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  on  s 
end  of  Lake  Champlain,  73  N  of  Albany. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  87  N  of  H. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Frederick  co.Va.  154  nnw 
of  Richmond.  [wsw  of  Rh. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  166 

White  Hall,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  93  w  Ca. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  94  s  of  T. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Tenn.  190  sw  Ne. 

White  Hall,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Ind.  133  N  Is. 

White  Hall,  pv.  Greene  co.  111.  60  sw  of  Sd. 

White  Haven,  pv.  Luzerne  co.Pa.  114  neH. 

White  Haven,  pv.  Somerset  co.  Md.  on  Wi- 
comico river.  [nnw  of  Tn. 

White  House,  pv.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  40 

White  Lake,  pt.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  43  nwD. 

Whiteley,  pt.  Greene  co.  Pa.  on  Whiteley  cr. 

Whiteleysburg,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  20  sw  of 
Dover.  [Phila. 

White  Marsh,  pt.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  11  nw  of 

White  Mts.  a  group  in  the  N  central  part  of 
N.  H.  The  highest  summit,  called  Mt.Wash- 
ington,  has  an  elevation  of  6,428  feet  above 
the  sea. 

White  Oak,  tp.  Ingham  co.  Mich. 

White  Oak  Springs,  pv.  Iowa  co.  Wis.  92 
sw  of  Madison.  [wsw  of  D. 

White  Pigeon,  pv.  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  148 

White  Plains,  pv.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on 
Bronx  river,  30  nne  of  New  York.  , 

White  PosT,'pv.  Clarke  co.Va.  140  nnw  R. 

White  R.  tp.  Izard  co.  Ark. 

White  R.  tp.  Randolph  co.  Ind.       [wnw  Al. 

Whitesborough,   pv.  Oneida   co.   N.  Y.   96 

Whitesburg,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ala.  143  nne  T. 

Whitestown,  pt.  Oneida  co.  N.Y.  96  wnw 
of  Albany. 

Whitestown,  pv.  Benton  co.  Mo. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  pv.  Greenbrier  co. 
57* 


Va.  205  w  of  Richmond.  Many  tnousand 
persons  visit  these  springs  annually,  and 
large  quantities  of  the  water  are  exported. 

Whitesville,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y.  265  w 
of  Albany.  [125  s  of  Rh. 

Whitesville,  pv.  cap.  of  Columbus  co.  N.  C. 

Whitesville.  pv.  Harris  co.  Ga.  14S  wsw  M. 

Whitesville,  pv.  Duval  co.  Flor.  on  Black  r. 

Whitesville,  pv.  Wilkinson  co.  Miss.  136  sw 
,  of  Jackson.  [of  Ne 

Whitesville,  p v. Hardeman  co.  Tenn.  172  wsw 

Whitewater  r.  Ind.  flows  into  Great  Mia- 
mi river,  O,  [water  r 

Whitewater,  tp.  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  White- 

Whitfield,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 

Whitford,  tp.  Monroe  co.  Mich. 

Whiting,  pt.  Washington  co.  Me.  170  ene  A. 

Whiting,  pt.  Addison  co.  Vt.  70  sw  of  Mtr. 

Whitingham,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  on  Deer- 
field  river,  [w  of  B. 

Whitinsville.  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40 

Whitley  C.  H.  Ky.    See  Williamsburg. 

Whitley,  pv.  Whitley  co.  Ind.  on  Eel  r.  120 
nne  of  Indianapolis. 

Whitlocksville,  pv. Westchester  co.  N.Y. 
125  s  of  Albany.  [248  w  of  Al 

Whitney's  Valley,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y 

Whitpaine,  tp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

Whittington,  pv.  Hot  Springs  co.  Ark.  40 
w  of  Little  Rock.  [Providence 

Wickford,  pv.  Washington  co.  R.  I.  22  s  of 

Wicomico  r.  Del.  and  Md.  flows  into  Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

Wiconisco,  pt.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  53  N  of  H. 

Wilbraham,  pt.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  S3  wswB. 

Wilcox  C.  H.  pv.  cap.  of  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  97 
s  of  Tuscaloosa.  [of  Sd. 

Wilcoxville,  pv.  Schuyler  co.  111.  54  wnw 

Wilfong's  Mills,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  173 
w  of  Raleigh. 

Wilkesbarre,  pv.  cap.  of  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 
on  the  Susquehanna,  127  ne  of  Harrisburg. 

Wilkesborough,  pv.  cap.  of  Wilkes  co.  N.  C. 
on  Yadkin  river. 

Wilkesborough,  pv.  M'Lean  co.  III.  74  ne  Sd. 

Wilkesville,  pt.  Gallia  co.  O.  84  sse  of  Cs. 

Wilkins,  pt.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  10  e  of  Pitts- 
burg. [ofH. 

Wilkinsburg,  pv.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  192  w 

Wilkin  son  ville,  pv.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40 
w  of  Boston.  [ssw  of  R. 

Wilkinsonville,   pv.  Chesterfield   co.  Va.  32 

Wilkinsville,  pv.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  98  nw 
of  Columbia. 

Wilkinsville,  v.  Clarke  co.  Ga. 

Willammette,  wil-lam'met,  written  also 
Wal-ah'mutte,  a  r.  of  Oregon,  falling  into 
the  Columbia  near  Ft.  Vancouver.  The  val- 
ley of  this  river  is  regarded  as  the  finest  and 
most  fertile  portion  of  the  whole  territory 

Willemstadt,  a  pretty  sea-port  t.,  cap.  of 
Curagoa,  in  the  West  Indies.  Pop.  esti- 
mated at  7,000.  [land. 

Willet,  pt.  Cortland  co  N.Y.  18  se  of  Ccrt- 

Williams  r.  Vt.  flows  into  the  Connecticut. 

Williams,  tp   Northampton  co.  Pa. 

Wu  liamsborough,  pv.  Grauviile  co.  N.  C. 
48  N  of  Raleigh.  [Pleasant  f 

Williamsburg",  pt.  Pweataqufs  co.   Me.  on 

Williamsburg,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  100  w 
of  Boston. 

Williamsburg,  Long  I.     See  Gazetteer. 

Williamsburg,  borough,  Blair  county,  Pa.  50 
on  the  Juniata.  [hse  of  R 

Williamsburg,    v.  cap.  oi'  James  City  en  Vu 


WIL 


678 


WIN 


Williamsburg,  pv.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  157  w  of 

Raleigh.  [82  se  of  J. 

Williamsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Covington  co.  Miss. 
Williamsburg,  pv.  Mason  co.  Ky.  90  ene  of  F. 
Williamsburg,  pv.  cap.  of  Whitley  co.  Ky.  on 

Cumberland  river.  [Cincinnati. 

Williamsburg,  pt.  Clermont  co.  O.  28  e  of 
Williamsburg,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  73  e  of  Is. 
Williamsburg,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Mo.  37  nne 

of  Jefferson  City.  [nw  of  Cs. 

Williams  Centre,  pv.  Williams  co.  O.  170 
Williams  College  Grant,  tp.  Aroostook  co. 

Me.  [of  Cs. 

Williamsfield,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  200  ne 
Williamson,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 

Ontario,  200  wnw  of  Albany. 
Williamsport,  boro',  cap.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

160  nw  of  Philadelphia.  [tomac  r. 

Williamsport,  pv.  Washington  co.  Md.  on  Po- 
Williamsport,  pv.  Hardy  co.Va.  180  NwnfR. 
Williamsport,  pv.  Maury  co.  Tenn.  45  ssw 
Williamsport,  v.  Columbiana  co.  O.  [of  Ne. 
Williamsport,  pv.  Pickaway  co.  O.  35  s  Cs. 
Williamsport,  pv.  cap.  of  Warren  co.  Ind.  on 

the  Wabash.  [Tuscaloosa. 

Williamston,  pv.  Barbour  co.  Ala.  186  se  of 
Williamstown,  pt.  Orange  co.Vt.  11  se  Mtr. 
Williamstown,  pt.  Berkshire   co.   Mass.   on 

Hoosick  river.    It  is  the  seat  of  Williams 

College.  [Oswego. 

Williamstown,  pt.  Oswego  co.  N.Y.  28  e  of 
Williamstown,  pv.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  50  ese 

of  Harrisburg.  [on  Roanoke  r. 

Williamstown,  pv.  cap.  of  Martin  co.  N.  C. 
Williamstown,  pv.  cap.  of  Grant  co.  Ky.  50 

nne  of  Frankfort.  [Indianapolis. 

Williamstown,  pv.  Decatur  co.  Ind.  55  se  of 
Williamsville,  pv.  Windham  co.Vt.  120  s  of 

Montpelier. 
Williamsville,  pv.  Erie  co.  N.Y.  278  w  of  Al. 
Williamsville,  pv.  Kent  co.  Del.  22  ssw  Dover. 
Williamsville,  pv.  Person  co.  N.C.  60  nnw  Rh. 
Willimanset,   pv.   Hampden  co.  Mass.   on 

Connecticut  r.  [r.  to  form  the  Shetucket. 
Willimantic  r.  Conn,  unites  with  Natcliaug 
Willimantic,  pv.  Windham  co.  Conn.28EHd. 
Willingborough,  tp.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  7 

nw  of  Mount  Holly. 
Willington,  tp.  Piscataquis  co.  Me. 
Willington,  pt.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  28  w  of  Hd. 
Willington,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  100  w  Ca. 
Williston,  pt.  Chittenden  co.  Yt.  32  nnw 

of  Montpelier. 
Williston,  pv.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  98  ssw  Ca. 
Williston,  pv.  Callaway  co.  Ky.  265  wsvv  F. 
Willistown,  tp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  20  nw  Phila. 
Willoughby,  pv.  Lake  co.  O.  164  nne  of  Cs. 
Willow  Grove,  pv.  Montg.  co.  Pa.  13  n  Phila. 
Willsborough,  pt.  Essex  CO.  N.Y.  15  NE  of 
Willsborough,  tp.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  [Elizabeth. 
Wills,  tp.  Guernsey  co.  O. 
Willshire,  pt.Van  Wert  co.  0. 130  wnw  Cs. 
Wilmington,  pt.  Windham  co.  Vt.  17  e  of 

Bennington.  [of  B. 

Wilmington,  pt.  Middlesex  co.Mass.  16  nnw 
Wilmington,  pt.  Essex  co.  N.Y.  on  Saranac  r. 
Wilmington,  Del.    See  Gazetteer. 
Wilmington,  pv.  Fluvanna  co.  Va.  58  wnw  R. 
Wilmington,  N.  C.     See  Gazetteer. 
Wilmington,  pv.  M'Cracken  co.  Ky.     [of  Cs. 
Wilmington,  pv.  cap.  of  Clinton  co.  O.  72  sw 
Wilmington,  pv.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  84  se  of  Is. 
Wilmington,  pv.  Will  co.  111.  152  ne  of  Sd. 
Wilmington  Island,  Ga.  in  Savannah  r.  6 

m.  long,  4  broad. 


Wilmore,  pv.  Cambria  co.  Pa. 

Wilmot,  pt.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  27  nw  Cd. 

Wilmurt,  tp.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  35  n  of 

Herkimer.  [swofAL 

Wilna,  pt.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  on  Black  r.  157 
Wilna,  pv.  Houston  co.  Ga.  60  sw  of  M. 
Wilson,  pt.  Piscataquis  co.  Me.  [port. 

Wilson,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  10  nw  of  Lock. 
Wilsonville,  pv.  Bath  co.Va.  198  wnw  R 
Wilsonville,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  185  wsW 

of  Raleigh. 
Wilsonville,  pv.  Shelby  co.  Ala.  82  E  of  T. 
Wilsonville,  pv.  Spencer  co.  Ky.  35  wsw  F. 
Wilton,  pt.  Franklin  co.  Me.  38  wnw  of  A 
Wilton,  pt.  Hillsborough  co.  N.H.40  s  of  Cd 
Wilton,  pt.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  74  sw  of  Hd. 
Wilton,  pt.  Saratoga  co.  N.Y.  43  N  of  Al. 
Wilton,  pv.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  34  N  of  Rh. 
Winchendon,   pt.  Worcester   co.    Mass.   60 

wnw  of  Boston.  [Concord. 

Winchester,  pt.  Cheshire  co.  N.H.  64  swof 
Winchester,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  26  nw  Hd. 
Winchester,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 
Winchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Wayne  co.  Miss,  on 

Chickasawha  r.  150  ese  of  J.  [94  sse  Ne. 
Winchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Franklin  co.  Tenn. 
Winchester,  pv.  cap.  Clarke  co.  Ky.  44  ese  F. 
Winchester,  tp.  Adams  co.  O. 
Winchester,  pv.  Guernsey  co.  O.  87  e  of  Cs. 
Winchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Randolph  co.  Ind.  81 

ene  of  Indianapolis.  [of  Sd. 

Winchester,  pv.  cap.  of  Scott  co.  111.50  wsw 
Winchester,  pv.  Clarke  co.  Mo.  165  n  of  Jef. 
Winchester,  pv.  Van  Buren  co.  Iowa.  [City. 
Winchester  Centre,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn. 

30  nw  of  Hartford.  [Augusta. 

Windham,  pt.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  56  sse  of 
Windham,  pt.  Rockingham  co.  N.H  40  se  Cd. 
Windham,  pt.  Windham  co.Vt.  104  s  of  Mtr 
Windham,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  31  E  of  Hd 
Windham,  pt.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  45  sw  of  Al. 
Windham,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  162  N  of  H. 
Windham,   tp.   Luzerne  co.   Pa.  25  nw  of 

Wilkesbarre. 
"Windham,  pt.  Portage  co.  O.  160  ne  of  Cs. 
Windham  Centre,  pv.  Greene  co.  N.Y.  50 

sw  of  Albany. 
Windsor,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  10  e  of  A. 
Windsor,  tp.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.      [river. 
Windsor,  pv.  cap.  of  Windsor  co.Vt.  on  Conn. 
Windsor,  pt.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  123  w  of  B. 
Windsor,  pt.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  7  N  of  Hd. 
Windsor,  pt.  Broome  co.  N.Y.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Windsor,  tp.  Berks  co.  Pa.  on  Schuylkill  r. 
Windsor,  pt.  York  co.  Pa.  42  s  of  H. 
Windsor,  pv.  cap.  Bertie  co.N.  C.  100  ene  Rh. 
Windsor,  pv.  Walton  co.  Ga.  70  nnw  of  M. 
Windsor,  pt.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  126  ne  of  Cs. 
Windsor,  pt.  Lawrence  co.  O.  110  sse  of  Cs. 
Windsor,  pv.  Randolph  co.  Ind.  71  ene  of  Is 
Windsor,  pv.  Bureau  co.  III.  120  n  of  Sd. 
Windsor  Locks,  pv.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  1J 

fc  of  Hartford. 
Winesburg,  pv.  Holmes  co.  O.  105  ne  of  Cs 
Winfield,  pt.  Herkimer  co.  N.Y.  76  wof  Al. 
Wingville,  pv.  Grant  co.  W  is.  67  w  Madison 
Winhall,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  97  s  of  Mtr. 
Winnebago,  lake,  Wis.  21  m  long,  10  broad. 
Winnemac,  pv.  cap.  of  Pulaski  co.  Ind.  100  N 

of  Indianapolis. 
Winnicut  r.  N.H.  a  tributary  of  Piscataqua 

river,  which  it  enters  through  Great  Bay, 
Winnipisiogee,  lake  and  r.  N.H.     See  Gaz- 
etteer. [S.  C.  30  nnw  of  Ca 
Winnsborough,  pv    cap.  of  Fairtre<d  uisl 


WOM 


679 


WOO 


Winslow,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  20  if  of  A. 

Winslow,  pv.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  54  s  of  Tn. 
Winslow,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ind.  146  ssw  of  Is. 

WlNTERSVlLLE,  pv.  Jef.  CO.  O.  134  ENE  of  Cs 

Winthrop,  pt.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  10  w  of  A. 
Win  ton,   pv.  cap.  of  Hertford  co.  N.  C.  on 

Chowan  river. 
Wiota.  pv.  Iowa  co.  Wis.  75  n  of  Madison. 
Wire  Town,  pv.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  50  e  Tn. 
Wirt,  tp.  Alleghany  co.  N.Y. 
Wiscasset,  Me.    See  Gazetteer. 
Wisconisco,  tp.  Dauphin  co.  Pa. 

WISCONSIN,  State  of.  An  act  was  passed 
at  the  last  session  of  Congress  providing  for  the 
admission  of  Wisconsin  into  the  Union  as  a 
sovereign  state,  with  the  following  bounda- 
ries— Beginning  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
the  state  of  Illinois — that  is  to  say,  at  a  point 
in  the  centre  of  Lake  Michigan  where  the  line 
of  42Q  30'  n  Lat.  crosses  the  same;  thence, 
running  with  the  boundary  line  of  the  state 
of  Michigan,  through  Lake  Michigan,  Green 
Bay,  to  the  mouth  of  the  Menomonie  river ; 
thence  up  the  channel  of  said  river  to  the 
Brule  river;  thence  up  said  last  mentioned 
river  to  Lake  Brule  ;  thence  along  the  south- 
ern shore  of  Lake  Brule  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
centre  of  the  channel  between  Middle  and 
South  islands,  in  the  Lake  of  the  Desert ; 
thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the  head  waters  of 
the  Montreal  river,  as  marked  upon  the  survey 
made  by  Captain  Cramm ;  thence  down  the 
main  channel  of  the  Montreal  river  to  the 
middle  of  Lake  Superior  ;  thence  through  the 
centre  of  Lake  Superior  to  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Louis  river;  thence  up  the  main  channel 
of  said  river  to  the  first  rapids  in  the  same, 
above  the  Indian  village,  according  to  Nicol- 
let's map;  thence  due  south  to  the  main 
branch  of  the  river  St.  Croix;  thence  down 
the  main  channel  of  said  river  to  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  thence  down  the  centre  of  the  main 
channel  of  that  river  to  the  north-west  cor- 
ner of  the  state  of  Illinois;  thence  due  east 
with  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  of 
Illinois  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

Wisconsin  comprises  a  portion  of  a  rich 
mineral  region  which  extends  into  Illinois 
and  Iowa.  Lead  ore  is  abundant ;  copper 
occurs  in  considerable  quantities.  Antimony 
is  said  to  have  been  recently  discovered  in 
great  abundance,  near  Helena,  Iowa  county. 


Wisenburo,  pv.  Lehigh  co.  Pa. 

Wissahtckon  cr.  a  small  stream  "falling  into 
the  Schuylkill  6  m.  above  Philadelphia,  no- 
ted for  the  wild  and  picturesque  scenery 
along  its  banks.  [of  Cs. 

Withamsville,  pv.  Clermont  co.  0. 128  sw 

Woburn,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  10  nw  of  B. 

Wolcott,  pt.  Lamoille  co.  Vt.  23  n  of  Mtr. 

Wolcott,  pt.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  54  s  of  Hd. 

Wolcott,  pt.  Wayne  co.  N.Y.  on  L.  Ontario. 

Wolcottsville,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  26 
w  of  Hartford. 

Wolf,  tp.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  [Mercer. 

Wo:,f  Creek,  tp.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  10  se  of 

Wolfsborough,  pt.  Carroll  co.N.  H.40  nnw 
of  Concord.  [wsw  of  Rh. 

Wolfsville,  pv.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  178 

Wolverton,  pv.  M'Minn  co.  Tenn.  185  ese 
of  Nashville.  [Reading. 

Womelsdorf,  pr.  Berks  co.  Pa.  14  w  pf 


Wonasquatttcket  r.  Providence  co.  It.  L 

flows  into  Providence  Cove. 
Wood  cr.  N.Y.  flows  into  Oneida  Lake. 
Wood  cr.  Washington  co.  N.Y.  flows  into  L 

Champlain.  [of  Al 

Woodbourne,  pv.  Sullivan  co.  N.Y.  103  sw 
Woodbourne,  pv.  Knox  co.  Tenn.  200  e  of  Ne 
Woodbridge,  tp.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  G  nw 

of  New  Haven. 
Woodbridge,  pt.  Middlesex  co.  N.J.  43 ne  Tn. 
Woodbridge,  tp.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.*. 
Woodburn,  pv.  Macoupin  co.  111.  63  s  of  Sd. 
Woodbury,  pt.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  50  w  Hd. 
Woodbury,  v.  Queen's  co.  N.Y.  on  Long  I. 
Woodbury,  pv.  cap.  Glo'ster  co.  N.J.  37  ssw 

of  Trenton. 
Woodbury,  pt  Bedford  co.  Pa.  113  w  of  H. 
Woodbury,  tp.    Blair  county,  Pa.  [sEofNe. 
Woodbury,  pv.  cap.  of  Cannon  co.  Tenn.  54 
Woodbury,  pv.  Wood  co.  O.  104  nnw  of  Cs. 
Woodbury,  pv.  Madison  co.  Ind.  22  ne  of  Is. 
Woodbury,  pv.  Coles  co.  III.  105  ese  of  Sd. 
Woodcock,  pt.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  213  nw  H. 
Woodford,  pt.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  120  sMtr. 
Woodford,  pv.  Woodford  co.  111.  on  Macki- 
naw river. 
Woodhull,  pt.  Steuben  co.  N.Y.  240  w  of  Al 
Woodhull,  tp.  Shiawassee  co.  Mich. 
Woodland,  pv.  Hamilton  co.  Flor. 
Woodland,  pv.  East  Feliciana  par.  La.  120 

nw  of  New  Orleans. 
Woodlawn,  pv.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  173  w  Rh. 
Woodlawn,  pv.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  98  w  Ca. 
Woodsborough,  pv.  Frederick  co.   Md.  85 

nw  of  Annapolis.  [e  of  Cs. 

Woodsfield,  pv.  cap.  of  Monroe  co.  O.  117 
Wood's  Hole,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  80  s 

of  Boston. 
Woodsonville,  pv.Hart  co.  Ky.  on  Greene  r. 
Woodstock,  pt.  Oxford  co.  Me.  50  w  of  A. 
Woodstock,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  57  N  of  Cd. 
Woodstock,  pv.  cap.  of  Windsor  co.  Vt.  50  s 

of  Montpelier.  [Hartford. 

Woodstock,  pt.  Windham  co.  Conn.  43  ene  of 
Woodstock,  pt.  Ulster  co.  N.Y.  70  s  of  Al. 
Woodstock,  pv.  Anne  Arundel  co.  JVld.  50  nw 

of  Annapolis,  [on  N.  Fork  of  Shenandoah  r. 
Woodstock,  pv.  cap.  of  Shenandoah  co.  Va. 
Woodstock,  pv.  Cherokee  co.  Ga.  on  Little  r. 
Woodstock,  pv.  Champaign  co.  O.  37  nw  Cs. 
Woodstock,  pt.  Lenawee  co.  Mich.  73  wsw 

of  Detroit. 
Woodstown,  pv.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  53  s  of  Tn 
Woodsville,  pv.  Middlesex  co.  Mass. 
Woodsville,  pv.  Mercer  co.  N.  J.  13  n  of  Tn. 
Woodville,  pv.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  40  w  of 

Hartford.  [Albany. 

Woodville,  pv.  Jefferson  co.  N.Y.  170  nw  of 
Woodville,  pv.  Rappahannock   co.  Va.   118 

nw  of  Richmond.  [of  Rh. 

Woodville,  pv.  Perquimans  co.  N.C.  2L5  enb 
Woodville,  pv.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  93  w  Ca 
Woodville,  pv.  Greene  co.  Ga.  55  n  of  M. 
Woodville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ala.  163  ne  of  T. 
Woodville,  pv.  cap.  of  Wilkinson  co.  Miss. 

135  sw  of  Jackson. 
Woodville,  pt.  Sandusky  co.  O.  on  Portage  r 
Woodville,  pv.  Jackson  co.  Ind.  74  s  of  Is. 
Woodville,  pv.  Hancock  co.  111.  106  WNwSd 
Woodville,  pv  Macon  co.  Mo.  96  n  Jef.  City 
Woodwardville,  pv.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  104 

s  of  Tuscaloosa. 
Woolwich,  pt.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  35  s  of  A. 
Woolwich,  tp.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  11  swotf 

Woodbury. 


YER 


680 


ZOA 


Woonsocket  Falls,  pv.  Providence  co.  R.  I. 

15  nnw  of  Providence*  [Cleveland. 

Wooster,  pv.  cap.  of  YVayne  co.  O.  50  s  of 
Worcester,  pt.  Washington  co.  V4.  S  s  Mtr. 
Worcester,  Mass.  See  Gazettekr. 
Worcester,  pv.  Otsego  co.  N.Y.  57  sw  of  Al. 
Worcester,  pt.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  90  E  of  H. 
Worcester,  pv.  M'Donough  co.  111.  98  nw  Sd. 
Worthington,  pt.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  17 

wnvv  of  Northampton. 
Worthington,  pv.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  190  wH. 
Worthington,   pv.    Muhlenburg  co.  Ky.  172 

sw  of  Frankfort. 
Worthington,  pv.  Franklin  co.  O.  9  n  of  Cs. 
Worthington,  tp.  Richland  co.  O. 
Wrentham,  pt.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  32  ssw  B. 
Wrightsborough,  pv.  Columbia  co.  Ga.  95 

ene  of  Milledgeville. 
Wrightstown,  pt.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  24  n  Phila. 
Wrijrhtstown,  pv.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  23  s 

of  Trenton.  [quehnnna  r. 

Wrightsville,  borough, York  co  Pa.  on  Sus- 
Wrightsville,  pv.  Roane  co.  Term.  154  e  Ne. 
Wtjetsborough,  pv.  Sullivan  co.N.Y.  97  sw 

of  Albany. 
Wyalusing  cr.  Pa.  flows  into  Susquehanna  r. 
Wyalusing,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  on  Wyalu- 

sing  creek.  [hatchee  r. 

Wyatt,  pv.  La  Fayette  co.  Miss,  on  Talla- 
Wye  r.  Md.  runs  between  Talbot  and  Queen 

Anne  counties  into  Chesapeake  Bay. 
Wykertown,  pv.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  80  n  Tn. 
Wynant's  Kill,  pv.  Rensselaer  co.  N.Y.  10 

e  of  Albany. 
Wyoming,  pv.  Wyoming  co.  N.Y.  248  w  Al. 
Wyoming,  pv.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 
Wyoming,  pv.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  60  s  of  R. 
Wyoming,  pv.  Stark  co.  111.  100  n  of  Sd. 
Wyoming,  pv.  Wayne  co.  Iowa. 
Wysox,  pt.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  136  n  of  H. 
Wytheville,  pv.  Wythe  co.  Va.  248  w  of  R. 

Xalisco.     See  Jalisco. 

Xenia,  pv.  cap.  of  Greene  co.  O.  60  wsw  Cs. 

Yadkin  r.  N.  C.    See  Gazetteer. 

Yaqtji,  or  Hiaqui,  yah-kee',  a  r.  of  Mexico, 

which  falls  into  the  Gulf  of  California  near 

the  28th  parallel  of  n  Lat.  and  the  110th 

meridian  of  w  Lon.  [nw  of  Rh. 

f  anceyville,  pv.  cap.  of  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  87 
Yankee  Springs,  pt.  Barry  co.  Mich.  150  w 
Yantic  r.  Conn,  flows  into  the  Thames.  [D. 
Yardleyville,  pv.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  on  the  De- 
laware. [Boston. 
Yarmouth,  pt.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  78  se  of 
Yarmouth  Port,  pv.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 

77  se  of  Boston. 
jTates,  pt.  Orleans  co.  N.Y.  12  n  of  Albion. 
Yazoo  r.  Miss,  formed  by  the  junction  of 

Tallahatchee  and  Yalabusha,  flows  into  the 

Mississippi  river. 
Yazoo  City,  pv.  Yazoo  co.  Miss,  on  Yazoo  r. 
Yellow  Cr.  pt.  Chariton  co.  Mo.  110  nw  of 

Jefferson  City. 
Yellow  or  Chester  Springs,  v.  Chester  co. 

Pa.  30  wxw  of  Philadelphia. 
Yellow  Springs,  pv.  Greene  co.  O.  52  sw  Cs. 
Yellow  Water  r.  Ala.  and  Flor.  flows  into 

an  arm  of  Pensacola  Bay. 
Yellville,«  pv.  cap.  of  Marion  co.  Ark.  ISO 

n  of  Little  Rock. 
Yelvington,  pv.  Daviess  co.  Ky.  156  w  of  F. 
Ykkba   Bukna,    yer'ba  bwa'na.,  a  town   of 

California  ;  the  same  as  San  Francisco, 

Which  bo«. 


Yocumtown,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  21  s  of  H. 

Yonkers,  pt.  Westchester  co.  N.Y.  on  Hud- 
son river.  [mouth. 

York  r.  Me.  flows  into  the  Atlantic  by  a  bioad 

York  r.  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 

York,  Me.     See  Gazetteer. 

York,  pt.  Livingston  co.  N.Y.  238  w  of  Al. 

York,  Pa.     See  Gazetteer. 

York,  tp.  York  co.  Pa.  5  sw  of  York. 

York,  pv.  Fayette  co.  Ga.  87  wnw  M. 

York,  tp.  Athens  co.  O.  on  Hockhocking  r. 

York.  tp.  Belmont  co.  O.  on  Ohio  r. 

York,  tp.  Morgan  co.  O. 

York,  tp.  Sandusky  co.  O. 

York,  pt.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  46  w  of  D. 

York,  tp.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 

York,  pv.  Clarke  co.  111.  on  Wabash  r. 

York  Haven,  pv.  York  co.  Pa.  on  Susqa.  r. 

Yorkshire,  pt.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.Y.  on  Cat- 
taraugus  creek.  [s  of  H. 

York  Sulphur  Springs,  pv.  Adams  co.  Pa.  21 

Yorktown,  pt.  Westchester  co.N.Y. on  Cro- 
ton  river. 

Yorktown,  Va.    See  Gazetteer. 

Yorktown,  pv.  Delaware  co.  Ind.  50  ne  of  Is. 

Yorkville,  v.  New  York  co.  N.Y.  5  n  of 
the  City  Hall.  [of  Ca. 

Yorkville,  pv.  cap.  of  York  dist.  S.  C.  80  n 

Yorkville,  pv.  Pickens  co.  Ala.  68  wnw  of  T. 

Yorkville.  pv.  Gibson  co.  Tenn  L3wof  Ne. 

Yorkville,  pv.  Racine  co.  Wis.  C6  ese  of  Ma- 
dison. 

Youghiogheny,  yohvho-ga'ne,  a  r.  which 
rises  in  Preston  co.Va..  and  flowing  through 
Md.  into  Pa.,  falls  into  the  Monongahela 
18  m.  se  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  navigable  to  the 
Ohiopyle  falls,  30  m.  from  its  mouth.  At 
this  obstruction  the  river  has  a  perpendicu- 
lar descent  of  20  feet. 

Young,  tp.  Indiana  co.  Pa. 

Young,  tp.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  [of  Ca. 

Youngesville,  pv.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  40  n 

Youngstown,  pt.  Niagara  co.  N.Y.  on  Nia- 
gara river.  [150  w  of  H. 

Youngstown,  borough,  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

Youngstown,  pt.  Mahoning  co.  O.  177  ne  Cs. 

Youngsville,  pv.  Warren  co.  Pa.  218  nwH. 

Youngsville,  pv.  Tallapoosa  co.  Ala.  140  ese 
of  Tuscaloosa.  [134  n  of  H. 

Young  Womanstown,  pv.  Clinton  co.  Pa. 

Youta.     See  Utah. 

Ypsilanti,  pv.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  30  wD 

Zacatula,  sac-a-too'la.,  a  r.  of  Mexico,  fall- 
ing into  the  Pacific  about  18°  n  Lat.,  and 
102°  25'  w  Lon.  Also,  a  little  town  at  the 
mouth  of  the  above. 

Zacatecas,  sah-ka-ta'kas,  a  state  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Mexico,  immediately  s  of  Coa- 
huila.  Area  20,000  sq.  ra.  Pop.  275,000. 
Zacatecas,  the  capital  of  the  above,  is 
about  9,600  ft.  higher  than  the  sea,  and  has 
a  population  of  25,000.  (B.) 

Zanesfield,  pv.  Logan  co.  O.  64  nw  of  Cs. 

Zanesville,  O.    See  Gazetteer. 

Zanesville,  pv.  Montg.  co.  111.  38  s  of  Sd. 

Zebulon,  pv.  cap.  of  Pike  co.  Ga.  77  w  M. 

Zebulon,  pv.  Pike  co.  Ark.  136  sw  of  Little 
Rock. 

Zelienople,  pv.  Butler  co.  Pa.  224  w  of  H 

Zenas,  pv.  Jennings  co.  Ind.  62  s  of  Is. 

Zion,  pv.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  155  w  of  Rh. 

Zoar,  pv.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.  on  Tuscara. 
was  river.  [sse  of  Hd 

Zoar  Bridge,  pv.  New  Haven  co.  Oonn.  50 


APPENDIX  B. 


A  TABLE  OF  THE  POPULATION  OF  THE  STATES  AND  COUNTIES 
OF  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  UNION  IN  1850  : 

EXHIBITING  THE  INCREASE  OF  EACH   STATE   DURING   THE    TEN  TEARS    PREVIOUS. 

The  Counties  which  were  formed  since  1840  are  designated  by  a  star. 


Population  in  1840.  1850. 

Maine 501,793 583,088 

NewHampshire  284,574 317,864 

Vermont 291,948 313,611 

Massachusetts.. 737,699 994,499 

Rhode  Island  ...108,830 147,544 

Connecticut 301,015 370,791 

New  York 2,428,921...  3,097,394 

New  Jersey 373,306 489,555 

Pennsylvania. 1,724,033. ..2,311,786 

Delaware 78,085 91,535 

Maryland 469,232 583.035 

Virginia 1,239,797...  1,421,661 

North  Carolina  .753,419 868,903 

South  Carolina  .594,398 668,507 

Georgia 691,392 905,999 

Florida 54,477 87,401 


Population  in  1840, 
Alabama 590,756., 


1850. 

771,671 

Mississippi 375,651 606,555 

Louisiana 352,411 511,974 

Texas ...212,592 

Arkansas 97,574 209,639 

Tennessee 829,210...  1,002,625 

Kentucky 779,828 982,405 

Ohio 1,519,467...  1,980,408 

Michigan 212,267 397,6J54 

Indiana 686,866 988,416 

Illinois 476,183 851,470 

Missouri 383,702 682,043 

Iowa 43,112 192,214 

Wisconsin 30,945 305,191 

California estimated.. ..165,000 


Maine. 

Aroostook 12,535 

Cumberland 79,549 

Franklin  20,027 

Hancock 34,372 

Kennebeck  62,521 

Lincoln 74,875 

Oxford 39,663 

Penobscot 63,089 

Piscataquis 14,735 

Somerset 35,581 

Waldo 47,230 

Washington 38,810 

York 60,101 

New  Hampshire. 

Belknap 17,721 

Carroll  20,156 

Cheshire  30,144 

Coos 11,853 

Grafton 42,343 

Hillsborough 57,477 

Merrimac 38,445 

Rockingham 50,986 


Strafford 29,364 

Sullivan 19,375 

Vermont. 

Addison 26,549 

Bennington 18,589 

Caledonia 23,086 

Chittenden 29,036 

Essex 4,650 

Franklin 28,586 

Grand  Isle 4,145 

Lamoille 10,872 

Orange  27,296 

Orleans 15,707 

Rutland 33,059 

Washington 24,654 

Windham 29,062 

Windsor 38,320 

Massachusetts. 

Barnstable 35,276 

Berkshire 49,591 

Bristol 76,192 

Dukes 4,540 


Essex 131,300 

Franklin 30,868 

Hampden 51,281 

Hampshire 35,732 

Middlesex 161,383 

Nantucket 8,452 

Norfolk 78,892 

Plymouth 55,697 

Suffolk 144,507 

Worcester 130,789 

Rhode  Island. 

Bristol 8,514 

Kent 15,068 

Newport 20,007 

Providence 87,525 

Washington 16,430 

Connecticut. 

Fairfield 59,775 

Hartford 69,966 

Litchfield 45,253 

Middlesex 30,680 

New  Haven 62,126 

New  London 51,821 

681 


/   ♦ 

Tolland 20,091 

Windham 30,079 

New  York. 

Albany 93,279 

Alleghany 37,808 

Broome 30,660 

Cattaraugus 38,950 

Cayuga 55,458 

Chautauque 50,493 

Chemung 28,821 

Chenango 40,311 

Clinton 40,047 

Columbia 43,073 

Cortland 25,140 

Delaware 39,834 

Dutchess '.....58,992 

Erie 100,993 

Essex 31,148 

Franklin 25,102 

Fulton 20,171 

Genesee 28,488 

Greene 33,126 

Hamilton 2,188 

Herkimer 38,244 

Jefferson 68,153 

Kings 138,882 

Lawrence,  St. ...68,617 

Lewis 24,564 

Livingston 40,875 

Madison 43,072 

Monroe 87,650 

Montgomery 31,992 

New  York 515,547 

Niagara 42,276 

Orleans 28,501 

Otsego 48,638 

Oneida 99,566 

Ontario 43,929 

Onondaga 85,890 

Orange 57,145 

Oswego 62,198 

Putnam  14,138 

Queen's 36,833 

Rensselaer 73,363 

Richmond 15,061 

Rockland 16,962 

Saratoga 45,646 

Seneca 25,441 

Schenectady 20,054 

Schoharie 33,548 


682 

Suffolk 36,922 

Sullivan 25,088 

Steuben 63,771 

Tioga 24,880 

Tompkins 38,746 

Ulster  59,384 

Warren 17,199 

Washington 44,750 

Wayne 44,953 

Westchester 58,263 

Wyoming 31,981 

Yates 20,590 

New  Jersey. 

Atlantic 8,961 

Bergen 14,725 

Burlington 43,203 

Cape  May 6,433 

Camden* 25,422 

Cumberland 17,189 

Essex 73,950 

Gloucester 14,655 

Hudson 21,821 

Hunterdon... 28,989 

Mercer 27,992 

Middlesex 28,635 

Monmouth 30,313 

Morris 30,158 

Ocean* 10,032 

Passaic 22,575 

Salem 19,467 

Somerset 19,688 

Sussex 22,989 

Warren 22,358 


Pennsylvania. 

Eastern. 

Adams 25,981 

Berks 77,129 

Bucks 56,091 

Carbon* 15,686 

Chester 66,438 

Cumberland 34,327 

Dauphin 35,754 

Delaware 24,679 

Franklin 39,904 

Lancaster 98,944 

Lebanon 26,071 

Lehigh 32,479 

Monroe 13,270 


Montgomery 58,291 

Northampton  ....40,235 

Perry 20,088 

Philadelphia  ...408,762 

Pike 5,881 

Schuylkill 60,713 

Wayne 21,890 

York 57,450 

Western. 

Alleghany 138,290 

Armstrong 29,560 

Beaver 26,689 

Bedford 23,052 

Blair* 21,777 

Bradford 42,831 

Butler 30,346 

Cambria 17,773 

Centre 23,355 

Clarion* 23,565 

Clearfield 12,586 

Clinton 11,207 

Columbia 17,710 

Crawford 37,849 

Elk* 3,531 

Erie 38,742 

Fayette 39,112 

Fulton* 7,567 

Greene 22,136 

Huntingdon 24,786 

Indiana 27,170 

Jefferson 13,518 

Juniata 13,029 

Lawrence* 21,079 

Luzerne 56,072 

Lycoming 26,257 

Mercer 33,172 

Mifflin 14,980 

Montour* 13,239 

McKean  5,254 

Northumberland23, 272 

Potter 6,048 

Somerset 24,416 

Sullivan* 3,694 

Susquehanna  ....28,688 

Tioga 23,987 

Union 26,083 

Venango .....18,3.10 

Warren 13,671 

Washington 44,939 

Westmoreland...  5 1,726 
Wyoming* 10,655 


683 


Delaware. 

Kent 22,816 

New  Castle 42,784 

Sussex 25,935 

Maryland. 

Baltimore 210,646 

Ann  Arundel 32,393 

Alleghany 22,769 

Calvert 9,646 

Caroline 9,692 

Carroll 20,616 

Cecil 18,939 

Charles 16,162 

Dorchester 18,877 

Frederick 40,987 

Harford 19,356 

Kent 11,386 

Mary's,  St 13,698 

Montgomery 15,860 

Prince  George's.21,550 
Queen  Anne's  ...14,484 

Somerset 22,456 

Talbot 13,811 

Washington 30,848 

Worcester  18,859 

Virginia. 

Eastern. 

Accomac 17,890 

Albemarle 25,800 

Alexandria  10,008 

Amelia 9,770 

Amherst 12,699 

Appomattox* 9,193 

Bedford 24,080 

Brunswick 13,894 

Buckingham 13,837 

Campbell 23,245 

Caroline 18,456 

Charlotte 13,955 

Charles  City 5,200 

Chesterfield 17,489 

Culpepper 12,282 

Cumberland 9,751 

Dinwiddie 25,118 

Elizabeth  City...  4,586 

Essex 10,206 

Fairfax 10,682 


Fauquier 20,868 

Fluvanna 9,487 

Franklin 17,430 

Gloucester 10,527 

Goochland 10,352 

Greene 4,400 

Greenville 5,639 

Halifax  25,962 

Hanover 15,153 

Henrico 43,572 

Henry 8,872 

Isle  of  Wight  ...  9,353 

James  City 4,020 

King  George 5,971 

King  William....  8,779 
King  and  Queen.  10,319 

Lancaster 4,708 

Loudon 22,079 

Louisa 16,691 

Lunenburg 11,692 

Madison 9,331 

Matthews 6,714 

Mecklenburg  ....20,630 

Middlesex 4,394 

Nansemond 12,283 

Nelson  12,758 

New  Kent 6,064 

Norfolk 33,036 

Northampton....  7,498 
Northumberland  7,346 

Nottaway 8,437 

Orange 10,067 

Patrick 9,609 

Pittsylvania 28,796 

Powhattan 8,178 

Prince  Edward.. 1 1,857 
Prince  George...  7,596 
Princess  Anne  ....7,669 
Prince  William...  8,129 
Rappahannock..  9,782 

Richmond 6,448 

Southampton  ....13,521 
Spottsylvania  ...14,911 

Stafford 8,044 

Surry 5,679 

Sussex 9,820 

Warwick 1,546 

Westmoreland  ....8,080 

York 4,460 

Western. 

Alleghany 3,515 

Augusta*. 24,610 


Barbour* 9,005 

Bath 3,426 

Berkley 11,771 

Boone* 3,237 

Botetourt 14,908 

Braxton  4,212 

Brooke 5,054 

Cabell 6,299 

Carroll* 5,909 

Clarke 7,352 

Doddridge* 2,750 

Fayette 3,955 

Floyd 6,458 

Frederick 15,975 

Giles 6,570 

Gilmer* 3,475 

Grayson 6,677 

Greenbrier 10,022 

Hampshire 14,036 

Hancock* 4,050 

Hardy 9,543 

Harrison 11,728 

Highland* 4,227 

Jackson 6,544 

Jefferson 15,357 

Kanawha 15,353 

Lee 10,267 

Lewis 10,031 

Logan 3,620 

Marion* 10,552 

Marshall 10,138 

Mason 7,539 

Mercer 4,222 

Monongalia 13,387 

Monroe 10,204 

Montgomery 8,359 

Morgan 3,557 

Nicholas 3,963 

Ohio 18,006 

Page 7,600 

Pendleton 5,795 

Pocahontas 3,598 

Preston 11,708 

Pulaski 5,118 

Putnam* 5,335 

Raleigh* 1,765 

Randolph 5,243 

Ritchie* 3,902 

Roanoke 8,477 

Rockbridge 16,045 

Rockingham 20,294 

Russel 11,919 


684 


Scott 9,829 

Shenandoah 13,768 

Smythe 8,162 

Taylor* 5,867 

Tazewell 9,942 

Tyler 5,498 

Warren 6,607 

Washington 14,612 

Wayne* 4,760 

Wetzel* 4,284 

Wirt* 3,353 

Wood 9,450 

Wyoming* 1,645 

Wythe 12,024 

North  Carolina. 

Alamance* 11,444 

Alexander* 4,220 

Anson 13,489 

Ashe 8,777 

Beaufort 13,816 

Bertie 12,851 

Bladen 9,767 

Brunswick 7,272 

Buncombe 13,425 

Burke 7,772 

Cabarras 9,747 

Caldwell* 6,317 

Camden 6,049 

Carteret 6,803 

Caswell 15,269 

Catawba* 8,862 

Chatham 18,449 

Cherokee 6,838 

Chowan 6,721 

Cleaveland* 10,396 

Columbus 5,909 

Craven 14,709 

Cumberland 20,610 

Currituck 7,236 

Davidson 15,320 

Davie 7,866 

Duplin 13,514 

Edgecombe 17,189 

Forsyth* 11,168 

Franklin 11,713 

Gaston 8,073 

Gates 8,426 

Granville 21,249 

Greene  6,619 

Guilford 19,754 


Halifax 16,589 

Haywood 7,074 

Henderson 6,853 

Hertford 8,142 

Hyde 7,636 

Iredell 14,719 

Johnson  13,726 

Jones 5,038 

Lenoir 7,828 

Lincoln 7,746 

McDowell* 6,246 

Macon 6,389 

Martin 8,307 

Mecklenburg  ....13,914 

Montgomery 6,872 

Moore 9,342 

Nash 10,657 

New  Hanover... .17,668 
Northampton.. ..13, 335 

Onslow 8,283 

Orange 17,055 

Pasquotank 8,950 

Perquimans 7,331 

Person 10,781 

Pitt 13,397 

Randolph 15,832 

Richmond 9,818 

Robeson 12,826 

Rockingham 14,495 

Rowan 13,870 

Rutherford 13,550 

Sampson 14,585 

Stanly* 6,922 

Stokes 9,206 

Surry 18,443 

Tyrrel 5,133 

Union* 10,051 

Wake 24,887 

Warren 13,912 

Washington 5,666 

Watauga* 3,400 

Wayne 13,486 

Wilkes 12,099 

Yancey 8,205 

South  Carolina. 

Abbeville 32,318 

Anderson 21,475 

Barnwell 26,608 

Beaufort  38,805 

Charleston 72,805 


Chester 18,038 

Chesterfield 10,790 

Colleton  39,505 

Darlington 16,830 

Edgefield 39,262 

Fairfield 21,404 

Georgetown 20,647 

Greenville 20,156 

Horry 7,646 

Kershaw 14,473 

Lancaster 10,988 

Laurens 23,407 

Lexington 12,930 

Marion 17,407 

Marlboro 10,789 

Newberry 20,143 

Orangeburg 23,582 

Pickens 16,904 

Richland 20,243 

Spartanburg 26,400 

Sumter 33,220 

Union 19,852 

Williamsburg.. ..12,447 
York 19,431 

Georgia. 

Appling 2,949 

Baker 8,120 

Baldwin 8,148 

Bibb 12,699 

Bryan 3,424 

Bullock 4,300 

Burke 16,100 

Butts 6,488 

Camden 6,319 

Campbell 7,232 

Carroll 9,357 

Cass  13,300 

Chatham  23,901 

Chattooga 6,815 

Cherokee 12,800 

Clarke  11,119 

Cobb ...13,843 

Columbia 11,961 

Coweta 13,635 

Crawford 8,984 

Dade 2,680 

Decatur 8,262 

De  Kalb 14,328 

Dooly 8,361 

Early 7,246 


685 


Effingham 3,864 

Elbert 12,959 

Emanuel 4,577 

Fayette 8,709 

Floyd 8,205 

Forsyth 8,850 

Franklin 11,513 

Gilmer 8,440 

Glynn 4,933 

Gordon* 5,984 

Greene 13,068 

Gwinnett 11,257 

Habersham 8,895 

Hall 8,713 

Hancock 11,578 

Harris 14,721 

Heard 6,923 

Henry 14,726 

Houston 16,450 

Irwin 3,334 

Jackson 9,768 

Jasper  11,486 

Jones 10,224 

Jefferson  9,131 

Laurens 6,442 

Lee 6,659 

Liberty 7,926 

Lincoln 5,998 

Lowndes 8,351 

Lumpkin  8,954 

Macon 7,052 

Madison 5,603 

Marion 10,280 

Mcintosh 6,028 

Meriwether 16,478 

Monroe 16,985 

Montgomery 2,154 

Morgan 10,744 

Murray 14,433 

Muscogee 18,578 

Newton 13,296 

Oglethorpe 12,259 

Paulding 7,039 

Pike 14,305 

Pulaski 6,627 

Putnam 10,794 

Rabun 2,448 

Randolph 12,868 

Richmond 16,246 

Scriven 6,817 

Stewart 16,027 

Sumter 10,322 

58 


Talbot 16,534 

Taliaferro 5,146 

Tatnall 3,227 

Telfair 3,026 

Thomas 10,103 

Troup 16,879 

Twiggs 8,179 

Union 7,234 

Upson 9,424 

Walker 13,109 

Walton 10,821 

Ware 3,888 

Warren 12,425 

Washington 11,766 

Wayne 1,499 

Wilkinson 8,212 

Wilkes 12,107 

Florida. 

Alachua 2,524 

Benton* 926 

Calhoun 1,377 

Columbia 4,808 

Dade 159 

Duval 4,539 

Escambia 4,351 

Franklin 1,561 

Gadsden 8,783 

Hamilton 2,469 

Hillsboro 2,377 

Holmes*  1,644 

Jackson 6,639 

Jefferson 7,718 

Leon 11,442 

Levy* 465 

Madison 5,490 

Marion* 3,338 

Monroe 2,643 

Nassau 2,164 

Orange* 466 

Putnam* 687 

St.  John 2,525 

St.  Lucia* 139 

Santa  Rosa* 2,883 

Wakulla* 1,955 

Walton 1,379 

Washington 1,950 

Alabama. 
Autauga 15,023 


Baldwin 4,414 

Barbour 23,632 

Benton 17,163 

Bibb 9,969 

Blount  7,367 

Butler 10,836 

Chambers 23,960 

Cherokee 13,884 

Choctaw* 8,389 

Clair,  St 6,829 

Clarke 9,786 

Coffee* 5,940 

Conecuh 9,322 

Coosa 14,543 

Covington 3,645 

Dale .7.....  6,346 

Dallas 29,727 

De  Kalb 8,245 

Fayette 9,681 

Franklin 19,610 

Greene 31,441 

Hancock* 1,542 

Henry 9,019 

Jackson 14,088 

Jefferson 8,989 

Lauderdale 17,172 

Lawrence 15,258 

Limestone 16,483 

Lowndes 21,915 

Madison 26,427 

Macon  26,898 

Marengo 27,831 

Marion 7,833 

Marshall 8,846 

Mobile 27,600 

Monroe 12,013 

Montgomery 29,795 

Morgan 10,125 

Pike 15,920 

Pickens 21,512 

Perry 22,285 

Randolph 11,581 

Russel 19,548 

Shelby 9,536 

Sumter 22,250 

Talladega 18,624 

Tallapoosa 15,584 

Tuscaloosa 18,056 

Walker 5,124 

Washington 2,713 

Wilcox 17,352 


Mississippi. 

Northern. 

Attala 10,999 

Bolivar 2,577 

Carroll* 18,491 

Chickasaw 16,368 

Choctaw 11,402 

Coahoma 2,780 

Be  Soto 19,042 

Itawamba 13,528 

La  Fayette 14,069 

Lowndes 19,544 

Marshall 29,689 

Monroe 21,172 

Noxubee 16,299 

Oktibbeha 9,171 

Panola 11,444 

Pontotoc 17,112 

Sun  Flower*....   1,102 

Tallahatchie 4,643 

Tippah 20,741 

Tishamingo 15,490 

Tunica 1,314 

Winston 7,956 

Yalabusha 17,258 

Southern. 

Adams 18,622 

Amite 9,694 

Claiborne 14,941 

Clarke 5,477 

Copiah 11,794 

Covington 3,338 

Franklin 5,904 

Greene 2,018 

Hancock 3,672 

Harrison  * 4,875 

Hinds 25,340 

Holmes 13,928 

Issaquena* 4,478 

Jackson 3,196 

Jasper  6,184 

Jefferson  13,193 

Jones 2,164 

Kemper* 12,517 

Lauderdale 8,717 

Lawrence 6,478 

Leake 5,533 

Madison 18,173 

Marion 4,410 

Nashoba* 4,728 

Newton 4,465 


Perry 2,438 

Pike 7,360 

Rankin 7,227 

Scott 3,961 

Simpson 4,734 

Smith 4,071 

Warren 18,121 

Washington 8,389 

Wayne 2,892 

Wilkinson 16,914 

Yazoo 14,418 


Ascension 10,752 

Assumption 10,538 

Avoyelles. 9,326 

Baton  Rouge E.. 11, 977 
Baton  Rouge  W.   6,270 

Bienville* 5,539 

Bossier* 6,962 

Bernard,  St 3,802 

Caddo 8,884 

Calcasieu 3,914 

Caldwell 2,815 

Carroll 8,789 

Catahoula 6,982 

Charles,  St 5,120 

Claiborne 7,471 

Concordia 7,758 

De  Soto*..  8,019 

Feliciana  E 13,598 

Feliciana  W 13,245 

Franklin* 3,251 

Helena,  St 4,561 

Iberville 12,214 

Jefferson 25,091 

Jackson* 5,566 

James,  St 11,098 

John  Baptist 7,317 

LaFourche 9,533 

Landry,  St 22,253 

La  Fayette 6,720 


Livingston 3,385 

Madison  * 8,773 

Martin,  St 11,107 

Mary,  St 8,808 

Morehouse* 3,913 

Natchitoches 14,201 

Orleans 119,461 

Plaquemines 7,390 

Point  Coupee.. ..11, 339 


Rapides 16,561 

Sabine  * 4,515 

Tammany,  St....   6,364 

Tensas  * 9,040 

Terre  Bonne 7,724 

Union 8,203 

Vermilion* 3,409 

Washington 3,408 

Washita 5,008 

Texas. 

Anderson 2,884 

Angelina 1,165 

Austin 3,841 

Bastrop 3,099 

Bexar 6,052 

Bowie 2,912 

Brazoria 4,841 

Brazos 614 

Burleson 1,713 

Caldwell 1,329 

Calhoun 1,110 

Cameron,  Starr, 

and  Webb...  8,541 

Cass 4,991 

Cherokee 6,673 

Collin 1,950 

Colorado 2,257 

Comal 1,723 

Cook 220 

Dallas 2,743 

Denton..... 641 

De  Witt 1,716 

Fannin 3,788 

Fayette 3,756 

Fort  Bend 2,533 

Galveston 4,529 

Guadalupe 1,511 

Gillespie 1,240 

Goliad 648 

Gonzales 1,492 

Grayson 2,008 

Grimes 4,008 

Harris  4,668 

Harrison 11,822 

Hays 387 

Henderson 1,237 

Hopkins 2,623 

Houston 2,721 

Hunt 1,520 

Jackson 996 


687 


Jasper 1,767 

Jefferson 1,836 

Kaufman 1,047 

Lamar  3,978 

Lavacca 1,571 

Leon 1,946 

Liberty 2,522 

Limestone 2,608 

Matagorda 2,124 

Medina 909 

Milam 2,907 

Montgomery 2,384 

Nacogdoches 5,193 

Navarro 3,843 

Newton 1,689 

Nueces 698 

Panola 3,871 

Polk 2,349 

Red  River 3,906 

Refugio 288 

Robertson 934 

Rusk 8,148 

Sabine 2,498 

San  Augustine ..  3,647 

San  Patricio 200 

Shelby 4,239 

Smith 4,292 

Titus 3,636 

Travis 3,138 

Tyler 1,894 

Upshur 3,394 

Vanzandt 1,348 

Victoria 2,019 

Walker 3,964 

Washington 5,983 

Wharton 1,752 

Williamson 1,568 

Arkansas. 

Arkansas 3,245 

Ashley  * 2,058 

Benton 3,710 

Bradley* 3,829 

Carroll 4,614 

Chicot 5,115 

Clarke 3,995 

Conway  * 3,583 

Crawford 7,960 

Crittenden 2,648 

Dallas  * 6,877 

Desha 2,900 


Drew  * 3,275 

Franklin 3,929 

Francis,  St 4,479 

Fulton* 1,819 

Greene  2,593 

Hempstead  7,672 

Hot  Springs 3,609 

Independence  ...  7,767 

Izard 3,213 

Jackson 3,086 

Jefferson  5,834 

Johnson 5,227 

Lafayette 5,220 

Lawrence 5,274 

Madison 4,823 

Marion 2,302 

Mississippi 2,368 

Monroe 2,049 

Montgomery*...   1,958 

Newton* 1,758 

Perry* 978 

Phillips 6,935 

Pike 1,861 

Poinsett 2,308 

Polk  * 1,263 

Pope 4,710 

Prairie  * 2,097 

Pulaski 5,658 

Randolph 3,275 

Saline 3,901 

Scott 3,083 

Searcy 1,979 

Sevier 4,240 

Union 10,298 

Van  Buren  2,864 

Washington 9,849 

Washita* 9,591 

White 2,619 

Yell* 3,341 


Tennessee. 

Eastern. 

Anderson* 6,938 

Bedford 21,512 

Benton 6,315 

Bledsoe 5,959 

Blount 12,382 

Bradlev 12,259 

Campbell 6,068 

Cannon 8,982 

Carter 6,296 


Claiborne 9,369 

Cocke 8,3u0 

Granger 12,370 

Greene 17,824 

Hamilton 10,075 

Hancock* 5,660 

Hawkins 13,370 

Jefferson 13,204 

Johnson 3,705 

Knox 18,755 

Marion 6,314 

Meigs 4,879 

Monroe 11,874 

Morgan 3,430 

McMinn 13,906 

Polk 6,338 

Rhea 4,415 

Roane 12,185 

Scott* 1,905 

Sevier 6,920 

Sullivan 11,742 

Washington 13,861 

Middle. 

Coffee 8,351 

Davidson 38,881 

Dickson 8,404 

De  Kalb 8,016 

Fentress 4,454 

Franklin 13,768 

Giles 25,949 

Grundy  * 2,773 

Hickman 9,397 

Humphreys 6,422 

Jackson 15,673 

Lawrence 9,280 

Lewis* 4,438 

Lincoln 23,492 

Macon* 6,948 

Marshall 15,616 

Maury 29,520 

Montgomery  ....21,045 

Overton 11,211 

Robertson 16,145 

Rutherford 29,122 

Smith 18,412 

Stewart 9,719 

Sumner 22,717 

Van  Buren 2,674 

Warren 10,179 

Wayne 8,170 

White 11,444 


Williamson  27,201 

Wilson 27,444 

Western. 

Carroll 15,967 

Decatur* 6,003 

Dyer 6,361 

Fayette 26,719 

Gibson 19,548 

Henderson 13,164 

Haywood 17,259 

Hardeman 17,456 

Hardin 10,328 

Plenry 18,233 

Lauderdale 5,169 

Madison 21,470 

McNairy 12,864 

Obion 7,633 

Perry 5,822 

Shelby 31,157 

Tipton 8,887 

Weakly 14,608 


Kentucky. 

Adair 9,898 

Allen 8,742 

Anderson 6,260 

Ballard* 5,496 

Barren 20,240 

Bath 12,115 

Boone 11,185 

Bourbon 14,466 

Boyle* 9,116 

Bracken 8,903 

Breathitt 3,785 

Breckenridge. ...  10,593 

Bullitt  6,774 

Butler ~..  5,755 

Caldwell 13,048 

Callaway 8,096 

Campbell 13,127 

Carroll 5,526 

Carter 6,241 

Casey 6,556 

Christian 19,580 

Clarke 12,683 

Clay 5,421 

Clinton 4,889 

Crittenden  * 6,351 

Cumberland 7,005 

Daviess 12,362 


Estill 5,985 

Fayette 22,735 

Fleming  13,914 

Floyd 5,714 

Franklin 12,462 

Fulton* 4,446 

Gallatin  5,137 

Garrard 10,237 

Graves 11,397 

Grant  6,531 

Greenup 9,654 

Grayson 6,837 

Green  9,060 

Hancock 3,853 

Hardin 14,525 

Harlan 4,268 

Harrison 13,064 

Hart 9,093 

Henderson 12,171 

Henry.... 11,442 

Hickman 4,791 

Hopkins 12,441 

Jefferson 59,831 

Jessamine 10,249 

Johnson* 3,873 

Kenton 17,038 

Knox 7,050 

Laurel 4,145 

La  Rue* 5,859 

Lawrence 6,281 

Letcher  * 2,512 

Lewis 7,202 

Lincoln 10,093 

Livingston 6,578 

Logan 16,581 

Madison 15,727 

Marion 11,765 

Mason  18,344 

Marshall* 5,269 

McCracken  £,067 

Meade  7,393 

Mercer 14,067 

Monroe 7,756 

Montgomery  ....   9,903 

Morgan 7,620 

Muhlenburg 9,809 

Nelson 14,789 

Nicholas 10,361 

Ohio 9,749 

Oldham 7,629 

Owen 10,444 


Pendleton 6,774 

Perry  2,192 

Pike 5,365 

Pulaski 14,195 

Rock  Castle 4,697 

Russel 5,349 

Scott 14,946 

Shelby 17,095 

Simpson 7,733 

Spencer  6,842 

Taylor* 7,250 

Todd 12,268 

Trigg 10,129 

Trimble 5,963 

Union 9,012 

Warren 15,123 

Washington 12,194 

Wayne  8,692 

Whitley 7,447 

Woodford 12,423 

Ohio. 


Edmondson 4,088  j  Owsley  * 3,774 


Adams 18,883 

Allen 12,109 

Ashland* 23,792 

Ashtabula 28,766 

Athens 18,215 

Auglaize* 11,338 

Belmont 34,600 

Brown  27,332 

Butler 30,789 

Carroll 17,685 

Champaign 19,762 

Clarke 22,178 

Clermont 30,455 

Clinton 18,838 

Columbiana 33,621 

Coshocton 25,674 

Crawford 18,177 

Cuyahoga 48,099 

Darke 20,274 

Defiance  * 6,966 

Delaware 21,817 

Erie  18,568 

Fairfield... 30,264 

Fayette 12,726 

Franklin 42,910 

Fulton* 7,781 

Gallia 17,063 

Geauga 17,827 

Greene 21,946 


689 


Guernsey 30,438 

Hamilton 156,843 

Hancock 16,751 

Hardin 8,251 

Harrison 20,157 

Henry 3,435 

Highland 25,781 

Hocking 14,119 

Holmes 20,452 

Huron 26,203 

Jackson 12,721 

Jefferson 29,132 

Knox 28,873 

Lake 14,654 

Lawrence  15,246 

Licking 38,846 

Logan 19,162 

Lorain 26,086 

Lucas 12,363 

Madison 10,015 

Mahoning* 23,735 

Marion 12,618 

Medina 24,441 

Meigs 17,971 

Mercer 7,712 

Miami 24,996 

Monroe 28,351 

Montgomery 38,219 

Morgan 28,585 

Morrow* 20,280 

Muskingum 45,049 

Ottawa 3,308 

Paulding  1,766 

Perry 20,775 

Pickaway 21,008 

Pike 10,953 

Portage 24,419 

Preble 21,736 

Putnam 7,221 

Richland 30,879 

Ross 32,074 

Sandusky 14,305 

Scioto 18,428 

Seneca 27,105 

Shelby 13,958 

Stark 39,878 

Summit 27,485 

Trumbull 30,490 

Tuscarawas 31,761 

Union 12,204 

Van  Wert 4,813 

Vinton  * 9,353 

58* 


Warren 25,561 

Washington 29,540 

Wayne 32,981 

Williams 8,018 

Wood 9,157 

Wyandot* 11,292 

Michigan. 

Allegan 5,125 

Barry 5,072 

Berrien 11,417 

Branch 12,472 

Calhoun 19,162 

Cass 10,907 

Chippewa 898 

Clinton 5,102 

Eaton 7,058 

Genesee 12,031 

Hillsdale 16,159 

Houghton  * 708 

Huron* 210 

Ingham 8,631 

Ionia 7,597 

Jackson 19,431 

Kalamazoo 13,179 

Kent 12,016 

Lapeer 7,029 

Lenawee 26,372 

Livingston 13,485 

Macomb 15,530 

Marquette* 136 

Mackinaw  &  21 
unorganized 

Counties 3,598 

Mason* 93 

Midland* 65 

Montcalm* 891 

Monroe 14,698 

Newago  * 510 

Oakland 31,270 

Oceana 300 

Ontonagon* 389 

Ottawa 5,587 

Saginaw 2,609 

Sanilac* 2,112 

St.  Clair 10,420 

St.  Joseph 12,725 

Schoolcraft*....         16 

Shiawassee 5,230 

Tuscola  * 291 

VanBuren 5,800 


Washtenaw 28,567 

Wayne 42,756 

Indiana. 

Adams 5,797 

Allen 16,919 

Bartholomew .  ...12,428 

Benton  * 1,144 

Blackford 2,860 

Boone 11,631 

Brown 4,846 

Carroll 11,015 

Cass  11,021 

Clark 15,828 

Clay 7,944 

Clinton 11,869 

Crawford 6,524 

Daviess 10,352 

Dearborn 20,166 

Decatur 15,107 

De  Kalb 3,251 

Delaware 10,843 

Dubois 6,321 

Elkhart 12,690 

Fayette 10,217 

Floyd 14,875 

Fountain 13,253 

Franklin 17,968 

Fulton 5,982 

Gibson 10,771 

Grant 11,092 

Greene 12,313 

Hamilton 12,684 

Hancock 9,698 

Harrison 15,286 

Hendricks  14,083 

Henry 17,605 

Howard* 6,657 

Huntington 7,850 

Jackson 11,047 

Jasper 3,540 

Jay 7,047 

Jefferson  23,916 

Jennings  12,096 

Johnson 12,101 

Joseph,  St 10,954 

Knox 11,084 

Kosciusko 10,243 

La  Grange 8,387 

Lake 3,991 

Laporte  12,145 


690 


Lawrence 12,097 

Madison 12,375 

Marion 24,013 

Marshall 5,348 

Martin 5,941 

Miami 11,304 

Monroe 11,286 

Montgomery 18,084 

Morgan 14,576 

Noble 7,946 

Ohio  * 5,308 

Orange 10,809 

Owen.., 12,106 

Parke 14,968 

Perry 7,268 

Pike 7,720 

Porter 5,234 

Posey 12,549 

Pulaski 2,595 

Putnam 18,615 

Randolph 14,725 

Ripley 14,820 

Rush 16,445 

Scott 5,885 

Shelby 15,502 

Spencer 8,616 

Stark 557 

Steuben 6,104 

Sullivan 10,141 

Switzerland 12,932 

Tippecanoe 19,377 

Tipton* 3,532 

Union 6,944 

Vanderburg 11,414 

Vermilion 8,661 

Vigo 15,289 

Wabash 12,138 

Warren 7,387 

Warwick 8,811 

Washington 17,040 

Wayne 25,320 

Wells 6,152 

White 4,761 

Whitley 5,190 

Illinois. 

Adams 26,508 

Alexander 2,484 

Bond 6,144 

Boone 7,626 

Brown 7,198 


Bureau 8,841 

Calhoun 3,231 

Carroll 4,586 

Cass 7,253 

Champaign 2,649 

Christian 3,202 

Clair,  St 20,181 

Clarke 9,532 

Clay 4,289 

Clinton 5,139 

Coles 9,335 

Cook 43,385 

Crawford 7,135 

Cumberland*...  3,720 

De  Kalb 7,540 

De  Witt 5,002 

Du  Page 9,290 

Edgar 10,692 

Edwards 3,524 

Effingham 3,799 

Fayette 8,075 

Franklin  5,681 

Fulton 22,508 

Gallatin 5,448 

Greene 12,429 

Grundy* 3,023 

Hamilton 6,362 

Hancock 14,652 

Hardin 2,888 

Henderson* 4,612 

Henry 3,807 

Iroquois 4,149 

Jackson 5,862 

Jasper 3,220 

Jefferson 8,109 

Jersey 7,354 

Jo.  Daviess 18,604 

Johnson 4,113 

Kane 16,703 

Kendall* 7,642 

Knox 13,279 

Lake 14,226 

La  Salle 17,815 

Lawrence 6,121 

Lee 5,292 

Livingston 1,552 

Logan 5,128 

McDonough 7,616 

McHenry 14,979 

McLean 10,163 

Macon  3,988 

Macoupin 12,355 


Madison 20,430 

Marion 6,720 

Marshall 5,180 

Massac* 4,092 

Mason* 5,921 

Menard 6,349 

Mercer 5,246 

Monroe 7,679 

Montgomery 6,276 

Morgan 16,064 

Moultrie* 3,234 

Ogle  10,020 

Peoria 17,547 

Perry 5,278 

Pike 18,819 

Piatt* 1,606 

Pope 3,975 

Pulaski* 2,265 

Putnam 3,924 

Randolph 11,079 

Richland* 4,012 

Rock  Island 6,937 

Saline* 5,588 

Sangamon 19,228 

Schuyler 10,573 

Scott 7,914 

Shelby 7,807 

Stark 3,710 

Stephenson 11,366 

Tazewell 12,052 

Union  7,615 

Vermilion 11,492 

Wabash 4,690 

Warren 8,176 

Washington 6,953 

Wayne 6,825 

White 8,925 

Whitesides 5,361 

Will 16,703 

WiUiamson 7,216 

Winnebago 11,773 

Woodford* 4,416 

Missouri. 

Adair* 2,342 

Andrew* 9,433 

Atchison* 1,678 

Audrain 3,506 

Barry 3,467 

Bates* 3,669 

Benton 5,015 


691 


Boone 14,979 

Buchanan 12,975 

Butler  * 1,616 

Caldwell 2,316 

Callaway 13,827 

Camden* 2,338 

Cape  Girardeau.13,912 

Carroll 5,441 

Cass* 6,090 

Cedar* 3,361 

Chariton 7,514 

Clarke 5,527 

Clay  10,332 

Clinton 3,786 

Cole 6,696 

Cooper 12,950 

Crawford 6,397 

Dade* 4,246 

Dallas  * 3,648 

Daviess 5,298 

DeKalb* 2,075 

Dodge* 353 

Dunklin* 1,229 

Franklin 11,021 

Gasconade 4,996 

Gentry  * 4,248 

Greene 12,785 

Grundy  * 3,006 

Harrison  * 2,447 

Henry* 4,052 

Hickory* 2,329 

Holt* 3,957 

Howard 13,969 

Jackson 14,000 

Jasper* 4,223 

Jefferson 6,928 

Johnson 7,464 

Knox  * 2,894 

Laclede  * 2,498 

La  Fayette 13,690 

Lawrence  * 4,859 

Lewis 6,578 

Lincoln 9,421 

Linn 4,058 

Livingston 4,247 

Macon 6,565 

McDonald* 2,236 

Madison 6,003 

Marion 12,230 

Mercer* 2,691 

Miller 3,834 

Mississippi* 3,123 


Moniteau* 6,004 

Monroe 10,541 

Morgan 4,650 

Montgomery 5,489 

New  Madrid 5,541 

Newton 4,268 

Nodaway  * 2,118 

Oregon* 1,432 

Osage* 6,704 

Ozark* 2,294 

Perry 7,215 

Pettis 5,150 

Pike 13,609 

Platte 16,845 

Polk  6,186 

Pulaski 3,998 

Putnam  * 1,657 

Ralls 6,151 

Randolph 9,439 

Ray 10,373 

Reynolds  * 1,849 

Ripley 2,830 

Scotland* 3,782 

St.  Charles 11,454 

St.  Clair* 3,556 

St.  Francois 4,964 

St.  Genevieve....  5,313 

St.  Louis 104,978 

Saline 8,843 

Schuyler* 3,287 

Scott 3,182 

Shannon* 1,199 

Shelby 4,253 

Stoddard 4,277 

Sullivan* 2,983 

Taney 4,373 

Texas* 2,312 

Warren 5,860 

Washington 8,811 

Wayne 4,518 

Wright 3,387 

Iowa. 

Allemakee  * 777 

Appanoose* 3,131 

Benton* 672 

Black  Hawk*..-.       135 

Boone* 735 

Buchanan* 517 

Cedar 3,941 

Clarke* 79 

2T 


Clayton 3,873 

Clinton 2,822 

Dallas* 854 

Davis* 7,264 

Decatur* 965 

Delaware 1,759 

Des  Moines 12,987 

Dubuque 10,841 

Fayette  * 825 

Fremont  * 1,244 

Henry 8,707 

Iowa* 822 

Jackson 7,210 

Jasper* 1,280 

Jefferson 9,904 

Johnson 4,472 

Jones 3,007 

Keokuk* 4,822 

Lee 18,800 

Linn 5,444 

Louisa 4,939 

Lucas* 471 

Madison  * 1,179 

Mahaska  * 5,989 

Marion* 5,482 

Marshall* 338 

Monroe  * 2,884 

Muscatine 5,731 

Page* 551 

Polk* 4,515 

Pottawatomie*.  7,828 

Poweshiek  * 615 

Scott 5,986 

Tama* 8 

Taylor* 204 

Van  Buren 12,270 

Wapello* 8,471 

Warren* 961 

Washington 4,957 

Wayne* 340 

Winnishiek* 546 


Wisconsin. 

Adams* 187 

Brown 6,215 

Calumet 1,743 

Chippewa  * 614 

Crawford 2,498 

Columbia* 9,565 

Dane 16,641 

Dodge 19,138 


692 


Fond  du  Lac 14,468 

Grant 16,170 

Green 8,563 

Iowa 9,530 

Jefferson 15,317 

Kenosha* 10,732 

La  Fayette* 11,542 

Lapointe* 489 


Manitouwoc 3,702 

Marathon* 508 

Marquette 8,642 

Milwaukie 31,077 

Portage 1,250 

Racine 14,973 

Richland* 903 

Rock 20,708 


Sauk 4,371 

Sheboygan 8,378 

St.  Croix 624 

Walworth 17,861 

Washington 19,484 

Waukesha* 19,174 

Winnebago 10,125 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SUPPLEMENT. 

The  principal  object  of  the  authors  in  preparing  the  following  Supple- 
ment, has  been  to  furnish  a  manual  of  geographical  pronunciation  adequate 
to  the  wants  of  teachers.  Many  names  occurring  on  the  maps  ordinarily 
used  in  schools,  had  been  omitted  in  the  original  Gazetteer,  either  from 
the  impossibility  of  then  ascertaining  the  true  pronunciation,  or  from  the 
conviction  that  they  were  intrinsically  of  little  importance.  For  it  is  per- 
haps scarcely  necessary  to  inform  the  reader  that  the  insertion  or  omission 
of  names  in  an  atlas  furnishes  no  certain  criterion  whereby  to  determine 
their  actual  importance,  since  it  is  not  unusual  for  engravers,  in  order  to 
obviate  the  appearance  of  meagreness  or  deficiency,  to  insert  the  names 
even  of  the  most  insignificant  places  in  those  parts  of  the  map  where  they 
happen  to  have  plenty  of  room,  while  names  of  real  importance  are  neces- 
sarily omitted  in  other  parts  for  the  want  of  room.  It  not  unfrequently 
happens,  indeed,  that  the  names  of  places  whose  existence  is  doubtful  or 
more  than  doubtful,  are  found  on  maps  of  those  parts  of  the  world  which 
have  been  but  imperfectly  explored.  Yet  names,  however  insignificant  in 
themselves,  occurring  in  our  most  popular  school  atlases,  acquire  from  this 
very  circumstance  a  certain  importance  to  the  teacher  of  geography.  It 
has  accordingly  been  the  aim  of  the  authors  to  give  all  the  difficult  names 
found  in  our  common  school  atlases,  especially  on  the  maps  of  those  parts 
of  the  world  which  are  the  best  known,  and  of  those  which,  from  commer- 
cial or  other  relations,  are  most  interesting  to  us. 

The  names  of  places  in  the  United  States,  however,  form  a  partial  ex- 
ception to  this  general  plan,  not  that  it  is  less  important  to  give  the  difficult 
names  of  our  own  country,  but  (as  has  been  stated  in  the  Advertisement  to 
the  present  edition  of  this  work)  "  on  account  of  the  insuperable  difficulties 
inherent  in  the  task  itself."  In  giving  the  pronunciation  of  the  names  of 
foreign  places — there  being  ordinarily  but  one  known  among  the  inhabitants 
— the  only  points  of  difficulty,  generally  speaking,  are:  first,  to  ascertain 
the  true  sound;  and,  secondly,  to  express  it  in  a  manner  intelligible  to  the 
English  scholar.  With  regard,  however,  to  the  names  of  some  parts  of  our 
own  country,  it  seems  impossible  to  give  any  pronunciation  that  will  be 
generally  satisfactory,  from  the  fact  that  in  many  instances  there  is  no 
settled  pronunciation  even  among  the  inhabitants  themselves.  We  have 
repeatedly  known  gentlemen  of  intelligence  and  education  to  differ  entirely 
with  regard  to  the  proper  manner  of  pronouncing  names  with  which  they 
had  been  familiar  for  years.     It  appears  to  us  that  this  uncertainty  or 

(1) 


11  PREFACE. 

diversity  must  necessarily  prevail,  at  least  for  a  time,  when  the  name  is 
of  foreign  origin  (e.  g.  Terre  Haute),  and  the  inhabitants  are  of  different 
nations  or  from  different  sections  of  the  country.  When  this  is  the  case,  some 
•will  probably  conform  to  the  foreign  pronunciation,  while  others  will  adopt 
various  modes  of  anglicizing  it.  We  believe  that  the  determining  of  such 
questions  must  be  left  to  time ;  which  will  doubtless  gradually  bring  about 
the  same  uniformity  in  the  pronunciation  of  these  names  as  now  prevails 
with  respect  to  the  words  and  names  introduced  into  the  English  language 
at  the  Norman  conquest. 

It  is,  moreover,  proper  to  apprise  the  reader  that  a  multitude  of  names 
will  not  be  found  in  the  Supplement  as  they  are  given  in  some  of  our  most 
popular  school  atlases,  from  the  fact  that  they  are  misspelled  in  these  works. 
Mistakes  in  orthography  (owing  perhaps  to  the  greater  difficulty  of  making 
corrections  on  an  engraved  plate)  are  much  more  frequent  on  maps  than 
in  ordinary  printing.  That  the  Gazetteer  may  not  be  censured — as  it  has 
been  in  several  instances — for  omissions  attributable  to  the  mistakes  above 
alluded  to,  it  is  proposed  to  cite  a  few  examples  in  illustration  and  proof 
of  the  foregoing  statements.  That  there  may  be  no  appearance  of  reflection 
on  any  particular  publication,  the  examples  will  be  taken  promiscuously 
from  different  popular  atlases,  and  from  such  only  as  justly  rank  among  the 
best  works  of  the  kind  that  have  been  published. 


Incorrectly  written. 
Amas^ero 
Ajaccia 
Brasos 
Beila 
Borezina 
Brozza 
Cariola 
Carma 
Cheim  See 
Citschin 
Cristano 
Curngualy 
Dawalageri 
De  los  Palos 
Edinburg 
Eelah 
Gervin 
Grossen 
Kasil  Irmak 
Kermansheh 
Kosrnin 
Koksah 
Langenthal 
Lul>ec 
Luisna 
Mahrburg 
Marosz 
Melvklitz 
Mischkoks 
Mentore 
Monaca 


Correctly  written. 
Amasera  or  Amassera 
Ajaccio 
Brazos 
Biela 
Berezina 
Brazza 
Curzola 
Carmo 
Chi  em  See 
Gitschin 
Orislano 
Curuguaty 
Dhawalaghiri 
De  los  Patos 
Edinburgh 
Eelee  or  Hi 
Cervin 
Crossen 
Kizil  Irmak 
Kennanshah*  or  Kir- 
Kozmin        [manshah 
Koksak  or  Koksoak 
Langenthal 
Lubeck 

Ljusne  or  Liusne 
Marburg 

Maros  or  Marosch 
Medvieditza      [kolcz 
Mischkoltz*   or  Mis- 
Mentone 
Monaco 


Incorrectly  written. 

Correctly  written. 

Mourden 

Moukden  or  Mookden 

Mourzuk 

Mourzouk 

Muher 

Muhr  or  Mur 

Neembuco 

Neembucu 

Nivada 

Nevada 

Olensk 

Olenek 

Orosci 

Orosei 

Osium  Karahissar 

Afium  Karahissar 

Oualin 

Ouanlin  or  Ooanlin 

Oustug 

Oustioug  or  Oostioog 

Pambo 

Pambu 

Paracato 

Paracatu  or  Parazatu 

Pest 

Pesth 

Porto  Vecchia 

Porto  Vecchio 

Quibdo 

Quibo 

Sarayuca 

Sarayacu 

Sassara 

Sassari 

Selinga 

Selenga 

Shilkan 

Shilka 

Sinbirsk 

Simbirsk 

Sitcha 

Sitka                 [gootoi 

Suigutoi 

Surgutoi*    or    Soor- 

Sougari 

Soungari 

Temiscanning 

Temiscaming 

Tcharri 

Tchany 

Templeburg 

Tempelburg 

Tetzel 

Ietze 

Udina 

Udine 

Zazan 

Zaizan 

Znayn 

Znaym 

Weishorn 

Weisshorn 

*  These  are  given  first,  not  because  they  are  preferable  in  themselves,  but  because  they 
are  evidently  the  spellings  which  were  before  the  mind  of  the  engraver  when  the  mistakes 
were  originally  made.  Kirmanshah,  Miskolcz,  and  Soorgootoi  or  Soorgoot,  are  in  fact  prefer- 
able to  the  others. 


PREFACE.  ill 

This  list  might  be  greatly  extended,  especially  -with  names  from  th« 
maps  of  those  portions  of  the  world  of  which  comparatively  little  is  known, 
e.  g.  the  countries  of  Africa,  Asia,  and  Eastern  Europe. 

In  some  few  instances  mistakes  in  spelling,  which  in  the  first  place  have 
doubtless  originated  in  mere  inadvertence,  have,  by  being  copied  from  one 
map  to  another,  gradually  become  so  general,  that  they  seem  at  length  to 
have  bid  defiance  to  the  reproach  which  ordinarily  attaches  to  such  faults, 
or  to  have  become  legitimated  by  the  respectability  or  number  of  those  by 
which  they  are  adopted.  Behring's  (Strait)  is  a  remarkable  instance  of 
this  kind.  In  only  one  out  of  a  great  number  of  atlases  that  we  have  ex- 
amined, is  it  uniformly  spelled  correctly.  But  another,  in  which  the  name 
occurs  five  times,  has  it  misspelled  only  once.  It  is  very  often  given  differ- 
ently on  the  different  maps  of  the  same  atlas — generally  Bhering,  some- 
times Beering  or  Bering,  but  very  rarely  Behring,  which  is  the  correct  spelling. 
As  the  strait  alluded  to  derives  its  name  from  the  navigator  who  is  sup- 
posed to  have  visited  it  first,  it  is  evident  that  the  name  of  the  strait  should 
be  written  in  the  same  manner  as  that  of  the  navigator.  Another  instance 
of  a  similar  kind  is  furnished  in  Los  Angeles,  the  name  of  a  town  in 
California.  This  is  almost  invariably  written  incorrectly  Los  Angelos.  A3 
the  name  is  Spanish,  and  signifies  "the  Angels,"  there  is  no  difficulty  in 
determining  the  true  orthography,  which  is  as  we  have  first  given  it,  Los 
Angeles. 

It  is,  however,  important  to  distinguish  between  the  misspelling  of  geo- 
graphical names  and  that  legitimate  diversity  of  spelling,  which  naturally 
results  from  the  different  power  attributed  by  different  nations  to  the  same 
letters.     (See  Preface  to  the  Gazetteer,  page  xii.) 

It  may  be  proper  to  say  a  few  words  respecting  omissions  in  the  Sup- 
plement, which  are  not  referable  to  mistakes  in  orthography  merely.  A 
number  of  names  have  crept  into  some  of  our  most  respectable  school 
atlases,  for  which,  after  the  most  careful  research,  we  can  find  no  sufficient 
authority.  Choumalarie,  sometimes  given  as  the  highest  mountain  in  the 
world,  may  be  cited  as  an  example.  Balbi  (who  writes  the  name  Tchhamou- 
lari)  gives  it  among  the  mountains  of  Asia,  but  speaks  of  its  height  as 
undetermined;  at  the  same  time  vaguely  assigning  it  a  place  "on  the  limits 
of  Bootan."  Cannabich  gives  it  (written  Chamalari)  as  one  of  the  highest 
mountains  of  Asia,  without  indicating  its  position  more  definitely  than 
merely  naming  it  among  the  Himalayas.  Mount  Tchhamoulari  or  Chou- 
malarie is  not  to  be  found  on  Balbi's  map  of  India,  nor  on  the  maps  of  the 
Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  nor  in  the  excellent  and 
accurate  atlas  of  Gilbert,  recently  published  in  London.  This  work,  in  its 
list  of  mountains,  gives  Dhawalaghiri  as  the  highest  on  the  globe,  but  does 
not  so  much  as  name  Choumalarie.  It  is  a  curious  if  not  significant  circum- 
stance, that  those  atlases  which  give  Mount  Choumalarie,  assign  to  it  almost 
the  identical  position  that  is  given  to  Dhawalaghiri  on  Balbi's  map  of  India ; 
which  position,  according  to  the  best  authorities,  oannot  be  less  than  three 


IV  PREFACE. 

hundred  miles  from  the  nearest  part  of  Bootan !  The  various  and  contra- 
dictory spellings  of  the  name  in  question,  render  it  no  less  difficult  to  deter- 
mine its  pronunciation,  than  to  ascertain  the  precise  locality  to  which  it 
belongs,  if  indeed  such  a  locality  exist.  In  view  of  the  foregoing  facts,  wo 
have  thought  it  advisable  to  wait  for  further  information  before  attempting 
to  give  the  pronunciation  of  a  name,  which  at  present  seems  wholly  involved 
in  doubt  and  perplexity.  In  a  number  of  instances,  especially,  where  the 
pronunciation  could  not  easily  be  mistaken,  we  have  inserted  doubtful 
names,  with  a  point  of  interrogation  affixed. 

From  the  belief  that  it  will  materially  contribute  to  the  practical  utility 
of  our  system  of  geographical  orthoepy,  a  list  of  those  names  which  are 
most  frequently  mispronounced  is  appended  to  the  Supplement.  It  is 
obvious  that  such  a  list,  were  it  deemed  advisable,  might  readily  be  much 
extended  in  a  future  edition. 

Great  pains  have  been  taken  in  order  to  render  the  Supplement  a  com- 
plete key  to  the  various  spellings  of  oriental  and  other  names.  (For  a 
full  explanation  of  this  interesting  subject,  see  Preface  to  the  Gazetteer, 
pp.  xii.  and  xiii.,  and  pp.  28  and  29  of  the  Introduction;  also  the  Table 
of  different  spellings  at  the  end  of  the  Introduction.)  This  feature  of  our 
work,  which  is  peculiar  to  the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,  and  which  is  so 
important  to  every  intelligent  teacher,  inasmuch  as  it  affords  the  only 
means  of  extricating  an  extensive  department  of  geography  from  per- 
plexity and  confusion,  has  been  much  more  fully  developed  in  this  than  in 
the  former  editions  of  the  Gazetteer. 

Although  the  utmost  care  has  been  taken  to  render  the  present  edition 
of  our  work  as  faultless  as  possible,  we  are  not  so  sanguine  as  to  imagine 
that  it  will  be  found  to  be  without  defects.  In  a  publication  of  this  sort, 
where  there  are  so  many  minute  marks  made  use  of  in  order  to  indicate 
the  exact  pronunciation,*  it  is  impossible  but  that  some  inadvertencies  will 
occur,  not  to  mention  those  errors  which  may  in  some  cases  result  from 
a  deficiency  of  information.  For  such  unavoidable  defects  we  trust  that  the 
candid  and  enlightened  critic  will  make  due  allowance. 

*  It  may  not  be  improper  here  t©  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  great  advantage 
possessed  by  a  stereotype  work,  from  the  facilities  it  affords  for  attaining  absolute  accuracy. 
All  persons  who  have  any  acquaintance  with  the  subject  must  be  aware  of  the  difficulty 
or  rather  impossibility  of  printing  any  work  which  shall  at  first  be  entirely  free  from  typo- 
graphical errors.  This  difficulty  is  greatly  increased  in  a  book  like  the  present,  in  which 
many  signs  and  figures  are  employed  to  mark  the  pronunciation.  In  a  stereotype  work  the 
errors  may  be  corrected  in  the  plates,  as  they  are  discovered,  while  those  parts  which  are 
already  correct  remain  undisturbed.  In  this  way  any  conceivable  degree  of  accuracy  may  bo 
gradually  attained. 


SUPPLEMENT 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  SIGNS  OF  NOTATION  USED  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  WORK 

Fate,  far,  fall,  fat,  me,  me't,  no,  not ;  a,  6,  I,  o,  a,  long;  a.,  6, 1,  6, p,  short;  a,  e,  i,  y, 
obscure  ;  oo  as  in  moon,  66  as  in  good,  ou  as  in  our  (or  ow  as  in  now),  N  similar  to  ng,  gh  like 
g-  hard,  th  as  in  thin,  th  as  in  this,  w  indicates  a  sound  similar  to  our  v  ;  it  is  intended,  how- 
ever, that  the  English  scholar  shall  pronounce  it  like  simple  w. 

Ah  is  employed  to  denote  a  sound  intermediate  between  a  and  a,  but  more  resembling  th« 
latter,  e.  g.  al-a-bah'ma. 

When  h  (not  small  capital)  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  in  the  pronunciation  of  a  name, 
it  is  not  to  be  sounded. 

An  acute  accent  (')  is  used  to  denote  the  primary  or  principal  accent ;  a  grave  (x)  to  mark 
the  secondary  accent  of  a  name,  e.  g.  Pas"sa-ma-quod'dy. 

Ujf  For  further  particulars  see  pp.  50  and  51  of  the  Gazetteer — especially  Observations 
1  and  2,  on  p.  51. 


ADA 

Aa,  &&. 

Aachen,  aa'icen.    See  Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Aalborg,  ol'boRg. 

Aar,  atLR,  or  Aren,  a'ren. 

Aargau,  aait'gow  (Fr.  Argovie,  ar'goW). 

Aarhuus,  oR'hooce. 

Aath,  alt.     See  Ath. 

Abaco,  a'ba-ko,  i.  of  W.  Indies. 

Abakan,  a-ba-kan'. 

Abakansk,  a-ba-kansk\ 

Abancay,  a-ban-kl'. 

Abano,  a-ba'no. 

Abascia  or  Abassia,  ab-ash'e-a. 

Abbeville  (France),  abbVeel'  or  abbVill'. 

Abbeville  (S.  C),  ab'be-vil. 

Abbetibbie  or  Ab'be-tib'be,  I.  of  British  Amer. 

Abd-el-Curia,  ab-del-kooVe-a,  (written  also 

Kooree  or  Kouri,)  t.  of  Ind.  Ocean. 
Ab'er-broth'ock  or  Ar'broath. 
Ab-er-deen'. 

Abergavenny,  ab-er-ga'ne. 
Ab-er-ist'with  (th  as  in  thin) 
Abert,  a'bert,  I.  of  Oregon. 
Ab'ing-ton.        0 
Abo,S'bo  (Sw.  Abo,  5'boo). 
Abomey,  ab-o-ma'. 

Abookeer,  Aboukir,  or  Abukir,  a-boo-keer'. 
Abootizh,  Aboutige,  or  Aboutij,  a-boo-tizh' ; 

written,  also,  Abutisch  and  Abootish. 
Abrantes,  a-brau't&s. 
Abrolhos,  a-brole'yoce. 
Abruzzo  Citra,  &-broot'so  chee'tra. 
Abruzzo  Ultra,  a-broot'so  ool'tra. 
*Ab-se'cum  or  Absecorabe. 
Abukir.    See  Abookeer. 
Abutige  or  Abutisch.    Sec  Abootizh. 
Ab-ys-sin'i-a. 
Acapulco,  a-ka-pool'ko. 
Aoaray,  a-ka-ri',  mts.  of  Brazil. 
Ac'co-mack. 
Accra.     See  Acra. 
Acheen  or  Atch-een'. 

Achigan,  ashNe-gan'  or  a'she'gaN',  r.  of  Canada. 
Acini,  ak'il,  i.  of  Ireland. 
Achmim  or  Akhmym,  aK-meem'. 
Achrnouneyn.     See  Oshmooneyn. 
Acoircagua,  a-koii-ka'gwa,  prov.  of  Chili. 
Acqui  or  Aqui,  ii'que. 
Ac'ra  or  Ac'cra. 
Acre,  a'ker  or  a'ker. 
A-dair'. 

Adalia,  i-da'le-a,  or  Satalia,  sa-ta'lo-a. 
59 


A1S 

Adana.  a'da-na. 

Ad'da,  ad'da. 

Adel,  a-del'. 

Aden,  a'den  or  a'den. 

Adige,  ad'e-je  (It.  pron.  a'de-ji;  Ger.  Etsch 
etch). 

Adirbeitzan.    See  Azerbaijan. 

Ad-i-ron'dack. 

Adlerberg,  a'dler-beRG,  or  Arlberg,  aitrbeRG 

Adour,  ad'ooR'. 

Adowah,  a'do-wa,  or  Adova,  a'do-va. 

Adramiti,  a'dra-mee'te. 

Adria,  a'dre-a. 

Adrianople,  ad-re-an-o'pel. 

AdVi-a/ic. 

JEgean  (Sea)  e-jee'an. 

JEg'ma,  e-jl'na,  i.  of  Greece. 

-5Jroe,  a'ro  or  i'ro-eh. 

JEtna,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Et'na. 

Afghanistan,  af-ganvis-tan'. 

Afioom,  Afioum,  or  Afium,  a-fe-oom'. 

Afragola,  a-fra-go'la. 

Af'rl-ca. 

Agably  or  Aghably,  a'ga-blee',  t.  of  N.  Af- 
rica. 

Agadir,  a-ga-deer',  (called  also  Santa  Cruz,) 
t.  of  Morocco. 

Agdas,  agvdas',  or  Aghades,  a'ga-des,  t.  of 
Africa. 

Agde,  agd. 

Agen,  azhaV.  [This  is  an  exception  to  a 
general  rule :  the  regular  pronunciation 
would  be  a'zhaN',  almost  a-zhong.] 

Aghrim,  aug'rim  or  auH'rim,  t.  of  Ireland. 

Agnone,  an-yo'na. 

Agosta,  a-gos'ta. 

Agra,  a'gra. 

Agram,  a/gram,  t.  of  Austria. 

*Aguadilla,  a-gwa-Deel'ya. 

*Agua  Nueva,  a'gwa  nwa'va. 

*Aguas  Calientes,  a'gw&s  ka-le-Sn'tes. 

Aguayo,  a:gwI'o,  t.  of  Mexico. 

Agulhas,  a-gool'yas,  cape  forming  ths  S. 
point  of  Africa. 

Ahanta,  a- han't  a. 

Ahmedabad,  a'med-a-bad'. 

Ah'med-nug'ger. 

Ahwaz,  a\vaz',  t.  of  Persia. 

Aichstadt.     See  Eichst'adt. 

Ain,  &n. 

Aintab,  Tne-tab'. 

Aisue,  ane. 


ALL 


ANA 


Aix,  aks. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,aks-l&-shi!l>peir(Ger.  Aachen, 

Sl'iten). 
Ajaccio,  a-yat'cho,  or  Ajazzo,  a-yat'so. 
Ajan,  a-zhan'. 

Ajalon,  adj'a-lon,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Ajasaluk.     See  Ayasoolook. 
Akaba,  a'kil-ba,  t.  of  Arabia. 
Akerman,  a'ker-man\ 
Akhaf,  avKaf,  desert  of  Arabia. 
Akhissar,  ak'his-saR'. 
Akhmym    or    Achmim,   aic-meem',   written 

sometimes  Ekhmyra. 
Akshehr,  Akchehr,  or  Akscheher,  ak-shShV 

or  ak-sha'her. 
Aksoo,  Aksou,  or  Aksu,  ak  soo',  t.  of  Chin. 

Tartary. 
Alabama,  al-a-bah/ma. 
Alachua,  al-atch'u-a. 
Alagoas,  a-la-go'as,  U  of  Brazil. 
Alais,  a'la'. 
*Alamo,  a'la-mo. 
*Alamos,  a'la-moce.  0 
Aland,  u'land  (Sw.  Aland,  o'land). 
*Alaqua,  al'a-quaw. 
Alashehr  or  Alaschehr,  avla-sh£h'r'  or  a-la-  | 

sha'her. 
Alba,  ai'ba. 

Al  Baab,  &l-baab,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Albacete,  al-ba-tha'ta. 
Al'ba  Ju'li-a.     See  Karlsburg. 
Al-ba'ni-a  (Turk.  Arnaootleek  or  Arnaoutlik.  ! 

aR'na-oot'leek). 
Albano,  al-ba'no. 
Albans,  St.,  sent  aul'bunz. 
Albany,  aul'ben-e. 
Al'be-marle  (in  England). 
Al-be-marle'  (in  the  United  States). 
Albula,  al'boo-la,  r.  of  Switzerlattd. 
Albuquerque,  ai-boo-keit'ka. 
Alby  or  AIbi,  al'be,  (Fr.  pron.  arbe'). 
Alcala,  a-ka-la'. 

Alcala  de  Henares,  al-k§.-la'  da  Sn-a'r&s. 
Alcamo,  &l'ka-mo. 
Alcaniz,  aUkan-yeeth'. 
Alcatiiara,  al-kan'ta-ra. 
Alckmaer.     See  Alkmaar. 
Al-co'na. 
Alcoy,   al-ko'e. 

Aklabra,  al-da'bra,  i.  E.  of  Africa. 
Aldan,  al-dau',  r.  of  Siberia. 
Alden,  aul'den. 

Alderney,  aul'der-ne.  x 

Alem-Tejo  or  Alen-Tejo,  a-leng-ta'zho. 
Alencon,  a-len'son  (Fr.  pron.  u'lajTsoN'). 
Al-ep'po,  or  Haleb,  ha'leb. 
Aleria,  a-la-ree'a,  t.  of  Corsica. 
Alessandria,  al-Ss-san'dre-L 
Aleutian,  a-lu'she-an,  or  Aleutan,  a-lu'tan. 
Al-ex-an-dret'ta.    See  Scanderoon. 
Al-ex-an'dri-a. 
*Alford,  aul'furd. 
Algarve,  al-gaR'va,  or  Al-gar'bi-a. 
Algeziras,   alg-ez-ee'ras,  or  Algeciras    (Sp. 

pron.  of  both,  al-na-thee'ras). 
Algiers,  al-jeerz'. 
Al-go  a,  bay  in  S.  Africa. 
Albania,  al-a'ma. 

Alicante,  a-le-kan'ta,  or  Al-i-cant'. 
Alicata,  a-le-ka'ta. 
Alkmaar  or  Alckmaer,  alk-mar'. 
Allahabad,  ariiih-ha-bad\ 
Alle,  al'leh. 
Arie-gha'jiy. 


Al'ten. 

Allier,  arie-a'. 
Al'lo-a. 

Almaden,  al-ma-Den\ 
Almansa,  al-raan'sa. 
Almeida,  al-ma'e-da. 
Almeria,  al-ma-ree'a. 
Almirante,  al-me-ran'ta,  i.  E.  of  ifrtea 
Almunecar,  al-moo-na-kaR'. 
Alnwick  or  Alnewick,  an'nik. 
Al  Obeid.     See  Obeid. 
Al-pe'na. 
Alps,  alps. 
Alsace,  al'sass'. 
Als,  als,  or  Alsen,  al'sen. 
Alstahong,  als'ta-hong,  t .  of  Norway. 
Altai,  al-tl'. 

Altamaha,  aurta-ma-hau'. 
*Altamira,  al-ta-mee'ra. 
Altamura,  al-ta-moo'ra. 
Altena  or  Altona,  al'to-na. 
Al'ten-burg  (Ger.  pron.  al'ten-bfttiRG'). 
Al-tin  or  Altyn,  al-tin',  I.  of  Siberia. 
Alton,  aul'tun. 
Altorf,  al'toRf,  or  Altdorf. 
Altzey  or  Alzey,  alt'sl. 
AluSa  or  Alquta,  a-loo'ta,  r.  of  Wallachia 
*Alvarado,  al-va-ra'Do. 
Alvarez,  al'ya-rls,  t.  of  Cuba. 
Amager,  a'ma-gher. 
Amalfi,  a-mal'fe. 

Amapala,  a-ma-pa'la,  t.  &f  Honduras. 
Amarapoura.     See  Ummerapoora. 
Amasera  or  Amasrah,  a-mas'ra. 
Amasia  or  Amasieh,  a-ma'see'a. 
Amatique,  am-a-teek',  bay  of  Central  Amer. 
Amaxichi,  a-max'e-itee,  t.  on  Santa  Maura  1. 
Am'a-zon  (Sp.  Maranon,  ma-ran-yone' ;  call- 
ed, also,  Orellana,  o-rel-ya'na). 
Am-a-zo'm-a. 

Am'berg  (Ger.  pron.  am'beRG). 
Ambert,  aafbaiR'. 

Amboise,  aMbVaz'  (almost  aubVIze'}. 
Am- boy'. 
Am-boy'na. 

Ambriz,  am'briz,  or  am-breez',  r.  of  Guinea^ 
Am'bro,  cape  of  Madagascar. 
Am'brose,  St.,  i.  W.  of  Chili. 
Ameland,  a'mel-ant. 
Am-e'lt-a. 
Am-er'i-ca. 

Amersfort  or  Amersfoort,  a'mers-f5rt. 
Amga,  am'ga.  r.  of  Siberia. 
Amhara,  am-ha'ra. 
Amherst,  am'urst. 
Amherstburg,  am'urst-burg. 
Amiens,  am'e-enz  (Fr.  pron.  ivme-aN'). 
Amite,  am-eet'. 
Amlwch,  am'look. 
Araraer,  am'mer,  r.  of  Bavaria. 
Am-mon-o6'suek. 

Amoo  or  Amou,  a-moo'.     See  Oxus. 
A  moor  or  Amour,  a-moor'. 
Amorgo,  a-mor'go,  or  Amor'gos,  i.  of  Greet* 
*Amoskeag,  am'os-keg'. 
Amoy'  or  Emoui,  em-oo'e,  i.  on  E.  coast  of 

China. 
Amretsir,  am-ret-seer',  or  Um-rit-seer  . 
Am'ster-dam. 
Amu.     See  Amoo. 
Amur.     See  Amoor. 
An-ab'a-ra,  or  ii-na'ba-ra',  r.  of  Siberia. 
An-a-deer'  or  Anadir. 
•Anahuac.  an-a-wak'. 


APE 

A-rwHolt-a.    See  Natolia. 

Ancona,  an-co'na. 

Andalusia,   an-da-lu'she-a,    (Sp.   Andalucia, 

an-da-loo-thee'a). 
A>R-da-man'. 

Andelys,  Les,  laze-a-Nd'le'. 
Andeniach,  au'der-naK. 
Andes,  an'diz. 
Audorra,  an-dor'rl. 
An'do-ver. 

Andro,  an'dro,  or  An'dros,  i.  of  Greece. 
An'dros-cog'gin. 

Andujar  or  Anduxar,  an-doo'Har. 
Angara,  angvga-ra',  r.  of  Siberia. 

*  Angelica,  au-jel'e-ka. 

*  Angelina,  an-je-lee'na,  r.  of  Texas-. 
Angerrnanland,  ong'er-man-land. 

Angers,  an'jerz,    formerly  written  Angiers 

(Fr.  pron.  ajf'zha'). 
Anglesey  or  Anglesea,  ang'gl-se. 
An-go'Ja. 

An-go'ra  or  An-goo'ra  (Turk.  En-goor'). 
Angornoo   or  Angornou,  an-gor-noo',  t.  of 

Seodan. 
Angostura,  an-gos-too'ra. 
Angouleme,  aN'goo'larne'. 
Angra,  ang'gra. 
Anguilla,    aog-ghil'la     (Sp.     Anguila,     an- 

ghee'la). 
Angus,  ang'gus. 
Anhalt,  au'halt. 
Anholt,  an'holt. 
Aniba,  a-ne-ba',  r.  of  Brazil. 
Anjou,  jtn'joo,  (Fr.  pron.  ajTzhoo'). 
Anjouan.     See  Anzooan. 
Auklam,  an'klam. 
An-ko'ber. 

An'na-berg  (Ger.  pron,  an'na-bfiRG*). 
An-nap'o-lis. 
Ann  Ar-un'del. 

Anne,  St.,  (Brazil).    See  Santa  Anna. 
Annecy,  ann'ce'. 
An'no-bon\  (Port.  Auno-Bom,  an'no-boN',)  i. 

W.  of  Africa. 
An-no-nay'. 
Anspacb,  ans'paK. 
*An'son. 

Antalo,  an'taMo',  t.  of  Abyssinia. 
Antequera,  an-ta-ka'ra. 
Antibes,  S.N'teeb'. 
Anticosti,  an-te-kos'te. 
*Antietam,  an-tee'tum. 
Antigua,  an-tee'ga. 
Antilles,  an-teel  . 

Antioch,  an'te-ok  (Turk.  Antakia,  an-ta'keeva). 
Antioquia,  an-te-o-kee'a. 
An-tip'a-tris,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Antisaua,  an-te-sa'na. 
Antongil,  aN'tou'zheer,  or  Antongil's,  an-ton'- 

jilz,  bay  of  Madagascar. 
An'trim. 
Ant'werp  (Dutch  Antwerpen,  ant'werp-en,* 

Fr.  Anvers,  aMVaiR')- 
Anzin,  a>fza.N'. 
Anzooan  or  Anzuan,  an-zoo-an' ;  written, 

also,  Anjouan. 
Aosta,  8,-os'ta, 

Apache,  a-pa/cha,  (Indians)  in  the  S.  of  Cali- 
fornia. 
Apalachee,  ap-a-lah'che,  bay  of  Florida. 
Apalachicola.     See  Appalachicola. 
Apapura,  a-pa-poo'ra,  r.  of  S.  America. 
Ap'eu-nlnes. 


t  ARL 

Apiocacumish.  apVo-kak'um-ish,J  I.  of  La* 
brador. 

Ap-ol-lO'm-a,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Ap-pa-lach-'i-co'la. 

Appeiizell,  ap-pent-sell , 

Ap'pling. 

Ap-po-mat'tox. 

Apt,  apt. 

Apure,  a-poo'rd. 

Aqui,  a'que. 

Aquila,  a'que-la. 

*Aquin,  a'kaa'. 

Aquino,  a-quee'no. 

Arabia,  a-a'be-a. 

Aracan.     See  Arracan. 
j  Aracati,  a-ra-ka-teer,  t.  vf  Brazil.        " 
!  Arad,  a'rad,  t.  of  Palestine. 
!  Arad,  6r'6d\ 

j  Aragon,  aVra-gon  (Sp.  pron.  ar-ra-gonef) . 
I  Araguay,  ar-a-gvvl'. 
|  Aral,  ar'al. 
;  Aranjuez,  a-ran-HwefhT. 

Ar-an'sas,  t.  of  Texas. 

*Ar-ap'a-hoe. 

Ararat,  ir'a-rat. 

Aras,  ar'as,  or  Ar-ax'cs. 
|  Arauca,  a-rou'ka,  r.  of  New  Granada. 

Araucanians,  ar-au-ka'ne-ans. 

Arbe,  aR'ba. 

Ar-brOath.     See  Aberbrothock. 

Ar-ca'di-a  (Modern  Gr.  Arkadia,  aR-ka-dee'a) 
t.  of  Greece. 

Archangel,  ark-ane'jel  (Russ.  pron.  aRk-ang'- 
ghel). 

Archipelago,  ar-ke-pel'a-go,  a  name  given 
originally  to  the  sea  which  separates  Greece 
from  Asia  Minor,  but  now  often  applied  lo 
any  sea  interspersed  with  islands, 

Arcis,  aR'se',  t.  of  France. 

Areola,  aR-ko'la,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 

Ar'cot'. 

Ardeche,  aR'daish'. 

Ar'den  or  Ardennes,  aR'denn'. 

Ardencaple,  ar'den-kap'el,  inlet  of  Greenland. 

Ar'drah. 

Arechat  or  Arichat,  ar're-sh  t',  t.  on  I.  Ma- 
dame. 
Arecivo,  a-ra-see'vo,  t.  of  Porto  Rico. 
Arensburg,  a'rens-b§RG.    See  ArnsbeTg. 
Arequipa,  a-ra-kee'pa. 
Arezzo,  a-ret'so. 
Argentan,  aR'zhaiv'taN'. 
Argenteuil,  aRvzhaNtui/ 
Argentine  (ar'jen-tlne)  Republic  (Sp.  Repub- 
hca  Argentina,  ra-poob'le-ka  aR-HSn  tee'- 
na).    See  Plata,  La. 
Argentiere,  aR'zhaN'te-aiR'. 
Argoon,  Argoun,  or  Argun,  ar-goon'. 
Ar'gos,  t.  of  Greece. 
Argostoli,  aR-gos'to-le. 
Argun.    See  Argoon. 
Argyle  or  Argyll,  ar-ghyle'. 
Argyro  Castro,  aR'ghe-ro  kas'tro. 
Arica,  a-ree'ka. 
Ariege,  a're-aizhf. 
Ar-t-ma-th6'a,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Arinhos,  a-reeu'yoce,  r.  of  Brazil. 
*Arispe,  a-ris'pa. 

Ar-kan'sas,  formerly  pronounced,  and  gome- 
times  written,  Ar'kan-saw. 
Ar-kee'ko ;  written,  also,  Arkiko. 
Ark'l5w,  t.  of  Ireland. 

Arl'berg  (Ger.  pron.  aRl'blRG).  See  Adler- 
berg. 


ATH 


AZO 


Aries,  arlz  (Fr.  pron.  aRl). 

Armagh,  ar'ma'.  • 

Armagnac,  aR'man'yak . 

Ar-me'ni-a. 

Armentiere,  aR'mlbfte-aiR'. 

Arm'strong. 

Arn'hem ;  written,  also,  Arnheim,  arn'hlme. 

Ar'no. 

Ar'non,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Arns'berg  (Ger  .pron.  aRns'b^RG). 

Arnstadt,  aKn'st&tt. 

Aroan  or  Arouan,  a-roo-an',  almost  ar-w&n', 

t.  of  Central  Africa. 
Aroer,  ar'o-er,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Ar'ol-sen  or  a'rol-sen,  t.  of  Germany. 
Ar-oos'took. 
Arpino,  aR-pee'no. 
A  r'ra-can'  or  Aracan. 
Ar'ran. 

*Ar-rap'a-hoe.     See  Arapahoe. 
Ar'ras  (Fr.  pron.  arYass'). 
Ar'roe ;  more  correctly,  iEroe. 
Ar'ta  or  Nar'da. 
Artois,  aR'twa'. 

Arundel,  aVun-del  (in  England). 
Ar-un'del  (in  the  U.  S.) 
Asaph,  az'af. 
As'ben'j  t.  of  Africa. 
Ascension,  as-sen'shun. 
Aschaffenburg,   ash-affen-burg   (Ger.   pron. 

a-shaf'fen-booRG") . 
Aschersleben,  ash-ers-la'ben. 
Ascoli,  as'ko-le. 

Ash-an'tee,  sometimes  written  Achanti. 
Ash'dod  (Az-o'tus),  t.  of  Palestine. 
Ashe,  ash. 

Ash'er,  tribe  of  Israelites. 
Ash-ta-bu'la. 

Ash'ta-roth,  t.  of  Palestine 
Ash'ton. 

*Ashuelot,  ash'we-lot. 
Asia,  a'she-a  (often  improperly  pronounced 

a'zhe-a). 
As'ke-lon,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Asna.     See  Esne. 
Aspern,  as'pern,  t.  of  Austria. 
As'sam'. 
Assen,  as'sen. 

As-sin'i-boi'nv,  r.  of  British  America. 
Assisi,  as-see'se. 

Assouan  or  Assuan.     See  Asswan. 
Assumption,   as-sump'shun    (Sp.  Asuncion, 

a-soon-the-one'). 
Asswan,  Assouan,  or  Assuan,  as-swcLn'. 
Asterabad,  asvter-a-bad',  or  Astrabad,  as'tra- 

b&d'. 
Asti,  as'te. 
Astorga,  as-tor'ga. 
As-to'ri-a. 
As-tra-can'  or  Astrakhan  (Russ.  pron.  as-tra- 

xan') . 
Asturias,  Ss-too're-^s. 
Atacama,  a-ta-ka'ma. 
Atauai,  a-tou-I'.     See  Atooi. 
Atchafalaya,  atch-af-a-11'a. 
Atch-een'  or  Acheen. 
At-fe',  sometimes  written  Atfih. 
Ath  or  Aath,  aat. 
Ath-a-pes'c5w  or  Ath-a-bas'ca. 
Ath -boy'. 
Athens, 
Ath-lone'. 
Ath'os. 
Athy,  ath-I\ 


Atico,  a-teeTco,  t.  of  Peru. 

Atina,  a-tee'na. 

At-lan'tic. 

At'las. 

Atooi,  a-too-T',  more  properly  written  Atauai 

or  Tauai. 
Atri,  a'tre. 
At'ta-la. 
Atter,  at'ter  (Ger.  Atter-See,  at'ter-sa/)  I.  of 

Austria. 
Attigny,  af  teen'ye'. 
At'tock'  or  Attock  Benares,  at'tock'  bSn-i'- 

rez. 
ACtruck',  r.  of  Persia. 
Atuai.     See  Atooi. 
Aube,  5be. 
Au'burn. 

Aubusson,  ovbusvsc-N\ 
Auch,  Osh. 
Aude,  ode. 

Audenarde,  o'den-aRd'.    See  Oudenarde. 
Auerbach,  ou'er-bax. 
Augsburg  (Ger.  pron.  ouGs'booRG). 
Augela  or  Aujila,  au'je-la,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Au-gus'ta  or  Agosta. 
Augustine  (St.),  au-gus-teen'. 
Aurich,  ow'riK,  r.  of  Germany. 
Aurillac,  O'reePyak',  t.  of  France. 
Aurungabad,  o-rung-ga-bad'. 
Aus'ter-litz  (Ger.  pron.  ous'ter-lits). 
Aus'tral  (Is),  a  group^  of  Polynesia. 
Australasia,  aus-tral-a'she-a. 
Australia,  aus-tra'le-a. 
Aus'tral-ind,  t.  of  Australia. 
Aus'tri-a  (Ger.  Destreich,  ost'rlxe). 
Au-tau'ga. 
Autun,  oNtuN'. 

Auvergne,  o-vern'  or  o'vaiKn'. 
*Aux  Cayes,  o  kay. 
Auxerre,  O-saiR'. 

Auxonne,  Ox'onn',  or  Aussonne,  Bs'sonn'. 
Ava,  a'va. 

Avatchka.     See  Awatska. 
Avallon,,  aVaPlc-N'. 
Aveiro,  a-va'e-ro. 
Avella,  a-vel'la. 
Avellino,  a-vfil-lee'no. 
Avenches,  aVaNsh'. 
Averno,  a-veVno. 
Aversa,  a^veR'sa. 
Avesnes,  a  Vain'. 
Aveyron,  avvcPr6isr'. 
Avezzano.  a-vSt-sa'no. 
Avignon,  aVeen'yON'. 
Avila,  a've-la. 
Avlona,  av-lo'ni. 
Avon,  a'von. 
Avoyelles,  av-oi-elz'  (commonly  called  a-yf 

el). 
Avranches,  avvraNsh'. 
A-wats'ka  or  A-vatch'ka. 
Awe,  au. 

Axoom,  Axoum,  or  Axum,  ax-oom'. 
Ayacucho,  T-a-koo'cho,  t.  of  Peru. 
Ayamonte,  I-a-mon'ta. 
Ayasoolook,    I'a-soo-look' ;     written,    also, 

Ayasalouk  and  Ajasaluk. 
Aylesbury,  ailz'ber-e. 
Ayr,  air. 

Ayrshire,  air'shir. 
Azerbaijan,  az-er-bT-jan'. 
Az'of,  Azoph,  or  Azov. 

Azores,    az'ors  or  az-O'rez   (Port    Acores, 
.     a-so'r§s). 


BAM 

B. 

Baalbec ,  baal'bek'      See  Balbec. 
Ba'bel-man'del,  or,  more  correctly,  Bab-el- 

man'deb. 
Bacchiglione,  bak-keel-yo'na. 
Ba-dag'ry. 
Badajos,   bad-a-hoce'   (Sp.   Badajoz,   ba-Da 

116th'). 
Badakhshan.     See  Budukhshan. 
Badenweiler,  ba-den-wl'ler. 
Badku,  bad-koo',  or  Bakoo. 
Baeza  or  Baeca,  ba-a'tha. 
Baffa,  baffa. 
Baffin's  (Bay). 
Bagdad,  bag-dad'  or  bag'dad ;  written,  also, 

Bagdat. 
Baghermeh,  ba-gher'meh,  kingdom  of  Africa. 
Bagnarea,  ban-ya-ra-'a,  t.  of  Italy. 
Bagneres  de  Bigorre,  Mn'yaiR'  deh  be'gorr'. 
Bagneres  de  Luchon,  ban'yaiR'  deh  lu'sh6N'. 

ignols,  baify°l'- 


Bahs 


ba-hi'i 


Bahar,  ba-har'. 

Bahari,  ba'H'ree,  prov.  of  Egypt. 

Bahia,  ba-ee'a,  or  San  Salvador,  san  sal-va- 

dor'. 
Bahrein,  bah-rane'. 
Bahr-el-Abiad,  bar-el-a'be-ad",  branch  of  the 

R.  Nile. 
Bahr-el-Azrek,  bar-el-az'rekv,  branch  of  the 

Nile. 
Bahr-el-Merj.    See  El  Margi. 
Baikal,  bi'kaP. 

Baireuth,  bT'rQth  (Ger.  pron.  bi'roit). 
Bairout.     See  Beyroot. 
Baja,  bi'ya. 

Bajada  or  Baxada,  ba-na'da,  t.  of  La  Plata. 
Bajazid      See  Bayazid. 

Bakoo  or  Bakou,ba"koo';  written,  also,  Badkn. 
Bakteghian  or  Bakhteghian,  baK.-te-ghe-an', 

or  Bak-te-<ran',  I.  of  Persia. 
Bal'a-ghauts  . 
Balaruc,  baiaYuk'. 
Bal'a-sore'. 
Balaton ;   more  correctly,  Balatony,  baa'la- 

ton.    See  Platten  See. 
Bal'bec  or  Bal'bek'. 
Balcash.    See  Balkash. 
Baldwin,  bauld'win. 
Bale,  bal.     See  Basel. 
Balearic,  bal-e-ar'ik  (Islands). 
Bal-fur-osh'  or    Bal-froosh';    written,   also, 

Balfrouch  and  Balfrusch. 
Bali.     See  Bally. 
Balize,  ba-leez'. 
Balkan,  bal-kan'. 

Balkash.  balcash',  I.  of  Central  Asia. 
Balkh,  balKj  written,  also,  Bulkh. 
Bal'lard. 

Bal'le-ny's,  i.  in  S.  Pacific  Ocean. 
Ballina,  bal'e-na'. 
Ballinasloe,  baPlm-a-slo'. 
Ballston,  bauls'tou. 
Ballston  Spa,  bauls'ton  spa  or  spaw. 
Bal'ly. 

Bal'ly-shan'non. 
Baltic,  baul'tic. 

Baltimore,  baul'te-more  or  bault'e-inor. 
Baltingglass,  bault-ing-glass'.. 
Bam-a-koo',  t.  of  W.  Africa. 
Bain-bar'ra. 

Bam'berg  (Ger.  pron.  bam'befl  5). 
£9* 


BAT 

Barn-book';    written,   also,    Bambouk   and 

Bambuk. 
Bamian,  ba'mee'an',  or  Bamigan,  city  of  Af 

ghanistan. 
Bammakoo.     See  Bamakoo. 
Bamoo,  ba'moo',  written  also  Bhamo  and 

Bhanmo,  b'ban'mo',  t.  of  Birma. 
Banca,  bank'ka. 
Ban'da. 

Ban'don,  t.  of  Ireland. 
Banff,  pronounced,  and  sometimes  written, 

Bamff. 
Banffshire,  bamf ' shir. 
Bangalore,  bang'ga-lore'. 
Bangkok'. 

Bangor,  bang'gher  (in  England). 
Ban'gor  (in  the  U.  S.). 
Banica,  ba-nee'ka,  t.  ofHayti. 
Banjarmassin,  ban-yar-mas-sin'  or  Ban-jer» 

mas-sing',  t.  of  Borneo. 
Bann,  ban. 
*Ban'nacks  (Indians). 
Ban'nock-burn'. 
Ban'tam'. 
Ban'try. 

Bapaume,  ba'pome'. 
*Bar-a-co'a. 

Barbados  or  Barbadoes,  bar-ba'dox. 
Bar-le-duc,  baR'leh-duk'. 
Barbary,  bar'ber-e. 
Barbour,  bar'ber. 
Barbuda,  bar-boo'da. 
Bar'ca,  prov.  of  Africa. 
Bar-cel'los,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Bar-ce-lo'na  or  bar-tha-lo'na. 
Barege,  ba'raizh'.    See  Barregc. 
Bareilly,  bar-a'le. 
Bari,  bS,'re. 

Barinas,  ba-ree'nas.    See  Varinaa. 
Barletta,  baa-let'ta. 
Bar'men,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Barnaul,  baR-nowl'. 
*Bar-ne-gat'. 
Barnsley,  barnz'le. 
Barn'sta-ble. 
Barn'sta-ple. 
Barn'well. 
Baroach,  ba-rOtch'. 
Bar-o'da. 

Bar'ra,  or  bar'ra,  t.  of  Brazil. 
*Bar're  (in  two  syllables). 
Barrege  or  Barege,  bar'raizh'. 
Bar'ren. 
Barrima  or  Barima,  ba-ree'raa,  point  near  tht 

mouth  of  the  R.  Orinoco. 
Bar'rSw. 
Bar'ry. 

Bartsch,  baRtch,  r.  of  Prussia. 
Basel,  b3/zel  (Fr.  Bale  or  Basle,  bal). 
Basman,  bas-man',  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Basque,  bask,  name  given  to  the  jnovinces  in 

the  N.  E.  of  Spain . 
Basrah,  bas'ra.     See  Bassoru. 
Bassano,  bas-sa'no. 
Bas'sas.  cape  of  Africa. 
Basse-terre,  baW-taiR'. 
Bassora,  bas'so-ra,  or  Bas'rah, 
Bastia,  bas-tee'a. 
Bastogne,  bas'ton',  t.  of  Belgium. 
*Bas'trop,  co.  and  t.  of  Texas. 
Batavia,  ba-ta've-a. 
Bath'urst,  i.  ofN.  America. 
Batiscan,  ba-tis-kuN',  r.  of  Canada. 


BEN 


6 


BIE 


Baton  Rouge,  bat'un  roozh. 

Batroon,  Batroun,  or  Batrun,  ba-troon',  t.  of 

Syria. 
Battaglia  or  La  Battaglia,  A  bat-tal'ya. 
Bautzen,  bout'sen. 
Ba-va/ri-a  (Ger.  Baiern,  bl'ern). 
Bayao,   ba-ya'6jy,   almost  ba-yowng',  t.   of 

Brazil. 
Bayazid  or  Bayazeed,  bl-a-zeed'. 
Bayeux,  b&yun'. 

Bayla,  Beila  or  Bela,ba'la,  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Buyonne,  ba^yonn'. 
Bayou,  bi'oo. 

Bazarjik,  bil-zar-jeek',  t.  of  Bulgaria. 
Bazas,  ba'za'  t.  of  France. 
Beam,  baYiR  . 
*Beaucoup,  bO-koop'.    - 
Beaufort,  bu'furt. 
Beaujeu,  bo\juh',  t.  of  France. 
Beauley,  bole. 
Beaumaris,  bo-ma'ris. 
Beaune,  bone. 
Beauvais,  boVa'. 
Beccles,  bek'klz. 
Bedfordshire,  bedYurd-shir. 
Bedouinor  Beduin,  bed'6o-in,  or  Bed'o-ween. 
Bee'ehey,  cape  of  British  America. 
Bee'der  ;  written,  also,  Bider. 
Beel,  bale,  t.  of  Transylvania. 
Bee-roo',  a  kingdom  or  region  of  Africa. 
Be-er'she-ba,  t.  of  Palestine.   * 
Befort,  baYoR.     See  Belfort. 
Begharmi.     See  Baghermeh. 
Behring's,  bee'ringz  (Strait). 
Beila.    See  Biela. 
Beira,  ba'e-ra.     See  Beyra. 
Beiroot  or  Beirout.     See  Beyroot. 
Beith,  beeth. 
Beja,  ba'zha. 

Be'ja-poor',  formerly  written  Visiapour. 
Bel-ed'-el-Jer-eed' ;   written,  also,  Beled-el- 

Jerid,    Belad-el-Djeryd,   Beled-el-Jerede, 

and  Biled-ul-Gerid. 
Belem,  bel-eng',  t.  of  Portugal  and  Brazil. 
Bel-fast'. 

Belfort,  belYoR',  or  Befort,  baYoR'. 
Belgium,  bel'je-um. 
Belgrade'  (Turk.  Bil-grad'). 
Belknap,  bel'nap. 
*Bellefontaine,  bel-fon-tane'. 
*Bellefonte,  bel-font'. 
Belle  Isle  or  Bellisle,bel-Tle',  strait  of  British 

America. 
*Bellemonte,  bel-mont'. 
Belmonte,  bel-mon'ta,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Beloochistan,  bel-oo'chis-tan'. 
*Belvidere,  belVe-deer'. 
Be-loor',  mts.  of  Tartary. 
Belovar,  bel-o-vaR',  t.  of  Croatia. 
Bembaroughe,  bem-ba-rooH  or  bem-ba-roog'- 

eh,  r.  of  S.  Africa. 
Bembatook.     See  Bombetok. 
Benares,  ben-a'rez. 
Ben-coo'len,  t.  of  Sumatra. 
Ben'der,  t.  of  Russia. 
Benevente,  b(;n-a-ven'ta,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Ben-e-ven'to. 
Bengal,  ben-gaul'. 

Bengazi  or  Benghasy,  ben-ga'zee,  t.  of  Tri- 
poli. 
Benguela,  ben-ga'la. 
Ben i,  bi-nee',  r.  of  Bolivia. 
Benisooef  or  JJenisouef,    beife-swef,    1    of 

Egypt. 


Benin,  ben-een'. 

Benjarmassin.    See  Banjarmassin. 

Ben'ning-ton. 

Benowm  or  Benaum,  ben-owm',  t.»f  Africa 

Ben-sa'lem. 

Bensheim,  bens'hTme. 

Bentheim,  bent'hTme. 

Bentivoglio,  ben-te-vole'yo. 

Bentschen,  bentch'en,  t.  of  Prussia. 

Berar,  ba-rar'. 

Berat,  ber-at'. 

Ber'be-ra,  prov.  of  Africa. 

Berbice,  ber-beece',  r.  of  Guiana. 

Beresina  or  Berezina,  ber-ez-ee'na. 

Ber-ez-ofT  ;  written,  also,  Berezow. 

Bergamo,  beR'ga-mo. 

Bergen,  beR'ghen  (in  Europe). 

*Berg'en  (in  the  U.  S.)  [Bergen,  in  Western 
New  York,  is  almost  universally  pro- 
nounced ber'jen.] 

Ber-goo'  or  Bergou,  prov.  of  Africa. 

Bergopzoom,  beRG'op-zome'. 

Bergues,  beng. 

Berkley,  berk'le. 

Berkshire,  berk'shir. 

Ber'lin  (Ger.  pron.  b^R-leen'). 

Bermudas,  ber-moo'daz,  or  Ber-moo'thes. 

Bern  or  Berne  (Fr.  and  Ger.  pron.  beim). 

Ber'nard,  St.  (Fr.  pron.  sa*N  beVnaR'). 

Bernardino,  b^R-naR-dee'no,  or  Bernardin, 
ber-nar-deen',  mt.  of  California. 

*Bernardotte,  ber'nar-dot'. 

Bern'burg  or  beRn'booRG,  t.  of  Germany. 

Ber'ri-en. 

Bertie,  ber-tee'. 

Berut.    See  Beyroot. 

Berwick,  beVrik  (in  England). 

Ber'wick  (in  the  U.  S.). 

Berwickshire,  beVrik-shir. 

Ber'ytus.     See  Beyroot. 

Besniujon,  bez-aNvs6N'. 

Bes-sa-ra'bi-a  or  Bes-a-ra'be-a. 

*Beth-ab'a-ra. 

Beth'a-ny,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Beth  Da'gon,      " 

Beth'el,  " 

Beth'Je-hem,       " 

Beth-sai'da,        « 

Beth-she'an,       ** 

Betlis.     See  Bitlis. 

Bevedero,  ba-vi-da'ro,  I.  of  La  Plata. 

Bev'el-and  (Dutch  pron.  ba'vel-ant). 

Bev'er-en. 

Beverley,  bev'er-le. 

Beverly,  bev'er-le. 

Bewdley,  bude'le. 

Beyra  or  Beira,  ba'e-ra. 

*Bexar,  ba-nar',  or  ba-ar'. 

Beyroot,  Berut,  Beirut,  or  Bairout,  ik'tooi 
(Turk.  pron.  bl'root). 
!  Beziers,  ba%ze-a',  t.  of  France. 
!  Bhamo  or  Bhanmo.     See  Bamoo. 
!  Bhafgong'. 

|  Bhering.     See  Behring. 
i  Bhoo-tan'.    See  Bootan. 
j  Bho-pal.     See  Bopaul. 
!  Bliurt'poor'  or  Bhurt-pore'. 

Biafra,  be-af'ra,  country  of  W.  Africa. 

Bialystok,  be-al'is-tok. 

Bid'de-ford  or  Bid'e-ford. 
I  Bider.     See  Beeder. 

Biel,  beel  (in  Fr    3ienne,  be-enn'),  t.  and  I 
\      of  Switzerland 


BON 


BRA 


Biela,  be-ala  (incorrectly  written  Beila),  r. 

of  Russia. 
Bielefeld,  bee'leh-felt\ 
Bieque,  be-a'ka,  i.  of  W.  Indies. 
Bilbao,    bil-ba'o;    often    written    and    pro- 
nounced, in  English,  Bil'bo-a. 
Biled-ul-Gerid,  bil-ed'-ool-jer-eed'.    See  Be- 

led-el-Jereed. 
*Bil-ler'ic-a. 
Bills'ton. 

Bil'ma,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
*Biloxi,  be-lox'e,  bay  of  Mississippi. 
Bingazi.    See  Bengazi. 
Bing'en. 

*Bingliam,  bing'um. 
Bingnamton,  bing'um-tun. 
Bio-bio,  bee'o-bee'o. 
Biorneborg  or  Bjorneborg,  be-or'neh-borg, 

t.  of  Finland. 
Birket-el-Keroon,  or  Keroun,  bgSr'ket-el- 

ker-oon',  or  Birket-el-Koom. 
Birket-el-Marioot,  or  Mariout,  ma're-oot',  I. 

of  Egypt. 
Birlat,  beeRW,  t.  of  Moldavia. 
Bjr'ma  or  Burma. 
Birmingham,  bjr'ming-um. 
Birr,  or  Parsonstown. 
Bis'cay  (Sp.  Biscaya,  bis-ka'ya). 
*Bist:neau,  bis"te-no'. 
Bit  lis,  bi  flees',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Black'ford. 
Bla'den. 

Blanc,  Mount  (Fr.  Mont  Blanc,  mix  blaw). 
Blan'co. 

Blank'en-burg  (Ger.  pron.  blank'en-boftRG*). 
Blanquilla,  blang-keel'ya,  i.  of  W.  Indies. 
Bias,  St.,  sent  blass,  cape  of  Florida. 
Bias,  St.  (Mexico).     See  San  Bias. 
Bled'soe. 

Blei'berg  (Ger.  pron.  bl!'b§RG). 
Blenheim,  bien'im  (Ger.  pron.  blen'hlme). 
Blois,  bloi,  or,  more  correctly,  blwa. 
Boa  Vista,  bo'a  vees'ta,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Bo'ber. 

Bocage,  boTcazh'. 
Bochna,  boic'na,  t.  of  Austria. 
Boeuf.  bef  (Fr.  pron.  almost  btif ). 
Boden-See,  bo'den-sa'.   See  Constance,  Lake. 
Bod'min. 

Bo'drog',  r.  of  Hungary. 
Boduayn,  bo-doo-ine',  t.  of  Birma. 
Bog,  sometimes  written  Boug,  boog. 
Boglio,  bole'yo. 
Bo'gli-poor'. 

Bogota,  bo-go-ta',  or  Santa  Fe  de  Bogota. 
Bo-he'ml-a    (Ger.    Bohmen,    or    Boehmen, 

bo'men). 
Boisee,  boi'sa',  r.  and  fort  of  Oregon. 
Bv;;*-le-Duc,  bwa-leh-dQk'. 
Boj-a-dOr'  (Port.  pron.  bozh-a-doRe'). 
Bokhara,  bo-xa'ra,  or  Bucharia,  bu-ka're-a. 
BoPbec'. 

Bo'lee  ;  written,  also,  Boli. 
Bo-liv'i-a  (Sp.  pron.  bo-lee've-a). 
Bologna,  bo-lone'ya. 
Bolsena,  bol-sa'na. 
Bol'tQn-le-Moors. 
Bolzano,  bol-za'no.     See  Botzen. 
Born-bay'. 

Bom'be-tok',  bay  of  Madagascar. 
Bo'na,  t.  of  Algeria. 
*Bo-nair'  (Sp.  Buen  Ayre,  bwen  I'ra). 
Bo'na-ven-tu'ra.     See  Buena  Ventura. 
*Bo'na  Vis'ta  or  Bo'a  Vis'ta. 


Bo-ness'. 

Bonifacio,  bo-ne-fa'cho. 

Bonin,  bo-neen',  is.  E.  of  Asia. 

Bonn,  bSnn. 

Boom,  borne. 

Boone,  boon. 

Booraits  or  Bouretes,  booYaits',  a  people  of 

Siberia. 
Boorgas,  Bourgas,  or  Burgas,  boor'gas',  t.  o} 

Turkey. 
Boo-roon'  or  Bouroun,  cape  E.  of  Bulgaria. 
Boorsa.    See  Bursa. 
Boos'sa  or  Boussa,  t.  of  Africa. 
Bootan,  boo-tan',  or  Bhootan. 
Booth/i-a,  gulf  of  N.  America. 
Bo-paul ;  written,  also,  Bhopal. 
Borba,  bor'ba,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Borcette,  boR^sett'.     See  Burscheid. 
Bordeaux,  boR-do',  or  Bourdeaux,  booR'do7. 
Bo'ree',  t.  of  Afghanistan. 
Borgne,  born. 
Borne-o. 
Born'holm. 

Bor'noo';  written,  also,  Bornou. 
Borodino,  bor-o-dee'no. 
*Bos'ca-wen. 
Bosh-u-an'as  or  Bet-chu-an'as,   tribe  of  S. 

Africa. 
Bosna-Serai,  bos'na-ser-I',  called,  also,  Sera- 

jevo. 
Bos'm-a  (called  Bos'na  by  the  TurksV 
Bos'po-rus,  commonly,  but  incorrectly,  writ- 
ten Bosphorus. 
Bos'rah  or  Bozrah.     See  Bassora. 
Bostan,  bos'tan',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Bosvteng',  I.  of  Central  Asia. 
Bos'ton. 
Bot'a-ny  Bay. 
Botetourt,  bot'e-turt. 
Both'ni-a. 

Bot'zen  (It.  Bolzano,  bol-za'no). 
Bouches  du  Rhone,  boosh  du  rone,  orMouthi 

of  the  Rhone. 
Boulogne,  boo-lone'  (Fr.  pron.  boo'lon'). 
Bourbon,  boor'bun  (Fr.  pron.  bouRxboN') 
Bourbon,  (Ky.),  bur'bun. 
Bourbon  Lancy,  booR'boi?'  laN"se'. 
Bourbon  L'Archambault,  booRxb6N'  laR'shaM  - 

b5'. 
Bourbon  Vendee,  booR'bon'  vau'da'. 
Bourdeaux,  booR'dO',  now  commonly  written 

Bordeaux. 
Bourbonnes-les-Bains,  booR'bonn-la-baN' 
Bourg,  booR. 
Bourgas.     See  Boorgas. 
Bourges,  booRzh. 

Bourgogne,  booRKgon'.    See  Burgundy. 
Bouroun.    See  Booroon. 
Boursa  or  Boorsa.    See  Bursa. 
Boussa,  boo'sa.    See  Boossa. 
Bowdoin,  bo'den  (College). 
*Bow;e,  boo'e. 
Boyne,  boin,  r.  of  Ireland. 
Bozzolo,  bqt'so-lo,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 
Brabant,  bra'bant. 
Brack'en. 
Brad'ford. 
Bradley,  brad'Ie. 
Braga,  bra'ga. 
Braliilov  or  Brahilow,  bra'hee'lov',  or  Brai 

low,  bra-ee-lov';  called,  also,  Ibrail,  ee-bri- 

eel',  t.  of  Wallachia. 
Brah'ma.  See  Birma. 
Brah'ma-poot'ra  or  Burrampooter. 


BRY 


8 


CAC 


Branco,  brang'ko,  r.  of  W.  Brazil. 

Bran'den-burg  (Ger.  pron.  bran'den-boSRG'). 

Bran'dy-vvine.      \ 

Bras  d'or,  bra  doR,  bay  of  Cape  Breton. 

Brauiau,  brow'now,  t.  of  Austria. 

Braunsberg,  browns'beRG 

Brava,  bra'va,  one  of  the  C.  Verde  Is. 

Brava,  bra'va,  t.  of  E-  Africa. 

Brax'ton. 

Braz-il'  (Port  pron.  bra-zeel'). 

Brazos,  brah'zos. 

*Braz-o'ri-a. 

Brazza,  brat'sa. 

Breathitt,  breth'it. 

Brechin,  breit'in. 

Breck'en-ridge. 

Breek'nock  or  Brec'on. 

Breda,  bra-da'. 

Bregentz  or  Bregenz,  bra'ghents,  t.  of  Tyrol. 

Breisach,  bri'zaic  (Fr.  Brisach,  bre'zak'). 

Brellington.     See  Bridlington. 

Brem'en  or  bra'men  (in  Europe). 

♦Bre'rrien  (in  the  U.  S.). 

Breneau,  bren-o',  r.  of  Oregon. 

Bren'ta. 

Brescia,  bresh'e-a  or  bresh'a. 

Breslau,  bres'lau  or  bres'lou ;  sometimes 
written  Breslaw. 

Brest  (Fr.  pron.  the  same  as  the  English). 

Bretagne,  breh-tan',  or  Brit'ta-ny. 

Breton  (Cape),  brit'un. 

Briaucon,  breBN'sON'. 

Bridge'north. 

Bridgeport. 

Bridgetown. 

Bridge'wa-ter. 

Bridlington  and  Brellington,  commonly  pro- 
nounced Bur'ling-ton. 

Brid'pOrt. 

Brieg,  breeG. 

Briel,  breel. 

Brienz,  bree-ents,'7.  of  Switzerland. 

Brieux  or  Brieuc,  bre'uh'. 

Brighthelmstone,  commonly  written  Brigh- 
ton, bri'tou. 

Brindisi,  brin'de-se. 

Brioude,  bre'ood'. 

Brisach,  bre'zak'.     See  Breisach. 

Bris'tol. 

Britain,  brit'tn  or  brit'un. 

Brit'ta-ny  (Fr.  Bretagne,  breh-tan'). 

Brix'en,  t.  of  Austria. 

Brixham,  brix'um. 

Brock'cn. 

Brod,  brode,  t.  of  Sclavonia. 

Bro'dy.  v 

Broek,  br66k. 

Brom'berg  (Ger.  pron.  brom'beRG). 

Brom'ley,  brum'le. 

Bron'do-lo. 

*Brook'lTne. 

Brook'lyn. 

Broome;,  broom. 

Brough,  bruf. 

Bruohsal,  brook'sal. 

Bruck,  brook,  t  of  Germany. 

Bruges,  bru'jez  (Kr.  pron.  bruzh). 

Brunn,  broon  or  brun. 

Bruns'wick  (Ger.  Braunschiveig,  brown'- 
shwlG). 

Bru'sa,     See  Bursa. 

Brus'sels  (Fr.  Bruxelles,  brtTsell'). 

Bry'an. 

Brzesc  or  Brzesc  Litewski,  bzhests  ie-tev'sKe. 


Brzezany,  bzha-zha'ne,  t.  of  Gallieia. 
Buchanan,  buk-an'un. 
Buchana,  bu-ka're-a,     See  Bokhara. 
Buchorest,  bu'ko-rest",  or  Bucharest. 
Buck'e-burg      (Ger.     Buckeburg,    buk'k?h 

boOKG'),  cap.  of  Lippe  Schauenburg. 
Buckingham,  buk'ing-um. 
Buckinghamshire,  buk'ing-um-shjr. 
Bu'da  (Hun.  pron  boo'doh' ;  Ger.  O'fen). 
Budukhshan,    bud-mc-shan' ;    written,  also, 

Badakhshan. 
Budweis,  bood'wlce. 
Buen  Ayre,  bwen  T'ra.     See  Bonair. 
Buenaventura,  bwa-na-ven-'.oo'ra. 
Buena  Vista,  bwa'na  vis'ta. 
Buenos  Ayres,  bo'nus  a'riz  (Sp.  pron.  bwa'« 

noce  I'res). 
Buf'fa-lo. 
Bug,  boog. 

Builth,  bilth,  t.  of  Wales. 
Bukke  Fiord,  book'keh  fe-ord',  bay  on  the  S. 

W.  coast  of  Norway. 
Bulgaria,  b661-ga're-a. 
Bulach,  boo'laK,  U  of  Switzerland. 
Bttlkh.    See  Balkh. 
Buncombe,  bunk'um. 
Bun'der  Ab-as'see  (or  Abassi).     See  Gom« 

broon. 
Bun'poor',  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Buntzlau,  b66nts'lou. 
Burd'wan. 
Bureau,  bu'ro. 
Burg  (Ger.  pron.  bo6RG). 
Burgas.     See  Boorgas. 
Burgdorf,  booRG'doRf,  t.  of  Switzerland. 
Burgos,  booR'goce. 

Bur*gun-dy  (Fr.  Bourgogne,  booR'gon'). 
Bur'ham-poor',  t.  of  Hindostan. 
Burke,  burk. 
Bur'lmg-ton. 
Burma.     See  Birma. 
Burnley,  burn'le. 

BurYam-poo'ter.     See  Brahmapootra. 
Bursa,  boor's!  or  Bru'sa. 
Burscheid,  booR'shlte  (Fr.   Borcette,  boa 

sett'). 
Burs'lem. 
Bury,  ber're. 

Busaco,  boo-sa'ko,  t.  of  Portugal. 
Bushire,  boo-sheer'.     See  Abooshehr. 
Bussorah.    See  Bassora. 
But'ier. 

Butow,  boo'tov,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Bu-trin'to  or  boo-trin'to,  t.  of  Greece 
But'ter-mere. 
Bux'ton. 
Buz'zard's  Bay. 

By'am  Mar'tin,  i.  N.  of  British  America. 
Byzantium,  biz-an'she-uin. 

c. 

Ca-bar'ras. 

Cab'ell. 

Cabenda,  ka-ben'da,  t.  ofW.  Afri-a. 

Cabes,  kab'es  or  kabs ;  written,  also,  Gabei 

and  Gabs,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Cab-ool';  written,  also,  Caboul,  Cabul,  and 

Caubal. 
Cabrera,  ka-bra'ra,  one  of  the  Balearic  Tsles. 
Cabulistan,  ka-boo]'is-tan'.     See  Afghanistan 
Caceres,  ka'tha-res. 
Cacliao,'katcira'o.     See  Ketcho. 
Cachias,  ka-shee'as.     See  Caxias. 


CAN 

Cachoeira,  ka-sho-a'e-ra.    See  Caxoeira. 

Cad'do. 

Cadiz,  ka'diz  (Sp.  pron.  ka'Dhh). 

Caen,  kax. 

Caerrnarthen,  ker-mar'THen. 

Caernarvon,  ker-nar'von 

Caesarea  Philippi,  ses'a-ree'a  fil-ip'pi,  now- 
called  Banias,  baif-e-aV  or  Paneas,  t.  of 
Palestine  [CcDsarea,  the  ancient  name  of 
several  towns  in  Western  Asia,  is  usually 
modernized  by  Kaisarieh,  Kaisariyeh,  or 
Kesarieh.     See  Kaisarieh.] 

Caffraria,  kaf-fra're-a. 

Cagliari.,  kai'ya-re. 

Ca-haw'ba. 

Cahir  or  Caher,  kah'her  or  kare. 

*Ca-ro'kt-a. 

*Cahoos  or  Cahoes,  ka-hoze'.     See  Cohoes. 

Cahors,  ka'oR'. 

Caicos.     See  Caycos. 

*Caidareta,  kl-da-ri'ta. 

Cairo  (in  Egypt),  kl'ro.  called,  by  the  Arabs, 
El  Kahira,  el  kah'he-ra. 

♦Cairo  (in  the  U.  S.),  ka'ro. 

Caith'ness. 

Calabria,  ka-la'bre-a  or  ka-la'bre-a. 

Calahorra,  kil-la-oR'ra. 

Calais,  kal'is  (Fr.  pron.  ka*la'). 

Calatayud,  ka-la-tix-yooD'. 

Cal  bongos,  kal-bong'gc-s,  a  people  of  W.  Af- 
rica. 

Calcasieu,  kal'ka-shu  or  kul'ka-shu. 

Cal-cut'ta. 

Caldas  da  Rainha,  kal'das  da  ra-een'ya. 

Calder,  kaul'der. 

Caldwell,  kauld'wel. 

Cal-e-do'ni-a. 

Calhoun,  kai-hoon', 

Cal'I-cut. 

CaI-1-for'm-a. 

Callao,  kal-la'o,  or  kal-ya'O. 

*Cal-la-poo'ya. 

Cal  la-way. 

Cal  lies,  kal-lees',  t.  of  Prussia. 

Cal'mar  or  Kalmar. 

Calne,  kan. 

Caltagirone,  kal-ta-je-ro'na. 

Caltanisetla,  kal-ta-ne-set'ta. 

Cal'u-met. 

Calvados,  karva'dos'  or  kal-va'dos. 

Calvary,  kal'va-re,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

Cal'vert. 

Calvi,  kal've,  t.  of  Corsica. 

Camargo,  ka-maV/go,  t.  of  Mexico. 

Camanche,  ka-man'cha.     See  Comanche. 

Cam-ar-o'ngs,  bay  {and  river  ?)  of  Patagonia. 

Cam-bay'. 

Cam-bo'dl-a,  Cam-bo'dja,  or  Cam-boge'. 

Cam'bray  or  Cambrai  (Fr.  pron.  kan'bra'). 

Cam'bri-a. 

Cambridge,  kame'brij. 

Cambridgeshire,  kame'brij-shir. 

Cam'den. 

Cam-er-o'n£s  or  Cam-er-oons',  mts.  of  Africa. 

Caminhn,  ka-meen'yix,  t.  of  Portugal. 

Campagna,  kam-pan'ya.. 

Campbell,  kam'el. 

Campbell  town,  kam'el-town. 

Campeachy  or  Campcche,  kam-pee'che  (Mex. 
pron.  kam-pa'cha). 

Cam'po  Basso,  kam'po  bas'so. 

Ca'na.  t.  of  Palestine. 

Can'a-da. 

Canaguan,  kan'a-gwan',  t.  of  W.  Indies. 


9  CaR 

Canajoharie,  kan'a-JobaVre. 

Canandaigua,  kan-an-da'gua. 

Cananea,  ka-na-na'a,  i.  of  Brazil. 

Can-a-uore'. 

Can'a-ra. 

Canaries,  ka-na/reez  (Sp.  Canarias,  ka-nl'* 
re-as). 

Ca-na'ry,  Grand  (Sp.  Gran  Canaria,  gr&n 
ka-ua/re-a). 

*Can-a-sau'ga. 

*Can-a-sto'ta. 

Can-av'e-ral,  cape  of  Florida. 

Cancao.     See  Kankao. 

Can-da-har'  or  Kandahar. 

Can'di-a  or  Crete. 

Can-e'a. 

Can'i-ap'us-caw'1,  I.  of  Labrador. 

Cannaveral.     See  Canaveral. 

Cannes,  kunn. 

*Can-is-te'o. 

*Cannouchee,  kan-noo'che. 

*Can-o'ga. 

*Ca-non'i-cut. 

Can'ons-burg. 

Camo  or  Canseau,  kan'so,  strait  of  Nov* 
Scotia. 

Cantal,  kajTtal'. 

Canterbury,  kan'ter-ber-e. 

Can-tire',  Cantyre,  or  Kintyre. 

Can-ton'  (in  China). 

Canton  (in  the  U.  S.) 

Cantyre.     See  Cantire. 

Cape  Breton,  kape  brit'tn,  or  brit'un. 

Cape  Girardeau,  je-rar-do'. 

Cape  Haitien,  ha'te-en  (Fr.  Cape  Haltien, 
kap  aVte-aN'). 

Cape  Pal'mas. 

Cape  Verd  Islands  (Port.  Ilhas  Verdas,  eel' 
yas  v&R'dds). 

Cape  Vin'cent. 

Ca-per'na-um,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Capitanata,  ka-pe-ta-na'ta,  prov.  of  Naples. 

Capo  d'Istria,  ka'po  dis'tre-a,  t.  of  Austrian 
Italy. 

Capri,  ka'pre. 

Capsali.     See  Kapseli. 

Cap'u-a  (It.  pron.  ka'poo-a). 

Caqueta,  ka-ka'ta. 

Car-ac'as  or  Caraccas  (Sp.  pron.  ka-raTcas). 

Caraman,  kaVa-man'. 

Caramania,  kar-a-ma'ne-a.  [It  may  be  pro- 
per to  remind  the  reader  that  this  is  not  a 
Turkish,  but  a  Latin  name  ;  the  antepenul- 
timate a  should,  therefore,  be  sounded  as  in 
Bavaria.  See  the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer, 
Introduction,  section  xi.,  p.  26.] 

Caravellas,  ka-ra-vel'ias,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Car'bon. 

Carbonara,  kar-bo-na'ra,  cape  of  Sardinia. 

Carcassonne,  kaRvkus'sonn'. 

Cardenas,  kaR'de'n-as,  t.  of  Cuba. 

Cardiff  or  Caerdiff,  kar'di'ff. 

Car'di-gan. 

Cardiganshire,  kar'de-gun-shir. 

CHr-ib-be'an  Sea. 

Car'ib-bee  Islands. 

Caribou,  karVe-boo',  I.  of  Maine. 

Ca-rin'thi-a  (Ger.  Karnthen,  kaiRn'ten). 

Carlisle,  kar-ITle'. 

Carlos,  St.     See  San  Carlos. 

Car'IOw. 

Carlowitz  or  Karlowitz,  kar'lo-vits. 

Carls'bad  or  Karlsbad  (Ger.  pron.  kaRls'bat) 

Carlscrona,  karls-kroo'na.  or  Carlscroon. 


CAU 


10 


CHA 


Carlsruhe  or  Karlsruhe,  kaRls'roo. 

Carlstadt  ,">r  Karlstadt,  kaRl'stattjf.  of  Croatia. 

Car'mel,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

Car'men,  i.  of  Mexico. 

Car'mo,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Car-nat'ic. 

Car-ni-o'la  (Ger  Krain,  krTne). 

Carolina,  kar-o-ll'na. 

Caroni,  ka-ro-nee',  r.  of  Venezuela. 

Carpathian,  kar-pa'the-an. 

Car'pa-thus,  i.  of  Greece. 

Car-pen-ta'ri-a. 

Carpentras,  kaR'pax'trass'. 

Carrara,  kar-ra/rii. 

Carriacou,  karYe-a-koo',  i.  of  W.  Indies. 

Carrik  on  Suir,  kar'rik  on  shure'. 

Car'riek-fer'gus. 

Car'roll. 

Car'ron,  t.  of  Scotland. 

Cartagena,  'kar-ta-je'na  (Sp.  pron.  kaR-ta- 
Ha'r.a). 

*Cartago,  kaR-ta'go,  t.  of  Central  America. 

Car'ter. 

Car'ter-et. 

Carvoeiro,  caR-vo-a'e-ro,  cape  of  Portugal. 

Casale,  ka-sa'la, 

Casal  Maggiore,  ka-sal'  mad-joYi. 

Cas'bin  or  Kazbin  (Pers.  pron.  kaz-been', 
whence  the  name  is  sometimes  written 
Casbeen). 

Caserta  or  Caserta  Nuova,  ka-seVtll  noo-o'va. 

Casey,  k&'ze. 

Cashan  or  Kashan.  ka'shan',  7.  of  Persia. 

Cash'el. 

Cash-gar'.     See  Kashgar. 

Cashmere  or  Kaslimire,  kash-meer'. 

Cash'na.     See  Kashna. 

Casiquiare,  ka-se-ke-ii'ra,  r.  of  Venezuela. 

Cas'pl-an. 

Cas'sel. 

Caste)  lo  Branco,  kas-tel'lo  brank'o,  t.  of  Por- 
tugal. 

Castelnaudary,  kas'telYio'daYe'. 

Castel  Vetrano,  kas-tel'  va-tra'no. 

Castiglione,  kas-teel-yo'n(L 

Castile,  kas-teel'  (Sp.  Castilla,  kas-teel'ya). 

Castine,  kas-teen'. 

Castlebar,  kas-sel-bar'. 

Castleton,  kas'sel-tun. 

Castres,  kastr. 

Castro,  kas'tro,  t.  of  Chili. 

Castro  Giovanni,  kas'tro  jo-van'ne. 

Cas-ween'.     See  Casbin. 

Cas'well. 

Catabamba,  ka-ta-bam'ba. 

Catahoula  or  Cat-a-hoo'la. 

Cai-a-lo'hi-a  jSp.  Cataluna,  ka-ta-loon'ya). 

Catamarca,  ka-ta-muR'ka,  t.  of  La  Plata. 

Catania,  ki-ta'ne-a. 

Catanzaro,  ka-tan-zS/ro. 

Ca-taw'ba. 

CHtharina,St.     See  Santa  Catharina. 

CivV,ay,  kath-i'.    See  China. 

Catmnnfloo,  Katmandou,  or  Khatmandu,  kat- 
man'doo. 

Catoche,  ka-to'eha,  cape  of  Yucatan. 

*Catoroe,  ka-toR'si. 

Cats'kill. 

Cat-tu-rau'gns. 

Cattaro,  kat-ta'ro,  gulf  of  the  Adriatic. 

Cat'te-gaf  or  Kattegat". 

Caubul,  kou-bool'.    See  Cabool. 

Cauca,  kovv'ka,  r.  of  New  Granada. 

Cau'ca-sus. 


Caune,  k5ne,  t  of  France. 

Cava,  ka'va. 

Cav'an. 

Cavery  or  Cauvery,  kau'ver-e. 

Cax-a-tnar'ca  (Sp.  pron.  kah-na-maRTcl). 

Caxatambo,  kaii-ha-tam'bo,  t.  of  Peru. 

*Caxias  or  Caehias,  ka-shee'as. 

Caxoeira  or  Cachoeira,  ka-sho-a'e  r&. 

Caycos,  kl'koce,  is.  of  W.  Indies. 

Cayenne,  kT-enn'. 

Cayes,  ka.     See  Aux  Cayes. 

Cayman,  kT-man',  /.  of  Mexico. 

Cayuga,  ka-yoo'ga. 

*Cayuse,  kah-yuce'. 

Caz-em'be,  country  of  S.  Africa. 

Caz-en-o'vi-a. 

Ceara.     See  Ciara. 

Cebu,  se-boo'.    See  Zebu. 

Cecil,  sis'sil. 

Ce'dron.     See  Kidron. 

Cefalu,  cbef4-loo\ 

Celano,  cha-la'no,  I.  of  Italy. 

Celebes,  sel'e-biz. 

Celle  or  Zelle,  tsel'leh. 

Cenis,  s&'iieece',  mt.' of  Switzerland. 

Ceph-a-lo'm-a  (It.  pron.  cheT-a-lon'e-a,  mo- 

dern  Greek,  kef-a-lo-nee'a). 
Ce-ram'  (Port.  pron.  ser-roung'),  also  written 

Serang. 
Cerigo,  cher'e-go. 
Cervera,  s§R-va'rtL 
Cervin,  seVvajf',  mt.  of  Switzerland. 
Cervione.  seR-ve-o'na,  t.  of  Corsica. 
Cesena,  cha-sa'na. 

Ceu'ta  (Sp.  pron.  the'oo-ta),  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Cevennes,  sa'venn'. 

Cev'er-o  Vos'totchYioi',  cape  of  Siberia. 
Ceylon,  see'lpn  or  sil-one'. 
*Chagres,  cba'gre*s. 

Chalagskoi,  shaPag'skoi',  cape  of  Siberia. 
Cbaleur,  shal-oor',  bay  of  New  Brunswick 
Chalons-sur-Marne,  sha'loN'  sur  maRn. 
Chalons-sur-Saone,  sha'loN'  sur  sOne. 
Chambers,  chame'berz. 
Cham'bers-burg. 
Chambery,  shaai'baYe'. 
Chamil.     See  Khamil. 
Chamouny,  sha'moo-ne\ 
Champagne,  shaia'pan'. 
Champaign,  sham-pane'. 
Champlain,  sham-plain'. 
Chandeleur,  shan-de-loor'. 
Chang-hai.    See  Shang-Hai. 
Changmai  or   Tchangmai,   changYnT',  t. 

Chin- India. 
Chantiily,  shaN'teePye'  or  shan'teYe'. 
*Chapala,  cha-pa'ia. 

Chapel  Hill.  [the  city  of  Mexico. 

Chapultepec,  chl-poor-ta-pek,'/or'«resj  near 
Charasm.     See  Kharasm. 
*Charcas,  chnR'kas. 
Charente,  shaYa\t'. 

Charente  Inrrieur,  shaYarrt'  aNvf&  re-MR'. 
Chariton,  char'e-tpn. 
Charkow,  kaR-kof.     See  Kharkof. 
Charles'ton. 
Charles'town. 
Charleville,  shaRPvill'. 
Charlevoix,  shar'le-voi'. 
Charlotte,  shar'lot. 
Charlottesville,  shar'lots-vil. 
Chartres,  shaRtr. 

Cha-tau'que,  sha-tau'que,  or  Chautauqu*. 
Chateauguay,  shatNo-gay'. 


CHI  11 

Chateaudun,  sha'to-duN'. 

Chateau-Gonlhier,  sha*to-gONvte-a'. 

Ch&teauroux,  sha*tOYoo'. 

Chat-el-Arab.     See  Shat-el-Arab. 

Chalellerault,  sha'telTro'. 

Chatham,  ehat'um. 

Chat-ta-hoo'chee. 

Chat-ioo'ga. 

Chaudiere,  shOxde-aiR  . 

Chaiimont  -(France),  shO'moN'. 

Chauinom  (N.  Y.),  sho'mo'. 

Chautuuque      See  Chatauque. 

*Chazy,  ehazW. 

Chebucto,  she-buk'to,  bay  of  Nova  Scotia  on 
which  Halifax  stands. 

Chedabucto.  shed'a-buk'to,  lay  in  N.  E.  part 
of  Nova  Scotia. 

Chelekhof.     See  Shelekof. 

*Chelmsford,  chemz'furd. 

Chelsea,  chel'se. 

Cheltenham,  chelt'num. 

Chemnitz,  Kem'nits. 

Chemung,  she-mung'. 

Chenango,  she-nang'go. 

Che-uaub',  r.  of  Hindostan. 

Chepstow,  chep'sto. 

Cher,  shaRe. 

Che-raw',  t.  of  N.  Carolina. 

Clierburg,  sher'burg  or  shaKo'booR. 

Cher\>-kee'. 

Cherso,  ker'so. 

Cherson.     See  Kherson. 

Chertsey,  ches'sy,  t.  of  England. 

Ches'a-peake. 

Clieshire,  chesh'ir. 

Chester. 

Ches'ter-field. 

Che-sun'cook. 

Chetimaehes,  chet-tim-atch'iz  or  shefmash'. 

Cheviot,  chiv'e-ut. 

*Cheyenne,  sbe-enn'.     See  Chienne. 

*Chia"pa.  che-a'pa 

Chiari,  ke-a're. 

Chiavari,  ke-5/va-re. 

Chicago,  she-kan'go. 

Chichester,  chitch'es-ter. 

Chick-a-pee'. 

*Chick-a-hom'i-ny. 

Chickeeles.     See  Cliilts. 

Chick'a-saw. 

Chicot,  shee'ko. 

Chieni  See,  iceem  si. 

*  Chienne  or  Cheyenne,  she-em/. 

Chieti,  ke-a'te. 

Chignecto,  shig-nec'to,  bay  of  New  Bruns- 
wick. 

Chihuahua,  che-wa'wa,. 

*Chikailis.     See  Chills. 

Chili,  chil'le  (Sp.  Chile,  chee'Ia.) 

Chil-li-coth'e. 

Chiloe,  cheel-o-a'  (almost  ehil-way'). 

*Chills  (ch  as  in  child)  or  Chikailis  (Chick- 
elis),  clie-ka'iis. 

Chimborazo,  chim-bo-ra'zo  (Sp.  pron.  cheem- 
bo-ra'tho). 

China. 

Chinaub.     See  Chenaub. 

Chin  In'dl-a. 

Chinchilla,  chin-cheel'ya. 

Chinyang,  shiifyang'.     See  Mookden. 

Cliioggia,  ke-od'ju.,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 

Chippenham,  chip'nuni. 

Chippewa   chip'pe-wa. 

Chip'pe-way. 


COA 


Chiquitos,  che-kee'toce. 

Chissoumaton,  shis-soo-ma-tos'  or  slnYsoo- 
ma-t>ng',  r.  of  British  America. 

Chiswick,  ehiz'ik,  t.  of  England. 

Chit'ten-den. 

Choco,  cho'ko,  bay  of  New  Granada. 

Choc'taw. 

Choczim,  Kot'sim,  t.  of  Russia. 

Cholula,  cho-loo'la. 

Chonos,  cho'noce  (Archipelago),  W.  of  Pata- 
gonia. 

Chorley,  chor'Ie. 

Choubar,  choo'bar',  t.  of  Belooehistan. 

Chowan,  ch5-wan'. 

Chris-ti-an'a. 

Christiania,  kris-te-a'ne-a. 

Christiansand,  kris'te-an-sand\ 

Christianstadt,  kris'te-an-stat  (Sw.  Christian- 
stad,  kris'te-an-stadv). 

Chrudim,  Kroo'dim. 

Chudleigh,  chud'le,  cape  of  N.  America. 

Chum'bul. 

Chuquisaca,  choo-ke-sa'ka. 

Chur,  Koor.     See  Coire. 

Church'ill,  r.  of  British  America. 

Ciara,  se-a'ra ;  written,  also,  Ceara  and  Se- 
ara,  t  of  Brazil. 

Cienfuegos,  se-euYwa'goce. 

Cilly,  sil'le  (Ger.  pron.  tsil'le),  t.  of  Styria. 

Cimarron,  se-mar-rone',  r.  of  Indian  Terri- 
tory. 

Cimbebasj  sim-ba'bas,  a  people  said  to  dwell 
in  the  western  or  interior  part  of  S.  Africa. 
Little  or  nothing  certain  is  known  respecting 
them. 

*CinaIoa,  sin-a-!o'a. 

Cincinnati,  sin-sin-ah'te.  [Often  improperly 
pronounced  as  if  written  Cincinnatah  or 
Cincinnatuh. 

Cinque  Ports,  sink  ports. 

Cin'lra  or  seen'tra. 

Cjr-cars'. 

Circassia,  ser-kash'e-a. 

Cirencester,  commonly  pronounced  sis'e-ter. 

Cittadella,  chit-ta-del'la. 

Ciudad  Real  (Spain),  the-oo-DaD'  ra-al'. 

*Ciudad  Real  (Mexico),  se-oo-dad'  ra-al'. 

Ciudad  Rodrigo,  the-oo-DaD'  roD-ree'go. 

Civita  Vecchia,  chee've-ta  vek'ke-a. 

Clack-man'nan. 

Clagenfurth  or  Klagenfurth,  kla'ghen-f66rt . 

Claiborne,  cla'burn. 

*Clal'ams. 

Clamecy,  clam'se'. 

Clara,  kla'ra,  r.  of  Sweden. 

Clausthal  or  Klausthal,  klous'taal. 

Clay'ton. 

Clear'field. 

Cler-mont'. 

Clermont  Ferrand,  kleVmc-N'  feYr3.N'. 

Cleveland  or  Cleaveland,  kleev'iand. 
I  Cleves,  kleevz    (Ger.  Kleve,    klaveh,   Fr. 

Cleves,  klave). 
!  Clicsa,  kleek'sa,  t.  of  Peru. 
';   Clifton. 

Cliii'lon. 

Clitheroe,  kliTH'er-5. 
i  Clogher,  kl6h'Hf>r. 

!  Cloghnakilty,  klStf na-kil'te,  or  Clon'a-kil'ty 
!  Clon-mell'. 

j  Clos'ter-bay',  cape  of  Iceland. 
j  Clydeg'dale.     See  Lanarkshire. 
|  Co'-a-ho'ma. 

*Coahuila.     See  Cohahuila. 
U 


CON 


12 


COU 


Coango,  ko-ang'go,  r.  of  Africa. 

Co-au'za,  r.  of  W.  Africa. 

Cob'be,  cap.  of  Darfoor. 

Cobee  or  Cobi,  ko'bee',  desert  of  Central  Asia. 

CoDija,  ko-bee'Ha,  t.  of  Bolivia. 

Cob'lentz  (Ger.  Coblenz,  ko'blents;  Fr.  Cob- 

lence,  ko'blance'). 
Cobu,  ko-boo',  r.  of  S.  America. 
Co'burg  (Ger.  pron.  ko'booRG). 
Cochabamba,  ko-cha-bam'ba. 
Cochin,  co-cheen'. 
Co'chin  Chi'na 
Codogno,  ko-don  yo. 
*Co-do'rus. 
Coesliti.     See  Coslin. 
Coetivi,  ko-et-ee've,  is.  in  Indian  Ocean. 
Cceur  d'Alene,  koor  daMain',  I.  of  Oregon. 
Coevorden,  koo'vor-den,  I.  of  Holland. 
*Coeynians,  quee'manz. 
Cognac,  kone-yak'. 
Cohahuila  or  Coahuila,  ko-a-wee'la. 
*Co-has'set. 

*Cohoes  or  Cahoos,  ko-hoze'. 
Co-im-ba-toor'  or  Co-im-ba-tore'. 
Co-im'bra  or  ko-eem'bra. 
Coire,  kwaR  (Ger.  Chur,  kooR). 
Col'berg  (Ger.  pron.  kol'beKG). 
Col'ches-ter. 
Col'ding,  t.  of  Denmark. 
*Co-le-rain'. 
*Colima,  ko-lee'ma. 
Col'Ie-ton. 
Col-lump'ton. 
Colne,  kOhi. 
Cologne,  ko-lone'   (Fr.   pron.  kovlon' ;  Ger. 

Koln). 
Colombia,  ko-Iom'be-a. 
Co-lom'bo  or  Co-lum'bo. 
Col'on-sa  or  Col'on-say\ 
Colorado,  kol-o-rah'do. 
*Co-los'se. 

Coluguape,  ko-loo-gwa'pa,  I.  of  Patagonia. 
Co-lum'bl-a. 
Co-lum-bi-an'a. 
Co-lum'bo.     See  Colombo. 
Columbretes,  kol-um-bra't&s,  group  of  is.  E. 

of  Spain. 
i3o-lum'bus. 
*Co-mac'. 
*Co-man'che  or  Ca-man'che  (Sp.  pron.  ko- 

mau'cha). 
Comayagua,  ko-ml-a'gwa. 
Com'ber-mere,  /.  of  England. 
Comines,  ko'meen',  t.  of  Belgium. 
Co'mo. 
Com'o-rin. 
Co'morn  or  Komorn. 
Com'o-ro. 

Compiegne,  koN'pc-ain'. 
C^m-po-stel'la  (Sp.  Compostela,  kom-po-sta'- 

Concan,  kong'kun. 

Conception,   kpn-sep'sbun   (Sp.  Concepcion, 

kon-thep-1he-on'). 
•Conchas,  kon'chas,  r.  of  Mexico. 
Conchas,  kon'shus,  r.  of  Brazil. 
Concord,  kong'kurd. 
Con-cor'di-a. 
Coude,  kon'de  or  koxda'. 
*Conecooheague,  kon'e-ko-cheeg'. 
Conecuh,  ko-nee'ka. 
*Conemaugh,  kon  e-maw. 
*Con-es-u/ga. 
*Co-ne'su». 


Congaree,  kongvga-ree'. 

Congleton,  kong'gl-tun. 

Congo,  cong'go,  or  Zaire,  za-eer'. 

Connaught,  kon'naut. 

*Con-ne-aut'. 

Connecticut,  kon-net'e-kut. 

Con'stance  (Ger.  Constanz,  kon'stants). 

Constantina,  kon-stan-tee'ni,  t.  of  IS.  Africa. 

Con-stan-ti-no'ple  (Turk.  Stam-bool'). 

Con'way  or  Conwy,  kon'we. 

Cooch  Ba-haR'. 

Coo-mas'sie. 

Coos  (often  called  Co-os' by  the  inhabitants). 

Coo'sa. 

*  Co-pake'. 
*Copano,  ko-pah'no. 

Co-pen-ha'gen  (Dan.  Kjobenhavn,  kyo'ben- 

houn'). 
Co-pi'ah. 
Co-pi-a-po'. 

Co-pim'es-caw",  I.  of  Labrador. 
•Coquet,  kok'et. 
Coquimbo,  ko-keem'bo. 
Corbach,  koR'baic,  t.  of  Germany. 
*Corbeau,  kor-bo'. 
Corcyra,  kor-sl'ra.    See  Corfu. 
Cor-dil'le-ras  (Sp.  pron.  koR-deel-ya'ras). 
Cor'do-va  or  Cordoba. 
Co-re'a. 
Corfu,  kor-foo'orkor'fu  (modern  Greek  pron 

kor-fee'). 
Cor'inth. 
Corn'wall. 

Co'ro,  t.  of  Venezuela. 
CorYj-man'del. 
Coronation,  korVna'shun,  gulf  of  N.  Amtr. 

*  Corpus  Christi,  kor'pus  kris'te. 
Correze,  korYaze'. 

Cor'rib. 

Cor-ri-en'tes,  t.  of  La  Plata. 

Cor'si-ca  (Fr.  Corst). 

Cor'so,  cape  of  Corsica. 

Corte,  koR'ti. 

Cort'land. 

Cortona,  koR-to'na. 

Co-run'na  (Sp.  Cor  una,  ko-roon'ya). 

Cor'vo. 

*Cor'yd-on. 

Cos,  k6s,  i.  of  Greece. 

*Co«ala,  ko-sa'la. 

Cosenza,  ko-sen'za. 

Cosh-oc'ton. 

Coslin,  Coeslin,  or  Koslin,  k6s-leen'. 

Cosiguina,  ko-se-ghee'na,  volcano  of  Central 

America. 
Cosne,  kone. 
Cos'sacks. 
Cosseir,  kos-sare'. 
Costarica,  kos'ta-ree'ka. 
Cosmoledo,  kos-mo-la'do,  cluster  of  islets  E. 

of  Africa. 
Cotagayta,  ko-ta-ghi'ta,  t.  of  Bolivia. 
Cote  d'Or,  kot  doR. 
Cotes  du  Nord,  kot  do  noR. 
Coihen  or  Coethen,  ko'ten  or  ko'ten,  t.  of 

Germany. 
Cotignola,  ko-teen-yol'a,  t.  of  Italy. 
Cotoj)axi,  ko-to-pax'e  (Sp.  pron.  ko-to-pah 

He). 
Cottbus  or  Kottbus,  kott'boos. 
Courland.  koor'land.    See  Koorland. 
*Couitabieau,  koor'ta-blO'. 
Courtray  or  Courtrai,  kooR'tra'  (Flem.  Ko* 

tryk,  kort'rlke). 


CZA 


13 


DEL 


Coutanee,  koo'tajjce'. 
Coventry,  kuv'en-tre. 
Covington,  kuv'ing-tun. 
Cowes,  kowz. 
Covv-e'ta. 
*C-  w~e-;it5k'. 

Cracow,  kra'ko  (Polish  Krakow,  kra'koof). 
Crato,  kra'to,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Cra'ven. 
Cruw'fgrd. 

Crecy,  kres'se  (Fr.  pron.  kra'ce'),  often  writ- 
ten Cressy  by  the  English,  t.  of  France. 
Crefeld,  kra'feit. 
Crema,  kra'ma. 

Cremnitz,  krem'nits.     See  Kremnitz. 
Cre-mo'na  (It.  pron.  kra-mo'na). 
Cres'sy.    See  Crfecy. 
Crete.'    See  Candia. 
Creuse,  k*ruz. 

Creutznach,  kroits'nax.     See  Krentznach. 
Crim-e'a  (Russ.  Krim). 
Crit'ten-den. 
Croatia,   kro-a'she-a  (called   by  the   natives 

Horvath  Orszag,  hoR-v&at  oR-salg). 
*Crock'ett. 
*Cro'ghans-viI!e. 

Croix  (St.),  kroi.    See  Santa  Cruz. 
Crom'ar-ty. 
Cronstadt,  krGn'statt. 
Cro'ton. 
Croy'don. 

Crozet,  kro'za',  t.  S.  of  Africa. 
Crystal,  kris'tal,  mts.  of  Africa. 
Csaba,  ch6b'6h\ 
Csongrad,  chon-grad'. 
Cuama.     See  Zambeze. 
Cu'ba  (Sp.  pron.  koo'ba). 
Cuban,  koo-ban'.     See  Kooban. 
Cuenca,  kweng'ka. 

Culhuacan,  kool-wa-kan'.    See  Palenque. 
*Culiacan,  koo-le-a-kan'. 
Cul-lo'den,   plain   of  Scotland,  noted   as   the 

scene  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland's  victory 

over  the  Pretender,  in  1746. 
Culm,  koolm. 
Cul'pep-per. 
Cul-ross'. 

Cumana,  koo-ma-na.'. 
Cumania  or  Kumania,  ku-ma'ne-a  (Hun.  Kun- 

s^g,  koon-shalig). 
Cum'ber-land. 
Cunene  or  Cuneni,  koo-na'ne,  r.  of  Africa, 

supposed  to  be.  a  branch  of  the  Bembaroughe. 
Cunnersdorf,  koon'ners-doRf N,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Cnpar,  koo'por. 
Curacoa,  kuxra-so'. 
Curaray,  koo-ra-rl',  r.  of  Ecuador. 
Curisohe-HafF,    koo'rish-eh-haff'.     See    Ku- 

rische  Haff. 
Cur'ri-tuck. 

Curuguaty,  koo-roo-gwa-tee',  r.  of  La  Plata. 
Curzola,  koord-zo'la. 
COstrin  orKustrin,  kiis-treen'. 
Catch. 
Cutback'. 

Cux-ha'ven  or  koox-ha'fen. 
Cuyalr.i,  koo-ya. 'ba,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Cuyahoga,  kT-a-ho'ga. 
Cuzco.  koos'ko. 
Cyn-thl-an'a.. 
Cyprus,  sT'prus. 

Cyrene,  sl-ree'ne,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Cythera,  sith-ee'ra.     See  Cerjgo. 
Czarnikow,  char'ne-kov',  t.  of  Prussia. 
60 


Czaslau,  chas'lou,  t.  of  Bohemia. 
Czernigow,  cher-ne-gof.   See  Tchernigof. 
Czernowitz,   cher'no  vits    (more    correctly, 

Czernowiee,  cher'no-vit'seh). 
Czirknicz  or  Zirknitz,  tseeRk'nits. 

D. 

Dac'ca. 

Dac-o'tah.     See  Sioux. 

Daghestnn,  daghis-tS.n',  country  of  W.  Asia. 

Dago,  da'go,  i.  in  the  Baltic. 

Dahomey  or  Dahomay,  dah'ho-ma\ 

Dahl,  dal. 

Dair  el  Kamer  or  Kamar,  dire  el  kam'er,  *,  of 

Syria. 
Dalecarlia,   da-le-kar'le-i,   or  Dalarne,   d&'» 

lar-na. 
Dalhousie,  dal-hoo'ze,  t.  of  New  Brunswick. 
Dal'las. 
*Dalles,  dalz. 
Dalmatia,  dal-ma'she-a. 
Dallon,  daul'tun. 

Da-mas  cus  (Arab.  Sham-el-Ke-beer'). 
Dambea.     See  Dembea. 
Dam-i-et'ta  (Arab.  Damiat,  da-me-at'). 
Dam'piers. 

Dan  aw.     See  Danube. 
Danbury,  dan'ber-e. 
Dan'da,  t.  of  W.  Africa. 
Dannemora,  dan-ne-mo'ra,  a  noted  iron  mint 

in  Sweden. 
Dant'zic  (Ger.  Danzig,  dant-siG). 
Dan'ube  (Ger.  Donau,  do'now.) 
Dara,  da'ra,  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Dardanelles,  dar'da-nelz'. 
Dar-foor',  written,  also,  Darfur  and  Darfour. 
Darien,  da're-en  (Sp.  pron.  da-re-en'). 
Darke,  dark. 
Dar'Jing-ton. 
Darmstadt,  daRm'statt. 
Daroca,  da-ro'ka,  t.  of  Spain. 
Dartmouth,  dart'muth. 
Dar'war\ 

Das  Mortes,  das  moR'tSs,  r.  of  Brazil. 
Dauas,  downs',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Dau'phin. 

Dauphine,  dOYe'na'. 
Da'vid-son. 
Davie,  da've. 
Daviess,  da'vis. 
Da'vis. 

Davis's  (Strait),  d&'vis-ez. 
Dax,  dax. 
Day'ton. 
Deal,  deel. 
Dearborn,  deer'burn. 
Debreczin  or  Debretzin,  da-bret'sm. 
De-ca'tur. 

Dec'can  or  Dek'kan. 
Dees,  dace  or  daze,  t.  of  Transylvania. 
De  Gatt  (Sp.  De  Gata,  da  ga/ta),  cape  in  tha  8 

of  Spain. 
Deg'gen-dorf",  t.  of  Bavaria. 
Dcir  el  Kammer.    See  Dair  el  Kamer. 
De  Kalb,  de  kalb'. 
Del-a-go'a,  bay  in  S.  E.  Africa. 
Delaware,  del'a-war. 
Delft  (every  letter  should  be  pronounced). 
Delfzyl,  d^lt'zUe,  fortress  of  Holland. 
Delgado,  del-ga/do,  cape  of  E.  Africa. 
Delhi  or  Dehli  (Hindostan),  del'lee. 
Delhi  (in  the  U.  S.),  del'hl. 
De  los  Martire8.    Set  Rio  de  los  Martire*. 


DNI 


14 


DUM 


De  log  Patos,  da-loce-pa'toce,  I.  of  Brazil. 

Del'ta. 

Del  Valle,  del  val'ya,  I.  of  La  Plata. 

Del'vl-no.  [bea. 

Dem'be-a  or  dem-bee'a  ;  written,  also,  Dam- 

Demerara,  dem-er-a'ra. 

*I)e-mop'o-lis. 

Denbigh,  den'be. 

Denbighshire,  den'be-shjr. 

Den'der-ah. 

Dendermonde,  den'der-mon'deh,  or  Dender- 
mond,  den'der-mint'  (Fr.  Termonde,  teRx- 
m6Nd') 

Denis  (St.),  sent  den'is  or  den'e  (Fr.  Saint 
Denis,  si  Nd'nee). 

Den'mark  (Dan.  Dan'e-raark). 

*Depeyster,  de-plce'ter. 

Deptford,  ded'furd. 

Der'bend'. 

Der'by  or  dar'be  (the  latter  pron.  was  for- 
merly universal.) 

Derbyshire,  der'be-shjr. 

Deme  or  Derneh,  der'neh,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 

Derr,  deR. 

Derreyeh,  der'ri'yeh ;  written,  also,  Deraia, 
t.  of  Arabia. 

Der'ry.     See  Londonderry. 

Der'went. 

De  Ruyter,  de  rl'ter. 

Desaguadero,  deVavgwa-da'ro. 

Desconocida,  deVko-no-see'da,  cape  of  Yuca- 
tan. 

Desengano.  dls-en-gan'yo,  bay  of  Patagonia. 

Desh-a'. 

Des  Moines,  de  moin'. 

Desna,  des'na,  r.  of  Russia. 

Despoblado,  des-po-bla'rx>. 

De  So'to. 

Des'sau  (Ger.  pron.  des'sow),  sometimes 
written  Dessaw. 

Det'moid  (Ger.  pron.  det'molt). 

De-troit'. 

Det'ting-en.  /  x 

Deutz,  doits. 

Deux-ponts,  duh'piN'  (Ger.  Zweibriicken, 
tswi-bruk'ken). 

Dev'en-ter  or  Dewenter,  di'ven-ter. 

Devizes,  de-vl'ziz. 

Dev'on-p5rt. 

Devonshire,  dev'on-shir. 

Dhawaiaghiri,  da-woPa-gber're. 

Di-ar'bekr  or  Diarbekir,  dee-arvbe-keer'. 

Dibbie,  dib'beev,  I.  of  Africa. 

DT'bon,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Die  or  Diez,  Saint,  sax  de'a'. 

Diepholz,  deep'hilts 

Dieppe,  dyepp  or  de-epp'. 

Diernstein,  deern'stlne,  t.  of  Austria. 

Diest,  deest. 

Digne,  deefi . 

Dijon,   de'zh6?i'. 

Dii'ling-en. 

Dinant,  de'naN'  or  de-nant'. 

Dingle,  ding'yl. 

Din-wid'die. 

Dixmude,  dixmude'  (Flem.  Dixmuyden,  dix- 
moi'den). 

Dizier,  Saint,  sax  de"ze-a'. 

Djid'da.     See  Jidda. 

DjoPjnkerta  or  Djocjocarta,  jok-yo-ker'ta  or 
jok-yo-kar'ta,  t.  of  Java. 

Djoliba,  jol'e-ba.    See  Joliba. 

Dnieper,  nee'per  (Rus.  pron.  dnyep'per). 

Dniester,  nees'ter  (Rus.  pron.  dnyes't^r). 


Doab  or  Dooab,  doo'ab'. 

Do-fra-fi-eld'.     See  Dovrefield. 

Dok'kum,  t.  of  Holland. 

Dole,  do!. 

Dolgelly,  dol-geth'le. 

Dol'lart. 

Domingo,  do-ming'go. 

Dominica,  dom-e-nee'ka. 

Dominique,  dom-e-neek',  is  the  French  of  th« 

preceding. 
Don  (Tartar  Doo'na). 
Don  Cos'sacks. 
Donaghadee,  don"a-Ha-dee'. 
Donai.     See  Donnai. 
Donc'as-ter. 
Donegal,  don-e-gaul'. 
Donetz,  do'nets',  r.  of  Russia. 
Donga,  dong'ga,  country  of  Central  Africa. 
Dongola,  dong'go-la. 
Donnai,  don'nl'  (called  also  the  Saung),  r.  of 

Chin-India. 
Doo'baunt'  or  Doo'baung'  (Indian  Toobaung, 

t.  e.  "  turbid  water"),  /.  of  British  America. 
Dooshak,  doo'shak',  t.  of  Afghanistan. 
Doost  or  Doust,  doost,  r.  of  Beloochistan. 
Dora  Baltea,  do'ra  bal-ta'a,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Dorak,  doVak',  t.  of  Persia. 
Dor'ehes-ter. 

Dordogne,  dor'done'  (Fr  pron.  doR'doii'.) 
Dordrecht,  dort'rent,  or  Dort. 
Dornoch,  dor'nos. 
Dorpat,  doR'pat,  or  Dorpt. 
Dorsetshire,  dor'set-shjr. 
Dort.     See  Dordrecht. 
Do'than,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Douai  or  Douay,  doo'a'. 
Doubs,  doobz. 
Douglas,  dug'less. 
Douro,  doo'ro  (Sp.  Duero,  dwa'ro). 
Do'ver. 
Do'vre-f  1-eld'  (Norw.  Daavrefjeld,   dO'vre 

fyeld'). 
Dowlatabad,  douxla-ta-bad'. 
Down-pat'rick. 
*Dra'cut. 

Draguignan,  dra'gheen'yajj'. 
Drammen,  dram'men. 
Drave    (Ger.  Drau,  drow :  Slavonian  Drava- 

dra'va). 
Drenthe,  dren'teh 
Dres'den. 
Dreux, druh. 

Drin,  dreen,  or  Drino,  dree'no. 
Drin'na,  r.  of  Turkey. 
Drogheda,  dr6h'ne-da. 
Drohobicz,  dro'ho-bitch'  or  Dro'ho-visch\ 
Droitwich,  droit'itch. 
Drome,  drOm. 
Drontheim,  dront'im  (Nor.  Trondjem,  trend 

yem). 
Druses,  dru'ziz. 
*Duanesburg,  du-ainz'burg. 
Dub'lin. 

Dubno,  doob'no. 
Du-bois'. 

Du  Buque,  du  book  (oo  as  in  moon). 
Dudley,  dud'le. 

Dnero,  doo-a'ro  or  dwa'ro.    See  Douro 
Du'is-burg  or  doo'is-b66RG\ 
Dulce,  Rio,  ree'o  dool'sa  or  dool'tha. 
Duleigno,  dool-cheen'yo. 
Dulwich,  dul'ich. 
Dum-bar'ton. 
Dumbartonshire,  dum-bar'ton-shir. 


EIS 


15 


Dumfries,  dum-freece'. 

Duna,  doo'na,  r.  of  Russia. 

Dunaburg,  doo'a-burg  or  doo'na-boorg.  t.  of 

Russia. 
Dunbeath,  dun-baith',  r .  uf  Scotland. 
Dun-bar'. 

Dnndalk,  dun-dauk'. 
*Dun-das'. 
Dun-dee'. 

Dunfermline,  dum-fer'lin. 
Dun-gan'non. 
Dun-gar'vpn. 
Dungeness,  dun-jen-ess'. 
Dunkeld,  dun-kell'. 
Dun'kjrk  (Fr.  Dunkerque,  dun'k&Rk'). 
Dunwich,  dun'ich,  t.  of  England. 
Du'plin. 
Duquesne,  du-kane',  fort,  formerly  occupying 

the  site  of  Pittsburg. 
Durance,  difraNce'. 
Durango,  doo-rang'go. 
Durazzo,  doo-rat'so,  or  Duras,  doo-ras'. 
Dii'ren  or  Mark-Dii'ren. 
Durham,  dur'um. 
Durlach,  dooR'laK. 
DQs'sel-dorf. 
Dutch'ess. 
Duval,  du-voll'. 
Duyveland,  doi've-lant. 
DwT'ua  (Rus.  pron.  dvee'na). 
*Dy'ers-burg. 
Dyle  or  Dyl,  dlle. 


Early,  er'le. 

East'or. 

East'port. 

East'ville. 

Eat'on. 

E'bal,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

Eboe,  ebo',  or  Ibou,  e'boo',  t.  of  W.  Africa. 

Ebora.     See  Evora. 

E'bro  (Sp.  pron.  a'bro). 

Ebsambul  or  Eb'sam'bool',  t.  of  Nubia. 

Eccloo,  ek-klo'. 

Ecija,  a'the-Ha. 

Eckmuhl,  ek'mule,  t.  of  Bavaria. 

Ecuador,  ek-wa-doRe',  or  E-qua'tor. 

E'den-ton. 

Ed'foo  ;  written,  also,  Edfou  and  Edfu. 

Ed'gar-ton. 

Edgecombe,  ej'kum.       / 

*E-dI'na. 

Edinburgh, ed'in-bur-reh;  written,  also,  Edin- 

borough. 
Ed'is-to. 
Ed'mond-son. 
*Ed'wards-vill«. 
Eelah   (more   properly  Eelee  or  Hi).      See 

Gooldsha. 
Effingham,  efing-um. 
Eg'er  (in  Bohemian,  Cheb,  Keb). 
Eghwaat.  eg'liwat',  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Egina.     See  JEgina. 
Eg'rl-po.     See  Negropont. 
Egypt,  e'jipt  (Arab.  Musr  or  Masr). 
Ehr  en  breit  stein,  a'ren-brTte'silne. 
Eiclistadt  or  Aiehstadl.  TKe'stett.  „ 

Eilenburg.  T'ien-booRG. 
Eimbeck,  Tme'bek. 

Eimeo,  T'mee-o,  one  of  the  Society  Islands. 
Eisenach,  T'zen-aK. 
Eisenstadt,  I'zen-statt\ 


ENK 

Eisleben,  Ice'la-ben. 

Ekstarinburg,  a-kata-reen-boorg. 

Ekatarinoslaf  or  -slav,  a-ka'ta-reen'o-slaf . 

Ekhmym.     See  Akhmym. 

Ek-o-strof  or  Ekostrovskaia,  a-ko-strov-skl'l, 

t.  of  Russian  Lapland. 
Ek'ron,  t.  of  Palestine. 
EI  Abiad.     See  Bahr-el-Abiad. 
El  Arish,  el  a'rish"  or  el  aYeesh',  t.  of  Arabia. 
Elatma,  a-lat'ma,  or  Yelatma,  y&l-at'ma. 
El  Araish.     See  Larache. 
El  Azrek.     See  Bahr-el-Azrek. 
El'ba.  h 

El  Bassan,  el  bas'san',  t.  of  Turkey. 
Elbe,  elb  (Ger.  pron.  el'beh.) 
El'ber-field  (Ger.  pron.  el'ber-felt). 
El'bert. 

Elbeuf,  ePbuf . 
El'bing. 
El-boorz'  or  El-brooz;    written,  also,  El* 

brouz,  mts.  of  Asia. 
Elche,  el'cha. 

El  Dakhel,  el-da'kel,  t.  of  Egypt. 
El  Dorado,  el  do-ra'DO,  a  name  given  by  the 

Spaniards  to  a  part  of  S.  America.     It  sig~ 

nifies  "  the  golden"  country. 
Elena,  el-a'na,  St  ,  point  W.  of  Guayaquil. 
El-e-phan'ta. 

E-leu'the-ra,  t.  of  W.  Indies. 
Elg'in,  el'ghin. 

Elg'in-shire;  called,  also,  Morayshire. 
Elizabetgrad,  a-lizva-bet-grad',  or  Yelisavet- 

grad. 
El-Katif,  el-ka-teef,  t.  of  Arabia. 
El  Khargeh,  el-Kar'gheh,  t.  of  Egypt. 
Elk'hart. 

Ellwangen,  ell'wang-en,  t.  of  Wurtemberg. 
Ells'worth. 
El  Margi,  el-mar'jee,  or  Bahr  el  Merj,  I.  of 

Syria. 
El  Makkarif,  el-mak-ka-reef,  t.  of  Nubia, 
Elmina,  el-mee'na,  t.  of  W.  Africa. 
*EI-mI'ra. 

*EI  Paso  del  Norte,  el  pa'so  del  noR'la. 
EPsin-ore'  or  Elsineur,  el'se-nur'  (Dan.  Hel- 

sing-6'er). 
Eluths  or  Eleuts,  ePe-oots'  or  ePyoots',  a  peo 

pie  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
El'vas. 

Elwangen.     See  Ellwangen. 
EPwend',  mts.  of  Persia. 
Ely,  ee'le. 
E-man'u-el. 
Em'brun  or  aM'bruN'. 
Em'den  or  Emb'den. 
Em'e-sa.     See  Horns. 
Emineri,  em-ee'neh,  cape  of  Turkey. 
Em'ma-us,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Emmerich,  em'mer-iK,  or  Emrich,  ern'ris. 
Km'met. 

Emoui.     See  Amoy. 
Enare,  en-a'ra,  or  Enara,  en-a'ra,  I.  of  JRu» 

sian  Lapland. 
Enderby's  (Land),  en'der-biz,  S.  of  the  In 

dian  Ocean. 
En'dpr,  t  of  Palestine. 
Engedi,  eng'ghe-dT,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Enghien,  aN"glie-aN'. 
England,  ing'gland. 
Engoor   or  Engour,   en-goor',  and   Enguri, 

en-goo're.     See  Angora. 
Enikale,  en-e-ka'la      See  Yenicale. 
EniseT.     See  YeniseT. 
Enkhuizen,  enk-hoi'zen. 


EWI 

En'nis-cor'thy. 

Eifnis-kil'len. 

Eas,  &ns. 

Emre  Douro  e  Minho,  en'tra  doo'ro  ameen'yo. 

Entre  Rios,  en'tra  ree'oce,  prov.  of  La  Plata. 

Eperies,  a-per  e-£s  (Hun.  pron.  a-p£r-e-esh). 

Epernay,  a-p&R'na'. 

Eph'e-sus      See  Ayasoolook. 

Ephraim,  e'fra-im,  tribe  of  Israelites. 

E-pT'rus,  country  of  Greece. 

Equan,  ee'quon,  r.  of  British  America. 

E-qua'tor.     See  Ecuador. 

Erbach,  eR'baic,  t.  of  Germany. 

Erdod,  eVdod',  t.  of  Hungary. 

Ereklee  or  Erekli,  eYek'lee',  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 

Erfurt,  8R'f66Rt. 

Er'gree  Kas'tree.     See  Argyro  Castro. 

Ericht,  eYiKt. 

Erie,  e're. 

E'riu.     See  Ireland. 

Erivan,  8r-e-van'. 

Erlangen,  eVlang-en. 

Erlau,  &r'Iou  (Hun.  Eg'er). 

Ermenek,  eVmeirek'.  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 

Erne,  Lough,  15h  erri. 

Erz-room';  written,  also,  Ardsroom,   Erze- 

roum,  and  Erzrum. 
Erzgebirge,  SRts'ga-bggR'ghe. 
Es-cam'bi-a. 
Escurial,  es-koo-re-al'. 
Eskisara,  eVke-sa'ra,  or   Eski-Sagra,  es-ke- 

sa'gru,  t.  of  Turkey. 
Eski  Shehr,  es'kee  shaih'r,  t.  of  Turkey. 
Esmeraldas,  es-ma-ral'das,  t.  of  Venezuela. 
Esue,  es'nen  . 
*E-so'pus. 
Espiritu  Santo,  e's-p'ir'e-too  or  a-spee're-too 

san'to,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Esquimaux,  es'ke-mo. 
Es'sen. 
Essequibo,  es-se-kee'bo,  or  Essequebo,  es-sa- 

ka'bo,  r.  of  Guiana. 
Es'sex. 

Es  Sioot  or  Es  Siout,  es-see-oot'.    See  Sioot. 
Ess'ling-en. 
Es'te.  es'ta. 
Es-tho'm-a. 
Es'till. 

Estremadura,  es-tra-ma-Doo'ra. 
Estremoz,  es'tra-moze'. 
Eszek,  es'sek. 
Etampes,  a'taiwp'. 
Ethiopia  or  Ethiopia,  e-the-O'pe-a,  country 

of  Africa. 
Etienne,  Saint,  saxt  efe-enn'. 
Et'o-wah. 

Etseh,  etch.     See  Adige. 
*Evans,  iv'enz. 
Eu,  uh. 

Eupen,  oi'pen  (Ft.  N<sau,  navo'). 
Euphrates,  u-fr&'tez  (Turk.  Frat). 
Eure,  ure  or  ur. 
Europe,  u'rup. 
Eustatius,  St..  sent  yoo-sta'she-us,  written, 

also,  St.  Eustatia,  *.  of  W.  Indies. 
Eustis,  uce'tiss     See  Sublettes. 
Eu'taw.     See  Utah. 
Eutin,  oi-ieen'. 

Euxine   ux'in.     See  Black  Sea. 
Evesham,  eevz'ham  or  eevz'um. 
Ev'o-ra;  written,  also,  Ebora. 
Evreux,  eVruh'. 
Ex'e-ter. 
•Ewin'gton,  yoo'ing-ton. 


16 


FLE 


Eyalet,  T-ya'let. 

Eylau,  I'lou,  t.  of  Prussia. 

Eyeo,  I'yo,  t.  of  W.  Africa. 


Faaborg,  fau'borg,  t.  of  Denmark. 

Faenza,  fa-en'za. 

Fahlun.     See  Falun. 

Faeroe,  fa'ro  or  fa'ro-e. 

Faido,  fl'do,  t.  of  Switzerland. 

Faioom  or  Faioum,  fl-oom'. 

Fair'fax. 

Falaise,  fa-laze'. 

Falkirk,  faul'kirk. 

Falkland,  fauk'land. 

Falmouth,  fal'muth. 

Falster,  fal'ster  or  fal'ster. 

Falun  or  Fahlun,  fa'loon. 

Fano,  fa'no. 

Fano,  fa'no,  or  Fanoe,  fa'no-eh,  t*.  of  Dem* 

mark. 
Fanado,  fa-na'do,  t.  of  Brazil. 
*Fan'nin. 
Faro,  fa'ro. 
Farsistan,  far-sis-tan'. 
Fas.    See  Fez. 
Fauquier,  fau-keer'. 
Fayal,  fi-al'. 
Fayette,  fa-yet'. 
Fayetteville,  fa'yet-vil. 
Fayoum,  fT-oom'.     See  Faioom. 
Fee'jee.     See  Fiji. 
Feliciana,  fe-lisse-an'a. 
Felix,  St.,  sent  fee'lix  '(Port.  Sao  Feliz,sa4j| 

or  soung  fa-leece),  t.  of  Brazil. 
Fe-loops',  a  people  of  W.  Africa. 
Fem'em. 

Femme  Osage,  fam  o-zazh'. 
Fen'tress. 

Feodosia,  fa-o-do'se-a.    See  Kaffa. 
Fere,  La,  la  faiR. 
Fermanagh,  fer-man'a. 
Fermo,   f&r'mo. 
Fer-moy'. 
Fernando  de  Noronha,   fSR-nan'do  da  no* 

rone'ya,  i.  of  Brazil. 
Fer-nan'do  Po,  i.  of  W.  Africa. 
Ferrara,  fSr-ra'ra. 
Fer'ro  (Sp  Hierro,  yeYro). 
Ferrol,  f&r-role'. 

Fer'tit'  or  fer'teet',  country  of  Central  Africa, 
Fez  or  Fas. 
Fezzan,  feVzan'. 

Fichtelgebirge,  fiK-tel-ga-bgeR'gheh. 
Fiesole,  fyes'o-la  or  Fes'so-le. 
Fife'shire. 

Figeac,  fe'zhak',  t.  of  France. 
Figueras,  fe-ga'ras,  t.  of  Spain. 
Fiji,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Fee'jea. 
Finistcre,  finVtaiR'. 
Finistere,  Cape,  fm-is-tair'   (Sp.  Finistierra 

fee-nis-te-eYra). 
Fin'land. 

Fin'lay,  r.  of  British  America. 
Fin'mark. 

Fismes,  feem,  t.  of  France. 
Fittre,  fit'tra*,  /.  of  Central  Africa. 
Fiume,  fyou'ma. 

Flad'straiul  or  flad'strand.  t.  of  Denmark 
Flan'ders  (Fr.  Flandre,  flaN'dr). 
Flem'ing. 

Flens'burg  or  Flens'borg. 
Fleurus,  hWrQce',  t.  of  Belgium. 


FRI 


Florence  (It.  Firenze,  fe-ren'za,  or  Fiorenza, 
fe-o-ren'za  or  fyo-ren'za). 

Flo'res. 

Flour,  Saint,  saN  flooR  (rhyming  with  poor). 

Flor'i-da. 

Flush'ing  (Dutch  Vlis'sing-en). 

Flu-van'na. 

Foggia,  fod'ja. 

Foglia,  fole'ya,  r.  of  Italy. 

Fo'go,  one  of  Cape  Verde  Is. 

Fohr,  foR,'or  Fohrde,  fofi'deh. 

Foix.  fwa. 

Fold-var',  t.  of  Hungary. 

Foligno,  fo-leenyo. 

Fondi,  fon'de. 

Fontainebleau,  fc-N'tane'blO'. 

Foutarabia,  fon-ta-ra'be-a  (Sp.  Fuenterabia, 
fwen-ta-ra-bee'a). 

Fontenay,  fONt'na'. 

Fonvteu-oy'  (Fr.  pron.  fc-jjfnwa'),  t.  of  Bel- 
gium. 

Foo'lah,  generally  written  Foulah. 

Foo'ta  Jal'Io,  country  of  W.  Africa. 

Foo'ta  To'ro,  country  of  W.  Africa. 

Foo'tche-oo';  written,  also,  Foutcheou  and 
Foutchow,  t.  of  China. 

For'far. 

Forli,  for-lee'. 

Formentera,  for-men-ta'ra. 

For-mu'sa  (called   by  the  Chinese   Taiwan, 
tl-wan'). 

Forsyth,  for-sTTH'. 

For-ia-ven-tu'ra.     See  Fuertaventura. 

Forth. 

Fossano,  fos-sa'no. 

Fotheringay,  foTu'er-ing-ga',  v.  of  England. 

Fougcres,  foo'zhaiR'. 

Foulah,  foo'la.     See  Foolah. 

Fourche,  foorsh.     See  La  Fourche. 

Foutcheou  or  Foutchow.     See  Footcheoo. 

Foveaux,  fo-vo',  strait  of  New  Zealand. 

Fowey,  foy,  sometimes  written  Fawey. 

Foyers,    often    written,    and    always    pro- 
nounced Fy'ers 

Foyle,  Lough,  I&h  foil. 

France,  france  (Fr.  pron.  fraNce). 

Fran-cis'cn  (St.),  or  San  Francisco. 

Franche  Comt  •,  fraNsh  k6Nvta'. 

Fran-eo'ni-a  (Ger.  Frankcn  or  Frankenland, 
frank'en-lant). 

Franeker,  fran'ek-er. 

Frankenstein,  frank'en-stTne\ 

Frankenthal,  frank'en-taal. 

Frank'fort  (Ger.  Frankfurt,  frank'foSRt). 

Frank'lin. 

Frascati.  fras-ka'te. 

Frauenburg,  frow'en-booRG'. 

Frauenfeld,  frow'fn-felt,  t.  of  Switzerland. 

Fraustadt,  frow'statt. 

Fra'zer's,  r  of  British  America. 

Fred'er-icks-burg. 

Fred'er-ic-ton. 

Freiberg,  frl'bfiRG. 

Freil  urg,  fri'burg  or  frI'bo6RG. 

Freisinjr,  frT'zing,  or  Freisingen,  frl'zing-en. 

Freistadt,  frl'statt. 

F  reins,  fri'zhuce'. 

Fre  mont's  Peak,  one  of  the  Rocky  Mts. 

Freyburg.     See  Freiburg. 

Freystadt.     See  Freistadt. 

Friburg,  fre'booR'.     See  Freyburg. 

Friedland,  freed'land  (Ger.  pron.  freet'lant). 

Fricsland,  freez'land,  Vriesland  or  Friesia, 
free'zhe-a. 
60* 


17  GAR 

Frio,  free'o. 

Fnsche  Haff,  frish'eh  haff,  or  Frische  See, 

frish'eh  si. 
Friuli,  fre-oo'le  (It.  pron.  free'oo-le). 
Frob'ish-er's,  strait  of  British  America. 
Frome  Sel'wood. 

Frontignac,  frc-Nvteen'yak',  t.  of  France. 
Frontera,  fron-ta'ra. 
Fuertaventura,  fweVta-ven-too'rl. 
Fuerte  del  Carmen,  fweVta  del  kaR'men,  t 

of  La  Plata. 
Fulda,  fool'da. 
Fulton,  fool'tun. 
Funchal,  fooifshal'. 
Fun'dy. 

Fu'nen  (Dan.  Fyen,  fa'en). 
Funf  kirche-s,  funf-kgeVken. 
Funil,  foo-neel',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Fumes,  fuRn. 

Furruckabad,  fur'ruk-a-bad'. 
FQrth,  fQRt. 
Fyers.     See  Foyers. 
Fyne,  Loch,  Iok  fine. 
Fyum,  fl-oom'.    See  Faloom. 

G. 

Gabes.     See  Cabes. 

Gaboon,  ga-boon',  country  of  S.  W.  Africa 

Gadames,  ga-da'mes.     See  Ghadamis. 

Gad'a-ra,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Gads'den. 

Gaeta,  ga-a'ta. 

Gahyba,  ga-ee'ba,  I.  of  S.  America. 

Gaillac,  gah'yak'  or  gaPyak'. 

Gaillon,  galPyiis'  or  gaPyc-N'. 

Gairloch,  gare'loic. 

Galapagos,  ga-la'pa-goce  (commonly  pro- 
nounced in  English  gal-la-pa'gus),  is.  in 
the  Pacific,  W.  of  Ecuador. 

Galashiels,  gal-a-sheelz',  t.  of  Scotland. 

Galatz  or  Gaiacz,  ga'lats,  t.  of  Moldavia. 

Galega,  ga-la'ga,  i.  in  Indian  Ocean. 

Ga-le'na. 

Galicia,  gal-ish'e-a. 

Gall,  Saint,  sent  gaul  (Fr.  pron.  saN  gall,  Ger. 
Sanete  Gaflen,  sank'teh  gal'len). 

Gallapagos.     See  Galapagos. 

Gal'la-tin. 

Galle.     See  Point  de  Galle. 

Gal'li-a. 

Gallinas,  gal-lee'nas  (Sp.  pron.  gal-yee'nas), 
cape  of  New  Granada. 

Gallinas,  gal-lee'nas,  r.  ofW.  Africa. 

Gallipoli,  gal-lip'o-le. 

*Gallipolis  (Ohio),  gaPH-po-leece'. 

Gal'lo-way. 

Gal'ves-ton. 

Gal  way,  gaul'way. 

Gam'bt-a. 

Gambier's,  gam-beerz'  (Is.)  a  group  of  Poly* 
nesia. 

Gand,  gaN.     See  Ghent. 

Ganges,  gan'jez  (Hindoo  Gunga). 

Gap,  gap. 

Gard,  gaR. 

Garda,  gaR'da. 

Gardafui,  garNda-fwee\     See  Guardnfui. 

Gardiner,  gard'ner. 

Gardon,  gaR'dON'. 

Garfagnana,   gar-fan-ya'na. 

Garigliano,  ga-reel-ya'no. 

Garonne,  ga/roun'. 

Gar'rard. 


GIU 


18 


GRA 


Gar'rows. 

Gas-co-nade'. 

Gas'co-ny  (Fr.  Gascogne,  gas'kon'). 

Gaspe,  g&s'pa'. 

Gateshead,  gaits'hed. 

Gaza,  g&'za,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Gazna.     SeeGbiznee. 

Geauga,  je-aw'ga. 

Geel,  gheel  (Dutch  pron.  iiale). 

Gefle,  yev'la. 

Gehol.     See  Zhehol. 

Gelders  or  Guelders,  ghel'ders  (Dutch  Gel- 

dern,  nel'dem),  or  GeI'der-land. 
Genargeutu,  jen-aR-jen-too',  mt.  of  Sardinia. 
Geudaree,  ghen-da-ree',  mts.  of  Afghanistan. 
Genesee,  jen-e-see'. 
Geneseo,  jen-e-see'o. 
Geneva,  jen-ee'vah  (Ger.  Genf,  Fr.  Geneve, 

zhen-ave'). 
Genevieve,  jen-e-veev'. 
Genii,  Ha-neel';  written,  also,  Xenii,  r.  of 

Spain. 
Genoa,  jen'o-a  (It.  Genova,  jen'o-va). 
George'town,  or  Stabroek,  sta'brook. 
Georgia,  jor'je-a. 
Gera,  ga'ra. 

Geral,  zha-ral',  mts.  of  Brazil. 
Gerar,  ghee'rar,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Gerizim,  gher'e-zim,  mt.  of  Palestine. 
Germain, ^jer-main',   Saint,   (Fr.   pron.   saN 

zheVmaV). 
Germany,    jer'ma-ne      (Ger.     Deutschland, 

doitch'iantj. 
Gerona,  ni-ro'nl. 
Gers,  zhaiR. 
Gex,  zhex. 

Geysers,  ghT'sers,  hot  springs  of  Iceland. 
Gezer,  ghee'zer,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Ghadamis,  ga-cia'mis,or  Gadames, pronounced 

almost  as  if  written  g3.-da.ms'  or  ga-damce'. 
Ghar'ra,  r.  of  Hifidostan. 
Ghauts,  gauts. 
Gheel.     See  Geel. 

Ghee'zeh  ;  written,  also,  Gizeh  and  Jizeh. 
Ghent   (Fr.  Gand,  gib:). 
Ghiz'nee,   written,   also,   Ghizni,   Ghuznee, 

and  Gazna,  t.  of  Afghanistan. 
Ghool-ghool'a. 

Ghraat,  grat  or  graat,  t.  of  N.  Africa. 
Gibeah,  ghib'e-a,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Gibeon,  ghib'e-on,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Gibraltar,  je-braul'ter  (Sp.  pron.He-bral-taR'). 
Gibson,  ghib'sun. 
Giessen,  ghees'son. 
Gigansk,  ghe-gansk',  t.  of  Siberia. 
Gihon,  je-hon'  or  je-hoon'.     See  Oxus. 
Gijon,  He-iione',  t.  of  Spain- 
Gijona,  He-Ho'na.     See  Xixona. 
Gila,  nee'la. 
Gilboa,  ghil'bo-a. 
Gilead,  ghil'e-ad,  mt.  of  Palestine. 
Giles,  jflz. 
Gilmer,  ghil'mer. 
Gilolo.  je-lo'lo. 
Giorgiev,  jor-je-ev',  or  Giorgief.     See  Giur- 

gevo. 
Girjeh,   .teer'jeh  ;    written  Djirdjeh   by   the 

French. 
Girjenli.  jeer-jevi'te. 
Gironde,  je-rond'  (Fr.  pron.  zheYoNd'). 
Gitschin,  gitch'in  or  gee'chin  (g  hard),  t.  of 

Bohemia. 
Giurgevo  or  Giurgewo,  joor-ja'vo,  t.  ofWal- 

lachia. 


Gizeh,  jee'zeh  or  ghee'zeh.  See  Gheezeh. 
[It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  there  is  the  same 
difference  in  the  pronunciation  of  this 
name  among  the  Arabs  of  Egypt,  as  we 
might  suppose  would  arise  among  English- 
men attempting  to  pronounce  Gizeh; some 
making  the  g  hard,  others  soft.] 

Glamorganshire,  glam-or'gun-shjr. 

Glar'us  (Fr.  Glad's,  gla/reece'). 

Glas'gow. 

Glatz,  glats  (Pol.  Klodz'ko). 

Glauchau,  glou'KOu. 

Glogau,  glo'gou  ;  sometimes  written  Glogaw. 

Glom'men,  almost  glam'men. 

Gloucester,  glos'ter. 

Gloucestershire,  glos'ter-shir. 

Gluckstadt,  gliick'st&tt. 

Glurns,  glooms ;  calied,  also,  Glurentz,  gloo'- 
rents,  t.  of  Tyrol. 

Gmund,  grrioont  or  Gmun'den. 

Gmiind,  gmunt. 

Gnesen,  gna'zen  (Pol.  Gniesno). 

Go'a. 

*Goave,  gollv'. 

Gobi.     See  Cobi. 

Godavery,  go-da.'ver-e. 

Goes,  H66ce. 

Goettingen.     See  Gottingen. 

Go'gra,  r.  of  Hindostan. 

Gol-con'da. 

Gold'berg  or  golt'b^HG. 

*Govli-ad'. 

Golnow,  gol'nov. 

Gom-broon'  or  Bun'der  Ab-as'see  (Abassi). 

Gomera,  go-mi'ra. 

Gona'ives,  Les,  \k  go'nTve'. 

Gonave,  go'nav',  i.  W.  of  Hayti. 

Gon'dar. 

'Gonzales,  gon-zah'l£z.  [and  Gouldja. 

Goold'sha;   written,  also,  Guldscha,  Goulja, 

Goom'ty. 

Goor'gaun',  t.  of  Persia. 

Gooriev  or  Gouriev,  goo're-ev',  t.  of  Russia 

Gor'da. 

Gor'cum. 

Goree,  goYi',  i.  of  W.  Africa. 

Gor'litz,  almost  gur'lits. 

Gortz,  almost  gurts  (It.  Gorizia,  go-rid'ze-a). 

Gos'lar. 

Gos'port. 

Gotha,  go'tS,. 

Gothard,  St.,  got'hard  or  got'hart,  mt.  of 
Switzerland. 

Gothenburg,  got'en-burg  (Sw.  Gotheborg, 
yo'ta-borg). 

Goth'land  or  Gottland  (Sw.  Gotaland,  yo't^ 
land). 

Got'ten-burg.     See  Gothenburg. 

Gottingen  or  Goettingen,  get'ting  ea. 

Gou'da  (Dutch  pron.  How'da). 

Gough's,  goff's,  i.  S.  W.  of  Africa. 

Goulja.     See  Gooldsha. 

Gourgan.     See  Goorgaun. 

Gouriev.     See  Gooriev. 

Goyaz,  go-yaz',  or  Villa  Boa. 

Goyanna,  go-yan'na,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Gozzo,  got'so. 

Graaf  Reynet,  graf  rl'net,  t.  of  S.  Africa. 

Gracias  a  Dios,  gra'se-as  a  dee'oce,  cape  of 
Central  America. 

Graciosa,  gra-se-o'sa. 

Gradisca,  gra-dis'ka. 

Graen.     See  Gran. 

Graetz,  grets.    See  Gratz. 


GUA 


19 


HAL 


Grammont,  granfmON'. 

Gram'pl-an. 

Gran,  gran  (Hun.  Esztergom,  es'tSR-gom)- 

Gran  or  Grane,  gran,  t.  of  Arabia. 

Granada,  gran-a'da  (Sp.  pron  gra-na'Da). 

Grand  Men-an'  or  Mau-an',  i.  off  the  N.  E. 
part  of  Maine. 

Granger,  grain'jer. 

Grantham,  grant' urn. 

Gran'ville. 

Grasse,  grass. 

Gratiot,  grash'e-ot. 

Gratz  or  Graetz,  grets. 

Graubundten,  grou'bunt-en.     See  Grisons. 

Graudentz,  grou'dents. 

Gravelines,  gravMeen'. 

Gravesend,  graivz'end'. 

Grayson,  gri'sun. 

Great  Britain,  -brit'un. 

Great  Key  or  Kei,  kl,  r.  of  S.  Africa. 

Green'brl-er. 

Greenland  (Dan.  Gron'land  or  Groenland). 

Green'ock. 

Greens'ville. 

Green'up. 

Green'ville. 

Greenwich,  grin'idge. 

Greifswaldo,  grifs  wal'deh  (formerly  written 
Gripeswold). 

Grein,  grlne,  t.  of  Austria. 

Greitz,  grits,  t.  of  Germany. 

Grenada,  gren-a'da.  [Grenada,  the  name  of 
one  of  the  British  West  India  islands,  ought 
not  to  be  confounded  with  the  Spanish 
name  Granada  (sometimes  improperly  writ- 
ten with  an  e  in  the  first  syllable).  Wor- 
cester pronounces  Grenada  gre-na'da,  pro- 
bably referring  to  this  mode  of  spelling  the 
Spanish  name.] 

Grenoble,  gren-obl'  or  greh-no'b'l. 

Grindelwald,  grin'tlel-walt'. 

Gripeswold.     See  Greifswalde. 

Griqua,  gree'qua,  t.  in  S.  Africa. 

Grisons,  gre"z6jv'  (Ger.  Graubundten,  grou'- 
bunt-en). 

Grod'no. 

Gron'ing-en. 

Gros'sa,  t.  Ml  the  Adriatic. 

Gross-Glogau,  grOce-^lo'gou. 

Gross- Wardein,  groce-waR-dTne\ 

Grfinberg,  grun'berg"  or  Gru'ne-berg  . 

Gruyeres,  grwe'air',  I.  of  Switzerland. 

Guadalajara  or  Guadalaxara,  gwa-Da-la-Ha'- 
ra.  [It  may  be  observed  that  in  all  names 
beginning  with  gua,  the  Spaniards  and 
Mexicans  scarcely  sound  the  g  at  all ;  hence 
Guadalajara  is  pronounced  almost  wa-da- 
la-na/ra,  Guanaxualo,  wa-na-mva'to,  &c] 

Guadaloupe.  gau'da-Ioop'  or  ga\la-loop'. 

*Guadalupe,  gwa-da-loo'pa  or  gauYla-loop'. 

Guadalquivir,  gau'dal-quiv'er  (Sp.  pron.  gwa- 
Dal-ke-veer'). 

Guadiana,  gau'de-ah'na  or  gwa'De-a'na. 

Guaiteca,  gwl-ia'ka,  gulf  W  of  Patagonia. 

Guamaugn,  gwa-maig'ga,  t.  of  Peru. 

Guanacache,  gwa-na-ka'cha,  /.  of  La  Plata. 

Guanaxuato  or  Guanajuato,  gwa-na-nwa'to. 

Guaneaveliea,  gwang-ku-va-lee'ka  ;  written, 
also,  Huancabelica. 

Guapore.  gwa-po'ra,  r.  of  S.  America. 

Guardafui.  gsvar-da-fwee',  or  Gardafui,  gar'- 
da-fwee',  cape  forming  the  E.  point  of 
Africa. 

Guarmey,  gwaR-ma',  t.  of  Pe?u. 


Guastaita,  gwas-tal'la. 
Guatemala,  gau'te-mah'Ia  or  gwa-ta-ma'la. 
Guaviare,  gwft-ve-a'ra,  r.  of  New  Granada. 
Guaxaca,  gwa-Ha'ka,  almost  wa-iia'ka.    Set 

Oaxaca. 
*Guayama,  gwT-a'ma. 
Guayaquil,  gwl-a-keel'. 
*Guaymas,  gwl'mas. 
Guayra,  gwl'ra.     See  La  Guayra. 
*Guazacualco,  gwa-sa-kwal'ko  j  also  written 

Huasacualco. 
Guben,  goo'ben. 

Guelderland,  ghel'der-land.     See  Gelders. 
Guelders,  ghel'derz.    See  Gelders. 
Gueret,  ga'ra'. 
Guernsey,  ghern'ze. 
Guevetlan,  ga-vet-lan',  r.  (and  t.  ?)  of  Central 

America. 
Guiana,  ghe-a'na,  or  Guyana. 
Guienne,  ghe'enn'. 
Guilford,  ghil'furd. 
Guinea,  gnin'e. 
*Guines,  gwee'ne's. 
Guingamp,  gax'gaN'. 
Guipuzcoa,   ghe-poos'ko-a    (Sp.   pron.   ghe- 

pooth'ko-a). 
Guisborough,  ghiz'bur-reh,  t.  of  England. 
Gujerat.     See  Guzerat. 
Guldscha.     See  Gooldsha. 
Gumbinnen,  goom-bin'nen. 
Gundava,  gun-da'va,  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Gund-wa'na. 

Guntz'burg  or  Gunts'booKG. 
Gurapy,  goo-ra-pee',  r  of  Brazil. 
Gurary,  goo-ra-ree',  r.  of  Ecuador.    [Proba- 
bly the  same  as  the  Curaray,  of  which  it  is 

perhaps  a  misspelling.] 
Gur'wal'. 

Gustrow,  gus'lrov. 
Guyana,  ghe-a'na.    See  Guiana. 
*Guyan,  ghl'an. 
Guyandott,  ghl-an-dot',  familiarly  called  ghl- 

an'. 
Guz-er-at';  written,  also,  Gujerat. 
Gwalior,  gwa'le-or",  t.  of  Hindostan. 
*Gwin'nedd. 
Gwin-ett'. 

Gwut'tiir',  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Gyula,  dyoo'ia.    See  Karlsburg. 

H. 

Haarlem,  Haerlem,  or  Harlem,  har'lem. 

Haarlemmer  Meer,  har'lem-mer  mair. 

Habaii.     See  Hapai. 

Habana.     See  Havana. 

Hab'er-sham. 

Hacha.     See  Rio  Hacha. 

Had'ding-tQn. 

Hadjar  or  Hajar,  ha'jar. 

Hadleigh,  had'le. 

Had-ra-maut'. 

Hae'mus.     See  Balkar 

Haerlem.    See  Haa.  _^»n. 

Haff,  half. 

Hagerstown,  ha'gars-town. 

Hague,  haig  (Fr.  La  Haye,  la  ha,  almost  la  a). 

Hagueneau,  hag'no'  or  ag'no'. 

Hajar  or  Hadjar,  hajar.     See  Lahsa. 

Hainan.  liT-nan'. 

Haiuautt,  ha'no'or  k"nb'  (Flem.Henegouvyen, 

hen-e.-How'vven\ 
Haiti,  ha'le.     See  Hayti. 
!  Halberstadt,  hal'ber-statt 


HEL 

Haleb,  hl'leb.    See  Aleppo. 
Half-fax 

Hall,  h^ll. 

Halle,  hal'leh. 

Hallein,  hal-llne',  t.  of  Austria. 

Hallowell,  hol'o-wel. 

Kama  or  Hamah,  ha'ma,  t.  of  Syria. 

Hamadan,  ha-ma-dan',  t.  of  Persia. 

Ham'burg  (Ger.  pron.  hiim'booRG). 

Haineln,  ha'meln. 

Ham'il-tQn. 

Hamm,  haram. 

Ham'mer-fest,  t.  of  Norway. 

Ham'mer-smith. 

Hamp'den. 

Hampshire  (t.  e.  the  county  of  Hants.) 

Hanau,  ha'now. 

Han'cock. 

Hang-tcheoo  or  Hang-tcheou,  hang'cheoo': 
written,  also,  Hangtchow. 

Hanniah,  haifnee'ah.     See  Lantchang. 

Han'o-ver  (Ger.  Han-no'ver). 

Hanse. 

Han-se-at'ic. 

Hants.     See  Hampshire. 

Haousa  or  Haoussah,  how'sll.     See  Houssa. 

Hapa'i,  ha'pl  or  ha'pa-ee,  (Islands),  a  group 
of  Polynesia. 

Har'dt-man. 

Hard'in. 

Hard'wick. 

Har'dy. 

Harfleur,  haR'fluR'. 

Har'fc-rd. 

Har-ic'a-naw"  or  har^re-kan'au. 

Har'ian. 

Harlech,  har'lek,  t.  of  Wales. 

Har'ling-en. 

Harrnin  or  Har'meen',  I.  of  Arabia. 

Har'ris-burg. 

Har'ri-spn. 

Har'row-gate. 

Hartford. 

Har'vard. 

Harwich,  har'ndge. 

Hasek  or  Hassek,  ha'sek",  t.  of  Arabia. 

Hasselt,  has'selt. 

Hastings,  haist'ings. 

Hat'ter-as. 

Haussa,  how'sa.     See  Honssa. 

Ha-van'a  or  Havanna  (Sp.  Habana  or  Ha- 
vana, a-va'na). 

Havel,  ha'vel,  r.  of  Germany. 

Hav'er-fc-rd'West'. 

Haverhill  (England),  hav'er-il 

Haverhill  (Mass.)  ha'ver-il. 

Havre  de  Grace,  hav'er  de  grass  (Fr.  pron. 
ha'vr  deh  grass  or  a'vr-deh  grass'). 

Hawaii,  ha-wi'ee ;  also  written  Ovvhyhee. 

Havv'kins 

Hayti  or  Haiti,  ha'te  (Fr.  pron.  haVte'  or 
avte'). 

Hay' wood. 

Hazebrouck,  haz'brook'  or  az'brook'. 

Heard,  herd. 

Hebrides,  heb'rid-ez. 

He'bron,  t.  of  Palestine. 

He'brus.     See  Marizza. 

Hechingen,  heK'iiig-en. 

Hee'Ia. 

Hedjaz,  hej-az' ;  also  written  Hedsjaz. 

Heidelberg,  hT'del-b^RG. 

Heilbronn,  hTle-bronn'. 

Hel'der,  t.  of  Holland. 


20 


HOD 


Hel-e'na  (St.) 

Hel'go-land  or  Helt-go-land. 

Hel'les-pont. 

Hellin,  herieen'  or  Sl-leen',  t  of  Spain 

Hel'mont  (Fr  pron.  hel-mON' or  el'moN'),  t 
of  Holland. 

Helmstedt,  helm'st&tt  (incorrectly  written 
Helmstadt). 

HermOnd';  written,  also,  Helmend. 

Hel'sing-borg',  t.  of  Sweden. 

Hel'sing-fors\ 

Hel-vel'lyn. 

Helvoetsluys,  hel'voot-slois\ 

Hempstead,  hemp'sted. 

Hen'der-spn. 

Hen-lo'pen. 

Hen-ri'co. 

Herat,  her-at'. 

Herault,  ha'ro'  or  aYo\ 

Her-cu-la'ne-um. 

Her'e-ford. 

Her'ki-mer. 

Hermanstadt,  heVman-statt. 

Her'mit,  i.  S.  of  Terra  del  Fuego. 

Her'mon,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

Her'mus  or  Sarabat,  sa-ra-bat',  r.  of  Asia 
Minor. 

Herrnhut,  h&Rn'hoot. 

Hersfeld,  hlRs'felt. 

Hertford  (in  England),  har'furd. 

Hertford  (in  the  U.  S.),  hert'furd. 

Hesh'bon,  t   of  Palestine. 

Hesse  Cas'sel  (Ger.  Hessen  Cassel,  hes'sen 
kas'sel). 

Hesse  Darmstadt,  hess  daRrn'statt  (Ger.  Hes- 
sen Darmstadt,  hes'sen  daRm'statt). 

Hesse  Hom'burg  (Ger.  Hessen  Homburg,  lies- 
sen  hom'booRG). 

Heytesbury,  haits'ber-e,  t.  of  England. 

Hick'man. 

Hierro,  yeYro.     See  Ferro. 

Highlands,  hl'landz  (commonly  pronounced 
hee'landz  by  the  Scotch). 

High'tower.     See  Etowah. 

Hildburghausen,  hilt-booRG-how'zen. 

Hildesheim,  hil'des-hlme. 

Hil'lah :  written,  also,  Hellah,  t.  of  Asiatic 
Turkey. 

Hillsborough,  hilz'bur-reh. 

Himalaya,  him-a-11'a  or  Himmaleh,  him- 
ma'la. 

Hind'o-en  or  Hind'o-en,  i.  of  Norway. 

Hin'doo  Koosh  or  Koo  ;  written,  also,  Hindu 
Kusch  or  Kush,  mts.  of  Central  Asia. 

Hin-do-stan'  or  In-do-stan';  written,  also, 
Hindustan,  Hindoostan,  and  Industhan. 

Hinds,  hlndz. 

Hioring,  he-6'ring  or  hyo'ring,  t.  of  Denmark. 

Hirschberg,  h£eRsh'-'(or  hiRsh)"b&RG,  t.  of 
Prtissia. 

His-pan-i-o'la.    See  Hayti. 

Hit'ter-en,  i.  of  Norway. 

H'las'sa.     See  Lassa. 

Ho-ang'ho,  pronounced,  almost,  whang'ho'. 

Ho-ang'  Ki-ang',  almost  whang  ke-ang', 
called,  also,  Hon-  and  Hoan-Kiaug,  r.  of 
China.  [tun. 

Hobart  Town,   usually  pronounced   hob'er- 

Ho'bo-ken. 

Ho'bro-e,  almost  ho'briTyeh,  I.  of  Denmark. 

Hochheim,  ho'hlme  or  hoice'hlme,  t.  of  Ger' 
many. 

Hock'ing. 

Hovden',  oasis  of  W.  Africa. 


HUR 


21 


INN 


Hof. 

HoPwyl  (Ger.  pron.  hofwil),  t.  of  Switzer- 
land. 

Hohenlindcn,  ho'en-Hnd'eo,  v.  of  Bavaria. 

Hohenzo'.'.ern,  ho'en-tsol'lern. 

Hol'beach. 

Holguin,  hol-gheen'  or  ol-gheen',  t.  of  Cuba. 

Hol'land  (Dutch  pron.  hol'lant). 

Holmes,  homz. 

Hnlstein,  hol'stlne. 

Hol'ston. 

Holt. 

Holyhead,  hol'e-hed.. 

Ho'ly-oke,  mt.  of  Mass. 

Holywell,  hol'e-wel. 

Hom'bur?  (Ger.  pron.  hom'booRG). 

Hums,  horns,  or  Hums,  or  Emesa. 

Hon'da  (Sp.  pron.  on'da). 

Hon'ilo,  r.  of  Mexico. 

Honduras,  hon-doo'ras. 

Honfleur,  h6?j'nuR'  or  ON'fluR'. 

Hong  Kong,  t.  of  China. 

Horn  ton,  hun'e-tun. 

Honolulu,  hon-o-loo'loo,  or  Honoruru. 

Hoog'ly. 

Hoorn,  horn. 

Hop'kins. 

*Horsham,  hors'um. 

Hor'sens,  t.  of  Denmark. 

Hor'ta. 

Hot'ten-tots. 

*Houlton,  hole'tun. 

Housatonic,  hoo'sa-ton'ik. 

Houssa,  how'sa ;  written,  also,  Haussa  and 
Haousa,  or  Haoussah,  kingdom  of  Central 
Africa. 

Houston,  hews'tun. 

How'ard. 

Hoyerswerda,  hoy'ers-wiR'da,  t.  of  Saxony. 

Huaheine  or  Huahine,  hoo-a-hee'na,  one  of 
the  Society  Is. 

Huallaga,  wal-ya'ga,  r.  of  Peru. 

Huasacualco,  hwa-sa-qual'ko.  See  Guaza- 
eualco.  [Spanish  or  Mexican  names  begin- 
ning witli  hu,  like  those  beginning  with  gu, 
sound  very  nearly  as  if  they  commenced 
with  an  Knglish  w :  hence  Guazacualco 
and  Huasacualco  are  to  be  pronounced 
alike,  almost  wa-sa-qnal'ko.  It  may  be  ob- 
served that  the  Mexicans  generally  sound 
s  and  z  precisely  alike,  although  a  true 
Spaniard  will  make  a  marked  difference  in 
their  pronunciation.  See  Introduction  to 
the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,  XXVII.,  3  and 
18,  pages  47  and  4S.] 

Huasco,  w&s'ko  or  hwas'ko,  t.  of  Chili. 

Huaura,  wow'ra  or  hwow'ra,  t.  of  P eric. 

Hud'ders-field. 

Hudson. 

Hir';,  hwa  or  hoo-a',  cap.  of  An-nam. 

Huelva,  wel'va  or  hwel'vii. 

Huesca,  wes'ka  or  hwes'ka. 

Huescar,  wes'kar  or  hwes'kar,  t.  of  Spain. 

Httlst. 

Hum'ber. 

Humphreys,  um'frez. 

Hungary,  hung'ga-re  (Hun.  Magyar  Orszag. 
mod-yoR  oR-saag). 

Hun'ter-don. 

Hunt'ing-don. 

Hunt'ing-ton. 

Hunts'ville. 

HurdVar'. 

Hu'rijn. 


Hurrur  or  Hourour,  hoo'roor',  t.  of  Africa. 

Husum,  hoo'sum,  t.  of  Denmark. 

Huy,  hoi. 

Hyapura.     See  Japura. 

Hycatu,  he-k&-too'  or  e-ka-too',  t.  of  Brazil. 

Hydaspes,  hl-das'pez,  now  called  the  Jhylum 

jTlum'  or  jiPum',  and  Be'hut',  r.  of  Hindos 

tan. 
Hyderabad,  hl'der-a-bad'  or  Hydrabad. 
Hydra,  hl'dra,  or  Idra,  ee'dra,  i.  of  Greece. 
Hythe,  hlTH. 

1. 

Iaroslav,  yar-o-slav'.     See  Yaroslaf. 

Ibar,  exbar',  or  Hibar,  he'bar',  r.  of  Turkey. 

Ibarra,  e-bar'ra,  t.  of  Ecuador. 

Ibeit.     See  Obeid. 

Ibera,  e-ba'ra,  /.  of  La  Plata. 

Iberville,  I'ber-vil. 

Ibraila,  e-bra-ee'la,  or  Ibrail,  e-bra-eel'.  See 
Brahilov. 

Ica,  ee'sa,  t.  of  Peru. 

I-ca'ri-a  or  Nicaria,  ne-ka-ree'a,  t.  of  Greece. 

Ice'land  (called  Is'land  by  the  natives). 

Icolmkill,  ik\>m-kill'.     See  Iona. 

Ico  or  Icco,  ee'ko,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Id'rl-a. 

Tekatarinburg.     See  Ekatarinburg. 

letza.     See  Jetze. 

Iglau,  ig'lou  ;  written,  also,  Iglaw. 

Iglawa,  ig-la'wa,  or  Iglava,  ig-la'va,  r.  of  Mo* 
ravia. 

Ignacio,  ig-na'se-o,  is.  in  the  gulf  of  Califor- 
nia. 

Igualada,  e-gwa-la'Da. 

Ihna,  ee'na,  r.  of  Prussia. 

Ijo,  ee'yo,  r.  of  Finland. 

Il'ches-ter  ;  written,  also,  Ivelchester. 

He  de  France,  eel  deh  fraNce. 

Ilfracombe,  il'fra-koom. 

Ilha  Grande,  eel'ya  gran'da,  i.  of  Brazil. 

Ilheos,  eel-ya'oce,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Hi,  e'lee.    See  Gooldsha. 

Ille,  eel. 

Il'ler,  r.  of  Bavaria. 

Illimani,  eel-ya-ma'no. 

Illinois,  il-lin-oi'. 

U-lyr'i-a. 

Il'men,  r.  of  Germany. 

Il-men',  I.  of  Russia. 

Ilmenau,  il'meh-now,  r.  of  Hanover. 

Iltz  or  Ilz,  ilts,  r.  of  Styria. 

Imandra,  e-man'dra,  I.  of  Russian  Lapland. 

Imola,  e-mo'la. 

Inagua,  e-na  gwa,  i.  of  W.  Indies. 

Indals,  in'dals,  or  In'dal,  r.  of  Sweden. 

In'di-a 

In'di-an'a  or  in-de-ah'na. 

In-di-an-ap'o-lis. 

Indighirca  or  Indigirka,  in'de-gher'ka,  r.  ;/ 
Siberia. 

Ind-oor'  or  In-dore'.  . 

In-dos-]an\    See  Hindostan. 

Indre,  axdr. 

In'dus  or  Sindh,  slnd. 

In' 6s,  St.,  (Sp.  Santa  Ines,  san'ta  e-ness')j  i.  in 
the  Gulf  of  California. 

Ingham,  nig'um. 

Ingo'.stadt,  ing'gol-statt\ 

Inhambane  or  Inhamban,  in-am-ban',  country 
ofS.  E.Africa. 

In'jeh,  cape  of  Asia  Minor. 

Innspruck,  iuns'prodk,  or  Innsbruck. 


JAI 


22 


JUA 


In-ver-a'ry. 

Inverkeithmg,  in-ver-kee'THing. 

In-ver-ness'. 

In-ver-u'ry. 

Iona,  e-o'na,  or  Icolmkill,  ik'om-kill'. 

Ionia,  I-o'ne-a. 

I-o'ni-an. 

I-os'co. 

I'o-wa. 

Ipava,  e-ptL'va,  I.  of  Venezuela. 

Ipsaiabul.     See  Ebsambul. 

Ips'wich. 

Iquique,  e-kee'ka,  t.  of  Peru. 

Irak  Adjemi,  e'rak'  aj'eh-mee\ 

Irak  Arabi,  e'rak'  ar'a-bee\ 

Iredell,  Ire'del. 

Ire'land  or  E'rin. 

Ir-kootsk';    written,    also,   Irkutsk   and    Ir- 

koutsk. 
Iroquois,  ir-o-quoy'. 
IrYa-wad'dy;  written,  also,  Irrawadi. 
Ir'tysh  or  Irtish  (Rus.  pron.  e^R-tish'). 
Irvine,  ir'vin. 
Ir'well. 
Ir'win. 

Ischia,  isTce-a. 

Iseo,  e-sa'o,  t.  and  I.  of  N.  Italy. 
Iser  or  Isar,  ee'zer. 
Isere,  e'zaiR'. 
Iserlohn,  ee'zer-lone'. 
Ish'inV  or  ish'eem'3  r.  of  Siberia. 
I'sis. 

Is-ken-der-oon'.     See  Alexandretta. 
Islamabad,  is-lam-a-bad'. 
Isla,  I'la,  or  Islay,  I'la. 
Isle  of  Wight,  lie  ov  wlte'. 
Is'iing-ton. 
Ismail,  is-ma-eel'. 
Is'meed'  or  Ismid,  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 
Isolette,  e'SO-let',  cape  of  Arabia. 
Ispahan,  is-pa-han',  or  Isfahan. 
Issachar?  is'sa-kar,  tribe  of  Israelites. 
Issoire,  is'swau'. 
Issoudun,  is'soo'duN'. 
Is'tri-a. 

It'a-ly  (It.  Italia,  e-ta'le-a). 
Italian,  it-al'yun  or  e-tal'yun. 
Itamaraca,  ee-ta-ma-ra-ka',  written,  also,  Ita- 
marca,  and  simply  Maraca,  mar'a-ka',  i.  of 
Brazil. 
Itapua,  ee-ta-poo'a,  improperly  written  Ita- 

pura,  l.  of  Paraguay. 
Itapicuru,  e-ta-pe-koo-roo'. 
It-a-wam'ba. 
Ith'a-ca.     See  Theaki. 
Iviea,  Iviza,  or  Ibiza,  e-vee'sa. 
Ivrea,  e-vra'a. 
Iz'ard. 


J  A  T>ok  (now  called  Zarca  or  Zerka),  brook 

of  Palestine. 
Ja'besh  Gi/e-ad,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Jaca.  na/ka. 
Jack'son-ville. 

Jaenbina,  zhii-ko-bee'na.  t.  of  Brazil. 
*Jacquemel  or  Jacmel,  zhak'mel'. 
Jaen.  Hu\-en'. 
Jaffa  or  yuf'fa. 
Jafna-pa-tam'. 
Jago,  St.     See  Santiago. 
Jagua  or  Xagua,  iia'gwa,  bay  of  Cuba. 
Jaik  or  Yaik,  ya'ik. 


Jalapa,  Ha-la'pa.    See  Xalapa. 

*  Jalisco  or  Xalisco,  na-lees'ko  or  Ha-iisTto. 

JaPoofs'  or  JaPofFs',  people  of  W.  Africa. 

Jamaica,  ja-ma'ka. 

Jambo.     See  Yambo. 

James'   or  James's   (Bay),  jamz'ez,  always 

pronounced  in  two  syllables. 
Janina  or  \  anina,  ya'ne-na. 
Jan  Mayen,  yan  mi-en,  t.  E.  of  Greenland. 
Jap-an'  (called  Niph'on  by  the  Japanese). 
Japura,  Ha-poo'ra;  sometimes  written  Hya- 

pura  and  Yupura. 
Jaquemel,  zhalc'mel'.     See  Jacquemel. 
Jaquesila,  Ha-ki-see'la,  or  Yaquesila,  ya-ka- 

see'la,  r.  of  California. 
Jardinillos,  HaR-de-neel'yoce,  cluster  of  islets 

near  Cuba. 
Jarmuch,  jar'muk,  r.  of  Palestine. 
Jaroslav.     See  Yaroslaf. 
Jaroslaw,  ya'ro-slav. 
Jask,  jask,  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Jassy,  yas'se  (Ger.  Jasch,  yash). 
Jaszbereny,yaass'ba-rain'. 
Jauer,  yow'er. 
Java,  ja'va  or  jah'va. 
Javary,  Ha-va-ree',  r.  of  S.  America. 
Jax-ar'tes.     See  Sihon. 
Jean  d'Angely,  Saint,  saN  zh&N  darTzhaMe  . 
Jedburgh,  jed'btir-reh. 
Jeddo,  yed'do.     See  Yeddo. 
Jehoon.     See  Oxus. 
Jen'a  (Ger  pron.  y&'na). 
Jen'ne  or  Djen'ny,  t.  of  Soodan. 
Jen'nings. 

*Jeremie,  zha'ra'me'  or  zher'Sh-mee'. 
Jeres,  H&'res.     See  Xeres. 
Jericho,  jer'e-ko,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Jersey,  jer'ze. 

Jerumenha,  zha-roo-men'ya,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Je-ru'sa-lem  (called  El  Kads  or  El  Kods  by 

the  Arabs). 
Jesi,  ya'se. 
Jes'sa-mme. 

Jesso  or  Iesso,  yes'so.     See  Yesso. 
Jetze,  yet'seh,  or  Jeetze,  yat'seh,  r.  of  JV 

Germany. 
Jeypoor  or  Jyepoor,  jl-poor'. 
Jez're-el  or  Jez'reel,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Jid'da  or  Djidda. 

Jigagungar,  je-ga-gung'gar,  t.  of  Thibet. 
Jihon  or  Jehoon.    See  Oxus. 
Jijona  or  Xixona,  He-Ho'na. 
Joannes,   zho-an'nes:  called,   also,   Marajo 

ma-ra'zho,  i.  of  Brazil. 
Joannina.     See  Janina. 
Jo  Daviess,  jo  da'vis. 
Jo-han'na.     See  Anzooan, 
Joigny,  zhwan'ye',  t.  of  France. 
Jol'i-ba  or  Djoliba. 
Jonkj oping  or  Jqnkoping,  yon'chO-pmg,  al 

most  yon'chep-ing. 
Jood'poor  or  Mar'war\ 
Jop'pa.     See  Jaffa. 
Jor'dan. 

Jorulio  or  Xorullo,  Ho-rool'yo;   often  pro- 
nounced Ho-roo'yo. 
Joulamerk  or  JuMa-merk',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Ju'an  de  Fu'ca,  strait  W.  of  N.  America. 
Ju'an  de  fiis-bo'a  (Sp  pron.  Hoo-an'  da  lees 

bo'a),  i.  S.  E.  of  Africa. 
Ju'an  de  No'va  (Sp.  pron.  Hoo-an'  da  no'va). 

i.  E.  of  Africa. 
Ju'an   Fer-nan'dSz  (Sp.  pron.   noo-an'  feR- 

nan'dSth). 


KAZ 


23 


KID 


Ju'an,  Saint.    See  San  Juan. 

Ju'ba  or  zhoo'ba,  t.  of  E.  Africa, 

Ju'dah,  tribe  of  Israelites. 

Jug'ger-nauf  or  JuggernaulA. 

Jujuy,  Hoo-H\vee'. 

Juliers,  zhtfle-a'  (Ger.  Julich,  yoo'liK). 

JumYia. 

Juncal,  Hoong-kal',  t.  of  Chili. 

Jungfrau,  yoong'frow. 

Ju'm-at'a. 

J u iik-Ceylon,  junk  see'lun  or  se-lone',  t.  of 

E.  Indies. 
Ju'ra  (Fr.  pron.  zhiiYa'). 
Jurua,  Hoo-roo'a  (Port.  pron.  zhoo-roo'a),  r. 

of  S.  America. 
Jurumenha.    See  Jerumenha. 
Jutay,  Hoo-tl'  (Port.  pron.  zhoo-tl'),  r.  of  S. 

America. 
Jut'laud  (Dan.  JQlland,  yuTland). 

K. 

Kaarta,  kaar'ta,  kingdom  of  W.  Africa. 

Kaffa,  kaf'fa,  or  Feodosia,  fa-o-do'se-a. 

Kahira,  ka'he-ra.    See  Cairo. 

Kaifong,  kl-fong',  t.  of  China. 

Kairwan,  kare-vvan'. 

Kalsarieli,  kl-zar-ee'eh. 

Kajana  or  Kaiana,  ku.-ya.Yia,  t.  of  Russian 
Finland. 

Kakundy  or  Kakondi,  ka-kun'de,  t.  of  W. 
Africa. 

KaPa-ma-zoo'. 

Kalisz  or  Kalisch,  ka'lish. 

Kalix,  ka'lix,r.  of  Sweden. 

Kalla,  kU'li,  #.  of  Finland. 

Kal'mar.     See  Calmar. 

Kal-oo'ga;  written,  also,  Kaluga  and  Kalouga. 

Kama,  ka'ma. 

Kamieniec,  kanfyen'yetsv;  sometimes  writ- 
ten Kaminietz. 

Kamouraska,  ka-moo-ras'ka,  r.  of  Canada. 

Kamt-chat'ka  or  Kaintschatka. 

Kanawha,  kan-au'wa. 

Kan  da-har'.     See  Candahar. 

Kankao,  kang'ka'o  or  kang'kow',  t.  of  Chin- 
India. 

Kano,  ka'no,  kingdom  of  Africa. 

Kan'zas,  Kansas,  or  Kon'zas  [The  Kanzas 
Indians  are  familiarly  called  the  Kaws  or 
Kaw  Indians] 

Kapseli  or  Capsali,  kap'sa-lee",  t.  of  Greece. 

Kara,  ka'ra,  sea  in  the  N.  of  Russia. 

Kara-hissar,  kaYa'-his-sar'. 

Karamania.     See  Carainania. 

Kara-Soo,  Kara-Su,  or  Karasou,  ka'ra-soo', 
r.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Kar'le  or  kar'la,  i.  in  Gulf  of  Bothnia. 

Karls'burg  (Ger.  pron.  kaRlz'booKG). 

Knroon.     See  Birket-el-Keroon. 

Karri  Karri,  kar'ree  kar'ree,  desert  of  S. 
Africa. 

Kasan  or  Kazan,  ka-zim'. 

Kaschau,  kash'ou  (Hun.  Kassa,  kosh-shoh). 

Kashan.     See  Cashan. 

Kash-gar'  or  Cashgar,  t.  of  Central  Asia. 

Kas-kas'ki-a 

Kas-toYl-a,  t.  oj  Turkey. 

Ka-tah'din. 

Kat-man'doo  or  Katmandhu.  See  Catmandoo. 

Katrine,  ka'trin. 

Kat'te-gat.     See  Cattegat. 

Kauen,  kow'en.     See  Kowno. 

Kazan.     See  Kaaan 


Kecskemet,  kSchVnVait'. 

Ke'desh,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Kedje,  ked'jeh  or  kej,  t.  of  Beloochistan 

Kee'o.     See  Miaco. 

Kehl,  kale,  t.  of  Baden. 

Kei  or  Key,  kl,  r.  of  S.  Africa. 

Keighly,  keeth'le. 

Keith,  keeth. 

Kelat,  kel-af,  or  KelatA. 

Kel'so. 

Kemi,  k&Yne,  r.  of  Finland. 

KemYnoo',  t.  of  Soudan. 

Kemp'teri. 

Kenawha    or    Kenhawa,   ken-au'wa.      St$ 

Kanawha. 
Ken'dal  or  Kir'by  Ken'dal. 
Ken'dall. 

Keneh  or  Qen6,  ken'£h\ 
Ken'mare',  bay  of  Ireland 
KenYie-beck'. 
KenYie-bunk'. 
Kens'ing-ton. 
Ken-tuck'y. 

Ke-oo'se-oo',  i.  of  Japan. 
Ker'ah  or  ka'ra,  r.  of  Persia. 
Ker-em'pe  or  Crem'pe,  cape  of  Asia  Minor. 
Ker'e-soon'  or  Keresoun,  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 
Kerguelen's   (Land),   kerg'e-lenz,   t.   S.   of 

Indian  Ocean. 
KerMon',  r.  of  Chin.  Tariary. 
KerYna-dec',  is.  of  Polynesia. 
Kerman,  ker-man'.     See  Kirman. 
Keroon  or  Kerouji.    See  Birket-el-Keroon. 
KerYy. 
Ker-shaw'. 

Kesariah.     See  Kaisarieh. 
Keshin,  keshYen',  t.  of  Arabia. 
Kesho.     See  Ketcho. 
Keswick,  kez'ik,  t.  of  England. 
Keszthely,  kestYiei/. 
Ketch'o,    sometimes    written    Cachao    and 

Kesho,  t.  of  Cochin  China. 
Ketskemet.    See  Kecskemet. 
Key.    See  Kei. 
Khabs.     See  Cabes. 
Khamil    or   Chamil,   K&Yneel',    called,   also, 

Hami,  haYnee',  t.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
Kharasm,  kaYazm',  or  Kar-is'sim  (Anc.  Cho- 

rasYnia),  a  country  of  Independent  Tartary. 

[In  the  twelfth  century  it  was  the  seat  of  a 

powerful  empire ;  but   it   is  now   greatly 

reduced.    Its  present  limits  appear  to   be 

the  same  as  those  of  Khiva.] 
Kharkof,  Kar-koP;  written,  also,  Charkow, 

Kharkow,  and  Kharkov. 
Khartoom,  Khartum,  or  Khartoum,  Kar'toonV. 
Khatanga,  Ka-tang'ga,  r.  of  Siberia. 
Khereloun,  ker'eh-loon'.     See  Kerlou. 
Kheresoun.     See  Keresoon. 
Kherson  or  Cherson,  Ker-sone'. 
Khiva,  Kheeva  or  Khiewa,  Kee'va. 
Khoi,  Koy. 
Khojend,  Ko'jend'. 
Khokand,  Ko'kand',  o:  Khokan. 
Khoo'la,  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Khoozistan  or  Khuzistan,  Koo'zis-tan'. 
Kho'per,  r.  of  Russia. 
Khorassan,  KoYas-san'. 
KhoYaa',  t.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
Kiakhta,  ke-aic'ta. 

Kiang-Ku,ke-ang'-kew'.  See  yang-Ue-ktanf, 
*Kick-a-poo'. 
Kid-der-min'ster. 
Kidonieh.    See  Kydo 


KOL 


KUN 


Kief  or  Kiew,  ke-ef  or  Ki-ev'. 

Kiel,  keel. 

Kifri  or  Kif'ree,  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Kil-dare'. 

Kilia,  kee'!e-a. 

Kil-ken'ny. 

Killarney,  kil-lar'ne. 

Kil-mar'nock. 

Kil-rnore',  v.  of  Ireland. 

Kimpina,  kim-pee'nti,,  t.  of  Wallachia. 

Kincardine,  king-kar'din. 

Kingkitao,  king-ke-ta'o,  cap.  of  Corea. 

Kings'ton. 

King'te-ching',  t-  of  China. 

Kin-ross'. 

Kin-sale',  t.  of  Ireland. 

Kin-tore',  t.  of  Scotland. 

Kin-tyre'.     See  Cantyre. 

Kidge.  ke-6'gheh  or  kyo'gheh,  almost  ke-uh'- 

e-gheh,  t.  of  Denmark. 
*Kl'o-way. 

Kiousiou  or  Kiusiu.     See  Keooseoo. 
Kiranea,  ke-ro-wa'a,  volcano  of  Hawaii. 
Kircaldy,  kir-kaul'de  or  kir-kau'de. 
Kirensk,  kee-rensk',  t.  of  Siberia. 
Kirghis  or  Kirguis,  kir'gheez'  or  keer'gheez', 

a  people   of  Independent  Tartary. 
Kirinoola  or  Kirinoula,  kee-re-noo'la,  t.  of 

Chin.  Tartary. 
Kirkcudbright,  kir-koo'bre. 
Kirkleesa  or  Kirkliseh,  kirk-lee'sa,  written, 

also,  Kirkilissa,  t.  of  Turkey. 
Kirk-wail'. 

Kirman,  keeYman',  or  Kerman, 
Kirmanshah    or    Kirmanshaw,     kfieVman'- 

shaw'. 
Kirriemuir,  ker're-mure'. 
Kishm  or  Kish'ma. 
KT'shon,  r.  of  Palestine. 
*Kis-ki-min'e-tas. 
Kist'na.    See  Krishna. 
*Kit-ta-tin'ny. 

Kiusiu,  kee-oo'se-oo'.     See  Keooseoo. 
Kiutaja.     See  Kuta'iyeh. 
Kiz'il  Ir'mak  (Turk.  pron.  kiz'eel'  eer'mak'). 
Kiz'il-Koom'  or  Koum,  desert  of  Asia. 
Klack'a-mas,  r.  of  Oregon. 
Klagenfurth,  kIa'gen-fooist\   See  Clagenfurth. 
Klamet,  klah'met,  or  Tlamath,  ila'mat. 
Klaltau,  klat'tou. 
Klau'spn-burg  (Ger.  pron.   klou'zen-btioRG  ; 

Hun.  Kolozsvar,  ko-lozh-vaaR). 
Knaj)s,  naps,  r.  of  British  America. 
Kuiphausen,  nip-how'zen  or  knip-how'zen, 

t.  of  Germany. 
Knisieneaux,   nis'te-no,   Indians  of  British 

America. 
Knox,  nox. 

Ko-a-ho'raa.     See  Coahoma. 
Kj'di-ak\  i.  S.  of  Russian  America. 
Koeiyang.     See  Koueiyang. 
Koenigingraetz.     See  Konigingratz. 
Koenigsberg.     See  Konigsberg. 
Koeverden.     See  Coevorden. 
Ko'kc  Nor,  I.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
Kok'sak*  or  Kok'so-ak\  r.  of  Labrador.  [Often 

improperly  written  Koksah.] 
Kokundi.     See  Kakundy. 
Ko'la,  /.  of  Russia. 
Kolding.     See  Colding. 
Kolima,  ko-lee-rna',  r.  of  Siberia. 
Koliu,  ko-leen'. 

Kolokythi,  ko-lo-kee'the,  gulf  of  Greece. 
Koloszvar.    See  Klausenburg. 


Kolyvan,  ko  le-van'.    See  Revel. 

Ko'morn.     See  Comorn. 

Kong,  mts.  of  Africa. 

Kongsberg,  kongs'beRg. 

Koiiieh  or  Konia,  ko'ne-a. 

Konigingratz,    ken'ig-in-gretsx,    or    Konig- 

gratz,  ken'ig-grets. 
Konigsberg    or    Koenigsberg,    ken'igz-berg 

(Ger.  pron.  ko'niGs-beRG). 
Kon'zas.     See  Kanzas. 
Kooban,  Kouban,  or  Kuban,  koo-ban ,  r.  of 

Circassia. 
Kooka  or  Kouka,  koo'ka,  t.  of  Soodan. 
Kool-koon  or  Koul-koun.     See  Kuer>  un. 
Koom  or  Koum,  koom,  t.  of  Persia. 
Koond,  mts.  of  Afghanistan. 
Koondooz,  Koundouz,    or    Kunduz,    koon- 

dooz',  country  of  Independent  Tartary. 
Koor,  Kour,  or  Kur,  koor. 
Koordistan,  Kurdistan,  or   Curdistan,  koor- 

dis-tan'. 
Koorile,  Kourile,  or  Kurile,  koo'ril. 
Koor'land,  Kurland,  or  Courland. 
Koorsk,  Koursk,  or  Kursk,  koorsk. 
Koos-koos'kee,  r.  of  Oregon. 
Koos'soor'  Koond,  t.  of  Beloochistan. 
Kopreinitz,  ko'prl-nits'  or  Kopreinicza,  ko- 

prl-nit'sii,  t.  of  Croatia. 
Koprilior  Ko-pree'lee,  t.  of  Turkey. 
Koramas,  ko-ra-mas'  (Anc.  Me'las),r.  of  Asia 

Minor. 
Korassan,  ko'ras-san'.     See  Khorassan. 
Ko'ron  or  Koroni,  ko'ro-nee',  gulf  of  Greece 
Koros,  ko'rosh',  almost  ker'resh'. 
Kosciusko,  kos-se-us'ko. 
Kosliri,  k6s-leen'.    See  Coeslin. 
Kos-tro'ma. 

Kotai,  kovtI',  t.  of  Chin-India. 
Ko-tel'nor,  i.  in  the  Arctic  Sea. 
Kouban.     See  Kooban. 
Koueiling,  koo-a'ling',  almost  qua'ling',  t.  of 

China. 
Koueiyang,  koo-a'yang'  or   qu&'yang',  t.  of 

China. 
Kouka.    See  Kooka. 
Koul-koun.     See  Kool-koon. 
Koulon,   koo'lon'  or  Koo'loon',   I.  of  Chin- 

Tartary. 
Kouramas.     See  Koramas. 
Koursk.     See  Koorsk. 
Koussie,  koo'se,  r.  of  S.  Africa. 
Koutaieh.    See  Kutaiyeh. 
Kowno,  kov'no,  t.  of  Russia. 
Kozmin,  kots-meen',  t.  of  Prussia. 
Krajova   or  Krajowa,  kra-yo'va,  t.  of  Wal- 
lachia. 
Krasnoyarsk,  Krasnoiarsk,   or  Krasnoyarsk, 

krSs'no-yarsk'. 
Krem'nitz  (Hun.  Kormecz  Banya,  kor-meU 

baiin-yoh). 
Kreuznach,  kroits'naK. 
Krim.     See  Taurida. 
Krish'na  or  Kist'na. 
Kro'ben,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Kruhnen,  kru'nen.    See  Cronstadt. 
Kuen-lun,  quen'loon',  mts.  of  Asia;  called, 

also,  Kool-koon. 
Ktiffstein,  kooffstTne,  t.  of  Tyrol. 
Kuldsha,  koold'sha.     See  Gooldsha. 
Kul'lus-pelm',  /.  of  Oregon. 
Kulpa,  kool'pa,  r.  of  Illyria. 
Kulun.     See  Koulon. 
Kumania,  ku-ma'ne-a.     See  Cumama 
Kund.    See  Koond. 


LAN 


25 


LEI 


Kur.    See  Koor. 

Kurdistan.     See  Koordlstan. 

Kurile.    See  Koorile. 

Kurische  or  Curische  Haff,  koo'rish-eh  haff. 

Kurland.    See  Koorland. 

Kurreechane  or  Kurrichain,  kuf  re -chain',  t. 

of  S.  Africa. 
Kursk.     See  Koorsk. 
Kussur  Kund.     See  Koossoor  Koond. 
Kustrin.    See  CQstrin. 
Kuialyeh,    Kootaiah,   Koutaieh,  or  Kutaja, 

koo-tl'a. 
Kydonia  or  Kidonieh,  kee-do-nee'eh,  t.  of 

Asia  Minor. 

L. 

Laaland,  lau'land,  or  Lol'land. 

*La  Baca,  pronounced,  and  often  written, 

La  Vac'ca. 
La  Battaglia,  la  bat-tal'ya.    See  Battaglia. 
Labischau,  la'be-shou,  t.  of  Prussia. 
LabYa-dor'. 
Lac'ca-dlves\ 

Lachish,  la'kish,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Lachsa.    See  Lahsa. 
Lack-a-wan'na. 
*Lack-a-wax'en. 
La  Corufia.     See  Corunna 
Ladakh,  la'dau'. 
Ladikia.     See  Latakia. 
Lad-o'ga. 

Ladrones,  Iad-ronz'  (Sp.  pron.  laD-ro'nSs). 
La  Fere.     See  Fere. 
La  Fayette,  laf-a-yett'  or  lahYa-yett'. 
la.  Fourche,  lah  foorsh'. 
La  Grange,  lah  granj'. 
Lago,  la'go,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Lago  di  Como,  la'go  d&  ko'mo.    See   Como, 

Lago  di. 
Lago  Maggiore,  la'go  mad-jo'ra.    See  Mag- 

giore,  Lago. 
Lagos,  la'goce,  t.  of  Spain. 
La  Guayra,  la  gwl'ra. 
Laguna,  la-goo'na. 
Laguna  or  Laguna  de  los  Terminos,  la-goo'na 

da  loce  teR'me-noce,  t.  of  Mexico  on  Car- 
men I. 
*Laguna  del  Madre,  la-goo'na  del  maD'ra. 
La  Haeha.     See  Rio  Hacha. 
La  Haye.     See  Hague. 
Lah  n,  laan. 

La  Hogue,  la  hog,  cape  of  France. 
Lahore,  la  hore'. 

Lalisa  or  Lachsa,  laH'sa,  or  Hajar. 
Laibach,  li'baic.     See  Laybach. 
Laland.     See  Laaland. 
La  Mancha,  la  mantch'a-.    See  Mancha. 
*Lam-ar\ 

La  Marche,  la  marsh.    See  Marche. 
Lambayeque,  lam-bl-a'ka,  t.  of  Peru. 
Lamego,  la-ma'go. 
La-moile'. 
Lamoo,  la'moo',  or  Lamo,  lavmO',  t.  of  E. 

Africa. 
Lanai,  ll'nF,  or  Ranai,  ra'nl\ 
Lan'ark  or  Lanerk. 

Lan'ark-shire  or  Lanerkshire  or  Clydesdale. 
Lancashire,  lank'a-shjr. 
Lnnc'as-ter. 
Lan-cer-O'ta  or  Lanzarote  (Sp.  pron.  lan-tha- 

ro'ta). 
Lauchang.     See  Lautchang. 
Lanoiano,  lan-che-a'no  or  lan-oha'rio. 


Lan-dafT,  more  properly  Llandaff. 

Landau,  lan'dow  j  written,  also,  Landaw 

Landes,  l&Nd. 

Landry,  lan'dre. 

Lands'berg  (Ger.  pron.  lants'be!HG). 

Landscrona,  lands'kroo-na. 

Land's-Eud'. 

I/andshut,  lands'hoot  (Ger.  pron.  lants'hoot), 

Langeac,  laiTzhak',  t.  of  France. 

Langeland,  lang'e-land,  or  Lang'land. 

Langensalza,  lang'en-salts'a. 

Langenthal,  lang'en-taar,  t.  of  Switzerland. 

Langholm,  lang'um. 

Langoe,  Iang'go  or  lang'go-eh,  almost  lang« 

guh'yeh,  i.  of  Norway. 
Langres,  lajjgr. 
Languedoe,  laNg'gheh-dok'. 
Lanfchang',  cap.  of  the  Laos  in  Chin-India. 
Lanzarote.    See  Lancerota. 
La  ocM-ce'a      See  Latakia. 
Laon,  law. 
Laos,  la'oce. 
Li  Paz.    See  Paz. 
Lap-eer'. 
Lap'iand. 

La  Plata,  la  pla'ta.    See  Plata. 
La  Port.  lap-ort'. 
La  Puebla  or  La  Puebla  de  los  Angeles,  la 

pweb'la  (or  poo-eb'la)  da  loce  ang'H§l-Ss. 
Larache,  laYiksh',  more  properly  Laraish,  la%- 

risb,  or  El  Ar'aish',  (.  of  Morocco. 
"Laredo,  la-ra'do. 
Lar-i«'ta. 

Larisian,  lar-is-tan',  prov.  of  Persia. 
Lar'nl-ca.  \ 

La  Salle,"  lah  sail'. 

Las  Palmas,  l&s  pal'mas.    See  Palmas. 
Las'sa  or  H'lassa,  h'las'sa. 
Latakia,  la'ta-kee'a,  or  Ladikia,  hVde-kee'a. 
Lafta-koo'  or  Latakoo,  written,  also,  Lita- 

kou,  t.  of  S.  Africa. 
Lauban,  lou'ban. 

I^auenburg,  lou'en-burg  or  lou'en-b56Ro\ 
Lau'der-dale. 

Lauu,  loun,  t.  of  Bohemia. 
Launceston,  lans'tun. 
Lau'rens. 

Lausanne,  lo'zann'. 
Lauterbrunnen,  Iou'ter-brtifin'nen,  or  Lauter. 

brunn,  lou'ter-br66nn\  v.  of  Switzerland 
*La  Vac'ca  or  La  Baca. 
Laval,  la'val'. 
Lavoro,  la-vo'ro. 
Law'rence. 
Laybach  or  Laibach,  H'buK  (Illyrian  Lublana, 

loo-bla'na). 
Leake,  leek. 

Leamington,  lem'ing-tun. 
Leba,  la'ba,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Leb'a-non. 

Le-bo'nah,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Lecce,  let'cha. 
Lech,  leK,  r.  of  Bavaria. 
Lectoure,  lek'tooit',  t.  of  Franc*. 
Leeds. 

Leeuwarden,  li-waR'den. 
Leg-horn'  or  leg'horn  (It.  Livorno,  h>voR  no) 
Legnano,  len-ya'no. 
Leh  or  Lei,  1&.     See  Ladakh. 
Le  Havre.    See  Havre. 
Lehigh,  lee'hT. 
Leicester,  les'ter. 
Leicestershire,  Ies'ter-shir 
Leiden,  ll'den.    SeeLtyden 


LIE 

L«igh,  lee. 

Leine,  IT'neh,  r.  of  Germany. 

Leiningen,  IT'ning-en,  t.  of  Germany. 

Leinster,  lin'ster  or  leen'ster. 

Leipsic,  llpe'sik  (Ger.  Leipzig,  Upe'tsiG). 

Leiria  or  Leyria,  la-ree'a. 

Leith,  leeth. 

Leitha  or  Leyta,  ll'ta,  r.  of  Austria. 

Leitmeritz,  llte'mer-its,  or  Leutmeritz,  loit/- 

mcr-its. 
Leitrim,  lee'trim. 
Leitzen,  lite'sen,  t.  of  Styria. 
Le  Muire,  le  niare,  (Strait  of),  near  Terra  del 

Fuego. 
Le  Mans,  leh  max.     See  Mans. 
Lem'berg  (Ger.  pron.  lem'be'RG  ;  Pol.  Lwow, 

lwof). 
Lem'nos,  Stal-im'e-ne,  or  Lim'nee. 
Lem'vig,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Le'na  (Rus.  pron.  la-na'). 
Len'a-pe.    See  Lenni-Lennappe. 
Len'a-wee. 
Lenni-Lennappe,    len'ne-len'na'pa,    usually 

called  Len'a-pe,  Indians  of  N.  America. 
Lenoir,  le-nore'. 
Lentini,  lSn-tee'ne. 
Lenzen,  lent'sen,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Leoben,  la-o'ben,  t.  of  Styria. 
"Leogane,  la-o-gan'. 
Leominster,  lem'in-ster. 
Le'on  (Sp.  pron.  la-one'). 
Leona  Vicaria,  la-o'nave-ka're-5,.  See  Saltillo. 
Le-pan'to. 

Le  Puy,  leh  pwee.     See  Puy. 
Lerida,  leVe-da. 
Lerwick,  leVrik. 

lies  Andelys,  la  zarTdle'.     See  Andelys. 
Les  Gona'ives,  la  go'nTve'.     See  Gona'ives. 
Les  Martigues,  la  maR'teeg',  t.  of  France. 
Lesina,  les'e-na. 
Leskeard.     See  Liskeard. 
Lesparre,  lespaR',  t.  of  France. 
Lestwithiel.     See  Lostwithiel. 
Leucadia,  lu-ka'de-a.     See  Santa  Maura. 
Leuchtenberg,  loiK'ten-beKG\ 
Leuck  or  Leuk,  loik  (Fr.  Louesche,  loo-esh'), 

t.  of  Switzerland. 
Leutmeritz,  loit'mer-its.     See  Leitmeritz. 
Leutschau,  loit'shou  (Hun.  Locse,  lo-cha). 
Le-vant'. 
Lewes,  lu'is. 

Lewis,  lu'is.  . 

Lewisham,  lu'ish-um. 
Lewiston,  lu'is-tun. 
Lex'ing-ton. 

Leyden  or  Leiden,  ll'den. 
Leyria.     See  Leiria. 
Leyta.     See  Leitha. 
Leyte,  la'e-ta  or  la'ta,  i.  of  E.  Indies. 
1  iiaghoff,  leeva-goff'  or  Liakhov,  lee'a-kov',  t. 

in  the  Arctic  Sea. 
Liampo,  le-am'po\     See  Ning-Po. 
Liard's,  lee'arz',  r.  of  British  America. 
Libadia,  liv-a-Dee'a.    See  Livadia. 
LT-be'rl-a. 
Libourne,  le'booRn'. 
Lich'field. 

Liehtenau,  lin'teh-now",  t.  of  Germany. 
Lichtenfels,  iiic'ten-fels,  t.  of  Germany. 
Liechtenstein,  liic'ten-stlne*,  or  Liechtenstein, 

kex'ten-s1Tne\ 
Liege,  leej  (Fr.  pron.  le'aizh' ;  Dutch  Luyk 

or  Lnik,  loik;  Ger.  Lattichj  ItU'tiic). 
LU-guhsv  leeg'uiw. 


26 


LOI 


Lientz  or  Lienz,  leents,  t.  of  Tyroi- 

Lieou  Khieou.     See  Loo  Choo. 

Lier,  leer  (Fr.  Lierre,  le-aiR'L 

Lflle  or  Lisle,  leel. 

Lima  (Peru),  lee'ma. 

*Lima  (U.  S.),  ll'ma. 

Lim'burg  (Fr.  Limbourg,  laMvboOR')- 

Lim'er-ick. 

Lim'mat,  r.  of  Switzerland. 

Limoges,  le'mozh'. 

Limousin,  le'moo'sdw',  or  Limosin. 

Limoux,  le'moo'. 

*Linares,  le-na'rSs. 

Lincoln,  link'un. 

Lincolnshire,  link'un-shir. 

Ling'en,  t.  of  Germany. 

Linkoping  or  Linkjoping,  lin'ch6-ping,  t.  «f 

Sweden. 
Lm-lith'g5w. 
Lintz  or  Linz,  lints. 
Lipari,  lip'a-re  or  lee'pa-re. 
Lippa,  lip*p6hx,  t.  of  Hungary. 
Lippe,  lip'peh. 
Lippe-Detmold,  -det'molt. 
Lippe-Schauenburg,      -shou'en-b6&RO       e 

shou'en-burg. 
Liria,  lee're-a. 

Lis'bon  (Port.  Lis-bo'a  or  lees-bo'a,. 
Lis'burn. 

Lisieux,  le'ze-tjh'. 
Liskeard,  lis-kard'  or  Leskeard. 
Lisle,,  leel.    See  Lille. 
Lis-more'. 

Lis'sa  (Pol.  Leszno,  lesh'no). 
Litakou.     See  Lattakoo. 
Litarouba,  lifa-roo'ba,  or  Lifa-ba-roo'ba,  & 

of  S.  Africa. 
Litch'field. 
Lith-u-a'ni-a. 
*Litiz  (Pa.)  lit'its. 
Livadia  or  Libadia,  Irv-a-Dee'a. 
Liv'er-pool. 

Ll-v'o'nl-a  (Ger.  Liefland,  leef'lant). 
Livorno,  le-voR'no.    See  Leghorn. 
Ljusne,  lyoos'na. 
Llandaffor  Lan-daff'. 
Llanelly,  lan-eth'le. 
Llangollen,  lan-goth'len. 
Llanidloes,  lan'id-less. 
Llanos,  lya'noce. 
Llanrwst,  lan'roost,  t.  of  Wales. 
Llerena,  lya-ra'na. 
Lo-an'da  or  lo-an'da,  cap.  of  Angola. 
Loango,  lo-ang'go. 
Lob-Nor.     See  Lop-Nor. 
Lobenstein,  lO'ben-stTne",  t.  of  Germany. 
Lobos,  lo'boce,  the  name  of  various  is.  on  thi 

coast  of  Spanish  America. 
Lochaber,  loK-a'ber,  district  of  Scotland. 
Loch  Katrine.     See  Katrine. 
Loch  Lomond.    See  Lomond. 
Loch  Ness,  16k  ness'.     See  Ness. 
Loches,  losh. 

Lochy,  lox'e,  r.  of  Scotland. 
Lock'pOrt. 
Lodeve,  lo'dave'. 
Lodi  (Italy),  lo'de. 
*Lodi  (U.  S.),  lo'dT. 
Lof-fo'den  or  Lp-fo'den. 
Lo'gan. 

Log'goon'  or  Loggun,  t.  of  Central  Africa 
Logrono,  Io-grone'yo. 
Loheia,  lo-ha'ya,  t.  qf  Arabia. 
Loir,  lwaft. 


LUD 


27 


MAD 


I*>TTe,  rW&R., 

L<*iret,  lwaYa'. 

Loja  or  Loxa,  1o'h£. 

Lokeren,  lo'ker-en. 

Lol'laud.     See  Laaland. 

Lom'bar-dy  {It.  Lombardia,  lom-baR-dee'a) . 

Lomond,  Loch,  U*  lo'muRd. 

Lom'nitz,  one  of  the  Carpathian  Jiffs. 

London,  luw'dun  or  km'd'H. 

Londonderry,  luifdun-der're. 

Long'fard. 

Lons-le-Saulnier,  l6N-leh-sovne-a'. 

Loo  Choo  i<h  as  iu  child)  ;  written,  also, 

Lieou  Khieou. 
LookNnoo<;e'.     See  Saigon. 
Lo-pat'ka,  cape  of  Kamlchatka, 
Lop-Nor,  I.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
Lo-rain'. 
Loroa,  loK'ka. 

Lo-ret'to  (It.  and  Sp.  Loreto,  lo-raTto). 
Lorient  or  L'Orient,  loVe  as'. 
Lorraine'. 
*Los  Alleles.   See  La  Puebla  de  los  Angeles 

[Often  incorrectly  written  Los  Angelos.] 
Los  Roques,  loce  ro'kes,  is.  of  the  W.  Indies 
Lossini,  los-see'ne,  i.  of  Dahiiatia. 
Lostwithiel,  lost-wiTH'el,  or  Lestwithiel. 
Lot  (£  pronounced). 
Lo'THi-an. 

Loudeah.    See  Lowdeafc. 
Lou'dou. 

Loughborough,  mfF'bur-reh. 
Laugh  Erne,  l3n  em.     See  Erne. 
Lough  Neagh,  lou  na.     See  Neagh. 
Loughrea,  l^uYa'. 
Louis,  St.,  sent  loo'is  or  loo'e  <Fr.  pron.  sen 

IooV). 
Louisa,  loo-ee'za. 

Louisiade,  loo-ee-ze-ad',  i.  ofE.  Indies. 
Louisiana,  loove-ze-ah'na. 
Louisville,  loo'is-vil. 
Ixjuknoui,  look'noo'ee'.    See  Saigon. 
Louth  (rhyming  with  the  verb  to  mouth). 
Louvain,  loo-vane'  (Fr.  pron.  loo'vaN'). 
Louviers,   loo've-a'   (formerly  Loviers,    lo'- 

ve-a'). 
Low'de'ah  or  Loudeah,  loo'dee'ah,   (a  cor- 
ruption   of    El    Wa-tee'ah,    i.    e.    "low 
ground")  I.  of  N.  Africa. 

LOw'ell. 

Lownds,  louna. 

Lowositz,  lo'vo-sits. 

Loxa,  lo'Ha.    See  Loja. 

Lozere,  lo'zais.'. 

Lubben,  loob'ben,  t.  of  Saxony. 

LO'beck. 

Lublin,  loo'blin. 

Lu'cas. 

Lu'cas,  St.,  or  San  Lucas,  san  looTcas,  cape 
of 'California. 

Lncayos,  loo-kT'oce.    See  Bahamas. 

Luc'ca  (It.  pron.  look'ka) 

Lu-ce'na  or  loo-tha'na. 

Lucera,  lu-cha'ra. 

Lu-ceme'  (Fr.  pron.  lQ'sean';  Ger.  Luzern 
or  Lucem,  loot-seRn'). 

Lucerne,  Lake  of  (Ger.  Waldstadter  See  or 
Vierwaldstadter  See,  feer-walt'stet-ter  za'). 

Lucia  (St.),  lu'she-a,  or  St.  Lucie,  sent  loo- 
zee'. 

Luckenwalde,  look'en-wal'deh ,  t.  of  Prussia. 

Luck'now'. 

Lucon.    See  Luzon. 

Luvda-mar',  kingdom  of  Africa. 


Lud'low. 

Ludwigsburg,  lood'wigs-burg  or  lood'wiai* 

b60RG\ 

Ludwigslust,  lood'wi<js-16ost\ 

Lugano,  loo-ga'no. 

Lugo,  loo'go. 

Lugos,  loo'g6sh\  t.  of  Hungary. 

Lulea,  loo'Ie-O,  r.  of  Sweden. 

Lump'kin. 

Lund,  loond. 

Luneburg,  lu'neh-burg  or  lu'neh-booR»\ 

Lunel,  liTnel'. 

Lu'nen-burg. 

Luneville,  lu'ne-vil  or  lQ'naVill'. 

Lupata,  loo-pa'ta,  mts.  in  S.  E.  Africa. 

Lusatia,   Iu-sa'she-a  (Ger.  Lausitz,  lou'zits, 

Fr.  Lusace,  liTzass'). 
Lnterine,  loo-ta-ree'na,  t.  of  Sicily. 
LGtzen,  lflt'sen. 
Lux'em-burg    (Fr.    Luxembourg,    lux'aac- 

booR'). 
Luxeuil,  IQx'ul'.  , 

Luzern.     See  Lucerne. 
Luzerne  (U.  S.),  lu-zern'. 
Luzon,  loo-zone'  or  Lugon  (Sp.  pron.  loo 

thone'). 
Lycoming,  lT-kom'ing. 
Lyd'da,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Lyme-Regis,  lime-ree'jis. 
LymTI-ord'  or  lumYe-ord'. 
Lym'ing-ton. 
Lynch'burg. 
Lynn-Regis,  lin-ree'jis. 
Lyonnais  or  Lyonais,  le'on'na'. 
Ly'ons  (Fr.  Lyon,  lex6x'). 
Lys,  lis  (Fr.  pron.  almost  leece;  Dutch  pror. 

lice). 

M. 

Maas,  maas.    See  Meuse. 

Maasluys,  maa'slois,  or  Maaslandsluys,  ma&g  - 

lant-slois. 
Maastricht,    maas'triat    or    mas'triKt.     St. 

Maestricht. 
Macahe,  ma-ka-a',  t .  of  Brazil. 
Macao,  ma-ka'o  or  ma-kow'. 
Macapa,  ma-ka-pa',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Ma-cas'sar,  strait  near  Borneo. 
Mac'cles-iield. 
MacCrack'en. 
MacDonough,  -dtin'tlh. 
MacDow'ell. 
*Macedon,  mas'se-dun. 
♦Macedonia,  mas-se-do'ne-a. 
Macerata,  ma-cha-ra'ta. 
Maceyo,  ma-sa'yo,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Mac    Gillivray's,  mak  ghil'le-vraze',  r.  of 

Oregon. 
Machias,  match-T'us. 
Mack't-naw ;  formerly  written  Michilimack 

inac,  mish'il-e-mak'in-au. 
Mac'In-tosh. 
Mac-ken'zie. 
MacLean,  mak-lane'. 
Macomb,  ma-koom'. 
Macon  (France),  ma'koN'. 
Macon  (U.  S.),  ma'kun. 
Macoupin,  ma-koo'pin. 
Macquarrie,  mak-kw6r're. 
Mad-a-gas'car. 

Madame,  rnah-dam',  i.  S.  of  Cape  Breton, 
Mad-a-was'ka,  r.  of  British,  America. 
Maddaloni,  mad-da-lo'ne. 


MAN  28 

Madeira,  ma-dee'ra  (Port.  pron.  ma-da'e-ra.) . 

Maden,  ma'den,  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Mad-ras'. 

Madre  de  Dios,  ma'Dri  da  dee'oce,  archipe- 
lago W.  of  Patagonia. 

Mad-rid'  (Sp.  pron.  ma-DreeD',  almost  maTH- 
reeTH'). 

Mad'rid  (in  the  U.  S.). 

Madura,  ma-doo'ra. 

Moe-an'der.     See  Meinder. 

Maelaren,  ma/Iar-en. 

Maelstrom,  male's'trum.  [This  is  frequently 
pronounced  mal'strum,  which  accords  with 
the  Dutch  sound  of  ae  ;  a  or  ae,  in  Swe- 
dish or  Norwegian,  sounds  like  a. 

Maese.     See  Meuse. 

Maestricht  or  Maastricht,  mas'triKt. 

Mag-a-dox'a  or  Magadoxo  (Port.  pron.  ma- 
ga-do'shoj. 

Magaguadavick,  mag'a-da'vik,  t.  of  New 
Brunswick  on  St.  John's  river. 

Mag'da-la,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Mag-da-le'na  (Sp.  pron.  mag-da-la'na). 

Mag'de-burg  (Ger.  pron.  maG'deh-bo5RGv). 

Magellan,  ma-jel'ian  (Sp.pron.  ma-nSl-yan'). 

Mageroe,  mag'er-0  or  ma'gher-o'eh,  i.  of 
Norway. 

Maggiore,  mad-jo'ra. 

Magindanao,  ma-Hin-da-na'o.    See  Mindanao. 

Magnesia,  mag-nee'she-a.     See  Manissa. 

Mahanuddy,  mah-han-nud'de. 

Mahe,  ma-ha'  or  ma-a',  i.  E.  of  Africa. 

Mahon,  ma-hone'  or  ma-one'. 

Mah-rat'ta,  territory  in  Hindostan 

Maid'stone. 

Maimatchin,  mT'ma-cheen'  or  ml'ma-chin',  t. 
of  Chin.  Tartary. 

Main  or  Mayn,  mine. 

Maine,  mane. 

Main'land. 

Maj-or'ca  (Sp.  Mallorca,  mal-yoR'ka). 

Makooa3,  ma'koo-uz,  a  people  of  S.  E.  Africa. 

Makoqueta,  ma-ko'ka-ta,  r.  of  Iowa. 

Makree  or  Makri,  makree",  t.  of  Turkey 

Makulla,  ma-kul'la,  t.  of  Arabia. 

Mala-bar'. 

Ma- lac 'c  a. 

Mal-a-det'ta  (Mt.),  the  highest  summit  of  the 
Pyrenees. 

Mal'a-ga  or  ma'la-ga. 

Malaisia,  mal-a'she-a. 

Malaren  or  Maelaren,  mi'lar-cn. 

Malay,  ma-la'. 

*Malden,  maul'dun. 

Maldives,  mai'dlvz. 

Maldonado,  ma.!-do-na'do,  t.  of  Uruguay. 

Ma-lem'ba,  t.  ofW.  Africa. 

Malheur,  maPoor'  (Fr.  pron.  ma'luR'),  r.  of 
Oregon. 

Malines,  ma'leen'.     See  Mechlin. 

Mallow. 

Mal'mo  or  mal'mo. 

Malmohus,  mill'mo-hooce,  prov.  of  Sweden. 

Malo  (St.),  maMo'. 

Malplaquet,  marpla'ka',  v.  of  France. 

M'alstrom.     See  Maelstrom. 

Malta,  maul'ta. 

Malton,  maul'tun,  t.  of  England. 

Malyasia  or  Napoli  di  Malvasia,  na'po-16  dh 
ma.l-va-zee'a,  t.  of  Greece. 

Malvern,  maul'vern,  v.  of  England. 

Malwah,  maul'wa. 

Mamore,  ma-mo'rft,  r.  of  Bolivia. 

Manaar,  man-ar/. 


MAR 


Manan.    See  Menan. 

Mananzari,  ma-nan-za-ree',  ^q/*.Marfa£aje«r. 

Ma-nas'seh,  tribe  of  Israelites. 

Mancha,  La,  la  man'cha. 

Manche,  mlbish. 

Man'ches-ter. 

Manchooria.    See  Mantchooria. 

*Man'dans\ 

Mandara,  ma.n-da'ra,  kingdom  of  Africa. 

Man'da-veeV 

Mandingos,  man-ding'g6s,   a   people    of    W. 

Africa. 
Man-fre-do'ni-a  or  man-fra-do'ne-a. 
Mangalore,  mang'ga-lore'. 
Manheim  or  Mannheim,  mann'hime. 
Mani9a,  ma-nee'sa,  t.  of  S.  Africa. 
Manicouagan,  man-e-qua'gan,   r.  of  British 

America. 
Man-il'la   (Sp.  Manila,  ma-nee'la),  cap.  of 

Luzon. 
Mau-is'sa  or  Magnesia. 
Manistic.     See  Monistic. 
Man-nis'sa  or   Manic^i,  ma-nee'sa,  r.  of  8. 

Africa. 
Man-1-to'ba,  I.  of  British  America. 
Manitouline,  man'it-oo'lin  or  man'e-too-leen', 

I.  of  Canada. 
Manilouwoc ,  man'e-too-wok'. 
Manresa,  man-ra'sa. 
Mans,  Le,  leh  mar*. 
Man-soo'ra  or  Mansourah,  t.  of  Egypt. 
Maiftal-a-goose',  I.  of  British  America. 
Mantchooria,  Mandshooria,  or  Mandchouria, 

man-choo're-a. 
Man'tu-a  (It.  Mantoya,  man'to-va). 
Manzanares,  man-tha-na're's. 
Manzanillo,man-sa-neel'yo  or  man-tha-neel' 

yo,  t.  of  Cuba. 
Maracaybo  or  Maracaibo,  ma-ra-kl'bo. 
Maradeh,  maVa'deh,  oasis  ofN.  Africa. 
Marajo  (I.).     See  Joannes. 
Marambaya,  ma-ram-bl'a,  i.  and  bay  of  Bra- 
zil. 
*Mar'a-mec*  or  Mer'ri-mack. 
Mar'an-Aam'  or  Maranhao  (Port.  pron.  ml- 

ran-ya'6N). 
Maranon,  ma-r3.n-yone'.     See  Amazon. 
Mar'a-thon,  plain  of  Greece,  noted  as  the  seen. 

of  a  great  victory  won  by  the  Greeks  over  the 

army  of  Xerxes. 
Maravee  or  Maravi,  ma-rl've. 
Marbella,  mar-bel'ya. 
Marvble-head\ 

Mar'burg  (Ger.  pron.  maRTiooRG). 
March,  maRx,  or  Morawa,  mo-rl'va,  r.  of 

Moravia. 
Marche,  La,  la  maRsh. 
Mar'cy,  highest  of  the  Adirondack  Mts. 
Mar-deen';  written,  also,  Mardin  and  Merdir. 
Marecchia,  ma-rek'ke-a,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Mar-en'go. 

Margarita,  mar-ga-ree'ta. 
Mar'gate,  almost  mar'gSt. 
Margi.    See  El  Margi. 
Mariana,  ma-re-a'na,  /.  of  Brazil. 
Mariana  or  Marianne,  mar'e-ann',  (Is.).    Se« 

La  drones. 
Mariato,  ma-re-a'to,  cape  near  the  Isthmus  of 

Panama. 
Marie-Galante,  maNre'  gUlaNt',  i.  of  W.  In- 
dies. 
*Mariel,  ma>e-el'. 
Marienbad,  ma-ree'en-bad%  or  ma-ree  en-bat', 

t.  of  Bohemia. 


MAU 

M4¥I-en-berg  or  mcUree'en-b?RG\ 
Ma'rt-en-burg  or  ma-ree'en-b60RG\ 
Ma'ri-en-wer'der  or  ma-ree'en-weVder. 
Marierizell,' ma-ree'en-tsell',  or    Mariazell, 

ma-ree'a-tsell'. 
Ma-ri-et'ta. 

Marigliano,  miL-reel-ya'no. 
Marion,  ma're-un. 
Mariout.     See  Birket-el-Marioot. 
Maritza  or  Marizza,  raa-rit'sa,  or  Mar-is'sa. 
Marlborough,  marl'b'rQh. 
Mar'mQ-ra  or  mar'ma-ra. 
Marne,  maRn. 
Ma-roc'eo.     See  Morocco. 
Maroni,  ma-ro-nee',  r.  of  Guiana. 
Marosch.  ma'rosh  (Hun.  Maros,  mor'osh'). 
Maros    Vasarhely,    morrosh'    vaa'shaaR'hei/ 

(Ger.  Neumarkt,  noi'maRkt). 
Marquesas,  mar-ka'sas. 
Marquette,  mar-kett'. 
Marsala,  maR-sa'la. 
Marseilles,  mar-sailz'  (Fr.  Marseille,  maRx- 

saii/). 
Mar'shall. 
Marvta-ban'. 
Martigny,  mar-teen'ye  (Fr.  pron.  maR'teen'- 

ye';    Ger.   Martinach,   maR'te-naK,    t.    of 

Switzerland. 
Martigues,  Les,  la  rnaR'teeg',  t.  of  France. 
Mar'tin. 
Mar'tin  Vas  (Is),  a  cluster  of  rocky  islets  in 

the  Atlantic  Ocean,  E.  of  S.  America. 
Martinique,  marvtin-eek'  (Sp.  Martiuico,  maR- 

le-nee'ko). 
Mar'war\    See  Joodpoor. 
Ma'ry-land. 
Ma'ry-pOrt. 
Mas-a-Fuera  or  Masafuera,  ma-sa-fwa'ra,  i. 

W.  of  Chili. 
Mas-a-Tierra,  ma&-a~te-er'ra,  t.  W.  of  Chili. 
Mascarenhas,  mas-ka-ren'yas,  is.  E.  of  Mada- 
gascar. 
Mash-ow',  t.  ofS.  Africa. 
Mas-kat'  or  Mas-cate'.     See  Muscat. 
Mas-ke'gon  or  Mas-ke'go. 
Mas'sa-chu'setts. 

Massina,  mas'se-na,  kingdom  of  Africa. 
Masta,  ma-sta,'  or  mas'ta,  often  written  Msta, 

r.  of  Russia. 
Masua    or    Massouah,  mas'soo-a ;    written, 

also,  Massovvah. 
Masulipatam,  mas-soo"le-pa-tam'. 
*Mat-a-gor'da. 

*Mat-a-mo'ros  or  Matamoras. 
Mat-an'zas  or  ma-tan'thls. 
Matva-pan'. 
Mataro,  ma-ta-ro'. 
Mat-ar-ee'yeh ;    often  written    Mataria    or 

Mataryeh. 
Ma-tem'ba,  prov.  of  S.  Africa. 
Ma-thT'as,  St.  (Sp.  San  Matias,  san  ma-tee'as), 

bay  of  Patagonia. 
Mathura;    sometimes  written,    and   usually 

pronounced,  Mut'tra. 
Matsmay  or  Matsma'i,  mats-mT',  t.  on  Yesso  I. 
Matura,  mu'too-ra,. 
Mauch-Chunk,  mauk-chunk'. 
Mauhes,  mow'ais',  Indians  of  Brazil. (?) 
Maui,  pronounced,  and  sometimes  written, 

Mow'ee. 
Mau-mee'. 

Mauna  Roa,  mow'na  ro'a,  (i.  e.  "  great  moun- 
tain"), mt.  of  Hawaii. 
Maurcpas,  mo're-pa\ 
61* 


29 


MEM 


Mau'rlce,  St.  (Fi .  pron.  s4n  ma'reece'),  r.  •/ 

Canada. 
Mauritius,  mau-rish'e-us. 
Mau'ry. 

Mautern,  mow'tern,  t.  of  Austria. 
Mayaco,  ml-a'ko,  t.  of  Hayti. 
Mayagu'ana,  ml-a-gwa'na,  i.  of  W.  Indict. 
Mayence.     See  Mentz. 
Mayenne,  ma'yenn'  or  mT'enn'. 
Mayn,  mine.     See  Main. 
May'nooth,  t.  of  Ireland. 
Mayo  (Ireland),  ma'o. 
*Mayo  (Mexico),  mi'o. 
Mayo,  mi'o,  one  of  the  Cape  Verd  Isles. 
Maysville,  maze'vil. 
Mayumba  or  Majumba,  ma-yum'ba,  t.  of  W. 

Africa. 
Mazanderan,  ma-zan-der-an',  or  Mazande- 

roon,  ma-zan-der-oon'. 
Mazagan,  mazNa-gan',  t.  of  Morocco. 
Mazagao,  ma-za-ga'ON,  almost  maz-a-gowng', 

t.  of  Brazil. 
*Maz-at-lan'  or  ma-sat-lan'. 
Mazzara,  mat-sl'ra. 
Meaco,  me-a'ko.    See  Miaco. 
Meade,  meed. 
Mead'ville. 
Meath,  meeTH. 
Meaux,  m5. 
Mec'ca. 
Mechlin,  mek'lin,  or  Mechelen,  meK'§l-$u 

(Fr.  Malines,  ma'leen'). 
Meck'len-burg  (Ger.  pron.  meck'len-bodRo'). 
Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  -shwer-een'. 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  -strel'its. 
Medina  (Arabia),  med-ee'na. 
Medina  (U.  S.),  me-dl'na. 
Medina  Sidonia,  med-ee'na  se-do'ne-a. 
Med'I-ter-ra'ne-an. 
Medvieditza,    med-ve-a'dit'sa ;     incorrectly 

written  Melvidetz,  r.  of  Russia. 
Med'way. 

Meenen.    See  Menin. 
"Megiddo,  me-ghid'do,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Meg'na. 
Mehallet-el-kebeer  or  -el-kebir,  meh-ha. 

let-el-keh-beeR'. 
*Me-her'rin. 

Me'idam,  ma'e-dam',  r.  of  Arabia. 
Meigs,  megz. 

Me'inam  or  Menam,  mae-nam'  or  ma-nam 
Meinder,  mane'der  (Anc.  Mse-an'der),  r.  q, 

Asia  Minor. 
Meiningen,  ml'ning-en,  or  Meinungen,  ml'- 

n66ng-en. 
Meissen,  ml'cen. 
Mejerdah  or  Medjerdah,  meh-jer'da   (Anc. 

Bag'ra-das),  t.  of  Algeria. 
Mek'I-nez\    Mekl-nesv,    or    Mek'nas;    also 

written  Mequinez. 
IV^elazzo.    SeeMilazzo. 
Melbourne,  mel'burn,  t.  of  Australia. 
Meleda,  ma-la'da,  i.  in  the  Adriatic. 
Melinda,  ma-lin'da,  t.  of  E.  Africa. 
Meling  or  Meeting',  mts.  of  China. 
Melos.     See  Milo. 
Mel-rose'. 

Mel'ton  Mow'bray  (mo'bre). 
Me-lun'  (Fr.  pron.  m'luN  or  meh-luN). 
Mel'ville,  i.  of  British  America. 
Mem'el  or  ma'mel. 
Mem'ming-en. 
*Mem'phis. 
*MenVphre-m4'go£. 


MIG 


30 


MOL 


Menaina,  men-T'na,  t.  on  Bahrein  I. 
Me-nan'  or  Ma-nan'  Is.,  a  cluster  near  the  E. 

coast  of  Mai?ie. 
Men-ard'. 

Mendana,  men-dan'ya.    See  Marquesas. 
Mende,  maNd. 

Menuocino,    men-do-see'no,   cape   of    Cali- 
fornia. 
Men-do'za  (Sp.  pron.  men-do'tha). 
Menin,  meh-naN'  (Flem.  Meenen,  ma'nen). 
*Men-nom'o-nfe  or  Me-nom'o-nee. 
Menorca.     See  Minorca. 
Mentone,  men-to'na,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 
Mentz,   ments,   or   Mainz,  mints   (Fr.  Ma- 

yence,  ma'yaNce'). 
Menzaleh,  men'za'leh. 
Mep'pel,  t.  of  Holland. 
Mequinez.     See  Mekinez. 
Merdin,  mer-deen'.     See  Mardeen. 
Mergui  or  Merghi,  mer-ghee'. 
Merawe  or  Meraweh,  mer'a-wi  (Anc.  Mer'- 

o-e)\  t.  of  Abyssinia. 
*Mer'e-dith. 
Meriato.     See  Mariato. 
Mer'i-da  or  meYe-da. 
Meramichi.    See  Miramichi. 
Mer'i-on'eih. 
Mer'i-weTH-er. 
*Mermentau,  mer'men-to'. 
Mer'o-e.    See  Merawe. 
Me'rom,  /.  of  Palestine. 
Mer'ri-mack. 

Mer'se-burg  (Ger.  pron.  meR'seh-booRG*). 
Mersey,  mer'ze. 

Merthyr  Tydvil  or  Tydfil,  mer'ther  tid'vil. 
Merv,  t.  of  Independent  Tartary. 
Mesh'ed"  or  Mush'ed ;   written,  also,   Mes- 

ched,  and  Meschid. 
Mesolongi.     See  Missolonghi. 
Mes'o-po-ta'mt-a;  called  El-Jez-ee'rah  (Al- 

Jezira)  by  the  Arabs. 
Messina,  mes-see'na. 

Mesurado,  mes-oo-ra'do,  r.  of  W.  Africa. 
Mesuratn,  mes-oo-r&'ta,  t.  of  Tripoli. 
Meta,  ma'ta,  r.  of  New  Granada. 
Metelin,   met-e-leen',   or  Myt-e-le'ne,  i.  of 

Greece. 
Metz,  mets  (Fr.  pron.  mace). 
Meurthe,  muKt. 
Meuse,  muze  (Fr.  pron.  muz;  Dutch,  Maese 

or  Maas,  maas). 
Mex'i-co  (Sp.  pron.  m&h'He-ko). 
Mezene  or  Mezen,  mez-ain',  r.  of  Russia. 
Mezieres,  mez'e-aiR'. 
Miaco,  me-a'ko,  or  Kee'o. 
Miami,  mT-ah'me. 

Michigan,  mish'e-gun  or  mish-e-gan'. 
Michilimackinac,  mishxil-e-mack'in-au.     See 

Mackinaw. 
*Michoacan,  me'cho-a-kan'. 
Miconi,  mik'o-nee.     See  Myconos. 
Mid'del-burg. 
Middlebury,  mid'del-bSr-e. 
Middlesborough_,   mid'dlz-b'ruh   or  mid'dlz- 

bur-rQh. 
MiJ'dlg-sex 
Mid'dle-ton. 
Mid'dle-town. 
Mid'land. 
Mifflin. 

Migliano,  meel-ya'no,  t.  of  Italy. 
Migliazza,  meel-yai'sa,  or  Miliaska,  mil-e-as'- 

ka,  r.  of  Bosnia. 


*MT'lam. 

Mil'an  (It.  Milano,  me-la'no). 

Milazzo,  me-lat'so,  or  Melazzo,  ma-lat'ao. 

Mil'den.     See  Moudon. 

Mil'foVd. 
Milhau,  me'lo'. 

Mil'ledge-ville. 

Milo,  me'Io.  or  Me'los. 

Milt-sin'  or  milfseen',  (Mt.),  the  highest  mea- 
sured summit  of  the  Atlas  Mts. 

Mil-wau'kee  or  Milwaukie. 

Minab,  me'nab',  t.  of  Persia. 

Minch,  mink,  channel  of  Scotland. 

Mincio,  min'cho. 

Mindanao,  min-da-na'o,  or  Magindanao,  ml- 
Hin-da-na'o. 

Min'den. 

Min-do'ro. 

Min-e-so'ta  or  Minnesota,  territory  of  I'm 
United  States. 

Mingan,  ming'gan,is.i»  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. 

Min-gre'lt-a,  Russian  prov.  near  Mt.  Cauca- 
sus. 

Minieh  or  Minyeh,  mee'ne-yeh,  t.  of  Egypt. 

Minho,  meen'yo.  [This  is  the  Portuguese 
spelling;  the  Spaniards  write  the  name 
Miiio,  but  pronounce  it  the  same.] 

*Minnetaree,  min-ne-tar're. 

Min-or'ca  or  Men-or'ca. 

Minsk. 

Miosen,  me-o'zen,  I.  of  Norway. 

Miquelon,  mik'eh-lon'",  or  more  properly  me'- 
keh-l6N',  i.  near  Newfoundland,  belonging 
to  France. 

Miramichi,  nnVa-mi-shee'. 

Miranda,  me-ran'da,  t.  of  Spain. 

Mirandola,  me-ran'do-la. 

Mirebalais,  meeR'ba'la',  t.  of  Hayti. 

Mirepoix,  mir'eh-pwa'  or  rhSe'R'pwa'. 

Mirim,  me-reem',  I.  of  Uruguay. 

Mis'i-tra  or  Mis'tra,  i.  of  Greece. 

Miskolcz,  mish-kolts'. 

Misselad,  mis'se-lad',  r.  of  Central  Africa{?-). 

*Mis-sis'que. 

Mis\sis-sip'pi. 

Missolonghi,  mis-so-long'ghe. 

Missouri,  mis-soo'r6. 

Mis'tas-sin'ny  or  Mistissinny,  I.  of  British 
America. 

Mittau,  mit'tou. 

Mobile,  mo-beel'. 

Mocha,  mo'ka  (Arab.  pron.  mo'xa*). 

Mod'en-a  or  mod'Sn-l. 

Modica,  mod'e-ka. 

Mo'en,  i.  of  Norway. 

Mogva-dore'  (called  Swee'ra  by  the  Moors). 

Mo-gul'. 

Mohacs,  mo'haatch'. 

*Mo-hah've. 

Mo'hawk. 

Mo-hee'lef ;  written,  also,  Mohilew  and  Mo 
ghilev. 

Mo-he'gan,  mts.  of  New  York. 

Moissac,  mwas'sak'. 

Moksha  or  Mokscha,  mok'sha,  r.  of  Russia. 

Moksobo.     See  Monchaboo. 

Mojos  or  Moxos,  mo'Hoce,  Indians  of  Bolivia. 

Moldau,  mol'dow. 

Mol-daVi-a. 

Mol-fet'ta. 

Molise,  mo-lee'sa,  t.  and  prov.  of  Naples. 

Molokai,  mo-lo-kl',  or  Morotai. 


MOO 


31 


MUR 


Mo-luc'cas. 

Moluches,  mo-loo'ches,  Indians  of  Pata~ 
gonia. 

Molwitz,  mol'wits  or  mol'vits,  t.  of  Silesia. 

Mombaza,  mom-ba'za,  or  Mombas,  mom'bas', 
kingdom^  t.,  and  t.  of  E.  Africa. 

Mom-pox'  (Sp  pron.  mom-poH.'). 

Monaco,  mon'a-ko. 

*Mo-nad'nock. 

Monagliaii,  mon'a-Han. 

Monastir,  pronounced,  and  sometimes  writ- 
ten, Mon-as-teer',  t.  of  Turkey. 

Mon'clo'va,  t.  of  Mexico. 

Mon'cha-boo'  or  Monclioboo  (called  by  the 
natives  Mok'so-bo'  or  Moksvo-boo'),  t.  of 
Birma. 

Mondego,  mon-da'go. 

Mondonedo,  mon-dOn-y&'DO. 

Mondovi,  mon-do-vee'. 

Monferrato,  mon-f£r-ra'to. 

Mon-fa-loot'  or  Monfalout,  t.  of  Egypt. 

Monfia,  mon-fee'a,  i.  of  E.  Africa. 

Monghir,  mung-gheer . 

Mon-go'll-a. 

Mo-nis'tic,  r.  of  Michigan. 

*Moniteau,  monNe-to'. 

Monmouth,  mon'muth. 

Mo-non'ga-he'la. 

Mo-non-ga'li-a. 

Monopoh,  mo-nop'o-le. 

Monomotapa,  mouYj-mo-ta'pa,  country  of  E. 
Africa. 

Monreale,  mon-ra-a'la.    See  Montreale. 

Mon-roe'. 

Mon-ro'vi-a,  cap.  of  Liberia. 

Mons,  mdx  (Flem.  Bergen,  bSR'Hen). 

Montagnana,  mon-tan-ya'na. 

Montargis,  moN'taiTzhe'. 

Montauban,  m6N*tO'baN'. 

*"Moirtauk'. 

Montbrison,  mON'bre'zOn'. 

Montcalm,  mont-kam'. 

Mont-de-Marsan,  miN-deh-maR'sajj'. 

Mon-te'go,  bay  of  Jamaica. 

Monte-Leone,  mon'ta-la-o'ni. 

Montelimart,  mAN'teTeYnaR'. 

Monterey,  mon-ta-ray'. 

Mon-te-vid'e-o  or  mon-ta-vee'da-o. 

Montgomery,  mont-gum'er-e. 

*Mon-ti-cel'lo. 

Montilla,  mon-teel'ya. 

Montmartre,  mirjYnaR-tR'. 

Montmorenci,  mont-mo-ren'se  (Fr.  pron. 
mON'moYaN'se'),  r.  of  Canada. 

Mont-pe'11-er. 

Mont-pel'li-er  (Fr.  pron.  mox-perie-a'.) 

Montreal,  mont-re-aul'  (Fr.  Montreal,  m6N"- 
ri'al'). 

Montreale,  mont-ra-a'Ia,  or  Monreale. 

Moct  -rose'. 

Mor.'  ser-rat',  mt.  of  Spain  ;  also  i.  of  W.  In- 
dus. 

Monza,  mon'za. 

Mookden,  Mukden,  or  Moukden,  mookMen'. 
See  Shin- Yang. 

Moo'loo'as,  a  people  of  S.  Africa. (?) 

Mooltan  or  Moultan,  mool-tan'. 

Moorad  or  Murad,  mooYad',  a  branch  of  the 
Euphrates. 

Moore,  more 

Moorshedahad,  moor'she-da-bad'. 

Moorzook,  Mourzouk,  or  Murzuk,  moor- 
zook'. 

Moo»ehead,  mooce'hed'. 


*Moqui,  mo-kee'  (Moquis,  mo-keez',  in  tn« 

plural). 
Mo'ra,  cap.  of  Mandara. 
Morat,   mo'ra'   (Ger.  Murten,   moSR'ten),  t 

and  I.  of  Switzerland. 
Morava  or  Morawa,  mo-ra'va,  or  March. 
Mo-ra'vt-a  (Ger.  Mahren,  ma'ren). 
Moray,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Mui/ 

Morbihan,  moR'be'aN'. 

Mo-re'a  or  Peloponnesus. 

*Moreau,  moYo'. 

Morena,  Sierra,  se-er'r3,  mo-ra'na,  chain  of 
mts.  in  Spain. 

Mor'gan. 

Mor'gaRYen,  mt.  of  Switzerland. 

Morlaix,  moRvla'. 

Moroc'co  or  Marocco  (Arab.  Maraksh,  ma- 
raksh'). 

Morotai,  mo-ro-ti'.  See  Molokai.  [For  an 
explanation  of  this  interchange  of  the  let- 
ters I  and  r,  and  k  and  t,  the  inquirer  is 
referred  to  note  on  page  462  of  the  Pro- 
nouncing Gazetteer.] 

Mor'ro  Her-mo'so  or  heR-mo'so,  improperly 
written  Moro  Hermoso,  cape  of  California. 

Morrope,  morYo-pa',  t.  of  Peru. 

Morsoe,  mors'd'eh,  almost  mors'tthYeh,  or 
Mors  I.,  i.  of  Denmark  in  the  Lymfiord. 

Mortagne,  moR'tan',  t.  of  France. 

Mos'cow  (Rus.  Moskwa,  mosk-wa'). 

Moselle,  mo-zell'  (Ger.  Mosel,  mo'zel). 

Mosk'wa  (Rus.  pron.  Mosk-wa'). 

Mosquito,  mos-kee'to. 

Mos'tar',  t.  of  Turkey. 

Mo'sul  or  Moo'sul. 

Motril,  mo-treel',  t.  of  Spain. 

Moudon,  iiioo\16n'  (Ger.  Mil'den),  t.  of  Svri. 
zerland. 

Moukden.    See  Mookden. 

Monlins,  moo'laV. 

Moultan,  mool-tan'.    See  Mooltan. 

Mouna  Roa,  more  properly  Mauna  Ron, 
which  see. 

Moura,  moo'ra  (Port.  pron.  mo'ra  or  m5'oo« 
ra),  t.  of  Brazil. 

Mourad.    See  Moorad. 

Mourzouk.    See  Moorzook. 

Mow'ee.    See  Maui. 

Moxos.     See  Mojos. 

Mozambique,  mo-zam-beek' . 

Msta.     See  Masta. 

Muhlenburg,  mu'len-burg. 

Muhlhausen,  mflle'how'zen. 

Muhlhausen,  mule'how'zen  (Fr.  Muhlhouse 
muTooz'). 

MQhlheim,  male'hlme. 

Movisas  or  Movizas,  mo-vee'zaz,  a  people  o 
S.  Africa. 

Muhr  or  Mur,  mooR,  r.  of  Styria. 

Mukden.    See  Mookden. 

Mulahacen,  moo-la-a-then'  (th  as  in  thin)t 
highest  mt.  in  Spain. 

Mulde,  m661'deh,  r.  of  Saxony. 

Mull. 

Mul-lin-gar'. 

Mun'den. 

Munich,  mu'nik  (Ger.  Munchen,  mfln'Hen) 

Munkacs,  m66nk-atch',  t.  of  Hungary. 

Mun'ny-poor'  or  Mun'i-poo'ra,  t.  of  Birma. 

Mun'ster  (Ger.  MQn'ster). 

Mur.     See  Muhr. 

Murad,  moo-rad'.    See  Moorad. 

Murauj  moo'rou,  t.  of  Styria. 


NAS 


32 


NEV 


Murcia,  mur'she-a  (Sp.  pron.  mooR'the-a). 

Murfreesborough,  mur'freez-bur-ruh. 

Muritz,  mfl'rits,  I.  of  Prussia. 

Murray,  mur're.     See  Moray. 

Mursuk.     See  Moorzook. 

Murten.     See  Morat. 

Murusura  or  Murucura,  moo-roo-soo'ra,  r. 
of  E.  Africa,  of  which  little  is  known. 

Murviedro,  mooR-ve-a'dro. 

Mus-cat' ;  sometimes  written  Mascat  or  Mas- 
cate. 

Muscatine,  musvka-teen'. 
4us-co'gee  (g  hard). 

Muscongus,  mus-kong'gus,  bay  of  Maine. 

Mus'eo-vy,  a  name  sometimes  given  to  Russia, 
derived  apparently  from  Moscow,  the  an- 
cient capital  of  the  empire. 

Muskau,  moos'kow,  t.  of  Prussia. 

Muskingum,  mus-king'gum. 

Musselburgh,  mus'sel-bur-ruh. 

Mut'tra.     See  Mathura. 

Myc'o-nos,  or  Miconi  or  Myconi,  mik'o-nee, 
t".  of  Greece. 

Mysore,  mi-sore'. 

Myt-1-le'ne  or  Metelin,  i.  of  Greece. 

N. 

Naab,  naab  (Ger.  pron.  naap),  r.  of  Bavaria. 

Naas,  nace. 

*Nabajo;  pronounced,  and  sometimes  writ- 
ten, Nav'a-hoe,  or  Nabajoa,  na-va-H5'a. 

*Nacogd'<ches,  nak'o-do'chSz. 

Nag'poor'  or  Nagpour. 

Nagy  Enyed,  n6d  yeh  (almost  nodge)  en'yed'. 

Nagy  Karoly.  n6d'y?h  (or  nodge)  kaa'roL'. 

Nagy  Szombath,  ndd'yeh  som'b6tv.  See  Tyr- 
nau. 

Nagy  Varad,  nod'yeh  vS.a'rod\ 

*Na-hant'. 

Nain,  ni'in,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Nairnshire,  nam'shir. 

Namaquas.  or  Namaaquas,  na-ma'quaz,  a  peo- 
ple of  S.  Africa. 

Namur,  na'mur  (Fr.  pron.  na'mOR';  Flem. 
Namen,  na'men). 

Nan'cy  (Fr.  pron.  naryse')- 

Nangasaki,  nang-ga-sa'ke. 

Nan'kin'  or  Nanvking';  called,  also,  Kl-ang' 
Ning. 

Nanjing',  mts.  of  China. 

Nan'se-mond. 

Nantchang,  nan"chang',  t.  of  China. 

Nantes,  nants  (Fr.  pron.  nam). 

*Nan't'i-coke. 

Nan-tuck'et. 

Nantwich,  nant'ich. 

Naphthali,  naf  tha-lT,  tribe  of  Israelites. 

Naples,  na'p?lz  (It.  Napoli,  na'po-le). 

Naplouse  or  NapMoos'  (Anc.  Ne-ap'o-lis,  and 
Sy'eAar),  t.  of  Palestine. 

Napo,  nS,  po,  r.  of  Ecuador. 

Napoli  di  Malvasia.    See  Malvasia. 

Napoli  di  Romania,  na'po-le  de  ro-ma-nee'a. 
See  Nauplia. 

Narbonne,  naRbonn'. 

Nar'da.    See  Arta. 

Narenta,  na-ren'ta,  r.  of  Dalmatia. 

Narew,  na/ref,  r.  of  Poland. 

Narmada,  nan-ma'da.     See  Nerbuddah. 

Nar'o-va  or  Nar'va,  r.  of  Russia. 

Narym,  na-rim',  t.  of  Siberia. 

Nash-o'ba. 

*Nash  u-a 


Nash'vill*. 

Nas'sau  (Ger.  pron.  nas'sow). 

Natal,  na-tal',  t.  of  Brazil;  also  an  i.  E.  of 

Africa. 
Natch'ez. 
Natch'l-toch'es,  sometimes  pronounced  nak' 

e-tush'. 
Na-toTi-a  or  An-a-to'11-a,  or  Anadoli,  a-nl 

do'le. 
Naum'burg  (Ger.  pron  noum'boSRG). 
Nau'pli-a  or  Napoli  di  Romania. 
*Nau-voo'. 

*Nav'a-hoe  (Indians) ;  written,  also,  Nabajo. 
Nav'an. 
Navarino,  nav-a-ree'no,  or  Neocastro,  na'o- 

kas'tro. 
Nav-arre'  (Sp.  Navarra,  na-var'ra). 
Naviglio  Grande,  na-veel'yo  gran'da,  a  canal 

of  N  Italy. 
Naxia,  nax-ee'a,  or  Nax'os. 
Naz'a-reth,  now  called  Nasra  or  N&z'ra,  t.  of 

Palestine. 
Neagh,  Lough,  Ioh  ni. 
N'an,  naV.     See  Eupen. 
Ne'bo,  mt.  of  Palestine. 
Ne-bras'ka.     See  Platte. 
*Neches,  netch'ez. 
Neck'ar. 
Ne-cos'ta. 
Nedjd,  nej'd,  or  Nedj'ed,  written,  also,  Nedg 

jed. 
Neembucu,  na-Sm-boo-koo',  t.  of  La  Plata. 
Neg'a-pa-tam',  t.  of  Hindostan. 
Negrais,  negVTce',  i.  and  t.  of  Pegu. 
Negro,  na'gro.     See  Rio  Negro. 
Neg'ro-pont  or  Eg'rl-po. 
Negros,  na'groce,  one  of  the  Philippine  Is. 
Neisse,  nT'ceh. 
Nejin.    See  Nezheen. 
Nel'son. 

Nemours,  neh-mooR',  t.  of  France. 
Nenagh,  ni'na. 
*Ne-o'sho. 

Neots,  St.,  sent  neets'. 
Ne-paul'  or  Nepal. 
Nepissing.     See  Nipissing. 
Ner-bud'dah,  or  Narmada,  nar-ma'da. 
Ner-tchinsk',  t.  of  Siberia. 
Neschin,  nesh-een'.    See  Nezheen. 
*Nes'co-peck. 
*.\e-sham'l-ny. 

Nest'ved  or  Naestved,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Nesuketonga,  ne-su-ke-tong'ga,  r.  of  Indian 

Territory. 
NeTH'er-lands    (Dutch    Nederland,  na'der- 

lantv). 
Nethou,  na'too'. 
Netze,  net'seh,  r.  of  Germany. 
Neu'burg  fGer  pron.  noi'boORG). 
Neufchatel   or  Nenehatel,   nush'a'tel'  (Ger. 

Neuenburg,  noi'pn-bSoRe'). 
Neu-Markt,  noi'-markt,  t.  of  Germany. 
Neu-Ruppin,  noi-r66p-peen'. 
Neusatz,   noi'sats   (Hun.   Ujvidek,   oo-e-ve- 

daik). 
Neuse,  nuce. 

Neusiedler-See,  noi-seed'ler-sa',  I.  of  Hun- 
gary. 
Neu'sohl  or  noi'sole. 
Neustadt,  nu'stat  or  noi'statt. 
Neutra,  noi'tra  (Hun.  Nyittra,  ne-it'troh')  of 

nyeet'troh),  t.  and  r.  of  Hungary. 
Neuwied,  nu'weed  or  noi'weet. 
Ne'va  (Rus.  pron.  na'va). 


NIM 


33 


NYO 


Nevada,  na-va'oa. 

Nevado,  na-va'Do. 

Nevers,  neh-vaRe'. 

Nev'in  or  Nef'yn,  t.  of  Wales. 

Ne'vis,  Ben,  mt.  of  Scotland. 

New'ark. 

New'bern. 

New'ber-ry. 

New'burg. 

Newburyport,  nuTier-e-pOrt. 

Newcastle  (Delaware),  nu'kas-sel. 

Newcastle  (England),  nu-kas'sel. 

Newfoundland,  nu'fund-land'.  [This  name  is 
universally  pronounced  by  the  inhabitants 
with  the  accent  on  the  first  and  last  sylla- 
bles; when,  however,  it  is  used  as  an  ad- 
jective, as  in  the  phrase  "  a  Newfoundland 
dog,"  euphony  requires  that  the  accent 
should  be  placed  on  the  penultima.  The 
same  rule  seems  to  hold  with  respect  to 
some  other  names:  Leghorn  and  Cashmere 
as  nouns  are  usually  accentuated  on  the  last 
syllable,  but  as  adjectives  almost  invariably 
on  the  first.  See  note  under  Cashmere 
in  the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer.] 

New  Granada,  nu  gra-na'da. 

New  Guinea.     See  Papua. 

New  Hampshire. 

New  Han'o-ver. 

New  Ha' ven. 

*New  Helvetia,  -hel-vee'she-a  (Sp.  Nueva 
Helvetia,  nwa'ya  hel-va'te-a). 

New  Hol'land.     See  Australia. 

New  Jersey,  -jer'ze. 

New  Leb'a-non. 

New  Le'on.    See  Nuevo  Leon. 

New  London,  -lun'den. 

New  Mad'rid. 

♦New  Mexl-co  (Sp.  Nuevo  Mexico,  nwa'vo 
meh'He-ko). 

New  Or'le-ans,  commonly,  but  incorrectly, 
called  New  Or-leens'. 

New'pOrt. 

New  Provt-dence,  i.  of  W.  Indies. 

Newrv,  na're,  t.  of  Ireland. 

New  Sa'rum.     See  Salisbury. 

♦New  San-tan'der  (Sp.  Nuevo  Santander, 
nwa'vo  san-tan-daiR') . 

New'ton. 

New  Zealand,  -zee'Iand. 

Nezh-een' ;  written,  also,  Nejin  and  Neschin. 

*Nez  Perce,  na  peVsa' ;  commonly  pro- 
nounced nay  per'ce. 

Niagara,  nl-ag'a-rah. 

Niangua,  ne-ang'gwa,  r.  of  Missouri. 

Nicaria.     See  Icaria. 

Nicaragua,  nik-ar-a'gwa. 

Nice,  neece  (Tt.  Nizza,  nit'sa). 

Nicholas,  nik'o-lus. 

Nic-o-bar'.  [koMS.'). 

Nie'o-las,  St.   (Fr.   Saint  Nicolas,  sax   nev- 

Nicopoli,  ne-kop'o-le,  or  Nicopol.  ne-kO'pel. 

Nicosia,  ne-ko'se-a. 

Niederwesel,  nee'der-w&'zel.     See  Wesel. 

Niemen,  nee'men  (Pol.  pron.  nyeni'en). 

Nieuport,  nu'port,  t.  of  Belgium. 

Nievre,  ne-aivr'. 

Niger,  nl'jer,  or  Quor'ra. 

Nijni.     See  Nizhnee. 

Nikola'ief  or  Nikolaiew,  ne-ko-11'ef. 

Nik'ols-burg  (Ger.  pron.  ne'kols-boSRG"). 

Nile  (Arab.  Bahr  Nil,  bait'r  neel). 

Nimegue.     See  Nimvvegen. 

Niraes  or  Nismes.  neem. 


Nimwegen,  nim-wa'ghen;  more  correctly, 

Nymwegen,  nlme-w&'ghen  (Fr.  Nimegue, 

nemaig'). 
Ningoota   or    Ningouta,  ning-goo'ta,  t.  of 

Mantchooria. 
Ning-Po,  formerly  Liampo,  le-am'po. 
Niort,  ne-oR'. 

Nip'is-sing"  or  Nepissing,  I.  of  Canada. 
Niph'on'  or  NipYm'.     See  Japan. 
Nischnei.     See  Nizhnee. 
Nish'a-poor' ;  written,  also,  Nishapour,  t.  of 

Persia. 
Nisqually,  nis-qu61'le,  fort  of  Oregon. 
Nissibin,  nis'se-been'  (Anc.  Nis'1-bis),  t.  of 

Asiatic  Turkey. 
Nis'sa,  t.  of  Turkey. 

Nitcheguon,  nitchxe-gw6n',  I.  of  Labrador. 
Nivelles,  neVell'  (Flem.  Nyvel,  nl'vel). 
Nizh'nee  (or  Nijni)  Nov'go-rod'. 
Nocera,  no-cha'riL 
Noerdlingen.    See  Nordlingen. 
No'la  or  no'la. 

Noon,  Noun,  or  Nun,  noon,  t.  of  Morocco. 
Noot'ka  Sound,  W.  of  Vancouver's  I. 
Nord,  noR. 

Nordhausen,  noRt-how'zen. 
Nordlingen  or  Noerdlingen,  nort'ling-en,  al- 
most nurt'ling-en. 
Nor'fOZk. 

Nor'man-dy  (Fr.  Normandie,  noR'maN'de'). 
Norrkopine,  noR'cho-ping. 
Nor-thamp  ton. 
North-lined  (north'llnd')  Lake,  or  Island  L., 

/.  of  British  America  on  the  "  /tne"  or  limit 

where  the  woods  disappear  in  consequence 

of  the  high  latitude. 
Nor-thum'ber-land. 
Nor'ton  Sound,  in  Russian  America. 
Nor'way  (Norw.  Norge,  noR'gSh  or  noR'gi). 
Norwich  (England),  nor'ridge. 
Norwich  (U.  S.),  nor'rich  or  nor'wich. 
Nossa  Senhora  da  Penha,  nos'sa  sen-yo'ra  da 

pen'ya,  or  Tapagipe,  ta-pa-zhee'pa,  v.  of 

Brazil  near  Bahia. 
No'to. 
Not'ta-way. 

Nottingham,  not'ting-um. 
Noun.    See  Noon. 
Nourse,  noors,  r.  of  S.  W.  Africa.    It  appears 

to  be  the  same  as  the  Bembaroughe. 
Novara,  no-vi'ra. 
Nova  Scotia,  no'va  sko'she-a. 
No-va  Zem'bla. 
Nov'go-rod'  or  NoVo-go'rod'. 
Novi,  no've. 
Nox'u-bee. 
Noyon,  noh'yoN'. 
Nu'bi-a. 

Nueces,  nwa'cis,  or  noo-a'ses.        [Helvetia. 
*Nueva  Helvetia,  nwa'va  hel-va'te-a,  or  New 
*Nuevitas,  nwa-vee'tas. 
*Nuevo  Leon,  nwa'vo  la-one',  or  New  Leon 
*Nuevo  Santander,  nwa'vo  sln-tan-daiR',  01 

New  Santander. 
Nukahiva,  noo'ka-hee'va,  i.  of  Polynesia. 
Nun.     See  Noon. 

Nun'ni-vack\  t.  W.  of  Russian  America.  (?) 
Nu'rem-berg  (Ger.  Numberg,  nQRn'bSRG). 
Nyeborg  or  Nyborg,  nee'borg   (Dan.  pron. 

nQ'boRG  or  nQ'eh-boRg),  t.  of  Denmark. 
Nyffe,  nif'fa  or  nif'feh,  kingdom  of  W.  Africa. 
Nykoping  or  Nykjoping.  nQ'cho-ping,  almost 

"nee'chup-ing,  t.  of  Sweden. 
Nyon,  ne'iN',  t.  of  Switzerland. 


OMA 


34 


ORT 


0. 

Oahu,  woh'hoo. 
Oakham,  O'kum. 
Oaxaca  or  Oajaca,  wa-HaTta ;  written,  also, 

Guaxaca. 
Ob.     See  Obi. 

Ob-dorsk'  or  Obxdors'koi',  t.  of  W.  Siberia. 
Obeid,  o-bade'  or  o-ba'eed  ;  called,  also,  El- 

Obeid  or  Al-Obeid,  t.  of  Africa,  formerly 

the  capital  of  Kordofan,  now  in  ruins. 
O'ber-lin. 

Obi,  o'be,  or  Ob;  written,  also,  Oby. 
O'bi-c-n. 

Ocaiia,  o-kan'ya. 
Oceana,  o-she-ah'na. 
Oceanica,  o-she-an'e-ka. 
Oceola,  os-se-o'la. 
Ochotsk.     See  Okhotsk. 
Ock-lo-ko'nee;    written,   also,   Ocklockony 

and  Oclockonnee,  r.  of  Georgia  and  Florida. 
Oc-mulg'ee  ;  formerly  written  Oakmulgee. 
Ocona,  o-kc-n'ya,  t.  and  r.  of  Peru. 
O-co'nee. 
"O'cra-coke. 
*Oclorara,  okvtp-rah'ra. 
Oczakow.'   See  Otchakof. 
Odense,  o'den-seh. 
O'der. 
O'des'sa. 
Odeypoor,  usually  pronounced   oo'de-poor'; 

sometimes  written  Oudeypouror  Oodipoor. 
Oedenburg,  e'den-burg  or  o'den-b66RG\Hun. 

Soprony,  sho-pmn) 
Oeiras,  o-a'e-ras,  almost  way'ras,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Oeland,  e'lund  or  d'land. 
Oels.  els  or  61s. 
Oerebro,  er'e-bro  or  6're-bro. 
Oesel,  e'sel  or  6'sel. 
Oettingen',  et'ting-en  or  6t'ting-en. 
O'fen.     See  Buda. 
Offenbach,  of'fen-bax\ 
Og'dens-burg. 
Ogeechee,  o-ghee'che. 
Ogle,  O'g'l. 

Oglethorp,  5'g'l-thorp. 
Oglio,  il'yo,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
O-hT'o. 

Oise,  oiz  (Fr.  pron.  waz,  almost  wTze). 
Ojibbeway.    See  Chippeway. 
O-ka-nag'an, /or*  and  r.  of  British  America. 
Ovke-cho'bee,  I.  of  Florida. 
Ovke-fin-o'kee,  swamp  of  Georgia;  written, 

also.  Okefonoco. 
Okhotsk,  o-Kotsk'  (Rus.  pron.  o-Hotsk'). 
Ok'na,  t.  of  Moldavia. 
Okonagan.     See'Okanagan. 
Oktibbeha,  ok-tib'be-haw. 
OI'den-burg  (Ger.  pron.  ol'den-bS6RGx). 
Oldham,  old'um. 
*0-le-an' 

Oleggio,  o-led'jo,  v.  of  N.  Italy. 
0-len-ek'i  r.  of  Siberia. 
Oleron,  ol&VAs';  sometimes  written  Oloron. 

o'IoYok'). 
O-lin'da  or  o-leen'da. 
Ol-i-ven'za  or  Olivenca  (Sp.  pron.  o-le-ven'- 

tha).' 
Ol'mutz  or  Ollmutz. 
O-lo-nets'  or  Olonelz. 
O-lot'. 

O-lym'pus,  mt.  of  Greece. 
Omaguas,  O-ma'gwas',  Indians  of  Ecuador. 
"Omaha,  om'a-haw. 


Oman,  5 -man',  t.  and  prov.  of  Arabia. 

O'mer,  St.  (Fr.  Saint  Omer,  s&Nt  o'mai*'): 

O-mo'a  or  o-mo'a,  t.  of  Honduras. 

*Om-pom-po-noo'suc. 

Omsk,  omsk. 

O-ne'ga  (Rus.  pron.  o-na'ga). 

Oneglia,  o-nel'ya,  t.  of  N.  Italy, 

Oneida,  o-nl'da. 

*Onion,  un'yun. 

O'non',  r.  of  Chin.  Tartary.    See  Shilka. 

Onondaga,  on'un-dau'ga. 

Ons'low. 

Ontario,  on-ta're-o. 

Ooanlin.     See  Wanlin. 

Oodipoor.     See  Odeypoor. 

Oofa.  Oufa,  or  Ufa,  oo'fa,  t.  and  r.  of  Russia 

Oojein,  oo-jane'. 

Oo-na-las'ka  or  Oo-na-lash'ka  ;  written,  alsO| 

Unalaschka,  the  largest  of  the  Aleutian  Is. 
Oor'fa;  written,  also,  Urfa,  Ourfa,  and  Orfa. 
Oorga,  Ourga  or  Urga,   oor'ga,  t.  of  Chin. 

Tartary. 
Oorghenj,  Ourghendj, or  Urgendj, oor-ghenj'; 
sometimes  written  Urghenz  and  Urgantz. 
See  Khiva. 
Ooroomeea  or  Urumiya,  oo-roo-mee'a  ;  writ- 
ten, also,  Urmiah  and  Ourmiah. 
Oorzhoom  or  Ourjoum,  oor'zhoom',    t.  of 

Russia. 
Oosa  or  Ousa,  oo'sa,  r.  and  t.  of  Russia. 
Oo'sooVee',  Ousouri,  or  Usuri,  r.  ofE.  Asia. 

*Oos-ten-au'la. 

Oosterhout,  oce'ter-howt. 

Oostioog  Velikee,  Ustiug  Veliki,  or  Oustioug 
Veliki,  oos-te-oog'  vel  e-kee\ 

Oozbeks,  Ouzbeks,  or  Uzbecks,  ooz'beks',  a 
people  of  Independent  Tartary. 

Oozbekistan,  ooz-bek-is-tan'.    See  Bokhara. 

O-por'to. 

Op'peln. 

Oppenheim,  op'pen-hlme,  t.  of  Germany. 

Op'pt-do,  t.  of  Naples. 

Oran,  oYan',  t.  of  Algeria. 

Orange,  or'inj  (Fr.  pron.  oYaNzh'). 

Orange,  or'inj,  or  Gar-eep',  r.  of  S.  Africa 

Orangeburg,  or'inj-burg. 

Orcades,  or'ka-d£z.    See  Orkneys. 

Orchilla,  or-cheel'ya,  *•  of  the  W.  Indies. 

Orebro.    See  Oerebro. 

Or'e-gQn. 

0-relror  Or-lof. 

Orellana,  o-rSl-ya'na.    See  Amazon. 

OYen-boorgv  or  Orenburg. 

Orense,  o-ren'sa,  t.  of  Spain. 

Or'fc-rd,  cape  of  England. 

Orfui,  orYwee',  cape  of  E.  Africa. 

Orihuela,  o-re-wa'la. 

O-rin-o'ko. 

*0-ris'ka-ny. 

O-ris'sa. 

Oristano,  o-ris-ta'no,  or  Oristagni,  o-ris-taa- 
ye,  t   of  Sardinia. 

Orizaba,  o-re-sa'ba. 

Orkneys,  ork'n&z. 

Orleanais  or  Orl  anois,  oRMa'aifa'. 

Or'le-ans  (Fr.  pron.  oRMava.N'). 

Or'mus  or  Ormuz  (Pers.  Hormooz). 

Qrne,  oru. 

*0-ro'no. 

Orontes,  o-ron'tez  (called,  by  the  Arabs,  El 
Aasy,  el  aa'see). 

Orosei,  o-ro-sa'e,  t.  and  gulf  of  Sardinia. 

Orsova,  or'sho'v6h,  t.  of  Hungary. 

Ortegnl  or  0R-ta-gal',  cape  of  Spain. 


OZA 


35 


PAS 


Or'tels-burg  (Ger.  pron.  0R'tels-b88RGv),  t.  of 

Prussia. 
Orthez  or  Orth6s,  oiClk'. 
Ortona,  oR-to'na,  t.  of  Italy. 
Oruba,  o-roo'ba,  i  of  W.  Indies. 
Oruro,  o-roo'ro.  t.  of  Bolivia. 
Orvieto,  oR-ve-a'to. 

Osaca  or  Osaka,  o-sa'ka,  t.  on  Niphon  I. 
O'sage  (Fr.  pron.  <Vzazh'). 
Osceola,  os-se-o'la. 
Osero.  os'a-ro,  or  Orsero,  OR-sa'ro,  i.  in  the 

Adriatic. 
Os'i-mo. 
Oshmooneyn     or    Aehmouneyn,    osh-moo- 

nane'. 
Os  na-bruck'  (often  called,  in  English,  Os'na- 

burg). 
*Os'si-pee. 
Ossuna,  os-soo'ua. 
Oste,  ns'teh,  r.  of  Hanover. 
Os-lond'. 
Osteroe,  os'ter-ov  or  os'ter-ti'eh,  one  of  the 

Far  be-  Is. 
Os't'i-aks\  a  people  of  Siberia. 
*Oswegatchie,  os'we-gatch'e. 
Os-we'go. 

Otabalo  or  Otavalo,  o-ta-va'lo,  t.  of  Ecuador. 
Olaheite.     See  Tahiti. 
Otchakof   or    Oczakow,    otch'a-kof,    t.   of 

Russia. 
O-tran'to. 
Ot-se'go. 

Ottajano,  ot-ta-ya'no. 
Ot'ta-wa  or  ot'ta-wa. 
Otterbach,  ot'ter-baic',  r.  of  Germany. 
Ot'ter-burn,  v.  of  England. 
*Ol'to  or  Ot'o. 
Ottojano.     See  Ottajano. 
Ottomacs   or   Otlomaques,   ot'to-maks'   (Sp. 

Otomacos,  o-to-ma'koce),  Indians  of  Vene- 
zuela. 
Ouachita.     See  Washita. 
Onanlin  or  Ooanliu.    See  Wanlin. 
Oude,  ood. 
Oudenarde,   ou'den-ar'deh    (Fr.  Audenarde, 

O'den-aRd') 
Ouessant,  weVsaN-'  (in  English  Ush'ant),  ». 

W.  of  France. 
Oufa. "  S  e  Oofa. 
Oural.     S«e  Ural. 
Ouralsk  or  Uralsk,  oo-ralsk'. 
Ourfa.     See  Oorfa. 
Ourga.     See  Oorga. 

Ourique,  oo-ree'ka  or  6-ree'ka,  t.  of  Portugal. 
Ourghendj.     See  Oorghendj. 
Ourjoum.     See  Oorzhoom. 
Ourmiah  or  Urmiah,  oor-mee'a.     See  Ooroo- 

meea. 
Ousa.     See  Oosa. 
Ouse,  ooz. 

Onzbek.     See  Oozbek. 
O'vei-tpn. 
♦O'vid  (N.  Y). 
Oviedo,  o-ve-a'do. 
*0-was'co. 
O-we'go. 
O'wen. 

Owhyhee.     See  Hawaii. 
Ox'fprd  (Latin  Ox-o'ni-n). 
Ox'us;    called,   also,    the    Amoo    or    Amu, 

arnoo',  and  Gihon,  je-hon'  or  Je-lioon'. 
Oy'a-pock'  or  Oyapoc,  r.  of  Guiana. 
O-zark'. 
O^zee',  r.tfE.  Africa.tf) 


P. 

Pachuco,  pa-choo'ko,  t.  of  Mexico. 

Pa-cif'ic. 

*Pac'o-let. 

Pad-ang',  ?.  near  Borneo. 

Paderbom,  pa'der  boRn\ 

Pad'u-a  (It.  Padova,  pa'do-va). 

*Pa-du'cah. 

Paglia,  pal'ya,  r.  of  Italy. 

Paisley,  paze'le. 

Paishawur.     See  Peshawer. 

PaPa-wan'. 

Pal-em-bang',  t.  and  r.  of  Sumatra. 

Paleneia,  pa-len'she-a  (Sp.  pron.  pa-len'the-a{ 

Palenque,  pa-lenk'a,  or  Culhuacan,  kool-wa« 

kan'. 
Pa-ler'mo  (It.  pron.  pa-leVmo). 
Pal'es-tTne. 

Palestrina,  pa-les-tree'na,  t.  of  Italy. 
Pal-lam-cot'ta,  t.  of  Hindostan. 
PalTi-ser's  Is  ,  a  group  of  Polynesia. 
Palma,  pal'ma. 

Pal  mas  or  Las  Palmas,  las  pal'mas. 
*Pal-my'ra. 
Palo  Alto,   pa'lo   al'to,   battle  field    betwe 

Point  Isabel  and  Matamoros. 
Palos,  pa'loce,  cape  in  the  S.  E.  of  Spain. 
Palteh,  pal'ta  or  pal'teh,  /.  of  Thibet. 
Pambu,  pam-boo',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Pam'11-co. 
Pamplona,  pam-plo'na,  or  Pampeluna,  pam- 

pa-loo'na. 
Panama,  pan-a-ma'. 
Panay,  pa-nl'. 
P.'mcsova,  paan'choV6h\ 
Pairi-put'  or  Panniput,  t.  of  Hindostan. 
Pa-no'la. 
Pantellaria,  pan-teM-la-ree'a ;   written,  aiso, 

Pantalaria,  i.  near  Sicily. 
*Panuco,  pa-noo'ko. 

Pan-king,  pa'o-  or  pow-king,  t.  of  China. 
*Paoli,  pa-o'le. 
Papa,  paa'pdh'. 
Pa'pal  State  (It.  Stato  Pontificio,  sla'to  pon- 

te-fee'che-o). 
Papeiti,  pa-pa-ee'te,  cap.  of  Tahiti. 
Papua,  pap'oo-a  or  pa'poo-a,  or  New  Guinea. 
Para,  pa-ra'. 
Paracatu,   pa-ra-sa-too',  or  Parazatu,   t.   of 

Brazil. 
Paraguacu,  par-ra-gwa-soo',  r.  of  Brazil. 
Paraguay,  pa-ra-gwa'  or  pa-ra-jrwT. 
Parahyba  or  Paraiba,  pa-ra-ee'ba. 
Paraiba,  pa-ra-ee'ba ;  written,  also,  Parahy* 

ba,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Par'a-mar'1-bo. 
Par-a-mat'ta,  t.  of  Australia. 
Par-a-moo-sheer',  Paramushir,  or  Paramus* 

chir,  one  of  the  Koorile  Is. 
Parana,  pa-ra-na'. 
Paranagua,  par-ra-na'gwa,  t.  and  bay  of  Bra 

zil. 
Parana-Iba  or  Paranahiha,  pa-ra- na-ee'ba. 
Parchim,  par'Kim,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Par'ga,  t.  of  Albania. 
Paris,  par'ris  (Fr.  pron.  pavRe'). 
Par'ma  (It.  pron  paa'rna) 
Paro,  pa'ro,  r.  of  Bolivia  ;  the  same  as  the 

Bent. 
Pa'ros,  i   of  Greece. 

Parral,  paa-ral',  or  San  Jose  del  Parral. 
Par'sons-town.     See  Birr. 
Paseagoula,  paa'ka-goo'la. 


PER 


36 


PIS 


Pasco  or  Cerro  Pasco,  ser'ro  pasTco. 
Pascuaro,  pas-kwa/ro,  or    Pasquaro,  t.   of 

Mexico. 
Pas-de-Calais,  pavdeh-kavla\ 
Pas-t-go'no,  r.  of  Texas. 
Pasquaro.     See  Pascuaro. 
Pasquo-tank'.  [del  Norte. 

*Paso  del  Norte,  pa'so  del  noR'ta,  or  El  Paso 
Pas-sa'ic. 
*Pa«sa-ma-quod'dy. 

Passaro,  pas'sa-ro,  cape  of  Sicily. 

Passarowan,   pas-sa-ro-wu>i'j    written,  also, 
Passarouang,  t.  of  Java. 

Passau,  pas'sow. 

Pasto,  pls'to. 

Pat-a-go'rit-a. 

*Pa-taps'co. 

Pat'a-ra  or  Patera,  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 

Pat'ter-spn. 

Pat'mos.  t.  of  Greece. 

Pat'na.  ' 

Pa-to'mac.    See  Potomac. 

Pa-tras'  or  Patrasso,  pa-tras'so. 

*Pattawatomies.     See  Pottawatomies. 

Pau,  po. 

Paul  de  Loanda,  St.    See  Loanda. 

Pavia,  pa-vee'a. 

*Pavv'nees. 

*Pa\v-tuck'et. 

Pax'os  or  Pax'o. 

Pays  Bas,  pa'e  ba.     See  Netherlands. 

Pays  de  Vaud,  pi'e  deh  vo.     See  Vaud. 

Payta.  pl'ta,  t.  of  Peru. 

Paz,  La,  la  paz  (Sp.  pron.  la  path). 

Pearlington,  perl'ing-tun 

Pecs,  paitch.    See  Funfkirehen. 

Peebles,  pee'belz. 

Pe'dee'. 

Pegnitz,  peg'nits,  t.  and  r.  of  Bavaria. 

Pegu  or  Pegou,  pe-goo';  called,  also,  Bagoo. 

Peichaouer.     See  Peshawer. 

Pei-Ho,  pa'ho',  r.  of  China. 

Pei'pus,  pi'e-pooce,  or  Tchood'sko-e. 

Pe'kin'  or  Pe'kiiig'. 

Pe-lew',  it.  in  the  E.  Indies. 

Peling,  piling',  mts.  of  China. 

Pel'la,  t .  of  Palestine. 

Pelvorm  or  Pellworm,  pel'vorm,  i.  of  Den- 
mark. 

Pem'ba,  i.  ofE.  Africa. 

Pem'bi-na,  I.  of  N.  America. 

*Pemigewasset,  penTI-je-wos'set. 

Pembroke,  pem'brook. 

Penafiel,  pane-ya-fe-el'or-fe-ale',  t.  of  Spain. 

Peiias,  pain'yas,  gulf  of  Patagonia. 

Pen-den'nis,  castle  of  Cornwall,  England. 

P»i»edo,  pa-na'do,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Pene:nngueshine  or  Penetangusljene,  pen'e- 
tang'gu-sheen',  t.  of  Canada 

Penn-syl-va'nl-a. 

Pc-nob'scot. 

Pen-ryn'. 

Peifsa-co'la. 

Pen'za  or  Pensa. 

Pen-zance'. 

Pe-o'ri-a. 

Pepin,  pip'in,    (Lake),  an   expansion  of  the 
Mississippi  R.,  IV.  of  Wisconsin. 

Perche,  pftRsh,  a  former  prov.  of  Frant  *. 

*Perdido,  per-dee'do. 

Pereslavl,  plr-es-lavl'.     See  Riazan. 

Pergola,  peVgo-la,  t.  of  Italy. 

Penbouaca,  pervre-boo-8/ka  or  Peribouca,  r. 
of  Canada. 


Perigord,  perVgoR',/ormer  yrot>.  of  Franc*. 

Perigueux,  p&rVguh'. 

Perm  (Rus.  pron.  pCRm). 

Pernagua,  peR-na-gwa/,  t .  of  Brazil. 

Pemambuco,  pSR-nam-boo'ko. 

Pemau,  p^R'now. 

Perole,  pa-ro'ta,/or£ress  of  Mexico. 

Perouse,  p^-rooz',  strait  near  Yesso  I. 

Perpignan,  pSR'peen'yaN'. 

Per-quim'ans. 

Persia,  per'she-a  ;  called  by  the  natives  Iran, 

ee'ran'. 
Perth. 

Perth  Am-boy'. 
Peru,  pe-roo'. 
Perugia,  pa-roo'ja. 
Pes'a-ro  or  pa'sa-ro. 
Pescara,  pes-ka'ra,  r.  and  t.  of  Naple.s. 
Peschiera,  pes-ke-a'ra,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 
Peshawer,  Peichaouer,  Peschauer,  pesh'our; 

written,  also,  Paishawur  and  Pelshore. 
Pesth,  pest  (Hun.  pron.  pesht). 
Petch'e-lee'  or   Petch'ee'lee';  written,   also, 

Petchili,  gulf  of  China. 
Petch-o'ra  or  Petschora. 
Peterborough  or  Peterburgh,  pee'ter-bur-ruh. 
Peterhead,  pee'ter-hed. 
Pe'ters-burg,  Saint  (Rus.  Peterburg,  pi'ter- 

boorg) . 
Peterwardein,  pee'ter-war'dlne  (GeL    pron. 

pa-ter-waR'dine). 
Petic. '  See  Pitic. 
Pe'tra.  t.  of  Arabia. 
Petrinia,  pa-tree'ne-a,  t.  of  Sclavonia. 
Pet-ro-zav-odsk',  t.  of  Russia. 
Pel 'tis. 

Pizenas,  peVna'. 
PhiPa-del'phi-a. 
Phil'ip-pine. 
Piacenza,  pe-a-chen'za. 
Piacina  or  Piasina,  pe-a-see'ni,  r.  of  Siberia. 
Pl'att. 

Piave,  pe-a'va,  t.  and  r.  of  Italy. 
Pic'ar-dy  (Fr.  La  Picardie,  hi  pevkaRxde'). 
Pichincha,  pe-chin'cha. 
Pick'a-way. 
Pico,  pee'ko. 
*Pictou,  pik-too'. 
Piedmont,  peed'mont    (It.  Piemonte,  pe-i~ 

mon'ta). 
*Pieds  Noirs,  pe-a'  nwaR,  or  Black-feet. 
Pienza,  pe-en'za,  t.  of  Italy. 
Pierre,  Saint,  sent  peer  (Fr.  pron.  sIn  pe- 

aiR'). 
Pietola,  pe-a'to-la,  v.  of  Italy. 
Pignerol,  peen'yer-rol'.     See  Pinerolo. 
Pilar,  pe-laR',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Pilcomayo,  pil-ko-mT'o,  r.  of  S.  America. 
Pilica,  pe-leet'sa,  r.  of  Poland. 
Pil'lar,  cape  of  Terra  del  Fuego. 
Pillau,  pil'lou. 
Pil'sen. 

Pinega,  pe-na'ga,  r.  of  Russia. 
Pinerolo,  pe-na-rol'o  (Fr.  Pignerol,  peen'yer- 

ol'). 
Pines,  pTnz,  (Isle  of),  i.  of  the  W.  Indies. 
Pinhel,  peen-yel',  t.  of  Portugal  and  Brazil. 
Pin-zOn'  or  Pincon,  pin-sone',  bay  of  Brazil 
Piretibbi  or  Piretibbe,  pe-re-tib'be  or  pi r Ye 

tib'be,  I.  of  British  America. 
Pirmasens  or  Pirmaseuz,  pSeVma-sents,  t.  of 

Bavaria. 
Pisa,  pee'za. 
Pis-oat'a-qug.. 


PON 


37 


PUE 


Pis-cat'a-quis. 

Pisaiiia,  pe-zan'e-a,  t.  of  W.  Africa. 

Pisek,  pee'sek,  t.  of  Bohemia. 

P«'cO.  t.  of  Peru. 

Pis'g^h,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

Pissou  or  Pisou.  pe-zoo',  r.  of  Liberia. 

Pistoja,  pis-io'ya. 

Pit-cairnV  Island. 

Pite.ft,  pit'e-O. 

Pi  lie,  pee-lik',  t.  of  Mexico. 

Pitts'burg. 

Pitt-syl-va'ni-a. 

Piura,  pe-oo'ra,  t.  of  Peru. 

Placentia,  pla-sen'she-a.    See  Piacenza. 

Plaqueraine,  plak'meen'. 

Plasencia,  pla-sen'she-a  (Sp.  pron.  pla-sen'- 
the-a). 

Plata,  La,  la  pla'ta ;  called,  also,  the  Argen- 
tine (ar'jen-tlne)  Republic  (Sp.  Republica 
Argeniina,  ra-poob'le-ka  an-nln-tee'iia). 

Plata,  Rio  de  la,  ree'o  del-a  pla'tL 

Platte  or  Ne-bras'ka. 

Flatten  See,  plat'ten  sa,  or  Lake  Balatony, 
baA'lolftoiT. 

Platts'hurg. 

Plauen,  plow'en. 

Plava,  pla'vii.  t.  of  Turkey. 

Pleisse,  ptl'eeh. 

Plock,  plotak. 

Pludenz,  ploo'dents,  t.  of  Tyrol. 

Plymouth,  plim'ath. 

Plyn-lim'mou. 

*Po'co-moke. 

Po'co-no,  mt.  of  Pennsylvania. 

Po-co-hon'tas. 

Podlachia,  pod-l&'ke-a. 

Po-dO'li-a. 

Poictiers.     See  Poitiers. 

Poictou.     See  Poitou. 

Poin'sett. 

Point  Coupee,  -koo-pee'. 

Point  de  Galle  or  Punto  Gallo,  poon'to  gal'lo, 
t.  of  Ceylon. 

*Point  Isabel,  -iz'a-bel. 

Poitiers  or  Poictiers,  poi-teerz'  (Fr.  pron. 
pwa'te-a',  almost  pwTte-a'). 

Poitou  or  Poictou,  poi'too'  (Fr.  pron.  pwa'- 
too' or  pwrtoo'). 

Po'la. 

Po'land  (called  by  the  Poles,  Polska,  pole'ska) . 

Policastro,  pol-e-kas'tro,  t.  of  Naples, 

Poligni,  po'leen'ye',  t.  of  France. 

Pollina,  pol-lee'na,  t.  and  r.  of  Sicily. 

Polock,  po-lotsk' ;  written,  also,  Polotzk,  t. 
of  Russia. 

Poltava,  p6l-ta'va  ;  also  written  Pultowa. 

Polynesia,  porin-ee'she-a. 

Pom-e-ra'ni-a  (Ger.  Pom'mern). 

Pom'e-n'e',  ».  S.  E.  of  Africa. 

Po-mo'na  or  Main'land. 

Pompeii,  pom-pa'ye. 

Pol:™.,  pon'sa,  t.  of  Porto  Rico. 

Pond:cherry,pon'de-sher're  (Fr.  Pondichery, 
pirTde'shaRe'). 

*Ponk'as.     See  Puncahs. 

Po-no'la.     See  Panola. 

Ponta-Delgada,  pon'ta-del-ga/da. 

Ponlch'ar-train'. 

Pontefract,  porn'fret. 

Pontal,  pon-tal'.  t.  of  Brazil. 

*Pontiac,  pon'to-ak\ 

Pon'to-toc'. 

Pontremoli,  poH-trem'o-le,  t.  of  Italy. 
62 


Poo'nah. 

Popayan,  po-pT-an'  or  po-pi-yan'. 

Po-per-ing'en  (Fr.Poperingue,  pop'er-a^N'gO 

Po-po-cat  a-p«l'  or  po-po-ka-ta-pet'el. 

Porongos,  po-rong'goce,  I.  of  La  Plata. 

Port'age. 

Portalegre,  poRt-a-la'gra,  t.  of  Brazil. 

*Porl-au-Platte,  port-o-platt. 

Port-au-Prince,    pOrt-0-prince    (Fr.    rron, 

poRt-o-praNce). 
Port'land. 
Port  Le'on. 

Port  Louis,  port  loo'is,  or  Port  Northwest. 
Port  Mahon,  ma-hone'. 
Port  Natal,  port  na-tal',  t.  of  S.  E.  Africa. 
Porto.     See  Oporto. 
Por'to    Bel'lo    (Sp.   Puerto    Bello,  pweVto 

bel'yo). 
*POr'to  Ca-bel'lo  (Sp.  Puerto  Cabello,  pweV- 

to  kii-veM'yo). 
Porto  Praya,  pOr'to  prl'a.     See  Praya. 
Por'to  Prin'ci-pe.     See  Puerto  Principe. 
Porto  Rico,  por'to  ree'ko  (Sp.  Puerto  Rico: 

pweVto  ree'ko). 
Porto  Salgado,  por'to  sal-ga'do,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Por'to  San'to,  a  little  i.  near  Madeira. 
Porto  Seguro,  poR'to  sa-goo'ro,  t.  of  Brazil 
Porto  Vecchio,  poR'to  vek'ke-o,  t.  of  Corsica 
Portsea,  port'see. 
Portsmouth,  pOrts'muth. 
Port'u-gal  (Port.  pron.  poR-too-gal'). 
Posega,  po-si'ga,  t.  of  Sclavonia. 
Posen,  po'zen. 
Potenza,  po-ten'za. 
Po-to'mac. 

Potosi,  po-to-see'  or  po-to'se. 
Potsdam,  pots'dam. 
*Pot>ta-wat'Q-mies. 
Potts'ville. 

Poughkeepsie,  po-kip'se. 
Poulton,  pole'tun. 
Pow-hat-tan'. 
Po'yang',  I.  of  China. 
Pozzuoli,  pot-soo-o'le. 
Prague,  praig  (Ger.  Prag,  prao). 
*Prairie  du  Chien,  pra're  dQ  she-aN'. 
Pras'lin  or  praz-leen',  i.  E.  of  Africa. 
Prato,  pra'to. 

Praya,  Porto,  poR'to  prl'l. 
Prei)le,  preb'el. 
Preg'el. 

Prenzlow,  prents'Iov.  [bSoRG) 

Pres'burg  or  Press'burg  (Ger.  pron.   press' 
Pres'ton. 

Prev'e-sa  or  pri'va-sl. 
Prlnce'ton. 

Princeza,  prin-si'za,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Principato  Citra,  prin-che-pa'to  chee'tra. 
Principalo  Ultra,  prin-che-pa'to  ool'tra. 
Prip'ets  (Polish  Prypec,  prip'ets). 
Privas,  preVliss'. 
Prome,  prom,  t.  of  Birma. 
Provence,  proVakce'. 
Prov'I-dence. 
Prussia,  proo'she-3,  or  prush'e-a  (Ger.  Preus* 

sen,  prois'sen). 
Prfith  (Ger.   pron.   proot),   r.  in  the  E.  of 

Europe. 
Prypec  or  Prypetz.     See  Pripets. 
Przemysl,  pzhem'isl. 

Pskof  or  Pskow,  pskoff;  written^  also,  Pskov. 
Ptolemais,  tol-e-ma'is,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Puebla,  pweb'li.    Set  La  Puebla. 


RAI 


38 


RHI 


♦Pueblo,  pweVlo,  or  El  Pueblo  de  los  Ange 

les,  ll  pweb'lo  da  loce  ang'tiel-Ss. 
Puelches,  pwel'chSs.  Indians  of  Patagonia. 
Pueiue  Nacional,  pwSn'ti  na-se-o-nal . 
*Puerco,  pvveVko. 
Puerto  Bello.     See  Porto  Bello. 
Puerto  Cahello.     See  Porto  Cabello. 
Puerto  Principe,  pw&R'to  prin'se-pa  or  preen' 

the-pa,  or  Por'to  Prin'c'i-pe. 
Puerto  Rico.  See  Porto  Rico. 
Pulao,  poo-la'o  or  poo-lou',  t.  on  the  peninsula 

of  Malacca. 
Pulaski,  pu-las'ke. 
PuloPiuangor  PouloPinang,  poo'lo  pe-nang', 

i.  near  Malacca. 
Puna,  ppo'n&j  improperly  written  Puno,  i.  in 

the  gulf  of  Guayaquil. 
*Puncahs,  punk'az,  or  Ponkas. 
*Pungoteague,  pung'go-teeg'. 
Puno,  poo'no,  t.  of  Peru. 
Purus,  poo'rus  or  poo'rooce,  r.  of  S.  America. 
Put'nam. 

Putumayo,  poo-too-ml'o,  r.  of  S.  America. 
Puy,  Le,  leh  pwee. 
Puy  de  Dome,  pwee  deh  dome. 
Pyrenees,  pir'en-eez. 
Pyrmout,  pSeR'mont,  t.  of  Germany. 

Q. 

Qaherah,  kab'he-ra.     See  Cairo. 

Qene.     See  Keneh. 

Qoceyr,  kos-sare'.     See  Cosseir. 

Qualoe,  qua'lo  or  qual'uh'yeh,  i.  of  Nor- 
way.^.) 

Quang-tong'.     See  Canton. 

Que-bec'  (Fr.  Quebec,  ka'bek'). 

Quedah  or  Kedah,  ka'da,  t.  and  kingdom  of 
Malacca. 

Qued'lin-burg  (Ger.  pron.  kw£d'lin-bo6RGv). 

Queen  Charlotte's,  -shar'lQts,  i.  and  sound 
W.  of  British  America. 

Quelpaert,  quel'part\  i.  near  Corea. 

Quen'iin,  Saint  (Fr.  pron.  saN  ktLVtaN'). 

Queretaro,  ker-a'ta-ro. 

Quiberon,  ke'ber-ON'or  ke^brON',  t.  of  France. 

Quibo,  kee'bo,  improperly  written  Quibdo,  i. 
W.  of  New  Granada. 

Quilca,  keel'ka,  t.  of  Peru. 

Quilimaney,  kee-le-man'se. 

Quilimane,  ke-le-ma'na. 

Quillota,  keel-yo'ta. 

Quiloa,  kee'lo-a.  [-koVaN'taN'. 

Quimper,  kaM'paRe',  or  Quimper  Corentin, 

*Quiire-baug'. 

Qui  Parle,  kee  pari,  I.  of  Minesota  Territory. 

Quito,  kee'to. 

Quor'ra.     See  Niger. 

R. 

Raab,  raab  (Hun.  Gyor,  dyoR). 

Raa-mah,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Rabat,  ruvbat',  t.  of  Morocco. 

Rab'bath  Am'mon,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Ra'bun. 

Racine,  ras-seen'. 

Radama,  ra'da-ma,  mts.  of  Madagascar. 

Rad'nor. 

Radstadt,  rad'statt  (Ger.  pron.  rat'statt),  t.  of 

Austria. 
Ragusa,  ra-goo'sa,  or  Raugia,  ra'oo-ja  or 

rou'ja. 
Rainier,  ra'neer,  mt.  of  Oregon. 


Rajpoot,  raj-poof. 

Rajpootana,  raj-poo-tana,  or  Kajasthan,  rft- 

ja-stan'. 
Rakow,  ra'kof,  t.  of  Poland. 
Raleigh,  rau'le. 
Ralls,  raulz. 
Rambouillet,  raivf/boo-eePya'  or  raivfbwe'ya', 

t.  of  France. 
Ramilli -s,  ram'e-Ieez  (Fr.  pron.  Ra'meerye' 

or  Ra  me'ye'),  t.  of  Belgium. 
Ram'le-ah,  mts.  of  Arabia. 
Rams'gate. 

Ranai,  ra'n"\     See  Lanai. 
*Ran-co'cus. 
Ran'ders,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Ran'dolph. 

Rangoon,  rang-goon'. 
Ran'kin. 

Rapliia,  raf'e-a,  or  Rafa,  ra'fa,  t.  of  Palestine 
Rapides,  rap-eed'. 
Rap'pa-han'nock. 
Rapty,  rap'tee,  r.  of  Hindostan. 
Raritan  or  Rariton,  rar'it-un. 
Ras  al  Gat,  ras  al  gat,  cape  «/  Arabia. 
Rastadt,  ras'tatt. 

Rastowica,  ras-to-veet'sa,  r  of  Poland. 
Ratibor,  ra'te-bor,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Rat'is-bon     (Ger.     Regensburg,     sa'ghenz* 

booRG'). 
Raugia.     See  Ragusa. 
Ravee,  ra'vee\  r.  of  Hindostan. 
Rav-en'na  or  Ta-ven'na. 
Ravensburg,  ra'venz-bo6RGx,  t.  of  Germany. 
Ravenstein,  ra'ven-stlne",  t.  of  Germany. 
Reading,  red'ing. 
Red'ruth. 
Ree  (Ireland),  ri. 

Regensburg,  ra-ghenz-booRG\    See  Ratisbon- 
Regent's,  ree'jents,  inlet  of  British  America. 
Reggio,  red'jo.' 
Reichenberg,  rT'icen-beRG\ 
Reid's,  reedz,  r.  of  Oregon. 
Reikiavik,  rl'ke-a-vik,  cap.  of  Iceland. 
Reims  or  Rheims,  reemz  (Fr.  pron.  ksmz). 
*Reinosa,  ra-no'si. 
Renaix,  reh-na'  (Flem.  Ron'se). 
Rends'l)org  or  Rendsburg. 
Ren'frew. 

Renfrewshire,  ren'fru-shjr. 
Rennes,  renn. 
Rensselaer,  ren'sel-er. 
Requena,  ra-ka'na. 
Resaca  de  la  Palma,  ra-saka  del-a  pal'ma, 

battle-field  between  Point  Isabel  and  Mata 

moros. 
Reshd,  t.  of  Persia. 
Reuben,  ru'ben,  tribe  of  Israelites. 
Reus,  ra'ooce. 

Reuss,  ruce  (Ger.  pron.  Roiss). 
Reutlingen,  roit'ling-en. 
Rev'el  (Rus.  Kolyvan,  ko-le-van')- 
Reyes,  ra'Ss,  I.  of  Peru.(?) 
Reyes,  los,  loce  ra'Ss,  t.  of  Venezuela. 
Revilla-Gigedo,   ra-veel'ya-He-ha'no,  *.    Vf 

of  Mexico. 
Rhea,  ra. 

Rheatown,  ray'town. 
Rheims.     See  Reims. 
Rhein,  rtne,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Rheinberg,  nne'be.RG,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Rheinthal,  rlne'taal,    (i.  e.  ii  valley  of  the 

Rhine"),  a  district  of  Switzerland. 
Rhine,  rTne  (Ger.  Rhein,  Dutch  Rhyn;  both 

pronounced  as  the  English  Rhine). 


ROC 


RUS 


Rhodes,  rOdz. 

Rhodez  or  Rodez,  ro'da'. 

Rhone. 

Riazan,  re-a-zan'. 

Richelieu,  reesh-ehW  or  reeshvle-uh'. 

Rich'land. 

Rich'mond. 

Rideau,  1  ee':10',  canal  of  Canada. 

Riesengebirge,  ree'zen-ga-bee'RG'ph,  mts.  of 
Germany  separating  Silesia  from  Bohemia. 

Rieti,  re-ate,  t.  of  Italy. 

RT'ga  or  ree'ga. 

Rig'o-let. 

Rimini,  ree'me-ne. 

Ringkjobing,  ring'kyo'bing,  t.  of  Denmark. 

Rio  Bravo,  ree'o  bravo.    See  Rio  del  Norte. 

Rio  Colorado,  ree'o  ko-Io-rah'do. 

Rio  del  Norte,  rl'o  del  nort  (Sp.  pron.  Ree'o 
del  noR'ti)  ;  called,  also,  the  Ri'o  Grande 
(Sp.  pron.  Ree'o  gran'da),  and  Rio  Bravo, 
ree'o  bra'vo.  [The  pronunciation  of  these 
names,  which  may  be  said  to  belong  now 
to  the  United  States,  ought  to  be  anglicized 
for  the  same  reason  that  the  names  of  De- 
troit, Wisconsin,  and  Texas  are  anglicized, 
that  is  because  the  great  majority  of  persons 
who  have  occasion  to  use  them,  speak  the 
English  language.  Those,  however,  who 
prefer  the  foreign  pronunciation  should  be 
careful  to  be  consistent,  and  not  pronounce 
one-half  of  the  name  after  the  Spanish 
mode  and  then  anglicize  the  remainder. 
We  should  either  say  rt'o  del  nort  or  ree'o 
del  nor'tk,  and  not  ree'o  del  nort,  as  we  too 
frequently  hear.  In  like  manner  Rio  Grande 
should  be  pronounced  either  rt'o  grand  or 
ree'o  gran'dk  and  not  ree'o  grand.] 

Rio  de  los  Americanos,  ree'o  da  loce  a-mer- 
e-ka'noce.     See  Sacramento. 

Rio  de  los  Martires,  ree'o  da  loce  maR'te-rSs, 
or  the  •'  River  of  Martyrs,"  r.  of  California 

Rio  del  Tigre,  ree'o  del  tee'gra,  r.  of  Mexico. 

Rio  Frio,  ree'o  free'o  (t.  e.  "  cold  river"),  a 
stream  of  Mexico. 

Rio  Grande,  ree'o  gran'da,  r.  of  Mexico. 

*Rio  Hacha,  ree'o  a'cha  or  -ha'cha. 

Rio  Janeiro,  rl'o  ja-nee'ro  (Port.  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Ree'o  da  zhan-a'e-ro)  ;  often  called 
simply  Ri'o. 

Rio  Jaquesila.     See  Jaquesila. 

Rio  Negro,  ree'o  na'gro,  r.  of  S.  America. 

*Rio  Verde,  ree'o  v&R'da. 

*Rio  Virgen,  ree'o  veeR'Hen. 

Riobamba,  ree-o-bam'ba,  t.  of  Ecuador. 

Rioja  or  Rioxa,  re-o'ua,  t.  of  La  Plata. 

Rioni,  re"6x'. 

Ripley,  rip'le. 

Rip'pn  or  Rippon. 

Ristogouche,  ris'to-goosh',  r.  forming  part  of 
the  boundary  between  Canada  and  New 
Brunswick. 

Ritchie,  ritch'e. 

Rive  de  Gier,  reev  deh  zhe-a'. 

Rives,  reevz. 

Rivoli,  riv'o-le  or  Ree'vo-Ie,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 

Roane,  rone. 

Ro'anue'. 

Ro'a-»"ke'. 

Rob'ert-son. 

Rob'e-son. 

Rochdale,  rotch'del. 

Rochefort,  rotch'fort  or  RoslffnR'. 

Rochellc  or  La  Rochelle,  1&  Roshell'. 

Roch'es-ter. 


Rock'bridge. 

Rockcastle,  rock-kas'sel. 

Rockingham,  rok'ing-um. 

Rock'land. 

Ro-croy'  (Fr  pron.  Ro'krwa'),  t.  of  Fiance. 

Rodach,  ro'daK,  t.  and  r.  of  Germany. 

Rodez,  ro'da'.     See  Rhodez. 

Roer,  rooR,  r.  of  Holland. 

Roermonde,  rooR-m6nd'eh  (Fr.  Ruremonde 

RQR'mANd'). 
Ro'gas-en,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Romagna,  ro-mun'ya,  a  former  prov.  of  Italy. 
Romania,   ro-ma'ne-a  or   Ro-ma-nee'a.    Set 

Roomelia. 
Romans,  ro'mari'. 

Rovman-zoff,  cape  of  Russian  America. 
Romio,   ro-ma'6ji,  almost  ro-mowug,  t.  of 

Brazil. 
Rome  (It.  Roma,  Ro'ma). 
Romoe,  ro'mO,  or  ro'muh'yeh,  i.  of  Denmark. 
Ronce-val'les  (Sp.  Roncesvalles,  Ron-thes- 

val'yis,  Fr.  Roncevaux,  ronsVo'  or  rou* 

ceh-vo'),  t.  of  Spain. 
Ronse.     See  Renaix. 
Roo-me'li-a  or  Rumelia. 
Room-EIee,  Roum-Ili,  or  Rum-Ili,  room'e- 

lee\     See  Roomelia. 
Roos-tchook' ;  written,  also,  Rustschuk  and 

Routchouk. 
Ropequiz  (a  misspelling  of  Roquepiz,  whieh 

see). 
Roque,  roke  (St.),  cape  of  S.  America. 
Roquelaure,  rok'e-lore',  t.  of  France. 
Roquepiz,   ro-keh-peez',    i.    in    the    Indian 

Ocean. 
Roraas,  ro'ros,  t.  of  Norway. 
Rosas,  ro'sas,  (.  of  Spain. 
Rosbach,  ros'batc. 
Ros-com'mon. 
Roscrea,  ros-kra'. 
Ro-set'ta  (Arab.  Er-Rash-ced'). 
Ros'kiTde,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Rossano,  ros-sa'no,  t.  of  Naples. 
Ros'tock. 

Rothenburg,  ro'ten-burg  or  Bo'ten-b6oRo\ 
Rotherham,  roTH'er-um. 
Rothesay,  roth'sa. 
Rot'ter-dam\ 
Roubaix,  roo'ba'. 
Rouen,  roo'en  (Fr.  pron.  Bwls). 
Roulers,  roo'la'. 
Roumelia.     See  Roomelia. 
Roum-Ili.     See  Room-EIee. 
Rousillon,  roo'seePyoN'  or  RooWyoti',  t.  and 

former  prov.  of  France. 
Routchouk,  rooi'shook'.    See  Roostchook. 
Roveredo,  ro-va-ra'do  (Ger.  Rovereith,  Ro'- 

ver-Itev). 
Rovigno.  ro-veen'yo. 
Rovigo,  ro-vee'go. 
Roxburgh  (Scotland),  rox'bur-reh. 
Roxbury,  rox'ber-e. 
Row-an'. 

Rudolstadt,  roo'dol-statt,  t.  of  Germany. 
Riigen,  ru'ghen. 
Rurnelia      See  Roomelia. 
Rum-Ili.     See  Room-EIee. 
Ru'pert's,  r.  of  British  America. 
Ruppin,  roop-peen'. 
Ruremonde.    See  Roermonde. 
Ruska  Poyana  (Mt),  roos'koh  po-ya'nSh,  the 

highest  summit  of  the  Carpathian  chain. 
Russia,  roo'she-a  or  rush'e-a. 
Rustchuk  or  Rusczuk.    See  Roostchook 


SAL 


40 


SAN 


RuTH'er-ford. 

Rutherglen,  rug'len. 

Rut'land. 

Ryde,  ride. 

Ryswick,  riz'wik  (Dutch  pron.  rfce'vvik). 

Rzeszow,  zheWov,  t.  of  Austrian  Galicia. 

s. 

Saale,  saa'lch. 

Saalfield,  sa&l'fejt. 

Saar,  saR   or  saar   (Fr.  Sarre,  saRR),  r.  of 

Rhenish  Prussia. 
Saarhriick,  s^aR'bruk,  or  Saar-bruck'en. 
Saardam,  saaR'darn'.     See  Zaandam. 
Saarlouis,  saaR-loo'is. 
Saatz,  saats.  t.  of  Bohemia. 
Sahara,  sa-ha-ra',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Sabioncello,  sa-be-on-chel'lo,  i.  in  the  Adri- 
atic. 
Sabine,  sab-een'. 
Sachsen,  sak'sen.    See  Saxony. 
Saehsen-Altenburg      See  Saxe-Allennurg. 
Saehsenhausen,  sak'sen-how'zen,  a  suburb  of 

Frankfort  on  the  Main. 
Sachsenheim,  sak'seu-h!me\  t.  of  Germany. 
Sackatoo,  sak'ka-too' ;  written,  also,  Sacka- 

tou,  Sakatu,  and  Soccatoo,  t.  of  Soodan. 
Sack'ett's  Har'bor. 
Saci>,  sau'ko. 
*Sac-rt)-men'to. 
*Shcs,  sauks. 

Saeed  or  Said,  sa'eed'.     See  Egypt. 
Safed,  sa'fed,  or  Safad,  sa'fad,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Saffee  or  Sam,  saffee',  t.  of  Morocco. 
Sag-hal'1-en  or  Sakhalien. 
Sagln-aw'. 

Saguenay,  sag'eh-nay'or  sag'na',r.  of  Canada. 
Sahara.  sah'ha-ra  or  sa-ha'ra;  written,  also, 

Zahara. 
Said.     See  Saeed. 
Saida,  sT'da,  or  ST'don. 
Saigon,  srgon',  or  Saigong,  sl'gong';  called, 

also,  Look'noo'ee'. 
Saint  Denis.     See  Denis.  Saint. 
Saint  Germain.     See  Germain,  Saint,  and  so 

for  all  the  other  names  having  the  prefix  of 

Saint. 
Saintes,  sarrt. 
Saintonge,  saVtONzh'. 
Sakaria,  sa-ka-ree'a  (Anc.  San-ga'ri-us),  r.  of 

Asia  Minor. 
Sakatu      See  Sackatoo. 
Sakhalien.     See  Saghalien. 
Sakkara,  sak'ka-ra,  or  Sakara,  t.  of  Egypt. 
Saladillo,  sa-la-Deel'yo. 
Salado,   su-IS/do. 
Sal-a-manc'a  or  sa-la-mang'ka. 
Sale  or  Sallee,  sal-la',  r.  and  t.  of  Morocco. 
Sa'lem 

Sa-ler'no  (It.  pron.  sa-leVno). 
Salford,  saul'furd  or  sau'furd,  t.  of  England, 

now  forming  a  -part  of  Manchester. 
*Sa!ina  (in  the  U.  S.),  sa-ll'na. 
Salina  (in  Spanish  America),  sa-Iee'na. 
Saline,  sal-een'. 

Salisbury,  saulz'ber-e,  or  New  Sa'rum. 
Sallee.     See  Sale.' 
Salm,  salm,  r   of  Rhenish  Prussia. 
Salona,  sa-lo'iia,  r.  of  Turkey 
Salonica,   sal-o-nee'ka,    >r    Selaniki,    sel-a- 

nee'ke. 
Sa'lop.    See  Shropshire 
Salta,  sal'ta. 


Saltcoats,  saultTcStes. 

*Saltillo,  sal-teel'yo  (vulgar  pron.  sal-tee  yo) 

sometimes  called L.eona  Vicaria,  la-c':iave- 

ka're-a. 
Sa-lu'da. 

Saluzzo,  sa-loot'so. 
*Salvador,  sal-va-doRe'. 
Salvador,  Saint  (Brazil).    See  Bahia. 
*Salvador,  Saint  (Central  America).   See  San 

Salvador. 
SaPwin'  or    SaPwen';    called,  also,   Than- 

Lyeng  or  Than-Lweng. 
Saltz'burg    or  Salzburg   (Ger.  pron.  salts- 

booRG). 
Salza,  salt'sa,  r.  of  Austria. 
Salzwedel ,  salts'wa'del. 
Samana,  sa-ma-naj  t.  of  Hayti. 
Sam-ar'. 

Samara,  sam'a-ra',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
SanVa-rang'. 
Sam'ar-cand'. 

Sa-ma'ri-a,  t.  andprov.  of  Palestine. 
Sam-ar-ov'  or  Samaroff,  t.  of  Siberia. 
Sambas,  sam'bas',  t.  of  Borneo. 
Sambor,  sam'boR. 
Sambre,  s&Mbr,  r.  of  France. 
Samisat,  sa-me-sat',  t.  of  Asiatic  Turkey. 
Samogitia,  sam-o-jish'e-a,  a  former  prov.  of 

Poland. 
Sa'mos    (called    Soosam,   soo-sam',   by    the 

Turks). 
Samothraki,  sa'mo-thra'ke,  or  Sam'o-thrace', ' 

i.  of  Greece. 
Samoyeds  or  Samoyedes,  samVy&dz',  a  peo- 

ple  of  Siberia. 
Samsoon,  Samsun,  or  Samsoun,  sam-soon',  t. 

of  Asia  Minor. 
Sam  Tiago,  soung  te-a'go,  or   San  Thiago, 

sa.n  te-a'go  ;  written,  also,  St.  Jago. 
Sanaa  or  Sana,  sa'na'. 
*San  An-to'm-o. 
*San  An-to'ni-o  de  Bexar,  -da  ba-har'.    See 

Bexar. 
*San  Augustine,  -au'gus-teen'. 
*San  Bartolome,  sin  bar-to-lo-ma'. 
*San  Bias,  san  blass. 

*San  Buenaventura,  san  bwa'na-ve'n-too'ra. 
San  Car'los  or  sin  kaR'loce,  t.  on  Chiloe  I. 
*San  Diego,  san  de-a'go. 
San  Felipe,  san  fa-lee'pa,  t.  of  Chili. 
*San  Felipe  de  Austin,  san  fa-lee'pa  da  aus'tin 

(familiarly  called  San  Phil'ip). 
San  or  Sam  Feliz,  san  or  soung  fa'leece,f 

commonly  anglicized  by  St.  Fe'lix,  t.  of 

Brazil. 
*San  Fernando,  san  f^R-nan'do. 
*San  Fran«cis'co  or  san  fran-sees'ko. 
San  or  Sam  Francisco  (Brazil).     See  Fran- 
cisco, St. 
San  or  Sam  Gabriel,  san  or  soung  ga-bre-el',-f 

t.  of  Brazil. 
San  Geronimo,  san  Ha-ron'e-mo,  t.  of  Cuba. 
*San  Ja-cin'to. 
San  or  Sam  Joao  das  duas   Barras,  san  or 

soung  zho-oung'  das  doo'as  bar'ras,-j-  t.  of 

Brazil. 
San  or  Sam  Joao  del  Rey,  -del  ray,f  t.  of 

Brazil. 
San   Joaquin,   san  Ho-a-keen'  or  san  hwa- 

keen'. 

tThe  Portuguese  prefix  signifying  Saint  is  Sam,  pro 
nounced  soung  or  sovvng  ;  we  have,  however,  in  conformity 
to  the  method  of  Balbi  and  other  eminent  geographers,  given 
these  names  under  the  head  of  San. 


SAR 


41 


SCH 


•San  Ju'an  (Sp.  pron.  san  Hoo-an'  or  hwan). 
San  Juan  de  la  Frontera,  -da  la  fron-ta'ru. 
*San  Juan  de  Uluaor  Uloa,  san  ju'an  (or  san 

hwan)  da  oo-loo'ti.  or  oo-Io'a. 
San  Jose  del  Parral,  san  no-sa'  deM  paR-Ral'; 

usually  called,  simpiy,  Parral. 
San  Lucas,  san  loo'kas.     See  St.  Lucas. 
"San  Luis  (Texas),  san  loo'is. 
*San   Luis  de   Potosi,  san   loo'is  (Sp.  pron. 

loo-eece')  di  po-to-see'. 
San  Luis  Rey,  san  loo'is  ray,  t.  of  California. 
San  Marino,  san  mii-ree'no. 
San  Miguel,  san  me-ghel'  (or  St.  Michael), 

the  name  of  various  places  in  Spanish  Amer. 
'San  Patricio,  -pat-ris'se-o. 
San  or  Sam  Paulo,  san  or  soung  pow'lo,f  t. 

of  Brazil. 
San  or  Sam  Pedro  del  Rey,  san  or  soung  pa,'- 

dro  del  ray,f  t.  of  Brazil. 
San  or  Sam  Roque,  sun  or  soung  ro'ka.f     See 

Roque,  St. 
San  Saha,  san  sah'ba,  r.  of  Texas. 
San  or  Sam  Salvador  (Brazil).     See  Bahia. 
*San  Salvador,  san  sal-va-done'. 
Sandomir   or  San-do-meer',  t.  and  prov.  of 

Russian  Poland. 
San-dus'ky. 
Sand'wich. 

Sangamon,  sang'ga-mon. 
Sangarius.  See  Sakaria. 
San-i-lac'. 

Santa,  san'ta,  t.  and  r.  of  Peru. 
*Santa  Barbara,  san'ta  baR'ba-ra. 
*Sauta  Cruz,  san'ta  krooce  (Sp.  pron.  san'ta 

krooth),  or  St.  Croix,  sent-kroi'. 
*San'ta  Fe  (Sp.  pron.  san'ta  fa). 
Santa  Fe  de  Bogota,  -di  bo-go-ta'      See  Bo- 
gota. 
Sania  Maria,  sin'tjl  ma-ree'a. 
Santa  Marta,  san'ta  maR'ta 
San'ta  Mau'ra  or  san'ta  mow'ra. 
San'ta  Ro'sa. 

*Santa  Rosalia,  san'ta  Ro-sa-lee'a. 
Bna-tau'der  (Sp.  pron.  sun-tan-daiR'). 
Santarem,  san'ta-reV  (almost  sau'ta-reng'). 
Sanvtee'. 

San  Thiago.     See  Sam  Tingo. 
Santiago  de  Compostela,  san-te-a'go  da  com- 

pos-ta'la.     See  Compostela 
•Santiago  de  Cuba,  san-te-a'go  de  ku'ba  or 

-da  koo'ba. 
Santillana.  san-teel-ya'na,  t.  of  Spain. 
Santoce,  san-lo'sa,  t.  of  Brazil. (?) 
Santorini,  san-to-ree'ne,  or  Santorin,  san'to- 

reen',  i.  of  Greece. 
Santos,  san'toce. 
Saone,  sone. 
Saphet.     See  Safed. 

Sap-i-en'za  (Is),  a  cluster  near  the  Morea. 
Sap'tin  (River)  or  Lewis  River. 
Saptin  (Indians).     See  Nez-Percus. 
Saqqara.     See  Sakkara. 
Saiabat,   sa-ra-bat',  or  Her'mus,  r.   of  Asia 

Minor. 
Sar-a-gos'sa  (Sp.  Zaragoza,  tha-ra-go'tha). 
*Sar'a-nac'. 

Saransk,  sa-ransk',  t.  of  Russia. 
Saratof  or  Saratow,  sar-a-tof. 
Sar'a-to'ga. 
Sarawak,  sa-rau'wak\  an  English  settlement 

on  a  river  of  the  same  name,  in  the  N.  W. 

part  of  Borneo. 


62* 


t  See  note  on  preceding  page. 


Sarayacu,  sa-rT-a-koo',  t.  of  Peru. 
Sardinas,   saR-dee'nas,  bay  of  New   Grantv 

da.  (?) 
Sar-din'1-a  (It.  Sardegna,  saR-denya  or  sar- 

dain'yii). 
Saree  or  Sari,  sa-ree'. 
Sa-rep'ta,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Sark,  i.  in  the  English  Channel. 
Sar'no. 
Saros,  shaa'rosh ;  also  written  Sarosch,  t.  of 

Hungary. 
Saros,  sa'r6s,  t.  of  Greece. 
Sarre,  saRR.     See  Saar. 
Sarthe,  saRt. 
Sa'rum. 

Sas-kiitch'a-wan. 
Sassari,  sas'sa-re. 
Satalieh,  sa-ta-lee'a.     See  Adalia. 
Sa-til'la,'  r  of  Georgia. 
Sauk  (Indians).     See  Sacs. 
*Sault  de   Sainte   Marie  (Fr.  pron.  sD  deh 

saNt  ma're'),  but  now  usually  written  and 

pronounced  Sault  (sawlt)  Saint  Ma'ry. 
Saung.     See  Donnai. 
Saumur,  sO'muR'. 
Sa-van'nah. 

Save  (Ger.  Sau,  sow,  Hun.  Szava,  saa-v6h). 
Savigliano,  sa-veel-ya'no,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 
Savignano,  sa-veen-ya'no,  I.  of  Italy. 
Savona,  sa-vo'ua. 
Sav'oy  or  sav-oi'   (It.   Savoia,   sa-voi'a,   Fr, 

Savoie,  saVwa'). 
Saxe-Altenburg,  sax  al'ten-burg  (Ger.  Sach- 

sen-Altenbur«r,  sak'sen  al'ten-booRG'). 
Saxe-Co'burg  (Ger.  Sachsen-Coburg,  sak'sen 

ko'bdoKG) 
Saxe-Lauenburg,  sax  lou'en-burg  or  lou'en 

booKGv.     See  Lauenburg. 
Saxe  Meiniugen,  sax  mT'ning-en. 
Saxe-Weimar,  sax-wi'mar   (Ger.  Sachsen 

Weimar,  sak'sen-wi'mar). 
Sax'eu-burg,  i.  in  the  Atlantic,  E.  of  Brazil 
Sax'ony  (Ger.  Sachsen,  sak'sen). 
Sayanskoi,  slans^koi',  mts.  of  Siberia. 
Sayn,  sine,  r.  and  t.  of  Germany. 
Scala  Nova,  ska'la  no'va,  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 
Scan'der-oon'  or  Is-ken'der-oon'.    See  Alex 

andretta. 
Scan-di-na'vi-a. 
Scania,  ska'ne-a.    See  Skane. 
Scarborough,  skar'b'rGh  or  skar'bur-rtih. 
Scar'pan-to,  i.  of  Greece. 
Scarperia,  skaR-pa-ree'a,  t.  of  Italy. 
Schaffhausen,  shaff-how'zen. 
Schat-el-Arab.     See  Shatt-el-Arab. 
Schaumburg,   Lippe,  shoum'bo&RG,  Iip'peh. 

See  Lippe-Schauenburg. 
Scheldt,  skelt  (Dutch  Schelde,  SKel'deh,  Fr. 

Escaut,  es'ko'). 
Schelekof.     See  Shelekhof. 
Schelestadt,   sheTes-tad'  (Ger.  pron.  shel'es- 

tatf). 
Schelling,  skel'ling.     See  Ter-Schelling. 
Schemnitz,  shem'nits  (Hun.  Selmecz  Banya, 

shel-mets  baan-yoh). 
Schenectady,  sken-ek'ta-de. 
Schie,  SKee,  r.  of  Holland. 
Schiedam,  sxee'dam. 
Schio,  skee'o,  t  of  N.  Italy. 
Schiraz,  sheVaz'.     See  Shiraz. 
Schirvan  or  Schirwan.    See  Shir  van. 
Schleswig.    See  Sleswick. 
Schoa.     See  Shoa. 
Schoharie,  sko-haVre. 


SEN 


42 


SHO 


Schflnbrunn  or  Schoenbrunn,  shen'broon  or 
sh0n'br66nn,  t.  of  Austria. 

Schonen.     See  Skane. 

*Schoodic,  skoo'dik. 

*SchooIey's,  skoo'leez. 

Sohouwen,  skow'ven  or  sicow'wen. 

Schreckhorn,  shrek'horn,  mt.  of  Switzerland. 

*Schroon, skroon. 

Schumla.     See  Shumla. 

Schuvler,  skT'ler. 

Schuylkill,  skobl'kil. 

Schwabach,  shwa'baK. 

Schwarzburg,  shwarts'burg,  or  shwaRts'- 
booRG. 

Schwarzenberg,  shwaRts'en-beRG,  t.  of  Sax- 
ony. 

Schwarzwald,  shwarts'walt,  i.  e.  "  Black 
Forest,"  a  range  of  mts.  in  the  S.  of  Ger- 
many. 

Schwedt,  shwett,  t.  of  Prussia. 

Schweidnitz,  shwlte'nits 

Schweinfurt,  shwTne'f66Rt,  I.  of  Bavaria. 

Schweitz,  shwTtes.     See  Schwitz. 

Schwerin,  shwa-reen'. 

Schwitz  or  Schwyz,  shvvits. 

Schyl  or  SylL  sheel  or  sliil,  r.  of  Turkey. 

Sciacca,  shak'ka  or  shyak'ka,  t.  of  Sicily. 

Sciglio,  sheel'yo  (Anc.  Scyl'la),  a  rocky  pro- 
montory of  Naples. 

Scigiiaiio,  sheel-ya'no,  t.  of  Naples. 

Scilly,  sil'le. 

Scio,  shee'o  or  sl'o. 

Scioto,  sl-o'to. 

Sclav-o'iri-a.     See  Slavonia. 

Scotland. 

Scriv'en. 

Scutari,  skoo'ta-re  (near  Constantinople)  ; 
called  Is-koo-dar'  by  the  Turks. 

Scutari  (in  Albania)  ;  called  by  the  Turks 
Is-kan-der-ee'yeh. 

Seara,  se-a'ra.    See  Ciara. 

Searcy,  ser'se. 

*Se-ba'go. 

Sebastian,  Saint,  sent  se-bast'yun  (Sp.  San 
Sebastian,  san  se-bas-te-an'). 

Secchia,  sek'ke-a,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 

Sedan,  seh-daN'. 

Sedlitz,  sed'lits;  written,  also,  Seidlitz,  v.  of 
Bohemia  noted  for  its  mineral  waters. 

Seevas  or  Sivas,  eeeV&s'. 

Seewah  or  Siwah,  see'wa\ 

Segni,  seVye  or  sain'ye,  t.  of  Italy. 

Se*go. 

Segorbe,  sa-goR'ba. 

Se-go'vi-a  (Sp.  pron.  sa-go've-a). 

Segre,  sa'gra,  r.  of  Spain. 

Seidlitz.     See  Sedlitz. 

Seiks  or  Sfahs,  seeKs,  a  warlike  nation  of 
Hindo*tan. 

Seine,  san? 

Selaniki.     See  Salonica. 

Selenga,  sa-ieng'ga,  f.  of  Central  Asia. 

Se-lim'ni-a,  t.  of  Turkey. 

Sel'kirk. 

Selmecz  Banya.     See  Schemnitz. 

Seltschan,  selfshan',  t.  of  Bohemia. 

Se-men'dri-a,  t.  and  fortress  of  Servia. 

Semerone.    See  Cimarron. 

*Sem-in-oles. 

Sem'lin 

Sempach,  sem'paic. 

Sen'e-ca. 

Senegal,  sen'e-gaul 

Sen-e-gam'bl-a. 


Senjen,  sen'yen,  i.  of  Norway. 

Senlis.  saisMeeee'. 

Sennaar,  sen'nar'. 

Sens,  saN. 

Serajevo.  sa-ra-ya'vo.    See  Bosna-Sera!. 

Ser'am-pore'  or  Serampoor. 

Ser-ang'.     See  Ceram. 

Serchio,  seVke-o,  r.  of  Italy. 

Seres,  seVes. 

Sered,  seVed  or  sa'ret,  r.  of  Galicia,  flowing 

into  the  Dniester. 
Sereth,  seVet'  or  sa'ret',  r.  in  the  E.  part  of 

Europe,  falling  into  the  Danube. 
Serjnpe  (or  Sergippe)  del  Rey,  s§R-zhee'pa 

del  ray,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Seringapatarri,  ser-ing'ga-pa-tam'. 
Seringham,  ser-ing'gum. 
Ser'pho  or  Serfo    (Anc.   Serl-phus),   i.   of 

Greece. 
Servan,  Saint ,  saN  seRVai?'. 
SerVi-a. 

Ses'tos  or  Cestos,  r.  of  Liberia. 
Setledge  or  Setlej.     See  Sutledge. 
Seltia,  s^t-tee'a,  t.  of  Candia. 
Setubal,  sa-too'bal,  or  Setuval,  sa-too'val,  or 

St.  Ubes,  -ubz. 
Sev'as-to'pol. 
Sev'ern. 
Sevier,  sev-eer'. 
Seville,  sev'il    or    se-vill'   (Sp.  Sevilla,  sa- 

veel'ya). 
Sevre,  sevr  or  saivr. 

Seychelles,  sa'shell'  (Is.),  a  group  E.  of  Africa. 
Shahabad,  shah'a-b&d'j  t.  of  Hindostan. 
Shan'npn. 
Shang-Hai  or  Chang-hal,  shang-hl',  t.  of 

China. 
Shary,  sha'ree*,  r.  of  Central  Africa. 
*Shaste  or  Shasty,  shas'te  ;  sometimes  written 

Chaste. 
Shatt-el-Arab,   Schat-ul-Arab,   or   Chat-el- 
Arab,  shat-el-a'rab. 
*Shawangunk,  shong'gum. 
*Shaw"nees'. 
*Shaw'nee-town. 

She-boy'gan  ;  formerly  written  Cheboygan. 
Shechem,  shee'kem,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Sheeraz.    See  Shiraz. 
Sheer-ness'. 

Sheerwan.     See  Shirvan. 
Shelekof,  Schelekof,  or  Chelekhov,  shel-e- 

kof  or  shel-e-kov',  I.  of  Russiari  America. 
Shen'an-do'ah. 
Shendy    or    Chendi,    shen'dee' ;    sometimes 

written  Chandi,  t.  of  Nubia. 
Sher'bro"  or  Sher'bQ-ro\  t.  W.  of  Africa. 
Sher'slieU',  t.  of  Algeria. 
Shetland. 
SliTa-was'see. 
Shienne  or  Chienne,  she-enn',  r.  of  Missouri 

Territory. 
Shil'ka,  r.  cf  Asia,  forming,  by  its  junction 

ivith  the  Argoon,  the  Amoor.     In  the  upper 

part  of  its  course  it  is  called  the  Onon. 
Shi  Hooks,  Shillouks  or  Shilluks,  shiTlooks',  a 

people  in  the  E.  central  part  of  Africa. 
ShT'loh,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Shin -Yang;    called,   also,   Mookden,   t.  of 

Mantchooria. 
Shiraz  or  Sheeraz,  she'raz'  or  shee'raz. 
Shirvan,  Schirwan,  or  Chirvan,  shjr'van'  01 

sheer'van'. 
Shoa,  Schoa,  or  Xoa,  sho'a;  written,  also, 

Shwa. 


SIO 


43 


SOO 


Shoo-mag'in,  i.  W.  of  Russian  America. 
Shoomla,  Schumia,  or   Choumla,  shoom'la; 

sometimes  written  Shoomna. 
Shoos'ter  or  Shu'ster  ;  written,  also,  Schuster 

and  Chouster. 
*Sho-sho'nees. 

Shrewsbury,  shroze'ber-e  or  shruze'ber-e. 
Shropshire,  or  county  of  Sa'lop. 
Slitab.     See  Sistova. 
Shumla.     See  Shoomla. 
Shu'nem,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Sinister.     See  Shooster. 
Siam,  si-am'  or  se'am'. 
Siara  or  Seara,  se-a'rii.    See  Ciara. 
ST-be'rt-a. 
Sicily,  siss'il-e. 
Sidmouth,  sid'muth. 
SI'don.     See  Saida. 
Siegberg,  seeG'b&RG,  t.  of  Germany. 
Siegen,  seeg'en,  t.  of  Westphalia. 
Si-en'na  (It.  Siena,  se-eVa). 
Sierra,  se-er'ra.f 
*Sierra  de  los  Mimbres,  se-er'ra  da  loce  mim'- 

brSs. 
Sierra  Estrella,   se-er'ra  Ss-trel'ya,   mts.  of 

Spain. 
*Sierra  Gorda,  se-er'ra  gor'da. 
Si-er'ra  Le-o'ne. 
*Sierra  Madre,  se-er'ra  m2b'ra. 
Sierra  Morena,  se-er'ra  mo-ra'ua. 
*Sierra  Nevada,  se-er'ra  ne-va'Da. 
Sierra  Nevada  (Spain).     See  Nevada. 
Sig-mar-ing'en. 

ST'hon  or  Se-hon',  r.  of  Central  Asia. 
Sikhs.     See  Seiks. 
Sikokf,  see'kokf,  Sikoke,  see'koke',  or  Sit- 

kokf,  one  of  the  Japan  Is. 
Silan,  se'lan',  t.  of  Yucatan. 
Silian  or  Siljan,  sil'e-an,  or  sil'yan,  t.  and  I. 

of  Sweden. 
Silesia,  sl-lee'she-a  (Ger.  Schlesien,  shla'ze- 

en). 
Sil'la,  t.  of  Soodav. 
Sil-is'tri-a. 

Sil'vSs,  or  seel'ves,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Simbirsk  or  Sim-beersk'. 
Sim'coe,  I.  of  Canada. 
Sim'e-on,  tribe  of  Israelites. 
Sim'men,  r.  of  Switzerland. 
Simmentlial,  sim'men-taaP,  i.e.  "the  valley 

of  the  Simmen." 
Sim-pher-o'pol  or  Simferopol. 
Sim'plon  (Fr.  pron.  saM'pl^'),  mt.  of  Swit- 
zerland. 
Sinai,  sl'na  or  sT'na-T,  mt.  of  Arabia. 
Sinaloa.     See  Cinaloa. 
Sincapore.     See  Singapore. 
Sinde,  snid  ;  called,  also,  Sindhia  or  Sindia, 

sin'de-H,  and  Sindy. 
Sines,  see'n&s,  t.  of  Portugal. 
Sin-gan'.  t.  of  China. 

Singapore,  singNga-pr>re',  or  Singapoor  ;  for- 
merly written  Sincapore. 
Sinigaglia,  sin-e-gar>a,  t.  of  Italy. 
Sinoob,   Sinoub,   or    Sinub,   se'noob'    (Anc. 

Sin'o-pe),  t.  of  Asia  Minor. 
Sinou,  se-noo',  r.  of  Liberia. 
Bin tch eoo  or  Sin-Tcheou,  sin'che-oo'  or  sin - 

chew',  t.  of  China. 
ST'on  or  ZT'on,  mt.  of  Palestine. 

t  Sierra  is  a  Spanish  word,  originally  signifying  a  "  saw  ;" 
it  is  also  allied  to  a  "  mountain  ridge,"  which,  from  its 
notched  appearance,  when  viewed  from  a  distance,  may  be 
■  lppjted  to  resemble  a  saw. 


Sion,  se'oN'  (Ger.  Sit'ten),  cap.  of  the  Swiss 

canton  of  Valais. 
Sioot,  Sio'ut,  or  Siut,  se'oot';  written,  also, 

Es-Sioot. 
Sioux,  usually   pronounced   soo   (Fr.   pron. 

se-oo')  ;  called,  also,  Dacotah,  dah-ko'ta. 
Siph'an-to  or  See'fan'to  (Anc.  Siph'nos),  i.  of 

Greece. 
Sir.     See  Sihon. 
Sirjan,  se^r-jan'.    Sec  Kirman 
*Sisal,  se-sal'. 

Sis-to'va  ;  called,  also,  Shtab. 
Sit'ka;  improperly  written  Sitcha,  i.  on  W 

coast  of  N.  America. 
Sifkokf .     See  Sikokf. 
Sit'ten.     See  Sion. 
Sivas.     See  Seevas. 
Siwah.     See  Seewah. 
Skag'ger  Rack. 
Skagtois-Tind,  skag'tpls-tind',  the  highest  of 

the  Scandinavian  Mountains. 
Sk&ne,  sko'na,  often  written  Schonen  (Dutch 

pron.  sKo'nen;  Ger.  sho'nen)  and  Scan'i-a. 
Skelleftea1,  skel-lef'te-o,  r.  of  Sweden. 
*Skeneateles  or  Skaneateles,  sken'e-at'less,  or 

skan'e-at'less. 
Skib'ber-een'. 
Skid'daw,  mt.  of  England. 
Skive,  skee'veh,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Skopia.     See  Uskiup. 
Skye,  skT. 

Skyro,  skee'ro.     See  Syra. 
Slatina,  sla-tee'na,  t.  of  Wallachia. 
Slav-n'nt-a  or  Sclav-o'ni-a. 
Sles'wick  '  (Dan.   Sles'vig  ;    Ger.   Schleswig, 

shles'\viG). 
SIT 'go. 

Slobode  Ukraina,  slo'bo-da  oo-kra-ee'na. 
Sloten  or  Slooten,  6lo't?n,  t.  of  Holland. 
Smaland,  pronounced,  and  sometimes  written, 

Smo'land. 
Smo-lensk'  or  Smo-lens'ko. 
Smyrna,   smir'na;    called    Iz-mcer'    by   the 

Turks. 
Smythe,  smith. 
Sneehattan  or  Sneehaettan,  sna'heftan  (i.  e. 

"snow-cap"),    mt-   of   Norway,   formerly 

considered  the  highest  in  the  Scandinavian 

Peninsula.     Recent  measurements,  however, 

have  shown  the  Skagtdls-Tind  to  be  higher 
SnOw'don. 

So-cor'ro,  t.  of  Nero  Granada. 
S<>-co'tra  or  So-co'to-ra. 
Sofala,  so-fa'la. 

Soissons,  swas'sc-N'  (almost  swT's6n'). 
Sok'na,  more  properly  Sook'na  or  Soukna,  t 

ofN.  Africa. 
Soldau,  sol'dow,  t.  of  Prussia. 
Suldin,  sol-deen',  I.  of  Prussia. 
Snleure,so'luR'  (Ger.'Solotbnrn,  so'Io-tooRn  > 
Solfatara,  sol-fa-ta'ia.  I.  of  Italy. 
Soltau,sol'tou,  t.  of  Hanover. 
Sol'way  Frith, '  between  England  and  Scotland 
Somaulies  or  Somolis,  so'mo'leez',  a  peoph 

ofE.  Africa. 
Somerset',  snm'er-set. 
Somme,  somm. 
Sondershausen,  soifders-how'zen,  t.  of  Get 

many. 
Sone,  r.  of  Hindoslan. 
Songari.  '  See  Soongaree. 
|  *So-nora. 

j  Sonseca,  son-sa'ka,  t.  of  Spain. 
i  Boodan,  Soudan,  or  Sudan,  soo'dln'. 
W 


SPR 


44 


sue 


ftfcyjkhona,  Soukhona,  or  Sukhona,  soo-Ko'na, 
r.  of  Russia. 

Soolimana  or  Soulimana,  soo-le-ma'na,  king- 
dom of  W.  Africa. 

Soo'loo'. 

Soo'taneeyeh  or  Sultanieh,  sool-ta-nee'a. 

Soongaree  or  Soungari,  soong'ga'ree',  r.  of 
Central  Asia. 

Soongaria  or  Soungaria,  soongVa're-a  ;  writ- 
ten, also,Dzoongaria  or  Dzoungaria,  coun- 
try of  Central  Asia. 

Soor  or  Sour.     See  Tyre. 

Soora,  Soura,  or  Sura,  soo'ra,  r.  of  Russia. 

Soorabaya  or  Surabaya,  soo-ra-bl'a. 

Soorakarta;Sourakarta,  or  Surakarta,  soo-ra- 
kar'ta ;  written,  also,  Soorakerta  or  Soura- 
kerta,  t.  of  Java. 

Soorgoot,  Sourgout,  or  Surgut,  soor-goot', 
sometimes  called  Soor'goo'toi'  or  Surgutoi, 
t.  of  W.  Siberia. 

Soormool,  Sourmoul,  or  Surmul,  soor-mool', 
t.  of  Persia. 

Soos,  Sous,  or  Sus,  soos,  r.  and  prov.  of  Mo- 
rocco. 

Sootcheoo  or  Soutcheou,  soo'che-oo'  or  soo'- 
chew';  sometimes  written  Sootchow,  t.  of 
China. 

Sophia,  so-fee'a,  or  Triaditza,  tre-a-dit'sa. 

Soprony,  sho'profi'.    See  CEdenburg. 

Sorata,  so-ra'ta. 

Sorelle  or  Sorel,  so-rell'.     See  Chambly. 

So-rel'lo,  cape  near  the  S.  W. point  of  Sicily. (?) 

Soria,  so're-a. 

Soroe,  so'ro  or  so'ro-eh,  almost  so'roh'yeh,  t. 
of  Norivay. 

Sor-ren'to. 

Soudan.    See  Soodan. 

Soueyra  orSuira.     See  Mogadore. 

Soukhona.    See  Sookhona. 

Souli.     See  Suli. 

Soungari.     See  Soongaree. 

Sour  or  Soor.     See  Tyre. 

Sourabaya.     See  Soorabaya. 

Sourakarta.     See  Soorakarla. 

Sourmoul.     See  Soormool. 

Sous.     See  Soos. 

Sousam  or  Soosam.     See  Samos. 

Southampton,     suTH-hamp'tun. 

Soutcheou.     See  Sootcheoo. 

Soulhwark  (London),  suTH'erk. 

Southvvark  (Philadelphia),  south'vvurk. 

Souzel,  soo-zel'  or  so-zel',  t.  of  Brazil. 

Spa,  spaw  (Fr.  and  Flem.  pron.  spa). 

Spain  (Sp.  Espana,  es-pan'ya). 

Spalatro,  spa-la'lro. 

Spandau,  span'dow. 

Spar'ta,  t.  of  Greece. 

Spar't  en-burg. 

Spar-ti-ven'to,  cape  of  Italy. 

Specia.     See  Spezia. 

Spey,  spa. 

Speyer,  pronounced,  and  often  written,  Spire. 

Spezia,  sped'ze-a ;  sometimes  written  Specia. 

Spiez,  speetz,  t.  of  Switzerland. 

Spire.     See  Speyer. 

Spitz-berg'en. 

SplO'gen,  splu'ghen  or  splQ'ghen,  v.  of  Swit- 
zerland, at  the  foot  of  a  mt.  of  the  same 
name. 

Spokains,  or,  more  properly,  Spo-kans',  In- 
dians of  Oregon,  dwelling  near  the  Spo- 
kan'  R. 

Spoleto,  spo-la'to. 

Spree,  spra,  r.  of  Germany. 


Spring'fieid. 

St.     See  Saint. 

Stabroek,  sta/brook.    Set  Georgetown. 

Stam'ford. 

Stampalia,  stam-pa-lee'a,  i.  of  Greece. 

StanVvoy'  or  Stanovoi,  mts.  of  E.  Siberia 

Stantz  or  Stanz,  stants,  t.  of  Switzerland. 

Stargard,  staK'gart. 

Staubbach,  stoub'baic,  a  small  stream  of  Swit- 
zerland, with  a  perpendicular  fall  of  nint 
hundred  feet. 

Staunton  (Va.),  stan'tun. 

Staunton  (England),  stan'tun  or  stan'tun. 

Stavanger,  stav-ang'gher. 

Staveren,  sta'ver-en,  t.  of  Holland. 

Stein,  stTne,  t.  of  Germany. 

Steinach,  stT'naK,  t.  and  r  of  Germany. 

Steinau,  stT'now,  t.  of  Germany 

Steinbach,  stlne'ban,  t.  of  Germany. 

Steinfurt,  stlne'fooKt,  t.  of  Germany. 

Steinheim,  stlne'hTme,  t.  of  Germany. 

Stellenbosch,  stel'len-bosh',  a  settlement  in 
Cape  Colony. 

Stern'berg  (Ger.  pron.  ste'Rn'biRG),  t.  of  Bo- 
hemia. 

Stettin,  stet-teen'. 

Stettiner  Haff,  stet-teen'er  haff. 

Steuben,  stu'ben  or  stu-ben'.  [This  name  ap- 
pears now  to  be  universally  accented  on 
the  last  syllable  in  Western  New  York, 
and  is  often  thus  pronounced  in  other  parts 
of  the  United  States;  but  the  original  Ger- 
man name,  Baron  Steuben,. should  undoubt- 
edly have  the  accent  on  the  penultimate.] 

Steubenville,  stu'ben-vil. 

Stew'art. 

Steyer,  stlre. 

Steyning,  sta'ning,  t.  of  England. 

Stigliano,  steel-y&'no,  t.  of  Italy. 

Stiria.     See  Styria. 

Stock'holm. 

Stock'port. 

Stod'dard. 

Stone-ha'ven. 

Sto'ning-ton. 

Stor'na-way,  cap.  of  "Lewis  I,  Scotland. 

Storsion  or  Storsjon,  stor'se-un  or  stors'yun, 
I.  of  Sweden. 

Stourbridge,  stur'brij. 

Strabane,  stra-ban'. 

Strafford. 

Stralsund,  stral'soond. 

Stranraer,  stran-rawr'. 

Strasbourg,  stras'burg  (Fr.  pron.  strass'booR'; 
Ger.  Strassburg,  strass'booRG) . 

Strath-ha'ven,  t.  of  Scotland. 

Straubing,  strou'bing,  t.  of  Bavaria. 

Strel'itz,  cap.  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

Stromboli,  strom'bo-le,  one  of  the  Lipari  Is. 

Stromcie,  stro'mo,  or  stro'mo-eh,  almost 
stro'muh'yeh,  one  of  the  Faroe  Is. 

*Stroud,  strowd. 

Stru'ma  (Anc  Stry'mon),  r.  of  Turkey. 

Stry,  stree,  t.  of  Austrian  Galicia. 

Stuhlweissenburg,  stool-wI'cen-boSRG  o* 
-burg. 

Stura,  stoo'rft,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 

Stuf'gart  or  Stutgard  (Ger.  pron.  stSol'gart). 

*Stuyvesant,  stl'ves-ant. 

Styria  or  Stiria,  stir'e-a  (Ger.  Steyermark, 
stl'er-maRk). 

Suabia  or  Swabia,  swa'be-a. 

Suakem,  soo-a'kem,  t.  of  Nubia. 

Sublettes,  sub'lets,  I.  of  Missouri  Territory. 


TAB 


45 


TAR 


Bu-det'ic  Mts.,  a  chain  in  the  interior  of  Ger- 
many, comprising  the  Fichtelgebirge,  Erz- 

gebirge,  and  Riesengebirge. 
Sudan.    See  Soudan. 
Su'der-ma'm-a    or    su-der-ma'ne-a ;    called, 

nls<>,   Su'der-mann-landv,  former  prov.  of 

Sweden. 
Suderoe,   soo'der-o   or  soo'der-6'eh,  almost 

soo'der-uir*yeh.  one  of  the  Faroe  Is. 
Suez,  soo'ez  (Arab.  pron.  soo-ez'or  soo-aiz'); 

written,  also,  Souez  and  Soueys. 
Suffolk,  suf'fok. 
Suigutoi,   a  misspelling    of   Surgutoi.      See 

Soorgoot. 
Suir,  shure. 

Suira,  swee'ra     See  Mogadore. 
Suli,  Sulli,  or  SouL,  soo'le,  district  and  t.  of 

Albania. 
Sul'11-van. 

Salmons,  sool-mo'na,  t.  of  Italy. 
Sultania  or  Sultanieh.     See  Sooltaneeyeh. 
Sumatra,  soo-ma'tra. 
Sum-baw'wa. 
Sunbury,  sun'ber-e. 
Sun'da. 
Sun'der-land. 

Sundswall,  snonds'wall,  t.  of  Sweden. 
Surat,  soo-rat'. 
Sur'hood'  or  Sourhoud,  soor'hood',  t.  of  Be- 

loochistan. 
Surinam,  soo-rin-am'. 
Surmul      See  Soormool. 
Surrey,  sur're. 
Sus.     See  Soos. 
Su'sa  or  Shoosh.  an  ancient  city  of  Persia,  of 

which  only  a  few  ruins  now  remain. 
Susam,  soo'sam'.     See  Samos. 
Sus-que-han'na. 
SuTH'er-land. 
Sutledge,  sut'lej  ;  written,  also,  Selledge  and 

Butlej. 
Su-wa'nee. 

Svend'borg,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Sviatoi,  svee'a-toi',  cape  of  Lapland. 
Swa'bl-a.     See  Suabia. 
Swansea,  swonrse. 
*Swartwout,  swart'wowt. 
Sweden  (Sw.  Swerige,  swer'e-gSh). 
Swee'ra  or  Suira.     See  Mogadore. 
Swine,  swee'neh. 
Swinemunde,  swee'neh-mfln'deh. 
Switz'cr-land   (Ger.   Sehweitz,  shwits,  Fr. 

La  Suisse,  la  swiss  or  sweece). 
Sydney,  sid'ne. 
Sy-e'ne.     See  Asswan. 
Syll  or  Syl.     See  Sehyl. 
Syltoe,  sil'to  or  sfll'to-eh,  *   of  Denmark. 
Syra.  see'ru.  (Arte.  Scy'ros),  i.  of  Greece. 
Svr'a-cuse  (It.  Siricasa,  se-re-ka'sii). 
Syr'i'-a. 

Szabadka,  sohT>6d'koir.     See  Theresianopel. 
Szalva,  sal'voh,  t.  of  Transylvania. 
Szarvas,  sok'v6.s1i\ 
Szegedin,  sSg'ecTeen'  or  seg^d'in'. 
Szigeth,  8ee  glief,  sometimes  written  Zigel, 

t.  of  Hungary. 


Taanach,  ta'a-nak,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Tabareeyeh  or  Tabaria,  tab'a-ree'a. 
*Tabasco,  ta-bas'ko. 
Tabatinga,  ta-ba-ting'ga,  t.  of  Brazil. 
Tabor,  ta'bor,  t.  of  Bohemia. 


Ta'bor,  t.  of  Palestine. 

Tabreez    or    Tabriz,   tab-reez';    sometime* 

called  Tau'ris. 
Tabs.     See  Tubbus. 
Tacazze,  ta-kat's3.;   sometimes  writtct    Ta- 

katze  and  Takatz. 
Tacna,  tak'na,  t.  of  Peru. 
Tacoary,  ta-qua-ree',  written,  also,  Taqaary, 

r.  of  Brazil. 
Tad'cas-ter,  t.  of  England. 
Taf-1-let'  or  Taf-I-lelt',  t.,  r.  and  kingdom  of 

Morocco. 
TagNan-rog'  or  Tag-an-rock'. 
Tagliamento,  tal-ya-men'to,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Taglio,  tal'yo,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Ta'gus  (Sp.  Tajo,  ta'Ho  :  Port.  Tejo,  ta'zho). 
Tahiti,  ta-hee'te  ;  formerly  written  Olaheite. 
Taiwan,  tl-wan'.     See  Formosa. 
Ta-Kiang.     See  Yang-tse-Kiang. 
Takht-i-Souleiman.     See  Tukhte  Soliman. 
Talavera  de  la  Reyna,  ta-Ia-v&'ra  da  la  ri'- 

e-na. 
Talbot,  taul'but. 

Talcahuana,  tal-ka-wa'na,  bay  of  Chili. 
Taliaferro,  tol'e-ver. 
TaPla-de'ga. 
TaPla-has'see. 
Taria-hatoh'ie. 
Taria-poo'sa. 
*Tamaqua,  tam-au'qua. 
Tamatave,  ta'ma'tav',  t.  of  Madagascar,  where 

the  French  formerly  had  a  settlement. 
*Tamaulipas,  tam-ow-lee'pas. 
Tambobamba,  tam-bo-bam'ha,  t.  of  Peru. 
Tambof,  Tambov,  or  Tambow,  tam-bof. 
Tamise,  ta  meez',  t.  of  Belgium. 
Tam'a-ny,  St. 
Tampico,  tam-pee'ko ;  called,  also,  Pueblo 

Nuevo,  pweb'lo  nwa'vo. 
Tananarivoo  or  Tananarivou,   tan-an-ar"re- 

voo',  sometimes  written  Tananarivo,  t.  of 

Madagascar,  formerly  the  residence  of  King 

Rada?na.    See  Madagascar,  in  the  Gazet- 
teer. 
Tanaro,  ta-na'ro,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Tanasserim.     See  Tenasserim. 
Taney,  tau'ne. 
Tangier,  tan-jeer'. 
Tan- jure'. 

Taormina,  ta-oR-mee'na. 
*Taos.  ta'oce. 
Tapajos.     See  Topayos. 
*Tap-pan'. 

Taptay,  tap-ti',  t.  of  S.  Brazil. 
Tap'pa-han'nock. 

TapW  or  Tapty,  r.  of  Hindoslan. 
Tara,  ta'ra,  t.  of  Siberia. 
Tarakai,  tar-u-kT',  or  Sag-haH-en. 
Taramandi,  ta-ra-man'de,  i.of  Brazil.  (??) 
Taranto,  tar'au-io. 
Taraseon,  taYas'kON'. 
Tarazona,  la-ra-thcfnt, 
Tarbagtai,  tar'bag'ii',  or  Tarbagatai,  tar-bag- 

a-tl',  t.  of  Central  Asia. 
Tarbes,  taRb 

Tarma.  taR'ma,  t.  of  Peru. 
Tarn,  taim. 
Tarifa,  ta-ree'fa,  t.  of  Spain,  on  a  bay  of  its 

own  name. 
Tarija,  ta-ree'iia,  l.  of  Bolivia. 
Taro,  ta'ro,  r.  of  N.  Italy. 
Taroodant,  Tarudanl,  or  Tiroudant,  ta'roo- 

dant',  t.  of  Morocco. 
Tarragona,"  tar-ra-go'ua. 


TEN 

Tarvsoosr  j  written,  also,  Tarsous  and  Tarsus. 

Tar'ta-ry. 

Tashkend,  tash'kend',  or  Tashkent,  t.  of  In- 
dependent Tartary. 

Tat'nall. 

Tat'ta,  t.  of  Hindoslan. 

Tauai,  touT,  the  same  as  Atooi. 

Tauher,  tou'ber,  r.  of  Germany. 

Taudeny,  Toudeny,  or  Taoudyny,  tou'de-nee'' 
(the  first  syllabic  rhyming  with  now),  t.  of 
Africa  on  the  Great  Desert,  noted  for  its  salt- 
mines. 

Taujiks  or  Tadjiks,  tau'jeeks'  or  ta'jeeks',  a 
people  of  Persia  and  Afghanistan. 

Taunton,  tan'tun. 

Tau'ri-da  or  Krim. 

Tauris.     See  Tabreez. 

Tau'rus,  mt.  of  Asia  Minor. 

Tavoy  or  Tavay,  taVoi',  t.  of  Chin-India. 

Tay,  ta. 

Tay-yuen,  tl'yu-en',  t.  of  China. 

Tazewell,  taz'wel. 

Tchad,  chad. 

Tchantar,  chan'tar',  or  Shan'tar',  is.  in  the  Sea 
of  Okhotsk. 

Tchany,  Tchani,  or  Chany,  cha'ne,  I.  of  Si- 
beria. 

Tcherkask,  cheVkask'. 

Tchernigof  or  Czernigow,  che^R-iie-gof. 

Tchernowitz,  chen'no-vits.  See  Czernowice. 

Tcheskaya  or  Tcheskaia,  ches-ki'a,  gulf  in 
the  N.  of  Russia. 

Tching-Kiang,  ching'-ke-ang',  t.  of  China. 

Tching-tcheoo  (or  -tcheou),  ehing'-che-oo', 
t.  of  China. 

Tchingtoo  (or  -tou),  ching'too',  t.  of  China. 

Tchoodskoe,  Tchoudskoe,  or  Tschudskoe, 
chood'sko-e.     See  Peipus. 

Tching-ting,  ching'tiug',  t.  of  China. 

Tchooktchees,  Tchouktchis,  Tchuktchis,  or 
Tschuktschis,  chook'cheez',  a  people  of  E. 
Siberia. 

Tchoolkova  or  Tchoulkova,  choorko'va,  t. 
of  Siberia. 

Tchouktchis  or  Tchuktchis.  See  Tchook- 
tchees. 

Tchoulkova.     See  Tchoolkova. 

Teche.  tesh. 

Tecino.    See  Tieino. 

Tecso,  ta'cho",  t.  of  Hungary. 

*Te-cum'seh. 

Teem'boo',  t.  of  W.  Africa. 

Teen-tseen  or  Tin-tsin,  teent'seen',  t.  of 
China. 

Teffe,  tef'fa,  r.  {and  t.?)  of  Brazil. 

Teflis.     See  Tiflis. 

Tehran  or  Teheran,  teh-hran';  written,  also, 
Tehran*. 

*Tehuaean,  ta-wa'kan'. 

*Tehuautepec,  ta-wan-ta-pek'. 

Teignmouth,  tin'muth. 

Tejuco,  ta-zhoo'ko,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Te-ko'a,  t.  o,f  Palestine. 

Tel'fair. 

Temes,  tewfesh';  written,  also,  Temesch,  r. 
of  Hungary. 

Temesvar,  tem-esh-vaaR' ;  written,  also, 
Temesch  war. 

Tem-is'ca-ming\  I.  of  Canada. 

Temiscouata,  teirris-koo-a'ta  or  tem'is-qua'ta, 
I.  of  Canada. 

Tem'pei-burg  ortem'pel-b6oRGx,  t.  ofPrtcssia. 

Ten-as'ser-im. 

Ten'e-dos,  i.  of  Greece. 


8  THI 

Teneriffe,  ten'er-iff'    (Sp.  Tenerife,   ta-na» 

ree'fa) . 
TeiVnes-see'. 

Ten'ter-den,  t.  of  England. 
*Tepic,    tSp-ik'  or  ta-peek'. 
*Tepozcolula,  ta-pos-ko-loo'll. 
Teramo,  t&r'a-mo. 
Terceira,  t§R-sa'e-ra. 
Tercero.  tSu-sa'ro,  r.  of  La  Plata. 
Termini,  teVme-ne. 
Termoli,  t&R'mo-le,  t.  of  Naples. 
Termonde.     See  Dendermonde. 
Ternate,  ter'nat',  one  of  the  Molucca  Is. 
Terni,  t&R'ne. 
Ter-no'va,  t.  of  Turkey. 
Ter'ra  del  Fu-e'go  or  Tierra  del  Fuego,  te» 

er'ra  del  fwa'go. 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  ter'ra  de  la-vo'ro,  prov.  of 

Naples. 
Terra  di  Otranto,  ter'ra  de  o-tran'to,  prov.  of 

Naples. 
Terracina,  ter-ra-chee'na. 
Terre-Bonne,      terr-bonn';      usually     pro- 
nounced tar  bone. 
*Terre-Haute  (Fr.  pron.  teVr-hote' or  t5rr"- 

ote').     [See  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,  p.  v. 

and  vi.,  of  the  3d  and  subsequent  editions.] 
Ter  Schelling,  ten  skel'ling,  i.  of  Holland. 
Teschen,  tesh'en,  t.  of  Austria  and  Silesia. 
Tesino.     See  Tieino. 
Tessel.     See  Texel. 
Tessin,  teVsaN'.     See  Tieino. 
Tete,  ti'la,  t.  of  E.  Africa. 
Teton,  tet'&n,  r.  of  Missouri  Territory. 
Tetooan,   Tetuan,  or  Tetouan,   tetWan',  t. 

of  Morocco. 
Teulada,  too-la'da    (It.  pron.   teVoo-la'da), 

cape  of  Sardinia. 
Tevere,  ta'va-ra.    See  Tiber. 
Teverone,  ta-va-ro'na   (Anc.  Ant-o),  r.  of 

Italy. 
Teviot,  tiv'e-ot,  r.  of  Scotland. 
Tewksbury,  tukes'ber-e,  t.  of  England. 
Tex'as. 

Tex'el  or  Tes'sel. 
Tezcuco,  te*s-koo'ko,  t.  of  Mexico. 
Thad'e-us,  St.,  cape  of  Asia. 
Thaleain.     See  Salwin. 
Thames,  temz. 
Than'et. 

Than-Lyeng  or  Than-Lweng.    See  Salwin. 
Thaso,  tha'so,  or  Tha'sos,  i.  of  Greece. 
Thaya,  tl'a,  r.  of  Moravia. 
Theaki  or  Thiaki,  the-a'ke,  or  Ith'a-ca. 
Thebes,   theebz ;  called  Thebai,   the'va,   by 

the  modern  Greeks. 
Theiss,  tice  (Hun.  Tisza,  tee-soh). 
Theresienstadt,  ter-a'ze-en-statf,  fortress  of 

Bohemia. 
Theresienstadt  or  Theresienopel,  tSr-a'ze-an 

o'pel  (Hun.  Szabadka,  s6hvbod'k6hK),  t.  of 

Hungary. 
Thermia,  ther-mee'a  (Anc.  Cyth'nos),  i.  of 

Gretce. 
Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca.     See  Salonica. 
Thes'sa-ly  or  Thes-saTi-a  (Modern  Gr.  pron 

theVsa-lee'a),  country  of  Greece. 
Thian-Shan    or    Thian-Chan,   te-an'-shau'. 

mts.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
*Thibadeauville,  tib-a-do'vill. 
Thibet   or  Tibet,   tib'et  or   tib-et';  written 

also,  Tibbet. 
Thielt,  leelt. 
Thiers,  te-aiR' 


TOB  47 


TOT 


Thionville,  te^N'vill'  or  -veel'. 
Tholen  or  Tolen,  to'len,  t.  and  i.  of  Nether- 
lands. 
Thornar,  to-maR',  t.  of  Portugal. 
Thomaston,  tnm'us-tuii. 
Thorn  (Prussia),  toRii. 
Thoulouse.     See  Toulouse. 
Three  Rivers  or  Trois  Rivieres,  trwa  reVe- 

aiR'. 
Thsoongling,   Thsoungling,   or   Thsungling, 

tsoong'ling',  mts.  of  Chin.  Tartary. 
Thun,  toon. 

Thuner-See,  toon'er-sa'. 
Thur,  tooR,  r.  of  Switzerland. 
Thurgau,  tooR'gow  (Fr.  Thurgovie,  tuR'go"- 

ve'). 
Thuringia,  thu-rin'je-a  (Ger.  Thuringen,  tQ'- 

ring-en). 
Thurles,  thurlz. 
ThQr'so,  t.  of  Scotland. 
Tibboos  or  Tibbous,  tib'booz',  a  people  of  N. 

Africa. 
TT'ber  (It.  Tevere,  ta'va-ra). 
Tibesti  or  Tibesty,  tee'bes'lee',  t.  and  oasis 

of  N.  Africa. 
Tibet  or  Tibbet.     Set  Thibet. 
Tiburon,  te-boo-rone',  i.  in  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia. 
Ticino,  te-chee'no,  improperly  written  Tesi- 

no  or  Teeino  (Fr.  Tessin,  uls'saN'). 
Tidore,  te-dore',  one  of  the  Molucca  Is. 
Tiete,  te-a'ta,  or  Anhembi,  an-y£m-bee',  r.  of 

Brazil. 
Tif'lis"  or  Teflis  (native  pron.  tiTleece'). 
Tigre,  tee'gra\ 
TT'gris. 

Tilapa,  te-la'pa,  t.  of  Mexico. 
Til-la-to'ba,  cap.  of  Tallahatchee  Co.,  Ala. 
Til'burg. 
Til'sit. 

Timboo  or  Timbou.     See  Teemboo. 
Tim-buc'too  or  Tom-booc'to ;  written,  also, 

Tombuktu  and  Ten  Boctoo. 
Tl'inor. 
TT-mor-laut'. 

*Timpanagos,     tim-pa-na'goce,      frequently 
_  written  Timpanogos  (Lake)  ;    called  now 

the  Great  Salt  Lake. 
Tinian,  tee-ne-an',  one  of  the  Ladrone  Is. 
*Tin'1-cum. 

Tin-ne-vel'ly,  prov.  of  Hindostan. 
Tino,  tee'no  (Anc.  Te'nos)  i.  of  Greece. 
TT-o'ga. 

Tip'er-a  or  Tip'ra,  district  of  Bengal. 
Tip'pah 

Tippecanoe,  tipVka-noo'. 
Tipperary,  tip-er-a're. 

Tir-ee',  also  written  Tirree,  Tiry,  and  Tyree. 
Tirhala.     See  Tricala. 
Tirlemont,   teeRlrniN'   (Flem.    Thienen   or 

Tienen,  tee'nen). 
Tishamingo,  tisrTa-ming'go. 
Tisheet',  t.  in  the  interior  of  W.  Africa. 
Titlcaca,  tit-e-ka'ka. 
Tivoli,  tiv'o-le  or  tee'vo-!e. 
*Tlalpan,  tlal-pan'. 
*Tlamet    or   Tlamath,  tlam'et ;   called,  also, 

Klam'et. 
Tlasoala,  tlas-ka'la,  t.  of  Mexico. 
Tletnsan,   tlenVsan',    of   Tlemecen,   tlem'eh- 

sen';  written,  also,  Tremecen,  t.  of  Algeria. 
Tobago,  to-ba'go. 

Tobique,  to'beek',  r.  of  New  Brunswick. 
To-bol',  r  9f  Siberia. 


To-bolsk'. 

Tocantins,  to-kan-teens'. 

Tocat  or  Tokat,  to'kat'. 

Tocaya,  to-kl'a,  t.  of  Brazil. 

Tocayma  or  Tocaima,  to-kl'ml,  t.  of  New 

Granada. 
Toenningen.     See  Tonningen. 
Toeplitz.     See  Tiiplitz. 
Tokat.     See  Tocat. 
To-kay'  (Hun.  pron.  to-koi')- 
Tolen.     See  Tholen. 
To-le'do  (Sp.  pron.  to-la'Do). 
Tolentino,  to-len-tee'no,  t.  of  Italy. 
Tol'land. 

To-lo'sa,  t.  of  Spain. 
Toluca,  to-loo'ka. 
Tom-big'bee  or  Tom-beck'be. 
Tombuctoo.    See  Timbuctoo. 
Tom'kins. 

Tonbridge.     See  Tunbridge. 
Ton'dou',  t.  of  Mantchooria. 
*Ton-e-wan'da  or  Tonewanta. 
Tong'a  (Is),  a  group  of  Polynesia. 
Tongataboo  or  Tongatabu,  tong'a-ta'boo,  t. 

of  the  above  group. 
Tongo,  long  gcV,  written,  also,  Taungoo,  t.  of 

Birrna. 
Ton^res,  toxgr  (Flem  Tongern,  tong'ern  of 

tong'hern),  t.  of  Belgium. 
Tongooses.     See  Toongooses. 
Tonkin  or  Tonquin,  ton-keen'. 
Tonuerre,  torTnaiR',  t.  of  France. 
Ton'ning-en,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Tonquin.     »See  Tonkin. 
Tooareeks,  Tuariks,  Touariks,  or  Touaryks, 

loo'aYeeks'  or  too'a'riks',  a  people  of  Africa. 
Tooat,   Touat,   Tuat,   or  Tawat,  too'at'    or 

ta-wat',  oasis  of  N.  Africa. 
Tooggoort  or  Tuggurt,  loog'goort',  t.  of  N. 

Africa. 
Toongooses,  Toungousesor  Tunguses,  toong- 

goo  sez,  a  people  of  Siberia. 
Toongooska,ToungouskaorTunguska,toong- 

goos'ka,  r.  of  Siberia. 
Toonkat,  Tounkat  or  Tunkat,  toong'kat',  t.  of 

Independent  Tartary. 
Toorfan,  Tourfan,  or  Turfan,  toorYan',  t.  of 

Chin.  Tartary. 
Too'la  ;  written,  also,  Taula  and  Tula. 
Toorkistan  or  Turkistan,  tooK'kis-tan'. 
Toorkomans  or  Turkomans,  toor'ko-manz\ 
Toorookhansk,     Touroukhansk,     or     Turu- 

khansk,  too-roo-Kansk',  t.  of  Siberia. 
Top,  top,  I.  of  Russia. 
Topayos,  to-pT'yoce  ;  written,  also,  Tapajos, 

la-pii'zhoce  or  ta-pa'hoce. 
Toplitz,  Teplitz.  or  Toeplitz,  tep'lits. 
Tor-bay'. 
Torgau,  toR'gow. 
Tornea ;  pronounced,  and  sometimes  written, 

Tor'ne-o. 
Tomya,  toRn'yoh,  t.  of  Hungary. 
To'ro,  t.  of  Spain. 
To-ron'to. 

Torrenantc,  tor-ra-nan'ta,  t.  of  Mexico. 
Tor'shok'  or  Torjok,  tor'zhok'. 
Tor-to'la. 

Tor-to'na  or  toR-to'na,  t.  of  Italy. 
Tor-to'sa. 

Tortuga,  tor-too'ga,  ».  of  the  W.  Indies. 
Tortugas,  tor-too'gas,  is.  or  shoals  near  Flori- 
da, at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Toscana.    See  Tuscany. 
Tot'ness  ;  written,  also,  Totnes. 


TRU 


48 


UKR 


Touariks.    See  Tooareeks. 

Touat.     See  Tooat. 

r<jul.  tool. 

Toula.     See  Toola. 

Touion,  too'lAr*'. 

Toulouse  or  Thoulouse,  too'looz'. 

Toungouses.     See  Toongooses. 

Tounkat.     See  Toonkat. 

Touraine.  too  Vane'. 

Tonrfan. '  See  Toorfan. 

Toarnay,  tooR'ni'  (Flem.  Doornik,  dor'nik). 

Touroukhansk.    See  Toorookhanak. 

Tours,  toon. 

Towcester,  tous'ter,  t.  of  England. 

Traf-^l-gar'  or  traf-afgar. 

Tral-ee'. 

Trani,  tra'ne. 

Trau-que-bar'. 

Transtevere,  trans-ta'va-ra,  a  portion  of  the 

city  of  Rome.    See  Rome. 
Tran-syl-va  m-a  (Huu.  Erdely   Orszag,  £r- 

daiL  oR-eiiag). 
Trapaui,  tra'pa-ne. 
Trasarts,  trasvarts'  or  Trar'zas,  a  people  of  \ 

Africa. 
Tras  os  Monies,  Iras  6s  mon'tSs. 
Traun,  trowu,  r.  and  I.  of  Austria. 
Trav'an-core'. 
*Trav'is. 
Treb'i-zond';    called  Ta-ra"be-soon'   by   the 

Turks. 
Tremiti,  trem'e-te. 
Trent  (Ger.  Trient,  tre-ent'). 
Trent'on. 
Tres  Barras  or  Rio  de  Tres  Barras,  ree'o  da 

tres  bar'ras   (i.  e.  the  "river  with   three 

bars"),  r.  of  Brazil. 
Tres  Montes,  tres  mon't&s  (i.  e.  the  "  three 

mountains"),  the  name  of  a  cape   (and  pe- 
ninsula ?)  in  Patagonia. 
Treves,    treevz     (Fr.   Treves,   trave,    Ger. 

Trier,  treer). 
Treviglio,  tra-veel'yo  or  trev-cel'yo,  t.  of  N. 

Italy. 
Treviso,  trev-ee'so. 
Triaditza,  tre-a-dit'sa.     See  Sophia. 
Tricala,  tree'ka-la;  written,  also,  Tirhala. 
Trichinopoli  or  Trichinopoly,  tritch-in-op'- 

o-le. 
Trieste,  tre-est'  or  tre-es'ta. 
Trincomalee,  tring'ko-ma-lee'. 
Tringano,  tring'ga'nO',  or  Tringanoo,  tring"- 

ga-noo',  t.  of  Malacca. 
Trin-i-dad'. 
Tripoli,  trip'o-le;  called  by  the  natives  Ta- 

ra'bloos. 
Tripolitza  or  Tripolizza,  tre-po-lit'sL 
Tristan     d'Acunha,    triVtan'   du-koon'yi     or 

trees-towng'  da-koon'ya,  i.  in  the  S.  Atlan- 
tic. 
Trois  Rivieres,  trwa  reVe-aiR'.     .See  Three 

Rivers. 
Trombetas,  trom-ba'tas,  r.  of  Brazil. 
Trond  or  Tron,  Saint,  six  lib*. 
Tropea,  tro-pa'a,  t.  of  Naples. 
Trosaehs,  tro'saks,  mts  of  Scotland. 
Trondjem.     See  Drontheim. 
Troppaq,  trop'pow. 
Troup,  troop. 
Trow'bridge. 
Troves,  trwa. 
Trum'bOll. 

Truiillo.    Set  Truxillo. 
Tru'ro. 


Truxillo  or  Trujillo,  troo-Heel'yo. 

Tsad'da  or  tsad'da,  r.  of  Central  Afriem. 

Tu'am 

Tuariks.     See  Tooareeks. 

Tuat.     See  Tooat 

Tubac,  too-bak',  t.  in  the  N.  of  Mexico. 

Tflb'bus  or  tub'bes,  almost  tflbs ;  written,  also,, 

Tal)s,f  t.  of  Persia. 
Tii'bing-en. 
Tuck'er-ton. 
Tucuman,  too-koo-man'. 
Tudela,  too-Du'lH. 
Tuggurt.     See  Tooggoort. 
Tukhte     Soliman,     tiiKt'e-solVman'     (i.    t. 

"  throne    of    Solomon"),     written,    also, 

Takht-i-Souleiman,f  mt.  of  Asia 
Tula,  too'la.  t.  and  r.  of  Mexico. 
Tulai  too'la  (Russia).     See  Toola. 
*Tule,  too'le  or  too'ia. 
TuPla-more'. 
Tulle,  tQH,  t.  of  France. 
Tunibez,  toom'bSs  or  toom'beth  ,  t.  of  Peru 
Tun'bridge  ;   written,  also,  Tonbridge. 
Tmiguragua.  toong-goo-ra'gwa. 
Tungooska  or  Tunguska.     See  Toongooska. 
Tungnses.    See  Toongooses. 
Tu'nl-ca. 

Tu'nis;  called  by  the  natives  Too'nis. 
Tunja,  toong'na,  t.  of  New  Granada. 
Tunkat.     See  Toonkat. 
Tupisa  or  Tupiza,  too-pee'sa,  t.  of  Bolivia. 
Turcoing,  tQR'kwaV. 
Turcomans.     See  Toorkomans. 
Turfan.     See  Toorfan. 
Tu'rin   (Fr.   pron.    tiTraV,    It.   Torino,   to- 

ree'no). 
Turkey,  tur'ke,  or  Ot'to-man  Empire. 
Turkistan.     See  Toorkistau. 
Turnhout,  turn'howt. 
Tur'sheez',  t.  of  Persia. 
Turukhansk.     See  Toorookhansk. 
Tus-ca-loo'sa. 

Tus'ca-ny  (It.  Toscana,  tos-ka'na). 
Tuscarawas,  tus-ka-raw'wess. 
Tus-cum'bi-a,  t.  of  Alabama. 
*Tuxtla,  tooxt'la. 
Tuy,  twee. 

Tver  or  Twer,  tveR  or  tvaiR. 
Tynemouth,  tTne'muth. 
Tyre,  tire  ;  called  by  the  Jews  Tsoor,  and  by 

the  Arabs  Soor. 
Tyree  or  Tyry.    See  Tiree. 
Tyrnau,  teeVnow    (Hun.  Nagy  Szom-bath, 

nody  or  nodge  som-bot). 
Tyrol,  tlr'rQl  (Ger.  pron.  te-role'). 
Tyr-one'. 
Tyrrel,Ur'rel. 
Tzaritzin,  tsi-rit-seen',  t.  of  Russia. 

u. 

Uaupes,  wow'pSs,  r.  of  S.  America. 
Ubahy,  oo-bH-ee'  or  oo-ba-hee',  I.  of  Bolivia 
Ubes,  Saint.     See  Setubal. 
Ucayale,  oo-kT-a'la,  or  Ucayali,  oo-kl  3.'le. 
TIdine,  oo'de-ni. 

Udvarhely,  oodVaaR'hex  ,  t.  of  Transylvania 
Ufa.     See  Oofa. 
Uist,  wist. 

Ukraine,  u'krane  or  oo-krane'  (Polish  Ukra'.- 
na,  oo-kra-ee'na). 


t  See  Obs.  under  the  letter  A,  page  33  of  the  Pronouncing 
Oizettser. 


VAL 


49 


VIA 


Uleaborg,  oo1e-o-borg\ 

Ulm  (Ger.  pron.  661m). 

Ul'ster. 

Uls'wa-ter,  I.  of  England, 

Umbre  or  Umbreh,  oom'br&.  or  oom'breh,  r. 

of  Africa. 
UmeS,  oo'me-O. 
Um'mer-a-poo'ra ;    written,    also,    Amara- 

poura.f 
*Umqua  or  Umpqua,  dmp'quaw. 
Umritseer.    See  Amretsir.f 
Uualaschka.     See  Oonalaska. 
Underwalden.     See  Unterwalden. 
Ungava,  ting-gab/va,  bay  of  Labrador. 
Unna,   oon'na,   r.  of  Turkey ;   also  a  t.  of 

Prussia. 
Un'strut  or  66n'str66t.  r.  of  Germany. 
Unterwalden,  oon  ler-wal'den. 
Upha.     SeeOofa. 
Up'sal  or  Upsala,  up-sa'la. 
U'ral  or  Oural,  oo-ril'. 
Uralsk,  oo-ralsk',  t.  of  Russia. 
Urbino,  oor-bee'no. 
Urfa.    See  Oorfa. 
Urga.    See  Oorga. 
Urghendj,  Urghenz,  or  Urgantz.     Se.;  Oor- 

ghenj. 
Un,  u're  (Ger.  pron.  oo're). 
Urrniah.     See  Ooroomeea. 
Urquhart,  urk'hart,  t.  of  Scotland. 
Urubu,  oo-roo-boo',  t.  of  Brazil. 
Uruguay,  u'roo-gwa%  or  oor-roo-gwl'. 
Urumiya.     See  Ooroomeea. 
Usbekistan  or  Oozbekistan.     See  Bokhara. 
Usedom,  oo'seh-dom,  i.  and  t.  of  Prussia. 
Ush'ant.     See  Ouessant. 
Uskiup,  oos'ke-oop',  sometimes  written  Us- 

kub  and  Uscup  ;  called,  also,  Sko'pl-a,  t.  of 

Turkey. 
Ustica,  oos'te-ka,  i.  near  Sicily. 
Ustiug.     See  Oostioog. 

Usuri.     See  Oosooree.  [Eutaw. 

*Utah  or  Youta,  u'ta  or  u'taw ;  often  written 
U'ta-was.     See  Ottawa. 
U'ti-ca. 

Utrecht,  u'trekt  (Dutch  pron.  u'treKt). 
Utrera,  oo-tri'ra. 
Uttoxeter,  ux'e-ter. 
Ux'bridge. 

Uzbeck.    See  Oozbek. 
Uzbeckistan.     See  Bokhara. 
Uzes,  CTzace'. 


Vaag.     See  Waag. 

Va-eas'sar,  bay  of  Florida. 

Vachka.     See  Vashka. 

Vadutz.  va'doOts,  t.  of  Germany. 

Vag.     See  Waag. 

Vajra,  va'ga,  r.  of  Russia. 

Vaigatz,  Waigalz,  or  Waigats,  vT  gats',  t.  and 

strait  of  Russia. 
Vajca  or  Vajka.     See  Vashka. 
Vakli,  vaK,  r.  of  Siberia. 
Vaiais,  vala'  (Ger.  Wallis,  wal'lis). 
Val-de-Penas,  val-da-pain'yas. 
Valclivia,  val-dee've-a. 
Valence,  va'laNce'. 
Valencia,    va-len'she-a    (Sp.    pron.   va-len'- 

the-a). 


63 


"  See  note  on  preceding  page. 


Valenciennes,  va'l&N^se-enn'. 

Valentia,  vi-len'she-a,  t.  near  the  S.  W.  coast 

of  Ireland. 
VaTla-do-lid'  (Sp.  pron.  val-ya-DO-leeD'). 
Valona,  v&-lo'na.     See  Avlona. 
Valparaiso,  val-pa-ri'so. 
Valtellina,  val-tel-lee'ul,  or  Valtelline,  vil- 

t&l-leen\ 
Van,  van. 
Van  Bu'ren. 

*  Vancouver,  van-koo'ver. 
*Van-da'li-a. 
Van'der-burg. 

VanDiemen's,  van  dee'menz. 
Vannes,  vann. 
Varasdin,  or  Warasdin,  var'ls-deen',  t.  of 

Croatia. 
Var'dar',  r.  of  Turkey. 
Varde,  vaR'deh,  t.  of  Denmark. 
Varinas,  v&-ree'nas,  or  Barinas,  bl-ree'nas. 
Varna  or  Warna,  vaR'nl. 
Vasa.     See  Wasa. 

Vasirhely,  vaa'sh&ait'hei/,  t.  of  Hungary. 
Vashka,  Vachka  or  Vaschka,  vash'kl;  writ- 
ten, also,  Vajca  or  Vajka,  and  Bashka,  r.  of 
Russia. 
Vaucluse,  vo'kluze'. 
Vaud,  vo,   or  Pays-de-Vaud,    pa'e-deh-vO 

(Ger.  Waadt,  waatt). 
Vecht  or  Wecht,  vent,  r.  of  Holland. 
Veglia,  vel'ya  or  vaii'ya,,  i.  in  the  Adriatic. 
Velez-Malaga,  va'lSth-ma'la-ga. 
Velia,  ve'le-a  (Anc.  Er-ym-an'thus),  mt.  of 

Greece.  (?) 
Velino,  va-lee'no,  a  stream  of  Italy,  with  a 

remarkable  waterfall.     See  Terni. 
Velletri,  vel-la'tre. 

Venaissin,  veh-naissaN',  district  of  France. 
Venango,  ve-nang'go. 
Vendue,  La,  la  vaVda.'. 
Vendome,  vaN'dome',  t.  of  France. 
Venezuela,  ven-ez-wee'la  (Sp.  pron.  vSn-eth- 

wa'la). 
Venice,  ven'iss  (It.  Venezia,  ve'n-ed'ze-l). 
Venloo,  ven-lo'. 
Vera  Cruz,  va'ra  krooce. 
Vercelli,  veR-chel'le. 
Ver'den  (Ger.  pron.  feR'den  or  faiR'den),  t. 

of  Hanover. 
Verdun,  veVdui*'. 

Vermelho,  Rio,  ree'o  veR-m5l'yo,  r.  of  Brazil. 
Vermejo,  Rio,  ree'o  vSR-ma'Ho ;  called,  also. 
Rio  Grande,  ree'o  gran'di,  r.  of  La  Plata. 
[Vermelho  in  Portuguese,  and    Vermejo   in 
Spanish,  signify  the  same—"  Vermilion."] 
Vermilion,  ver-mil'yun. 
Ver-mont'. 
Ve-ro'na  or  vi-ro'na. 
*Ver-pIanck'. 
Versailles,  ver-sailz'  (Fr.  pron.  veVsli/  or 

veR-sa'ye). 
Versecz.  Versetz,  or  Werschetz,  veVshSts', 

t.  of  Hungary, 
Verviers,  veRVe-a'. 
Vesoul,  veh-zool'. 
Veszprim  or  Vesprim,  veVprim',  t.  of  Hun-' 

gary. 
Vetlooga,   Vetlouga  or  Vetluga,   vet-loo'gi, 

r.  of  Russia. 
Ve-su'vi-us  (It.  Vesuvio,vi-soo've-o). 
Ve-vay'. 

Viana,  ve-a'na,  t.  of  Spain. 
Viatka,  ve-at'ka. 


vos 


50 


WAY 


Viboorg,  Vibourg,  or  Wiburg,  vee'boorg  ; 
written,  also,  Viborg  or  Vyborg,  t.  of  Rus- 
sia, tn  Finland. 

Viborg,  vee'borg;  also  written  Wiborg. 

Vicenza,  ve-sen'za  or  ve-chen'za. 

Vieh,  vik  or  veek. 

Vieks'burg. 

Vidin.     SeeWidin. 

Vienna,  ve-en'na  (Ger.  Wien,  ween,  almost 
veen). 

Vienna  (in  the  U.  S .),  vl-en'na. 

Vienne,  ve-enn' 

Vierwaldst'adter  See.    See  Lucerne,  Lake  of. 

Vigevano,  ve-jev'a-no. 

Vl'go  (United  States). 

Vigo  (Spain),  vee'go. 

Vig'ten,  i.  of  Norway. 

Vilia  or  Wilia,  vee'le-a",  r.  of  Russia. 

Villa  Bella,  vil'la  bel'la,  t  of  Brazil. 

Vil'la  Bo'a  or  veel'la  bo'a,  i.  of  Brazil. 

Villach,  vil'laK\ 

*Villa  del  Fuerte,  veel'ya  del  fweR'ta. 

Villafranca.     See  Villefranche. 

Villa  Real,  veel'ya  ra-af. 

Villa  Rica  (Sp.  America),  veel'ya  ree'ka. 

Villa  Rica  (Brazil),  vil'la  or  veel'la  ree'ka. 

Villefranche,  veelYraNsh'  (It.  Villafranca, 
vil-la-frank'a) 

Vimeira,  ve-ma'e-ra,  t.  of  Portugal. 

Vincennes,  vin-senz'  (Fr.  pron.  vajj'senn'). 

Vin'cent,  St. 

Vique.     See  Vich. 

Vire,  veeR. 

Virgen  R.     See  Rio  Virgen. 

Virginia,  ver-jin'e-a. 

Visa,  vee'sa,  t.  of  Turkey. 

Viseu,  vee'sa-oo,  t.  of  Portugal. 

Visiapour.     See  Bejapoor. 

Vis'tu-la  (Ger.  Weiehsel,  wTke'sel). 

Vitchegda,  Vychegda,  or  Witschegda,  ve- 
cheg'da,  r.  of  Russia. 

Vitebsk  or  Vitepsk.     See  Witebsk. 

Viterho,  ve-teR'bo. 

Vit'im*  or  ve-teem',  r.  of  Siberia. 

Vitimsk,  ve-timsk',  t.  of  Siberia. 

Vitoria  or  Viltoria,  ve-to're-a. 

Viviers,  ve've-a',  t.  of  France. 

Vitre,  ve'lra'. 

Vizagapatam,  ve-za'ga-pa-tam'. 

Vlad-1-meer' ;  written,  also,  Vladimir  or 
Wladimir. 

Vlieland,  vlee'Iand  or  vlee'llnt,  i.  of  Holland. 

Vlis'sing-en.     See  Flushing. 

Vog'el-berg  (Ger.  pron.  fo'ghel-b§RGv),  mt. 
of  Switzerland. 

Voghera,  vo-ga'ra. 

Vohemar  or  Vohemare,  volie-mar'  or  Vohe- 
maro,  vo-ha-ma'ro,  r.  and  bay  of  Mada- 
gascar. 

Volga  or  Wolga,  vol'ga  or  vol'ga. 

Vol-hyn't-a  (Polish  Wolynsk,  vo-leensk'). 

Vo-log'da. 

Vol'kof  or  VoPkov',  r.  of  Russia. 

Vo'lo,  t.  of  Turkey. 

Voltri,  vol'tre,  t.  of  N.  Italy. 

Voornc.  vorn'eh,  i.  of  Holland. 

Vonichang  or  Voutchang,  voovchang',  t.  of 
China. 

Vorarlberg,  fore-aRl'b^RG. 

Vo-ro-nczh';  written,  also,  Voroneje,  Voro- 
netz,  Woronetz,  and  Woronesch. 

Vosges,  vozli. 

Vostani,  vos-ta'ne  or  Wustaneej  a  region  or 
prov.  of  Egypt. 


Vostochnot,  vos-totch/noy.    See  Cevero  Voi» 

totchnoi. 
*Vrain,  vrane. 
Vul'can,  mts.  of  La  Plata. 
Vyborg.    See  Viboorg. 

w. 

Waadt,  waatt.     See  Vaud. 

Waag  or  Vag,  vaag,  r.  of  Hungary. 

Waal  or  Wahal,  waal. 

Wabash,  wau'bash. 

*Wa-chu'sett. 

Waday,  wa'dr  (written  in  Fr.  Ouadal),  a 

kingdom   of  Central   Africa,   the   same  as 

Bergoo. 
Wad'e-lims",  a  people  of  W.  Africa. 
Wa'di-noon'  (written   in  Fr.  Ouadinoun  or 

Ouady-Noun),  t.  of  Soos,  in  Africa. 
Wager,  wa'JRr,  r.  of  British  America. 
Wagram,  wa'gram  or  wa'gram,  t.  of  Austria. 
*Wah-Satch. 
Wake'field. 

*Walahmutte,  wa-lah'mut.    See  Willamette. 
Walcheren,  wal'Ker-en. 
Waldeck,  wol'dek  or'wal'dek. 
Wal-den'ses,  a  people  of  Piedmont. 
Wal'do. 

Waldoborough,  wol'do-bur-ruh. 
Waldst'adter  See,  walt'stet-ter  za'.    See  Lu- 
cerne, Lake  of. 
Wales,  wailz. 

Wa'let\  t.  of  Africa,  cap.  of  Beroo. 
Walker,  wau'ker. 

Wallachia,  wol-la'ke-a  (Turk.  If-lak'). 
*  Walla-  Walla,  wol'la-wol'la. 
Wallis.     See  Valais. 
Walsall,  wol'zel. 
Walsingham,  wol'sing-um,  cape  on  Davis's 

Strait. 
Waltham  (England),  wol'tum. 
Waltham  (Mass.),  wol'thum. 
Walton,  wor'tun. 

Waiwisch,  wol'wish,  bay  of  S.  W.  Africa. 
Wal'worth. 

Wandsworth,  wonz'wurth. 
Wanlin,  written,  also,  Ouanlin  and  Ooanlin, 

wanMeen',  t.  of  Mantchooria. 
Wap-si-pin'e-cpn,  r.  of  Iowa. 
Wara,  wa'ra,  r.  of  Central  Africa. 
Warasdin.     See  Varasdin.      "  [dlne\ 

Wardein,   waK'dTne',   or  Waradein,   wa'rtt- 
Warna.     See  Varna. 
War'saw  (Polish  Warszawa,  vaR-sha'va  or 

waR-sha'va). 
Warta  or  Wartha,  waR'ta,  r.  of  Prussia. 
Warwick  (England),  wor'rik. 
Warwick  (U.  S  ),  wor'wik  or  wor'rik. 
Warwickshire,  wor'rik-slijr. 
Washington,  wosh'ing-tun. 
Washita  or  Ouachita,  wosh'e-tau*. 
Washtenaw,  wosh'te-nau\ 
War'tcn-berg  (Ger.  pron.  waR'ten-beRo),  t 

of  Germany. 
Wassela,    was'se-'a",    or,    more    properly, 

Was'soo-lo  (written  Ouassoulo  in  French), 

country  of  W.  Africa. 
Wasa  or  Vasa,  va'za,  t.  of  Finland. 
Wa'ter-ford. 
Wavter-ee',  r.  uniting  with  the  Congaree,  in  S. 

C,  to  form  the  San  tee. 
Wa-ter-loo'  (Dutch  pron.  wa'ter-lo'). 
*Watervliet,  wau'ter-vleet'. 
Wayne,  wane. 


WIN 


51 


XAL 


Wearmouth,  weer'muth,  v.  of  England. 

Web'be,  r.  ofE.  Africa.(l) 

Wecht.     See  Veclit. 

Wedne«bury,  wenz'ber-e,  t.  of  England. 

Weichsel.     See  Vistula. 

Weichselburg  or  Weixelburg,  wlke'sel- 
booRo'or  -burg,  t.  of  Germany. 

Wei  bsioh,  wT!e.'baK,  v.  of  Nassau,  Germany. 

Weilheim,  wTle'hTme,  t.  of  Bavaria. 

Weimar,  wT'mar. 

Weinheim,  wine'hTme,  t.  of  Baden. 

Weissenburg,  wI'sen-b66RG*  or  -burg,  t.  of 
Germany. 

Weisshorn,  wiee'hom,  mt.  of  Switzerland. 

Weistritz,  wlce'tnts,  t.  and  r.  of  Prussian 
Silesia. 

Wel'land. 

Wel'ling-tQn,  i.  w.  of  Patagonia. 

Wels,  w&:s,  t.  of  Austria. 

Wen'er  or  Weriner. 

Weobly,  woo'ble,  t.  of  England. 

Werfen  or  Werffen,  weR'fen,  t.  of  Austria. 

Wernigerode,  weVne-ga-ro'deh,  t.  of  Prus- 
sian Saxony. 

Werschetz  or  Werschitz      See  Versecz. 

Wertach,  weVtaic,  r.  of  Bavaria. 

Wertheim,  weRt'hlme,  t.  of  Baden, 

Wesel,  wi'zel 

We'ser  (Ger   pron.  wa'zer). 

West  Bromwich,  -brum'ich  or  brum'idge. 

West-Chester,  west'-cbes-ter. 

West  Indies,  -in'deez. 

Westmeath,  wesfmeeTH. 

West'min-ster. 

West'more-land  (Westmoreland,  in  Pa., 
usually  has  the  accent  on  the  penult.). 

West-pha'li-a(Ger.  Westphalen,  west-fa'len). 

Wet'ter. 

Wetterhom,  wet'ter-horn",  mt.  of  Switzer- 
land 

Wex'ford. 

Wexiu,  wek'she-o,  t.  of  Sweden. 

Weyer,  wT'er  or  wire,  t.  of  Austria. 

Weymouth,  wa'muth. 

Wheel'iug. 

Whit'by 

White-ha'ven. 

Whitley,  whit'le. 

Wiborg.     See  Viborg. 

Wick'low. 

Wid'in  or  Vidin. 

Wied  or  Wied-New-Wied,   See  New-Wied. 

Wieliczka,  we-litch'ka  or  vyel-itch'ka. 

Wien,  ween.     See  Vienna. 

Wiesbaden,  wees-ba'den.    See  Wisbaden. 

Wig'an,  t.  of  England. 

Wight,  wlte. 

Wif'cox. 

Wildenstein,  wil'den-stlne,  t.  of  Baden. 

Wilia.    See  ViJia. " 

Wil'kin-son. 

*Wilkesbarre,  wilks'bar-re. 

•Willamette,  wil-lah'met ;  written,  also, 
Walahmutte. 

Wil'ming-ton. 

Wil'na  or  Vilna. 

Wiltshire. 

Win'ehes-ter. 

Windau,  win'dou,  t.  of  Russia. 

Winder-mere;  written,  also,  Winander- 
mere,  the  largest  lake  in  England. 

Windham,  wind'um. 

Windsor,  win'z?r. 

Win-ne-ba'go. 


Win'nt-peg. 

Wmvm-pe-goo'sis,  written,  also,  Winnibi- 
goshish,  I.  ofMinesota  Territory. 

Winnipiseogee,  win'ne-pis-sok'ke. 

Wirtemberu.     See  "Wurtemberg. 

Wisbaden,  wis-ba'den,  or  Wiesbaden,  wees- 
ba'den. 

Wis'by. 

Wis-cas'set. 

Wis-con'sin  or  Wiskonsin ;  formerly  written 
Ouisconsin. 

Wismar,  wis'mar. 

Wissembourg,  vis'saM'booR'. 

Wit-epsk'  or  Vit-ebsk'. 

Witgenstein,  wit'ghen-stlne',  county  of  West' 
phalia. 

Wit'ten-berg  (Ger.  pron.  wit'ten-beftG"). 

Wiveliscombe,  wils'kum. 

Wobum,  woo'burn,  t.  of  England. 

Wolfenbuttel,  wol'fen-but'tel,  almost  wol'- 
fen-bit'tel. 

Wolga.     See  Volga. 

Wolgast,  wol'gast,  or  Wolfgast,  wolf'gast,  t. 
of  Prussia. 

Wollin,  wol-leen',  t.  of  Prussia. 

Wollstein,  wol'stTne,  t.  of  Prussia. 

WolverhamptoD,  wo&l-ver-hamp'tun. 

Woolwich,  w661'itch  or  w6611dge. 

Worcester,  w66s'ter. 

Wotten-under-Edge,  woo'ten-und'ridge. 

Worms,  wurmz  (Ger.  pron.  wSritis). 

Wrexham,  rex'um. 

Wrietzen  or  Wriezen,  vreet'sen,  t.  of  Prus- 
sia. 

Warm,  wOrm  or  woorm  (Ger.  pron.  wuRm), 
r.  and  I.  of  Bavaria. 

WQrtemberg,  wjr'tem-berg  (Ger.  pron.  wQr'- 
tem-beRG);  written,  also,  Wirtemberg. 

Wiirtzburg,  wirts'burg  (Ger.  pron.  wiiRts'- 
b66RGl). 

Wustanee.    See  Vostani. 

*Wyatt,  wl'at. 

Wycomb,  wik'um. 

Wve  (Wales),  wl 

Wye  (Netherlands).    See  Y. 

Wy-o'ming.  [The  correctness  of  our  pro- 
nunciation of  this  name  has  been  disputed, 
because  the  poet  Campbell  pronounces  it 
Wy'o-ming.  We  enlertain  in  general  a 
great  respect  for  the  authority  of  the  poets 
in  matters  of  this  kind,  but  as  Campbell 
was  never  in  America,  and  probably  never 
heard  the  name  in  question  from  the  lips 
of  one  familiar  with  the  place,  it  ought  not 
to  surprise  us  that  the  correctness  of  his 
pronunciation  on  this  point  should  be  on  a 
par  with  his  geographical  accuracy,  when 
he  speaks  of  Wyoming  as  one  of  those 
lands 

"  That  see  the  Atlantic  wave  their  morn  restore." 
Had  he  been  acquainted  with  the  true 
pronunciation  of  the  name,  he  would  un- 
doubtedly have  r  'ulated  his  verse  in 
accordance  with  ,  js  he  appears  invari- 
ably to  have  done  with  respeft  to  European 
names  See  Pronouncing  Gazetteer,  sec 
tion  II.,  p.  ■&.] 

Wythe,  with  (ih  as  in  thin). 

X. 

Xagua,  Ha'gwa,  bay  of  Cuba. 

Xalapa  or  Jalapa,  Ha-la'pa. 

*Xalisco,  Ha-lees'ko  or  Ha-lisTco.  Set  Jalieco 


YEN 


52 


ZEL 


Xarayes,  Ha-rl'2s,  I.  of  S.  America. 

Xauxa  or  Jauja,  How'Ha,  r.  and  t.  ofS.  Ante- 

rva. 
*Xenia,  zee'ne-a. 
Xenil,  Ha-neel'.    See  Genii. 
Xeres,  (Sp.  pron.  H&'rSs;  Port.  pron.  sha'rSs 

or  sheY&s). 
Xeres  or  Jeres  de  la  Frontera,  H&'r&s  da  la 

fron-ta'ra. 
Xicoco,  ze-ko'ko.     See  Sikokf. 
Xime,  zee'mo.     See  Keooseoo. 
Xingu  or  Chingu,  shin-goo'. 
Xixon,  He-Hone',  or  Gijon,  t.  of  Spain. 
Xixona,  Gijona,  or  Jijona,  He-Ho'na,   t.  of 

Spatn. 
Xoa,  sho'a.    See  Shoa. 
Xochimilco  or  Jochimilco,  Ho-che-meel'ko, 

t.  of  Mexico. 
Aorullo,  Ho-rool'yo.    See  Jorullo. 
Xuxuy,  Hoo-Hwee'.    See  Jujuy. 

Y. 

Y,  T,  sometimes  improperly  pronounced  and 

written,  in  English,  Wye. 
Yablonnoy  or  Jablonnoi,   ya'blon'nor,  mts. 

of  Siberia. 
Yad'kin. 

Yaik  or  Jaik,  ya'ik  (River).     See  Ural. 
Yakima,  yah'ke-mah',  r.  of  Oregon. 
Yakoots,  Yakoutes,  or  Yakuts,  ya'koots',  a 

people  of  Siberia. 
Yak-ootsk';  written,  also,   Yakoutsk,  Yak- 
utsk, and  Jakutsk. 
Yal-a-bu'sha. 
Yambo  or  Jambo,  yam'b5x,  sometimes  written 

Yembo,  t.  of  Arabia. 
Yana  or  Jana,  ya'na,  r.  of  Siberia. 
Yan'cy. 
Yang-tcheoo  or  -tcheou,  yang'-che-oo',  t.  of 

China. 
Yang-tse-kiang  (-ke-ang') ;  called,  also,  Ta- 

Kiang,  ta-ke-ang',  and  Kiang-Ku,  ke-ang  - 

kew. 
Yanina  or  Janina,  ya'ne-na. 
Yaouri  or  Yaoori.    See  Youri. 
*Yaqui  or  Hiaqui,  ya-kee'. 
Yarensk,  Iarensk,  or  Jarensk,  ya-rensk',  t.  of 

Russia. 
Yariba  or  Yarriba,  yar'ree-ba",  kingdom  of  W. 

Africa. 
Yar'kfind';  also  written  Yarkand. 
Yarmouth,  yar'muth. 
Yaroslaf  or  Jaroslaw,  yar-o-slaf;  written, 

also,  Jaroslavl. 
Yarriba.     See  Yariba. 
Yath  Kved,  yath  kTde  (a  corruption  of  The- 

yeh   Kye,   thl'yeh   or  thS'e-yeh  kl  (?),  i.e. 

"  white  stone"  lake),  I.  of  British  America. 
Ya-zoo'. 
Ye.    SeeYeh. 

Yecatarinoslaf.     See  Ekatarinoslaf. 
Yeddo,  Yedo,  Iedo,  or  Jeddo.  yed'do. 
Yeh  or  Ye,  ya,  t.  of  Chin-India. 
Yelatma.     See  Elatma. 
Yelizavetgrad.     See  Elizabetgrad. 
Yemama,  yem'ma-max,  t.  of  Arabia .(.?) 
Yembo.    See  Yambo. 
Yem'en. 

Yen'gan' or  Yen-ngan,  t.  of  China. 
Yenikale  or  Jenicale,  yene-ka'la,  strait  con- 
necting the  Sea  of  Azof  with  the  Black  Sea. 
Yenisei,  yen-e-sa/e  or  yen'e-say',  or  Enisei, 

en-e-sa'e,  written,  also,  Jenisey. 


Yeniseisk  or  Jeniseisk,  yen'e-sask'  or  yttiV 

sa'eesk,  t.  of  Siberia. 
Yeoo  or  Yeou,  ya-oo',  r.  and  t.  of  Central 

Africa. 
Yeovil,  yo'vil. 

*Yerba  Buena,  yeVba  bw&'na. 
Yesso  or  Jesso,  yes'so  ;  also  written  Ieso. 
Yezd,  yfizd. 
Yezdikhast  or  Yezdikast,  yez"de-kast',  t.  of 

Persia. 
Yongtchang,  yong'chang',  or  Yungtchang, 

t.  of  China. 
Yonne,  yonn. 

Yoog,  Ioug  or  Jug,  yoog,  r.  of  Russia. 
Yopas,  yo'pas,  or  Yopez,  r.  of  Mexico.  (?) 
York'shire. 
Yotcheoo    or    Yotcheou,    yo'che-oo',  t.  of 

China. 
Youghal,  yawl. 
*Youghiogheny,  yfih'ho-ga'ne. 
Youri  or    Yowry,   yow'ree,   written,   also. 

Yaouri   and    Yaoori,  kingdom  and  t.   of 

Soodan. 
*Youta,  u'ta.    See  Utah. 
Ypres,  ee'pr  (Flem.  Ypern,  i'pern). 
Yssel,  T'sel. 

Yu-ca-tan'  or  yoo'ka-tan'. 
Yugyakerta.     See  Djokjokerta. 
Yuifnan',  t.  andprov.  of  China. 
Yupura,  yoo-poo'ra.     See  Japura. 
Yuthia,  yoo't'hee'a,  t.  of  Chin-India,  called, 

also,  Siam. 
Yverdun,  eVeVduN'. 
Yvetot,  eevvto'. 

z. 

Zaandam,  zan'dam';  written,  also,  Saardanu 

Zacatecas,  zak-a-ta'kas  or  sa-ka-ta'kas. 

*Zacatula,  sa-ka-too'ia. 

Zacynthus,  zas-syn'lhus.    See  Zante. 

Zahara.    See  Sahara. 

Zaire  or  Zahir,  za-eer'.    See  Congo. 

Zaizan,  zTzan'  or   zl'zang',   written,   also, 

Dza'isang,  /.  of  Central  Asia. 
Zambeze  or  Zambezi,  zam-ba'ze,  called,  also, 

Cuama,  qua'ma,  r.  ofE.  Africa. 
Zam-o'ra  or  tha-mo'r5. 
Zanesville,  zainz'vil. 
Zanguebar,  zangvgha-bar\ 
Zan'te  or  Zacynthus. 
Zan'zi-bar'. 
Zapatoza  or  Zapatosa,  za-pa-to'sa  or  sa-pa- 

to'sa  (Sp.  pran.  tha-pa-to'tha.    See  Gazei« 

teer,  page  48,  Obs.),  /.  of  New  Granada. 
Zara,  za'ra. 

Zaragoza.     See  Saragossa. 
Zaria  or  Zariya,  za-ree'yah,  cap.  of  Zeg-Zeg, 

Africa. 
Zea  or  Zia,  zee'a  (Anc.  Ce'os),  i.  of  Greece. 
Zealand,  zee'land  (Dan.  Sjaeland,  sel'land). 
Zealand  (Dutch  Zeeland,  zi'lant). 
Zebu  or  Cebu,  se-boo'  (Sp.  pron.  tha-boo'). 
Zeb'u-lon,  tribe  of  Israelites. 
Zeg-Zeg,  zeg-zeg',  kingdom  or  country  of 

Soodan. 
Zegedin.     See  Szegedin. 
Zeila,  za'la,  or  Zeileh.     See  Zeyla. 
Zeitoun,  za'toon'. 
Zeitz,  tsites. 
Zehol.    Set  Zhehol. 
Zelania.    See  Zhelania. 
Zem'lin.    See  Semlin. 
Zelle,  tserieh.    See  Celle. 


ZOR 


53 


ZYT 


Zerbst,  tseRpst. 

Zereh  or  Zerreh.     See  Zurrah. 

Zernelz    or    Zernez,    zer'nets     (Ger.   pron. 

tseR'nets),  v.  of  Switzerland. 
Zeyla,  j-A'e  !a,  i.  of  E.  Africa. 
Zhehol,  Gehol,  or  Jehol,   zha'hol',  writlen, 

also,  Jeho    or  Geho,  zha'ho'.   a   celebrated 

imperial  palace,  N.  E.  of  Peking,  China. 
Zhelania  or  Jelania,  zha-la-nee'a,  or  Jelanii, 

zha-la-nee'ye,  cape  of  Nova  Zembla. 
Zhit-o-meer';     written,    also,    Jitorair    and 

Schitomir. 
Zik'lag,  t.  of  Palestine. 
Zirknitz,  ts6eRk'nits.    See  Czirknicz. 
Zittau,  tsit'tnu. 
Zimbao,  zeem-ba'o  or  zinVbou',  or  Zimbaoe, 

zinVbou'wa,  t  of  E.  Africa. 
Zoll-Verein,  tsoU-fer-Ine'. 
Zom'bor\ 
Zorn'dorf   (Ger.    pron.    tsoRn'doRf)>    t.    of 

Prussia. 

63* 


Znaym,  znTme  or  tsnTme,  *.  of  Moravia. 
Zuela,  Zueela,  Zouila  or  Zawila,  zoo-ee'Hl 

or  za-wee'la,  t.  of  Fezzan,  Africa. 
Zug,  zoog  or  tsooc 
Zuilichau,  tsul'le-kow. 
Zulpich,  tsool'piK. 
Zurich,  zu'rik  (Ger.  pron.  tsu'rik). 
ZQr'rah,  written,  also,  Zereh  and  Zerreh,  I 

of  Persia. 
Zut'phen. 
Zuyder  or  Zuider  Zee,  zl'der  zee  (Dutch 

pron.  zoi'der  za). 
Zvor'nik  or  Zwornik  (Turk.  IzVor'neek'). 
Zweibrflcken  or  ZweybrQcken,  tswI-brQk'- 

ken.    See  Deux-Ponts. 
Zwel'len-dam\  v.  of  S.  Africa. 
Zwet'tel    or    Zwetl,    zwet'tel    (Ger.    pron. 

tswet'tel),  t.  and  r.  of  Austria. 
Zwickau,  tswik'kow. 
Zwoll. 
Zytomir.    See  Zhitomeer. 


TABLE  OF  MISPRONUNCIATIONS. 

Incorrectly  pronounced.  Correctly] 

Afghanistan  (1) af-ga-nis'tan af-ganvis-tan'.  (1) 

Aix-la-Chapelle ace  la-sha-pell'or  &h\sha-pell'....  ax  (or  aix)  la-sha-pell'. 

Archipelago ar-che-pel'a-go ar-ke-pel'a-go. 

Asia a'zhe-a a'she-a. 

Athens a'lhenz ath'enz. 

Atooi S.-too'e a-too-x'. 

Bahrein  or  Bahrain ba-rlne' ba-rane'. 

Bassora bas-so'ra bas'sQ-ri. 

Bedouin  or  Beduin beh-doo'in - bed'oo-in.  , 

Beloochistan  (1) bel-oo-chis'tan  or  bel-oo-kis'tan... .  bel-oo-chis-tan'.  (1) 

Beyroot  or  Beyrout  (2) . . .  bi-root' ......  ba'root\  (2) 

Buenos  Ayres bu'nus  airz bo'nus  a'rez. 

Cagliari kal-ya're - kal'va-re. 

Cai lao kal- la-5'  or  kal-ya-O' kal-'la'o  or  kal-ya'o. 

Canada kan'a-de -. kan'a-da. 

Cape  Breton kape  bre-toon' kape  brit'tun. 

Chagres  (3) shau'grSs  or  shar'grSs  (3) cha'gres. 

Chapala(3).    sha-pau'la  or  shar-par'lar  (3) cha-pa'll. 

Chihuahua  (3) she-wau'wah  (3) che-wa'wa. 

Cincinnati sin-sin-at'iih sin-sin-nah'te. 

Coblentz ko-blents' kob'lents  or  ko'blents. 

Cordova kor-do'va -. kor'do-va. 

Cosseir kos-seer' kos'sare'. 

Dongola don-go'la dong'go-la. 

Edinburgh ed'jn-burg ed'in-bur-reh. 

Edisto e-dis'to ed'is-to. 

Genoa je-no'a jen'o-a. 

Gottingen  or  Goettingen.  got'tin-jen - ghet'ting-en. 

Granada gran'a-da gra-na'da. 

Henrico lien're-ko hen-rl'ko. 

Hindostan  (4) hin-dos'tan liin-d<?s-tan'.  (4) 

Houssa hoo'sa how'sa. 

Ivi?a iv'e-ka , .  e-vee'sa. 

Java  (4) ja'va. '. .  jah'va  or  jl'vl. 

Jeddo  or  Yeddo jed'do yed'do. 

Jesso  or  Yesso jes'so yes'so. 

Juan  Fernandez ju-an'  fer-nan'dez -  . . . .  ju'an  fer-nan'dfis. 

Kamtchatka  (5) kam-skat'ka kam-chat'ka.  (5) 

Kairine  (Loch) kat'rin ki'trin. 

LaMancha 13.  mang'ka Ill  man'chi. 

Lausanne lau-?an' lo-zan'. 

Leyden la'den  or  lee'den ll'den. 

Loitoden lof'f<?-den '. lof-fo'den. 

Lomond lom'ond lo'mQnd. 

Madrid  (Spain) mad'rid - ma-drid'. 

Marmora  or  Marmara mar-mo'ra mar'mo-ra, 

Mazatlan ma-zat'lan m2Uzat-lan'. 

Meinam  (6) ml-nam' ma'nam'.  (6) 

Merida mer-ee'da mfir'e-da. 

Milan mT'lan  or  me-lan' mil'an. 

Missouri miz-zoo'rah mis-soo're. 

Modena mo-de'na mod'e-na. 

Monterey mon-tee're  or  mon'ter-e - mon-ta-rav7. 

Moscow mos'kou mos'ko. 

Mosul mo-sul' mo'sul. 

New  Orleans nu  or-leenz' nu  or'le-anz. 

Nassau nas-sau' nas'sau. 

Niagara ne-ag'a-ra nlag'a-r?- 

Niger nl'gher nl'jer. 

Oojein ^ oo-jTne' oo-jane'. 

Orleans or-leenz' ^— or'le-anz. 

Panama  (7) pa-na'ma,pa-na'ma  or  panva-maW.  pan-a-ma'. 

Pavia pi've-a  or  pa've-a pa-vee'iL 

Persia per'zha  or  per'zhe-a per'she-a  or  per'sh*. 

Potosi po-to'si .' po-to-see'. 

Queretaro quer-e-ta'ro ..- ker-a'ta-ro. 

Rvinosa rl-no'sa ri-no'si. 

(«) 


TABLE    OF    MISPRONUNCIATIONS.  55 

Incorrectly  pronounced.  Correctly  pronounced. 

Sattillo(7)....~> saul-teel'yo  (7) sal-teel'yo. 

San  Bias  (7) san  blaw  (7) sail  blass. 

Scheldt shelt skelt. 

Scioto si-o'tah sl-o'to. 

Seine - seen sane. 

Syracuse  (8) si'ra-kuse  (8) sir'a-kuze. 

Tampico tam'pe-ko  .~ .~~ tam-pee'ko. 

Thames thamz temz. 

Vera  Cruz ve'ra  krtiz  or  veVa  krooz ver'a  krooce  or  va'ra  krooce 

"Vienna  (Austria) vi-en'na ve-en'na. 

Vigevano ve-je-v&'no ve-jev'a-no. 

Wyoming wl'o-ming wl-o'ming. 

Zeitoun zl-toon' zaNtoou'  or  za  e-toon'. 

(!)  See  note  4. 

(2)  This  name  is  pronounced  bl'roof  by  the  Turks  and  by  some  respectable  speakers  i» 
English,  but  there  appears  to  be  a  great  preponderance  of  authority  in  favor  of  the  pronun- 
ciation given  by  us  as  the  correct  one,  this  being,  moreover,  the  manner  in  which  the  name 
of  Beyroot  is  pronounced  by  the  native  inhabitants  themselves. 

(3)  It  is  a  very  common  error  to  pronounce  ch,  in  Spanish  names,  like  our  sh  ;  it  should  be 
sounded  precisely  like  the  English  ch  in  child,  chill,  &c. 

It  is  a  still  more  prevalent  fault  to  pronounce  the  a,  in  foreign  names,  like  au  or  aw  in 
English  ;  this  should  be  carefully  avoided  by  those  who  are  anxious  to  speak  correctly.  In 
all  European  languages  except  the  Hungarian,  the  a  should  be  sounded  either  like  that  in 
father  (a),  or  else  between  this  sound  and  that  of  a  in  fat  (a).  We  should  scarcely  err, 
indeed,  were  we  to  say  that  in  all  cases  in  the  pronunciation  of  foreign  words  (except  the 
an  nasal  and  the  a  circumflex  (a)  in  French,  and  the  Hungarian  as  before  mentioned),  the  a 
should  be  a  little  less  broad  than  the  sound  we  give  to  it  in  far  (3.). 

Scarcely  anything  in  pronunciation  is  more  barbarous  or  absurd  than  the  mode  sometimes 
adopted  to  indicate  the  second  sound  of  a  in  foreign  names,  e.  g.  arl-bar'no  instead  of  al-ba'no, 
char-par'lar  instead  of  cha-pa'la;  because  there  is  not  the  slightest  shade  of  the  sound  of  r 
in  either  of  these  names,  nor  in  any  similar  one,  unless  an  r  occurs  in  the  name  itself.  We 
freely  admit  that  some  few  English  or  American  speakers,  who  are  very  faulty  in  their  pro- 
nunciation, might  sound  the  r,  in  such  cases,  so  feebly  that  very  little  difference  would  be 
perceived  between  their  pronunciation  and  that  indicated  by  the  mode  employed  by  us ;  but 
it  is  certainly  a  great  mistake  to  give  a  mode  of  pronunciation  which  is  adapted  to  those  only 
who  pronounce  badly,  but  which  is  calculated  to  lead  such  as  are  careful  to  speak  correctly, 
into  a  ridiculous  and  barbarous  error.  In  our  language,  r  should  never  be  silent  in  any  situa- 
tion, although  it  may  with  propriety  be  sounded  more  slightly  at  the  end  than  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  syllable.  (See  Walker's  Principles  of  Pronunciation,  416  and  419.)  It  would  be 
far  more  correct  to  give  the  pronunciation  of  such  names  with  an  h,  as  al-bah'no,  chah- 
pah'lah,  because  it  is  a  rule  of  the  English  language  always  to  make  h  silent  at  the  end  of  a 
syllable  when  it  is  immediately  preceded  by  a  vowel.  (Principles  of  Pronunciation,  396.) 
The  only  objection  which  can  be  urged  against  this  mode  of  marking  the  pronunciation,  is 
that  it  leaves  the  sound  of  the  a  somewhat  uncertain  ;  for  though  some  might  pronounce  the 
ah  like  a,  others  would  probably  give  it  a  sound  approximating  to  a;  but  this  would  be  an 
infinitely  less  fault  than  that  which  would  result  from  the  use  of  r,  for,  as  already  intimated, 
it  would  hardly  be  an  error  to  pronounce  a,  in  almost  all  foreign  names,  less  broad  than  a. 
Indeed  there  is  a  considerable  diversity  among  different  foreigners  with  regard  to  the  pronun- 
ciation of  this  vowel.  In  some  dialects  of  the  same  language  it  is  much  broader  than  in 
others.  In  many  French  words  its  sound  is  scarcely  distinguishable  from  that  of  the  English 
a  in  fat. 

(4)  There  is  considerable  diversity  even  among  good  speakers,  respecting  the  sound  of  a 
in  the  accented  syllable  of  these  names.  Hindostan,  however,  is  almost  universally  pro- 
nounced with  the  a  short  (£),  as  iu  man;  while  Afghanistan,  Beloochistan.  appear  gener- 
ally to  have  the  a  in  the  last  syllable  broader,  and  are  in  fact  sometimes  written  Afghanis- 
taun,  Beloochistaun.  For  these  reasons  we  have  given  the  pronunciation  of  their  final 
syllable  differently  from  that  of  Hindostan.  Yet,  on  the  whole,  it  is  questionable  whether 
such  a  distinction  ought  to  be  made  in  names  which  are  so  similar  in  their  formation,  and 
which  are  almost  equally  familiar  to  all  who  have  any  knowledge  of  geography.  It  appears 
to  us  that  it  would  not  be  improper  to  anglicize  all  such  Asiatic  names  possessing  some 
celebrity— not  only  Hindostan,  Japan,  Kamtchatka,  Siam,  &c,  but  also  Afghanistan,  Beloo- 
chistan, Koordistan,  Toorkistan,  Ispahan,  Herat,  Kelat,  Meinam,  Java,  and  Sumatra,  sounding 
the  a  in  the  accented  syllable  as  in  man,  or  in  case  the  syllable  ends  in  a,  pronouncing  it  like 
the  penultima  of  Alabama,  e.  g.  jah'va,  soo-mah'tra,  almost  j&'va  and  soo-ma'tra.  (See  Obser 
vation  2,  pp.  51  and  52  of  the  Gazetteer.) 

(5)  This  name  is  sometimes  written  Kamchatka  by  geographers  of  the  highest  character. 

(6)  See  note  4.  (7)  See  note  3. 

(8)  This  pronunciation,  so  contrary  to  good  taste  and  to  analogy  (compare  Syria,  Syrian, 
syringe,  Sirius),  is  extremely  prevalent  in  the  State  of  New  York.  It  was  probably  first 
introduced  by  the  Dutch,  as  y  in  their  language  is  always  pronounced  like  our  long  I.  B« 
that  as  it  may,  it  is  certain  that  the  pronunciation  in  question  is  neither  classical  nor  English, 
and  should  be  carefully  avoided  by  all  those  who  desire  to  speak  with  propriety. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


The  universal  favor  with  which  the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer 
has  been  received,  renders  it  unnecessary  to  urge  particularly, 
at  this  time,  its  claims  to  public  attention.  By  referring  to 
our  "Recommendations,"  the  reader  will  perceive  that  it  has 
obtained  the  highest  encomiums  from  the  highest  literary 
authorities  in  our  country.  It  has  been  adopted  as  a  standard 
work  of  reference  in  the  public  schools  of  almost  all  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  United  States.  It  has  been  introduced  into 
tae  Philadelphia  Normal  School  as  a  text-book,  every  pupil 
being  furnished  with  a  copy.  Nearly  all  the  recent  works 
treating  of  geography,  or  geographical  pronunciation,  cite  it 
as  an  authority,  frankly  acknowledging  their  obligations  to 
it ;  *  while  others,  by  their  plagiarisms,  bear  an  indirect,  but 
no  less  decisive  testimony  to  its  merits. 

*  See  "Key  to  Pelton's  Outline  Maps,"  "Mitchell's  Intermediate  Geogra- 
phy," "  Key  to  Mitchell's  Outline  Maps,"  "  R.  M.  Smith's  New  Common 
School  Geography,"  "  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of  Geographical  Names,"  in 
Worcester's  octavo  Dictionary,  "  Geographical  Vocabulary,"  in  Harper's  Re- 
vised Edition  of  Webster's  Dictionary,"  &c,  &c. 


if  ADVERTISEMENT. 

As,  however,  several  gentlemen,  distinguished  for  their  in- 
telligence and  experience  in  education,*  have  expressed  an 
earnest  desire  that  the  Supplement  should  be  published  by 
itself,  for  the  especial  use  of  the  pupils  in  our  public  and  other 
schools,  this  portion  of  the  Gazetteer  is  now  offered  to  the 
public  in  a  separate  form,  and  furnished  at  so  low  a  price  that 
it  can  be  no  obstacle  even  to  those  of  the  most  limited  means. 
This  Vocabulary  will  be  found  to  be  complete  in  itself,  as  a 
work  of  reference  for  pupils.  Teachers,  and  others  desiring  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  general  principles  of  pronunciation 
which  have  been  followed  in  the  work,  are  referred  to  the  "In- 
troduction" and  " Explanations"  prefixed  to  the  Gazetteer. 


The  attention  of  the  reader  is  particularly  invited  to 
the  "Table  of  Different  Spellings,"  and  the  "Table  of  Mis- 
pronunciations," at  the  end  of  this  work. 


*  See,  in  the  collection  of  "Recommendations,"  the  letter  from  A.  D. 
Bache,  L.L.  D. ;  also  that  of  Professor  Hart,  dated  May  16,  1851.  Several 
experienced  teachers  of  our  acquaintance  have  expressed  a  similar  judgment. 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 


From  the  North  American  Review,  for  January,  1846. 

"  The  practical  value  of  a  work  of  this  sort,  depends  entirely  on  the  fulness  and  accu- 
racy with  which  it  is  executed ;  and  in  these  respects  we  can  commend  this  volume  in  the 
■trongest  terms." 

From  the  Christian  Examiner  (Boston),  for  January,  1846. 

u  This  is  a  good  book  in  two  ways.  It  was  much  wanted,  and  it  is  exceedingly  we'.. 
done." 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  Professor  Libber,  Editor  of  the  Encyclopedia  Americana. 

"  A  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  is  not  only  a  necessary  work  in  the  literature  of  every 
nation,  but  it  is  particularly  wanted  in  the  present  age."  *  *  #  "it  seems  to  me  the 
teachers  of  whatever  schools  can  scarcely  do  without  having  this  book  of  reference  near 
them." 

From  the  Hon,  John  Pickering,  Author  of  Pickering's  Greek  Lexicon. 

tl  This  work  cannot  fail  to  be  highly  useful,  not  only  to  instructors  and  pupils,  but  also 
to  general  readers." 

From  Professor  Anthon. 

New  York,  Sept.  10,  1845. 
M  The  subscriber  has  examined  Baldwin's  '  Universal  Pronouncing   Gazetteer'  with 
considerable  care,  having  consulted  it  almost  daily  for  at  least  a  month  past,  and  takes 
great  pleasure  in  recommending  it  as  a  very  superior  work.  CHAS.  ANTHON." 

From  G.  C.  Verplanck,  Esq. 

"  Having  often  referred  to  and  examined  the  '  Gazetteer,'  I  fully  concur  with  Professor 
Anthon.  G.  C.  VERPLANCK." 

"  «  Baldwin's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer' — a  work  of  great  accuracy,  learning  and  taste." — 
Note  to  M  Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  Harper's  Illustrated  Shakespeare. 

Extract  of  a  Letter  from  William  Belden,  Esq.,  Senior  Teacher  of  the  Normal  School, 

New  York. 
"  This  is  just  such  a  book  as  every  teacher  in  the  country  ought  to  possess,  and  I  may 
add  such  would  be  a  most  useful  addition  to  every  private  library." 

From  Professor  Lewis,  of  the  University  of  New  York. 

11  Such  a  book  has  long  been  wanted  for  all  our  institutions  of  learning,  from  the  college 
down  to  the  common  school.  Most  of  our  young  men,  even  those  who  rank  among  the 
best  scholars  in  our  colleges  and  academies,  are  exceeding  deficient  in  the  right  pronun- 
ciation of  foreign  proper  names."  *  *  *  "I  should  be  rejoiced  to  see  the  work  intro- 
duced into  all  the  schools  of  the  country." 

From  the  Princeton  Review,  for  October,  1845. 

"We  have  no  hesitation  in  pronouncing  this  one  of  the  most  scholarlike  productions  of 
our  native  press.    The  authors  show  not  only  a  familiar  knowledge  of  the  modern  lan- 

{fuages,  but  a  highly  respectable  acquaintance  with  general  philology."  *  #  #  "We 
ook  upon  this  work  as  full  of  entertainment  and  instruction  to  all  who  rake  an  interest  iu 
orthoepy." 

From  John  Griscom,  LL.D. 

»  The  scientific  accuracy  of  this  book  renders  it,  in  my  opinion,  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able contributions  to  the  practical  manuals  of  the  teacher,  the  scholar,  and  the  general 
reader,  which  modern  times  have  so  liberally  furnished." 


RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Letter  from  John  S.  Hart,  L.L.  D.,  Principal  of  the  Central  High  School  of  Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia,  May  16,  1851. 

I  have  used  Baldwin's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  as  a  constant  work  of  reference  for  the  last 
Fix  years,  and  have  ever  regarded  and  recommended  it  as  a  work  of  standard  authority  — 
and  the  only  one,  so  far  as  1  am  aware,  entitled  to  that  distinction  —  on  the  subject  of  which 
it  treats.  It  gives  me  unfeigned  satisfaction  to  learn  that  the  publishers  are  about  to  issue, 
in  a  separate  form,  the  supplement  to  the  work,  containing,  in  the  space  of  about  sixty  pages, 
all  the  geographical  names  by  themselves,  with  the  pronunciation.  The  pronunciation  intro- 
duced by  Mr  Baldwin  in  the  larger  work,  has  obtained,  1  believe,  general  acquiescence  among 
the  learned  throughout  the  country,  and  may  be  considered  as  settled.  The  small  volume  now 
to  be  published,  contains  this  pronunciation  in  a  cheap  form,  that  is  likely  to  find  its  way 
into  schools,  and  so  introduce  what  has  been  so  greatly  needed,  a  uniform  method  of  pro- 
nouncing the  foreign  proper  names  that  occur  in  our  School  Geographies.  I  commend  the 
Work  cordially  to  all  teachers  to  whom  this  letter  may  be  presented. 

JOHN  S.  HART. 

Letter  from  Alexander  Dallas  Bache,  L.L.  D.,  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  Survey,  formerly 
Principal  of  the  Philadelphia  High  School. 

Philadelphia,  July  3,  1843. 
Sir,  — 1  have  examined  the  specimen  of  a  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  which  you  have  been 
pleased  to  leave  with  me,  and  have  read  the  accompanying  remarks  in  reference  to  the  plan 
and  execution  of  the  work.  The  views  which  you  express  of  the  importance  of  the  work,  I 
fully  concur  in,  and  I  also  approve  of  the  general  plan  laid  down,  and  method  marked  out 
for  its  execution.  Should  the  work  be  of  a  size  which  would  exclude  it  from  general  introduction 
into  schools,  for  the  use  of  the  pupils,  you  ought  by  all  means  to  make  an  abridgment  of  it  expressly 
for  this  purpose.  No  teacher  should  be  without  the  complete  work,  and  the  introduction  of  an 
abridgment,  executed  with  the  care  shown  in  your  specimen,  into  our  schools,  would  be  of  very 
great  service  to  the  pupils.  Yours,  respectfully, 

A.  D.  BACHE. 

From  Professor  Robley  Dcnglison,  M.  D.    Extract  of  a  Letter  dated  June  21,  1845. 

"  I  have  examined  the  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  which  you  have  sent  me.  The  work  exhibits 
great  accuracy,  not  only  in  the  orthoepy  but  likewise  in  the  topographical  and  historical  in- 
formation  which  it  contains;  and  I  cordially  recommend  it  both  as  a  valuable  work  of  refer- 
ence in  the  family  library,  and  as  an  important  addition  to  our  list  of  school  books." 

From  Professor  Ray,  of  Woodward  College,  Cincinnati. 

"  I  have  long  regarded  a  good  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  as  a  desideratum  both  to  teachers  and 
the  advanced  class  of  students.  In  my  intercourse  with  instructors,  as  member  of  the  Board 
of  School  Examiners  of  Cincinnati,  I  uniformly  recommended  a  gazetteer  as  one  of  the  works 
that  should  have  a  place  upon  every  teacher's  desk."  *  *  *  "  Baldwin's  Pronouncing 
Gazetteer  should  have  a  place  in  the  library  of  every  intelligent  family,  and  be  used  as  a  book 
of  reference  by  every  geographical  student.  '  To  teachers  especially  I  recommend  this  volume 
as  the  onb  work  that  furnishes  the  correct  pronunciation  of  all  geographical  names  in  general 
use." 

From  Professor  Dewey,  of  the  Rochester  Collegiate  Institute. 

"This  is  a  work  greatly  needed  by  all  who  talk  or  read.  It  should  be  found  on  the  scholar's 
table  and  in  the  intelligent  man's  family.  ¥jT  To  the  teacher  it  is  invaluable  —  to  the  pupil 
essential." 

From  Dr.  A.  T.  W.  Wright,  Principal  of  the  Philadelphia  Normal  School. 

"  Baldwin's  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  was  adopted  as  a  text-book  at  the  organization  of  the 
Normal  School,  and  has  since  been  used  as  such,  every  pupil  being  furnished  with  a  copy. 
Besides  its  use  as  a  geographical  work,  it  is  made  the  standard  of  orthoepy  and  orthography 
in  this  department  of  instruction."    *    *    * 

"The  descriptive,  statistical,  and  historical  portions  of  the  book,  compare  favourably  with 
the  best  treatises  exclusively  devoted  to  geographical  knowledge.  Every  page  exhibits  the 
most  careful  research  ;  resulting  in  the  production  of  the  most  accurate  work  on  the  subject 
that  has  been  presented  to  my  notice." 

5J"  The  Pronouncing  Gazetteer  has  been  adopted  as  a  book  of  reference  for  teachers  by 
the  Public  Schools  of  Philadelphia,  New  York,  Detroit,  Cincinnati,  and  several  other  of  oui 
principal  citioe. 


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